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Palibe chofotokozera chimodzi chokhudza mapiko a mapiko chomwe chingachitike popanda kachilomboka ku Colorado mbatata - tanthauzo lake pa moyo wachuma mdziko muno ndilabwino kwambiri. Komabe, posachedwa, pafupifupi zaka 50 zapitazo, sizinali m'gulu lathu. Ndipo zosakwana zaka 100 zapitazo, sanali ku Europe.
Kufalitsa
Mbiri yakulowera kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta mbewu za nightshade kwa ife yotsatira. Kuyambira 1918, pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, kachilomboka konyamula katundu waku America adagwera pagombe la France mumzinda wa Bordeaux. Panthawiyo, azungu anali opanda nthawi yoteteza mbewu, ndipo tizilombo toyambitsa mbatata mwachangu "lidakhazikika pamphepete" pamphepete mwa France. Ndipo, ngakhale akutsutsidwa ndi ogwira ntchito zaulimi, adakhazikitsa maiko onse a Central Europe, kupatula ku England ndi nyengo yozizira yozizira komanso ntchito yokhazikika yokhazikika ngati malo ogulitsa. (Mwa njira, amasungabe malire a dzikolo "kuti atsekeredwe").
Kusunthira kum'mawa motsatira mphepo zomwe zikuwomba m'miyezi yachilimwe, kuthana ndi zopinga zonse komanso kupirira kukonzekera kwathunthu kwaminda ya mbatata yokhala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, pofika kumapeto kwa 1940s, bug, yoyendetsedwa ndi mphepo komanso ludzu lothana ndi malo atsopano omwe mungakhalepo, idayandikira m'malire a boma la USSR. Ndiyenera kunena kuti kafadala ndi maluwa abwino. Zowona, kuti athe kuwuluka mumlengalenga, amafunika nyengo yotentha - m'mawa ndi madzulo komanso masiku amtambo ndi ozizira, kafadala amakonda kuyambuka.
Cholinga choyamba chofalitsa kachilombo koyipitsa m'dera lathu chinapezeka ku Lviv ku Ukraine mu 1949. Ndipo mu 1953 zidawoneka nthawi yomweyo m'malo a Kaliningrad, Volyn, Brest ndi Grodno.
Pomaliza, m'masiku otentha kwambiri mu Meyi 1958, kachilomboka ka mbatata ku Colorado anawulukira m'dera la Transcarpathian kuchokera ku Hungary ndi Czechoslovakia. Nthawi yomweyo, "kutulutsa" kwamphamvu kwa mabulosi ambiri komwe kumapangidwanso mozama kuti nthawi yachilimwe paminda yayikulu ya mbatata ku Poland anaponyedwera kugombe la Lithuanian ndi Kaliningrad ku Nyanja ya Baltic. Kenako ntchentche zambiri zolakalaka zimafera m'madzi a mkuntho wa Nyanja ya Baltic, gombelo lotsalira komanso lokwawa nthawi yomweyo linawonongedwa ndi alimi akhama. Koma "kutchera" kunali kochulukirapo kotero kuti sikunali kotheka kupirira nayo "kuponyedwa munyanja". Anthu ambiri, "akungolumphira" pamchenga wam'mphepete ndipo alibe nthawi yotiuma, adawulukira kuminda yapafupi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, kwenikweni, kukhazikika kwa alendo ochokera kunja kwa Russia kudayamba.
Zizindikiro zakunja
Koma tidzasokoneza nkhani ya mlendo wogonjetsa kontinenti yatsopano ndikufotokoza. Zikuwoneka kuti kachilomboka amadziwika ndi aliyense. Kutalika kwake kumayambira 9 mpaka 12 mm, m'lifupi mwake 6 - 7 mm. Thupi limakhala lalifupi, lozungulira, lofiirira, lofiirira komanso lamtundu wopepuka, lililonse limakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda isanu ndi iwiri (mwakutero, khumi - motero mitundu ya Chilatini dzina lake decemlineata - mzere khumi). Mapiko okhala ndi kachilomboka amapangidwa mwaluso; mothandizidwa, masiku otentha, kachilomboka amapanga ndege zazitali.
Mtundu wa mphutsi umakhala woderapo nthawi yoyamba komanso yachiwiri; kuyambira m'badwo wachitatu, mphutsi zimakhala zowala lalanje, pinki kapena lalanje. Munthawi imeneyi, zimasiyana mitundu ndi mitundu ya "kachilomboka" kuchokera ku mphutsi za masamba athu.
Moyo
Khalidwe la chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado ndilovuta kwambiri. Asayansi ambiri akunja ndi Russia achita zaka zambiri kuliphunzira.
Chikumbu nyengo yachisanu mukadzakula. Mu kasupe, amatuluka panthaka ndipo posakhalitsa amayamba kudya mbande za mbatata ndi wokwatirana. Ngati, monga zimachitika nthawi zambiri, mating'i amapezeka nthawi ya kugwa, isanayambike nthawi yayitali yozizira, yotchedwa diapusing, ndiye kumapeto, atatha masiku angapo kudyetsa, akazi amatha kuyikira mazira popanda matingawo. Chifukwa chake, wamkazi m'modzi yekha ndi amene angayambitse matenda atsopano.
Zazikazi zochulukirapo kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira zimayikira mazira owala a lalanje pamunsi pamasamba. Pakangotha tsiku limodzi, wamkazi amaikira mazira 5 mpaka 80. Zokwanira, zimatha kuyikira mazira 1000, ngakhale chonde chambiri sichochepa - 350. Chiwerengero cha mibadwo nthawi yachilimwe chimatengera nyengo yamderali ndi nyengo. Kumpoto kwa madera aku Europe, kachilomboka kakupanga mbadwo umodzi, kumwera kumatha kupanga mibadwo itatu motsatizana.
Pamalo ophuka, chikumbu cha mbatata cha Colorado chimasiyanitsa mibadwo inayi, yolekanitsidwa ndi molts. M'badwo woyamba komanso wachiwiri, mphutsi zimangokhala ndi nsonga za mbatata zikuwombera "ana". Mu lachitatu ndi lachinayi, amabalikana, nthawi zambiri amasamukira kumera yoyandikana nayo. Pang'onopang'ono, zochuluka za mphutsi zimapinda m'nthaka mkati mwa 10 - 20 cm kuchokera ku chitsamba chomwe amadyamo. Kukula komwe mphutsi zimachoka kumatengera nthaka ndi chinyezi, koma nthawi zambiri sizitha kupitirira masentimita 10. Pupa limapangika m'matope atadutsa masiku 10 mpaka 20.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timasandulika posachedwa timasiyana mu utoto wowala wa lalanje ndipo zimakhala ndi zofewa. Koma patangopita maola ochepa, amayamba kuda, kuderako mtundu wa pinki, ndipo posakhalitsa amayamba kukhala ndi utoto wanthawi zonse. Kutalika kwa moyo wa kachilomboka wamkulu kumakhala kosiyanasiyana komanso kwa 1 chaka. Komabe, gawo lina la kachilomboka limatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu.
Chozizwitsa chodabwitsa kwambiri pa kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yopumira. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda nthawi zambiri timakhala ndi mtundu umodzi wambiri. Chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado chili ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi! Timawalemba. Loyamba ndi kutuluka kwa nyengo yozizira. Lachiwiri ndi nthawi ya dzinja. Lachitatu ndi loto lamalimwe, pomwe amachoka pakati pa chilimwe kwa masiku 1 mpaka 10 mpaka theka la anthu onse obwezeretsedwa. Chachinayi - kukokoloka kwanyengo yayitali. Lachisanu - kubwereza kabwereza, komwe kumadziwonetsera kumapeto kwa chilimwe kamodzi kapena kawiri (kawiri katatu) nthawi yachisanu komanso nthawi yakulima kwa nyemba za mbatata zomwe zidapulumuka mpaka kugwa. Ndipo, pomaliza, chachisanu ndi chimodzi ndi kukokoloka kwakutali (superpusing), komwe kumatha zaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu. Palibe njira yofotokozera mwatsatanetsatane aliyense mwa awa. Tidzangonena kuti kuphatikizika kwa thupi koteroko kumalola kachilomboka kuthana ndi zovuta zonse za moyo. Ndipo kwa alimi - ndizovuta kwambiri kuthana ndi tizilombo.
Tengani zaka zosapumira. Kubzala mbatata pamunda pomwe chikumbu sichinakhaleko zaka zitatu, ndipo podziwa kuti palibe amene akulima chikhalidwe ichi chaka chino, mlimiyo modzidzimutsa amataya mtima kuti nthawi ino munda udadzala ndi kachilomboka ku Colorado. Awa ndi anthu omwe akhala akusuntha kwazaka ziwiri ndipo, ataganiza "kuti nthawi yakutuluka," adachoka pakulankhula kwawo, ndipo sizidakhala kanthu.
Awo amene akufuna kudziwa zambiri za kachilombo ka kachilomboka ku Colorado atha kuchita izi powerenga chithunzi cha "Colorado Potato Beetle" chosindikizidwa ndi nyumba yofalitsa Nauka mu 1981.
Ntchito m'chilengedwe
Ndipo kachilomboka ndi kachiromboka ka chikumbu cha Colorado mbatata zimadyera masamba a nightshade mbewu: mbatata, tomato, biringanya, nthawi zambiri - fodya. Zomera zina zamtundu umodzi zimadyanso mosavuta. Popeza chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado chilibe adani ake ku kontinenti ya ku Europe, ndipo zodziwikiratu zakomweko sakonda izi, zimamveka bwino. Ndipo ngati simukulimbana nawo, ndi njala yokhayo yomwe ingaimitse chitukuko. Zikuwonekeratu kuti amatha kubwera pokhapokha pakuwonongeratu chakudya, nthawi zambiri mbatata. Koma munthu sangalole izi. Ndipo ayamba kulimbana ndi tizilombo. Koma pankhaniyi, zidasandulika ntchito yovuta. Tiyeni tifotokozere mwatsatanetsatane momwe akuyesera kuti athetse.
Njira zoyendetsera
Gulu lovuta la moyo wa mbozi limathandizira kuti zisawononge tizilombo ndi njira iliyonse yoyendetsera.
Ndipo chitukuko chawo chakhalapo kuyambira pakuwoneka kwa tizilombo padziko lonse la Europe. Poyamba, inali nkhondo ya mankhwala okha omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oyipitsitsa monga DDT ndi hexachloran. Kenako, mankhwala ophera tizilombo a mibadwo ingapo yatsopano anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi tizilombo. Tizilomboti tidazolowera mwachangu kwa ena, ena adayenera kusiyidwa chifukwa chotsatira zoyipa zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe.
Pakadali pano, njira yochepera kupondereza kuchuluka kwa tizirombo tachilendo idadziwika kale. Pofika nthawi ya kachilomboka ku Colorado mbatata ku Europe, akatswiri a zam'mimba anali atapanga kale njira yotchedwa organical biological yolamulira kuchuluka kwa tizilombo zovulaza. Zinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ku mitundu yachilendo, kwa iwo omwe anaswa kupitirira malire omwe amakhala, kwinaku akutsalira kutali ndi adani awo achilengedwe - parasitic and nyama zodya nyama.
Tanthauzo la njirayi lidakwaniritsidwa ndendende pakusaka kwawo kwa "mlendo" wa adani ake achilengedwe ndi kupulumutsidwa pambuyo pake. M'malo mwathu, adayenera kuwapeza ku America, ndikuwamasula ku minda ya ku Europe, kotero kuti akuwonjezera apa ndipo mwachilengedwe amayamba kuwononga zolemba zawo zodziwika bwino - kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado.
Pofika nthawi ya "kugonjetsedwa" kwa Europe ndi kachilomboka m'magulu azosayansi, malingaliro adakhazikika kuti dziko lakwawo ndi United States ndipo, molondola, dziko la Colorado (sizinali pachabe kuti adadziwika ndi dzina lake!). Zinatsalira kuti tipeze tizirombo touluka ku United States (amatchedwa entomophages - odya tizilombo), amabwera nawo ku Europe, amawamasula kupita kuminda ndikuwona momwe "njira zachilengedwe zalamulo" zimayambira kugwira ntchito. Ntchito inayamba kuwira. Asayansi a mayiko ambiri ku Europe adatenga nawo mbali. Mbalame zodya nyama ndi nsikidzi zomwe zimabweretsedwa ku Europe, ntchentche zodzigudubuza zidaziika ndikukutulutsira kuminda, kuyembekezera kuyeretsedwa kuchokera kwa mlendo wakunja.
Asayansi aphunzira kutulutsa mitundu yambiri ya kachilomboka ku American Colorado. Tizilombo tambiri timene tidatulutsidwa: ma perillus ndi podizus osati paminda ya mbatata, komanso pa ma biringanya ndi tomato, omwe panthawiyo kachilomboka kanaphatikizamo zakudya zake. Koma zitangotuluka pang'ono, kachilombo koyipayo kanapezanso mphamvu ndikupitilizabe "kukonza zakuba," ndipo otithandizira omwe anali atangotayika adasowa osafunsa kuminda. Ntchitoyi inali yofanana ndi ntchito ya Sisyphus.
Koma kumapeto kwa 60s. ndipo aku America nawonso adayamba kuvutika ndi kachilombo. Izi zisanachitike, adadzitchinjiriza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Koma apa, kulimbana kwa mankhwala kunayamba kuchepa. Pomaliza, inafika nthawi yomwe palibe mankhwala omwe akanaloledwa ku USA kuti agwiritse ntchito mbatata anali ndi vuto pa bug: anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito onse. Asayansi aku America anakumananso ndi vuto lofanana ndi la ku Europe - amayenera kuyang'ana njira ina yanjira ya mankhwala, i.e. yang'anani ma intomophages ake ogwira ntchito.
Pofika nthawi imeneyi, zinali zitaonekeratu kuti adani onse achilengedwe a kachilomboka ku Colorado, omwe akatswiri azakuthambo aku Europe akhala akuchita kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo pambuyo pawo iwo aku America, anali mitundu yambiri. Chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado ndi amodzi mwa mbale zambiri zomwe zingawathandize. Ponena za ife a Russia, mwachitsanzo, zipatso za avocado kapena papaya.
Zinali kudziwika kale akatswiri akatswiri azomera zoteteza zachilengedwe kuti okhawo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa tizilombo zovulaza sikuti ndi mitundu yopindulitsa, koma omwe tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zinachitikanso chochitika china chodabwitsa, chomwe chinali chofunikira kwambiri. Kafukufuku wololera yemwe adalola nthawi imeneyo kuti aganizirenso mbiri ya "maulendo" a kachilomboka ku Colorado, komanso, kuti adziwe dziko lawo lenileni. Wasayansi waku America W. Tower adatsimikiza motsimikiza kuti komwe kudachokera mtundu wa anthu Leptinotarsa, komwe ngwazi yathu ili, sikuti ndi Colorado konse. Kwawo kwa kafadala amapezeka kumwera - m'chigawo chotchedwa Sonora zoogeographic. Apa, kumpoto kwa Mexico, kuli mitundu pafupifupi 50 ya tizilombo ttunduwu. Ndi kuchokera pano kuti kachilomboka "wathu" adangofika kumene kumpoto, mpaka kumapiri akum'mawa kwa Rocky Mapiri, omwe amalire ndi mapiri a Colado kuchokera kumadzulo. Ndipo adanenanso zokhazokha pamenepo, "kuzula" zomera zakutchire kuchokera kubanja latsopanolo.
Ndipo pokhapokha apainiya achimereka aku America atafika kuno konsekonse kudutsa bara ndikubzala timazira a mbatata, pomwe kachilomboka “kamamvetsetsa” kuti sikunali pachabe kuti kakuyenda kumapululu kotentha kwa Mexico, Arizona, ndi Texas. Mwa abale ake ambiri, ndi iye yekha amene adazolowera kudya mbatata ndikuyamba kudya mbewu yolimba yomwe idakula. Apa, osamukira - osamukira ku Europe, adakumana ndi kachilomboka poyamba, ndipo amadzitcha Colorado.
Kenako, panjira zokhazikitsidwa kale, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mwachangu adafika pagombe la Atlantic. Ndipo apa mu 80s. Zaka 100 zapitazo, zaka 40 asadalowe ku Europe, adayamba kuchita zankhondo zowononga minda yama mbatata ngati mitundu yachilendo.
Chifukwa chake, pamapeto pake zidadziwika kuti dziko lenileni la tizilombo lili. Ndipo izi zokha ndizofunikira kwambiri. Kupatula apo, zinali apa, osati kwina konse, kuti adani ake achilengedwe akanakhala kuti adachokerako ndi kukhala. Ndipo chifukwa chake, apa zinali zoyenera kuwayang'ana iwo koyamba. Ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino za m'chigawo cha Sonor pomwe nightshade wamtchire amakula - abale akutali ndi achibale a mbatata zokulirapo, phwetekere, ndi fodya. Achibale ambiri a chikumbu cha mbatata za ku Colorado, zomwe tikumvetsetsa tsopano, zingakhale zolondola kwambiri kutcha kachilomboka, kuti azidya.
Pazaka khumi zapitazi, zoyesayesa zophatikizana za asayansi ochokera kumaiko angapo apeza tizirombo toyambitsa matenda omwe amagwira ntchito kudyetsa kachilombo ka mbatata ku Colorado. Kafukufuku wofunikira akuchitika ndipo zikwangwani zakonzedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito kumadera omwe amadya "mkate wachiwiri", kachilomboka mbatata wa Colorado, wawonongeka kwambiri.
Chiyambi komanso mbiri yakuwonekera ku Europe
Mitundu ya Leptinotarsa decemlineata (kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado) idapezedwa kale m'zaka za zana la 19, mu 1824, a Thomas Say, katswiri wazachilengedwe komanso entomologist waku USA. Makope oyamba anasonkhanitsidwa ndi iye pafupi ndi mphuno yayitali, wokhala mu Mapiri a Rocky. Oimira mitundu yaposachedwa, adatinso mtundu wa Chrysomela kapena kafadala wama masamba. Koma mu 1865, wofufuza wina wa kachilomboka adaika kachilomboka ka mbatata wa ku Colorado mu mtundu wa Leptinotarsa, komwe kuli tsopano.
Dziko la chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mexico, dera la Sonora. Kuphatikiza pa iye, mitundu ina ya kafadala wama masamba amakhala kumeneko, amadya nyama zamtchire komanso fodya. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, kachilomboka kuchokera kumayiko ena adasamukira kumpoto, kum'mawa kwa mapiri a Rocky, komwe amadya masamba a mbatata, omwe anthu ochokera kumayiko ena amadya. Zowonongeka zoyambirira kuchokera kwa cholakwika zidalembedwa ku Nebraska mu 1855, ndipo mu 1859 zidawononga minda m'chigawo cha Colorado, pomwe idatchedwa dzina.
Ngakhale kuti zidachitika kuti aletse kufalitsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuzungulira dzikolo, idayamba kuonekeranso m'maiko ena ndi ku Canada, ndipo mu 1876 idawonekera koyamba ku Europe limodzi ndi katundu wazonyamula zombo.
Kenako kachilomboka kangapo kanakagwera pa kontinent, koma nthawi iliyonse kamawonongeka. Mu 1918, "kutula" kwa kachilomboka kunali bwino - kachilombo kamene kanapezeka paminda ya France ndikuyamba kufalikira m'maiko oyandikana nawo. Tsopano ku Europe kuli paliponse kupatula England, komwe sikofunikira.
Mu 1949, kachilomboka kanawonekeranso ku USSR - m'chigawo cha Lviv, mu 1953 - nthawi imodzi m'magawo angapo aku Russia. Zotsatira zakulowera pang'onopang'ono kummawa, kachiromboka adakafika ku Primorsky Territory kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 2000.
Makhalidwe a chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi totengera masamba a kafadala, wokhala ndi mawonekedwe owuma. Tizirombo tating'ono timasiyana ndi mphutsi osati kukula kwake, komanso mikwingwirima yakuda. Pofotokozeredwa mwatsatanetsatane, ndikofunikira kutchula mawonekedwe akuwala a kachilomboka.Chikhalidwe chapadera ndi mtundu wachikaso chakuda chakumbuyo.
Mimba ya tizilombo ili ndi magawo 7, pomwe mizere ya malo akuda ikuwonekera. Tizilomboti tili ndi timiyendo titatu tamiyendo tomwe tili ndi "mbedza" zopangidwira kukwawa pang'onopang'ono pazomera. Mapiko a Webbed amalola kachilomboka mbatata kuchita hopu yayitali.
Zizindikiro zowoneka za tizilombo ndi pafupifupi 8-12 mm. Kukula kwa mbatata ya mbatata ukufika 7 mm. M'dera la mapiko aliwonse pali mikwingwirima yakuda 5. Thupi la mphutsi limadziwika ndi mtundu wa pinki kapena wowala wachikaso. Pali madontho akuda pa thupi la mphutsi.
Tizilombo ta mbatata ku Colorado sitiopa kuopa, madzi kapena kutentha. Nyengo, achikulire amapambana makilomita makumi. Pakhalapo nthawi zina pomwe mphepo inkanyamula tizirombo tambirimbiri.
Kutanthauzira kwa tizilombo
Tizilomboti tating'onoting'ono timakhala tambiri kukula - 0,8-1.2 cm, kutalika kwa 0.6-0.7 cm. Thupi limakhala lozungulira, lopindika, lalanje lalanje, lalitali, lamtambo. Prespinum ilinso ndi mawanga akuda; mikwingwirima yakuda isanu ikudutsa elytra. Malinga ndi ndondomeko yopyapyala yotere, kusiyanitsa kachilomboka ndi tizilombo tina sikovuta. Mapiko ake amakula bwino, ndichifukwa chake amatha kuwuluka pamtunda wawutali.
Mphutsizo zimakhala zofewa, komanso zotumphukira, mpaka kutalika kwa 1.5 cm, poyamba, paubwana, zimakhala zachikasu, kenako zakuda, zimakhala zofiirira zofiirira komanso zofiirira. Mitundu yotere imakhala chifukwa chakuti, masamba akudya, mphutsi sizingayike kugaya carotene mmenemo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zimadzaza mu minofu yawo. Mphutsizo zimakhala ndi mutu wakuda ndi mizere iwiri ya utoto womwewo mbali zonse ziwiri za thupi.
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ndipo makamaka mphutsi zimadya masamba a nightshade. Mwa zikhalidwe zam'banja lino, amakonda kwambiri biringanya ndi mbatata koposa zonse, koma samakonda kukhazikika pa tomato, physalis, ndi fodya. Tsabola wokoma amasankhidwa komaliza pomwe kulibe chakudya china choyenera pafupi. Zikuwoneka bwanji Tumbule mbatata ya Colorado umatha kuwona pa chithunzi.
Kodi kachilombo ka mbatata ya Colorado kamachokera kuti?
Nkhani ya tizilombo imachokera ku Mexico. Tizilomboti tinadya kaye zakutchire, sizinanamizire kuti ndi mbatata. Chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa anthu, kachilomboka kanapezeka ku Colorado, pomwe kanayamba kuwononga mbewu za mbatata. Pambuyo pake, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda adafalikira ku America ndi Europe.
Pambuyo pakupuma nyengo yachisanu bwino, mbatata zazikuluzo zimaziririka pansi. Beetles "itenthe" padzuwa, kuyamba kudya ndi kukwatirana. Pakapita kanthawi, mazira amaikidwa, mphutsi zazing'ono zimatuluka. Mazira a Minke amayikidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana a masamba a mbatata.
Moyo wa mphutsi umagawika m'magulu anayi; Zitatha izi, mphutsi zimasiya masamba, kuyamba kusewera pansi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatuluka pachimbudzi ndikuyamba kudya masamba a mbatata.
Tizilomboti timazizira pansi, nthawi yozizira timalowa masentimita 10-30 kulowa pansi. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono titha kubisala mpaka masentimita 50-100. Kuchulukitsa kwa kachilomboka ka Colorado kumadalira kukula kwa nyengo yachisanu. Kukatentha kwambiri, tizirombo tambiri timapulumuka chisanu.
Ena okhala ndi minkeha amagona mobisa zaka 2-3 mzere. Komanso, zimatha kusokonekera osati zonse pamodzi, koma pang'onopang'ono. Izi zikufotokozera kukhalapo kwa kachilomboka ka mbatata wa chaka chatha kumapeto kwa chilimwe.
Pa chiwembuchi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timatha kuoneka osati kuchokera pansi lapansi. Nthawi zina pamakhala kusamuka kwakukulu kwa anthu. Zodabwitsazi zimachitika pomwe nyengo yanyengo imakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi chaka chatha. Chikumbuchonso chimawululuka mosavuta kuchokera kumayiko oyandikana nawo.
Kuzungulira kwa moyo
Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatsalira kuti tikadyere nthawi yozizira, m'dzinja timaboweka pansi 0,2,5,5 m.Padzayamba kutentha, kafadala timadzuka, ndikuyamba kudya mbatata zamapeto, kenako ndikupeza wokwatirana naye.
Nthawi yomweyo, zazikazi zimatha kukumana ndi dzira, nthawi yomweyo zimayamba kuyikira mazira. Zimathandizanso kuti tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tisapulumuke, chifukwa zazikazi zosasanjidwa sizifunikira kufunafuna zamphongo mu nthawi yopuma.
Nthomba, zikafika mbatata, zimayamba kuyikira mazira - m'magulu ang'onoang'ono pansi masamba. Matumba a Chikumbu cha Colorado - yaying'ono, yayitali, chikasu kapena lalanje.
Patsiku limodzi lokha, wamkazi amatha kupatula ma pcs a 580. mazira, komanso nyengo yonse - 350-700 ma PC. (malinga ndi malipoti ena, chiwerengerochi ndi magawo 1 chikwi). Mibadwo ingati yomwe ikubwera pachilimwe chimatengera nyengo komanso nyengo; pomwe kumwera kuli awiri atatu, kumpoto - 1 okha.
Colado mbatata wa mbatata kusiya mazira pambuyo 5-5 masiku. Asanalowe, amadutsa magawo anayi pakukula kwawo:
- 1 - minofu yofewa yokha ya tsamba yomwe imadyedwa pansipa, yowonjezeredwa masamba ambiri apical,
- 2 - idyani pepala lonse, ndikusiya mitsempha yokha,
- 3 ndi 4 - kumwazikana pachomera chonsecho, ndikukwawa kwa oyandikana nawo.
Mphutsi zimadyetsa mwachangu, kotero kuti patatha sabata ziwiri zokha zimasiyidwa pansi kuti zisambe. Kuzama kwa kuyika maliro kumangokhala 0,5 m. Beetles amatuluka pupae pambuyo pa masabata 1.5-3. Zimatha kukwirira kapena kukhala pansi mpaka nthawi yophuka (izi zimatengera kutentha kwa dothi).
Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tokhala ndi zofewa zowoneka bwino, lalanje. Koma atatha maola ochepa amakhala otuwa, ndikupeza mtundu wamtunduwo. Amadyetsa masamba a mbatata kwa masabata 1-3. Nyengo ikatentha, kafadala timawulukira kumagawo ena. Pogwiritsa ntchito mphepo, kuthamanga kwa 8 km / h kwa chilimwe, imatha kuwuluka makilomita makumi angapo kuchokera komwe idachokera.
Beetles amakhala, nthawi 1 chaka chimodzi, koma ena amatha kukhala ndi nyengo ziwiri kapena zitatu. Pakakhala zovuta, tizirombo timagwa pansi ndipo timatha zaka 2-3 pansi. Izi zimasokoneza kuyendetsa bwino kwa tizilombo. Pangozi, nsikidzi siziyesa kuwuluka, koma kugwa pansi ngati kuti zakufa.
Mbatata Beetle Habitat
Malo okhala tizilombo ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana. Beetles amakhala m'malo otseguka. Zochita masana zimawonedwa ndi akulu ndi mphutsi. "Minke whale" ndiofalikira ku Europe ku Russia, malo omwe amapezeka kumadzulo kwa Europe, North ndi Central America.
Kuthamanga kwa chitukuko, kubereka kwa anthu kumadalira kutentha ndi chinyezi chilengedwe, kupezeka kwa chakudya. Tumbule mbatata ya Colorado tili ndi mitundu yambiri yosinthira kuzakudya, kumikhalidwe yambewu.
Akuluakulu amakhala nthawi yachisanu mobisa. Kutentha kukayamba kuposa +10 madigiri, kafadala amayamba kuchuluka. Nthawi zina tizirombo tating'onoting'ono tulo tisanayambe kugona. Kutalika kwambiri kwa zaka za anthu akuluakulu ndi zaka zitatu.
Momwe angamenyere
Tizilombo ta mbatata ya Colorado - tizilombo osusuka kwambiri, ngati simutenga nawo gawo pofuna kuthana nawo, mphutsizo pakanthawi kochepa zimatha kudya gawo labwino la masamba pachitsamba. Kuchokera pamenepa, chomeracho sichingathe kukula bwino, kumangiriza ndikukula tubers. Sipadzakhala zokolola.
M'malo ang'onoang'ono, ndizotheka kumenyana ndi kachilomboka pamanja, osagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala. Mutha kuyamba mutabzala mbatata. Iyenera kuyikidwa pafupi ndi mabedi oyeretsera. Atakopeka ndi kununkhira, atola nsikidzi zokwawa pansi.
Zimangotengera kuyeretsa pamodzi ndi tizilombo, kuwachotsa pamabedi ndikuwononga. Nthawi yoti kachilomboka izituluka m'nthaka imatha kutalikirana kwa mwezi wathunthu, choncho kungogwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi sikokwanira.
Gawo lachiwiri la nkhondoyi: kuyang'ana tchire kuti kupezeka kwa tsinde. Popeza zazikazi zimaziyika pansi pa tsamba, ndizosavuta kuzizindikira nthawi yomweyo. Muyenera kunyamula masamba, kuyendera kuchokera pansi, kudula pomwe zidutswa za mazira zimapezekanso ndikuziwononga, sonkhanitsani kachilomboka mukangopeza mbatata ndikuziwononga.
Zomwe chikumbu cha mbatata za Colorado zimadya
Tizirombo “timachita chidwi” pakuwonongeka kwa mitundu yazomera. Chakudya chokoma kwambiri cha kafadala ndi masamba obiriwira a mbatata. Masamba a mbatata si chakudya chokhacho cha tizilombo tosiyanasiyana. Amadyetsa masamba a zipatso zamtundu wina wapafupi.
Ngati masamba a mbatata sanakwere pansi, kachilomboka amasuntha tsabola, tomato ndi biringanya. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timadya 75 mg la masamba ambiri patsiku. Tizilombo toyambitsa chilimwe titha kuwononga masamba 136 mg a tsamba.
Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timatha kudya masamba a mbatata kwa petioles. Ndi tizilombo tambiri, kutayika kwa mbewu kumakhala 40%. Ngati pamalopo palibe mbatata, tizilombo timayambitsa mbewu zamtchire.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mthupi la kafadala, zinthu zapoizoni zimadziunjikira pazikhalidwe zapafupi. Izi zikufotokozera kuti mbalame zomwe zimadya sizimadya mphutsi za kachilomboka.
Adani achilengedwe
Tizilombo ta Colado timadya masamba a mbatata okhala ndi solanine. Izi zimadziunjikira mu tiziwalo tawo, chifukwa sizoyenera kudya mbalame zambiri kapena nyama. Chifukwa cha izi, ali ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe, ndipo omwe ali nawo sangathe kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa kachilomboka m'malo osakhala owopsa.
Guinea mbalame, ma turkeys, pheasants ndi magawo amatenga kuchokera ku mbalame zaulimi, kafadala, popanda kudzipweteka. Kwa iwo, tizirombo sakhala ndi poyizoni ndipo amadyedwa ndi chisangalalo chachikulu. Tizilombo timeneti timangodya mbalame zokhazokha, zotsalazo ziyenera kuphunzitsidwa kuyambira miyezi itatu ndi inayi: choyamba onjezani kachiromboka pang'ono chakudya, ndiye kwathunthu kuti mbalame zizikula.
Mbalame zimatha kutulutsidwa mwachindunji m'mundamo, sizimavulaza mbewu, sizimakhomera pansi ngati nkhuku, zimadya kachilomboka ndi mphutsi kuchokera masamba. Pamodzi ndi nsikidzi, mbalame zamtchire zimawonongeranso tizilombo tina, tomwe timavulaza mbewu zobzalidwa.
Pali umboni kuti nkhuku zakunyumba zimadya kachilombo ka Colorado, koma ndi anthu okhawo omwe azolowere izi kuyambira ali ana. Mutha kumasula mbalame m'mundamo ndikuyambitsa mphutsi, ndiye kuti mu Meyi-June.
Koma, ndikofunikira kuti mbatata ikhale yolinga ndi china chake, apo ayi nkhuku zimatha kusinthira kumabedi oyandikana ndi kuwononga masamba omwe akukula pamenepo, kuwaswa amadyera achichepere, kukonza maenje osambira mu fumbi. Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhuku motere, mutha kuchita popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala aliwonse kapena mankhwala.
Kulimbana ndi kachilomboka kudzakhala kosavuta komanso kopindulitsa: mbalame, kudya tizilombo tokhala ndi mapuloteni, zimakula msanga ndikupeza kulemera, kuyala nkhuku kumatenga mazira ambiri ndi zonsezi pamtundu waulere, wotsika mtengo.
Kuphatikiza pa ziweto zapakhomo, kachilombo ka mbatata ku Colorado kamadyedwanso ndi mbalame zam'tchire. Awa ndi nyenyezi, mpheta, nkhaka, akhwangwala, grouse, ndi ena, koma, sikuyenera kudalira kuti awononga kachilomboka mokulira.
Ndikotheka kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbalame zakutchire ngati mungawakopeketse pamalopo, koma izi ndizitali komanso sizothandiza, chifukwa chake, sizomveka kuganiza kuti mbalame zamtchire ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yopezera kachilomboka. Ndipo malinga ndi malipoti ena, mbalame, zitafika pamalopo, sizingodya tizirombo zokha, komanso kuwononga zipatso za zipatso nthawi imeneyi.
Kuchokera ku tizilombo, mazira ndi mphutsi za kachilombo ka mbatata ya Colorado zimawonongeka ndi maulalo, kafadala, agulugufe, kachilomboka, tizilombo, nsikidzi zolusa ndi tahini (zimakhudza chomaliza, yophukira, m'badwo wa tizilombo, tomwe timaletsa kubereka kwake). Kafukufuku akuchitika kwa ma entomophages aku America - adani achilengedwe a kachilombo ka mbatata ya Colorado ndi kuthekera kwa kusintha kwawo ku Europe.
Nkhondo yolimbana ndi kachilomboka wa mbatata ya Colorado
Njira za kulimbana zimagawidwa poteteza, kupangira mankhwala komanso kubereka. Njira zodzitetezera zimaphatikizapo ntchito zaulimi. Osati popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala wowerengeka.
Njira zodzitchinjirira mwamankhwala - mankhwala achilengedwe, njira zapadera zothandizira pokonza mbatata. Mankhwala amagwira bwino ntchito popanga nthawi yaulesi. Kukonzekera kwachilengedwe kumawoneka kotetezeka kwa anthu, kuwonetsa zotsatira zabwino ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa.
Kusintha mbatata kuchokera ku kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado sikuti ndi njira zachilengedwe. Tizilombo ta mbatata timachita mantha ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (nyemba, adyo, koriori ndi ena). Zomera zotere, zobzalidwa m'mphepete mwa mabedi, zimateteza mbatata ku tizilombo tating'onoting'ono.
Njira zonsezi zimangogwira ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa, chifukwa tizilombo timasinthasintha. Ndikwabwino kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala, kuwakwaniritsa ndi njira zina zowatsimikizira. Mutha kusintha ndalama kuti muteteze mbatata kuchokera ku kachilomboka.
Mbiri Yopeza ndi Systematics
Mtunduwu udapezeka koyamba mu 1824 ndi wolemba zachilengedwe waku America ndi katswiri wazomera zanyumba zam'madzi Thomas Say (Thomas Ati) kuchokera kumalingaliro omwe asonkhanitsidwa m'mapiri a Rocky pamphepete mwa nyanga yolowera nyanga (Solanum rostratum) Adatchulanso mtundu watsopano monga woimira mtundu. Chrysomela. Mu 1858, Christian Wilhelm Suffrian, yemwe anali katswiri wofufuza zinthu zaku Germany,Christian Wilhelm Ludwig Eduard Suffrian) adayika mtunduwu ku genus waku America Doryphoraamene amafanana naye kwambiri. Pambuyo pake, mu 1865, wofufuza wodziwika bwino wa ku Sweden wa gulu la a Stahl anaphatikiza kachilomboka mbatata wa ku Colorado mu mtundu womwe wakhazikitsidwa ndi iye mu 1858 Leptinotarsa, monga momwe zilili mpaka lero. Komabe, mmagulu angapo a ntchito, makamaka ndi akatswiri aku America, mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, mitunduyi idapezeka pansi pa dzina Doryphora decemlineata.
Chikumbu cha mbatata cha Colorado ndi amodzi mwa banja la kachilomboka (Chrysomelidae), subfamily ya kachilomboka weniweni masamba (Chrysomelinae).
Kunyumba kwa chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado
Kachilomboka kanatchuka kwambiri mu 1859 atawononga minda ya mbatata m'dziko la US ku Colorado, koma kwawo ndi Sonora zoogeographic sub-kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mexico [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 286 ]. Kuphatikiza pa kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado, mitundu ina ya jini imakhalanso komweko. Leptinotarsazomwe zimadya nyama zamtchire zamtchire ndi fodya - abale omwe amapangidwa mbatata ndi mitundu ya phwetekere.
Kuchokera m'chigawo cha Sonoran, kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata anafalikira kumpoto mpaka kukafika kumapiri a Rocky Mapiri, komwe m'zaka za m'ma 1900 iwo adasinthira kudya mbatata zopatsidwa ndi alendo.
Kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi
Zowopsa zoyambirira za mbatata ndi kachilomboka wa mbatata ya Colorado zidadziwika mu 1855 m'chigawo cha Nebraska, koma adadziwika ndi dzina loti zitawonekera paminda ya mbatata ku Colorado mu 1859. Ngakhale anali atatetezedwa, tizilombo tatsopano tidafalikira ku North America, ndipo mu 1876-1877 tidawoloka Nyanja ya Atlantic ndi zonyamula zombo zonyamula katundu ndipo zidawonekera koyamba ku Europe, kufupi ndi Leipzig.
Pambuyo pa kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata kangapo komwe kanabweretsedwa ku Europe, koma zolinga zake zidawonongeka mpaka mu 1918, pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse, adakwanitsa "kupeza gawo" m'dera la Bordeaux (France). Kuchokera apa, kachilomboka kanayamba kuyendayenda mdziko la Europe, osati ku UK kokha, komwe sikumawonekeranso.
Kusunthira kummawa limodzi ndi mphepo zomwe zikupezeka m'miyezi yachilimwe, kumapeto kwa zaka za 1940s, kachilomboka kanakafika kumalire a USSR. Cholinga chake choyamba pamagawo a USSR adapezeka m'dera la Lviv mu 1949. Ndipo mu 1953 adawonekeranso nthawi imodzi kumadera a Kaliningrad, Volyn, Brest ndi Grodno. Pomaliza, m'masiku otentha komanso ovuta a Meyi 1958, kachilomboka kakakulu ka mbulu wa ku Colorado kupita kudera la Transcarpathian kunachitika kuchokera ku Hungary ndi Czechoslovakia, pomwe "kutera" kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa kachilomboka kuchokera ku Poland anaponyedwera kugombe la Lithuanian ndi Kaliningrad ku Nyanja ya Baltic. Kuyambira panthawiyi idayamba kupezeka kwa kachilomboka kazipatso ku Colorado ku USSR. M'chaka chouma cha 1975, palimodzi ndi magalimoto odzaza ndi udzu, ochokera kumadera a Russian SSR adagwa m'magawo a Southern Urals. Kuyambira 2000, yopezeka mu Primorsky Territory.
Mawonekedwe
Tizilomboti timakhala tambiri kukula, 8-12 mm kutalika ndi 6-7 mm mulifupi. Thupi lake limakhala chowuluka, chofinya, chonyezimira, lalanje. Pronotum yokhala ndi mawanga akuda. Pa elytra iliyonse pamakhala mikwingwirima yakuda 5 (kuchokera komwe dzina la Chilatini lamtunduwu uli decemlineatamzere khumi). Mapiko a tsamba lozungulira amapangidwa bwino, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi kafadala wa Colorado amapanga ndege zazitali.
Mphutsi za chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado ndizofika mpaka 15-16 mm kutalika ndi mutu wakuda ndi mizere iwiri ya madontho akuda pambali ya thupi, chifukwa chomwe nthawi zambiri chimasakanikirana ndi mphutsi za ladybug, mphutsi ya ladybug imvi yokhala ndi mawanga a lalanje. Maonekedwe a thupi la mphutsi za chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado ndiyoyamba kutuluka, ndipo nthawi imayamba kukhala wachikasu kapena kutuwa. Nkhani yayikulu yopanga utoto wa mphutsi ndi mtundu wa carotene. Mphutsi zikamadya masamba a mbatata, zimayetsa mitundu yonseyo kupatula carotene, yomwe imadzaza ndi minyewa ndipo imasokoneza mphutsiyo ndi utoto wa "karoti."
Njira zoyendetsera
Njira zoyendetsera kachilombo ka mbatata ya ku Colorado zimaphatikizapo njira zochotsera zakudya komanso chithandizo chomera pamene mphutsi za m'badwo wachiwiri zimawonekera komanso nthawi yayitali kubadwa kwa tizilomboto tomwe tili ndi tizirombo toyambitsa matenda (mankhwala ophera tizilombo). Komabe, kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata kamatsutsana ndi ziphe ndipo kamayamba kusatetezeka. Koma mankhwala opha tizilombo sakhala osokoneza bongo mwa kafadala [ gwero silinatchulidwe masiku 286 ] ndikuwapatsa kuthekera kwothana nayo mwanzeru kwazaka zambiri. M'madera ang'onoang'ono, kafadala ndi mphutsi zawo zimasungidwa ndi manja ndikuchotsa.
Ma grooves (kapena maenje) okhala otsetsereka a 45 ° ndi otsetsereka amakhala msampha woposa theka la kachiromboka kakang'ono ka Colorado komwe kakuyenda pamwamba.
Popeza kafadala wa Colorado amasonkhana m'matupi awo oopsa a solanins omwe ali ndi mphukira ndi masamba osakanika, ali odziwika kwambiri kwa mbalame zambiri ndi nyama, chifukwa chake ali ndi adani ochulukirapo ambiri, kuphatikiza apo, ambiri mwa adani achilengedwe a chikumbu cha Colorado samatha kuletsa kuchuluka kwake. pamalo otetezeka.
Mphutsi za chikumbu zimatha kudya: kuchokera kwa mbalame - mbalame zakumapeto, njuchi ndi mbalame zam'minda, kuchokera kwa tizilombo - kachilomboka pansi ndi malata. Ladybugs amatha kudya mazira ndi mphutsi zazing'ono zachinyamata.
Mbidzi zazikulu za anthu akuluakulu zimadyedwa ndi mbalame zokhazokha, ma turkeys amaphunzitsidwa kuchita izi kuyambira paubwana, kuwonjezera kachilomboka kakang'ono ka Colado kuti kadyetsedwe kapena kudyetsa kachikumbu, ndikukupukutira nandolo ndi buledi [ gwero losavomerezeka? ] .
Adani achilengedwe a chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado alinso kachilomboka ndi tizilombo tina, tomwe timagwira kwambiri anali mitundu ya tahini Myiopharus doryphorae (fr.) Russian , omwe amafikira kuchuluka kwakukulu mu kugwa ndikugunda mbadwo wotsiriza wa kachilomboka ku Colorado mchaka, koma ku Colorado kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda titha kufika pamitengo yayikulu, zomwe zimaloleza kuchuluka kwa kachilombo ka Colorado pamlingo wovomerezeka.
Kuyesayesa kumapangidwira kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa kafadala wa Colorado ogwiritsa ntchito tizilombo tating'onotinggous, makamaka mothandizidwa ndi nsikidzi zolusa Podisus maculiventris ndi Perillus bioculatus.
Mu 2010, Institute for Plant Protection of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Moldova idawonetsa kukhathamira kwa kupukusa kwa hellebore Lobel motsutsana ndi kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado.
Tizilombo ta Colado timapeza malo obzala mbewu zomwe zimayenda dzuwa mothandizidwa ndi fungo labwino kwambiri. Ngati mumabzala zosakanikirana ndi zinthu zonunkhira bwino (mwachitsanzo, borago, calendula, ndimu, mandimu, basili, mbewa, ma coriander, anyezi, adyo, nyemba, nyemba) ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa kafadala kungachepe nthawi 8-9, zomwe ndizofunikira zimachepetsa chitetezo cha mbewu.
Tizilomboti ta Colorado sitilekerera kununkhira kwa ma anyezi peel, ngati mutayika phulusa pang'ono ndi anyezi pang'ono mukabzala mbatata mu dzenje, ndiye kuti kachilomboka sadzaonekanso pamtondo uwu mpaka mbatata itatulutsa, ndipo pambuyo pake sizingavulaze mbatata kuyika kwa mbewu kumadutsa kuyambira pachiyambi cha kukula ndipo kumatha ndi maluwa [ gwero losavomerezeka? ] .
Kuti muchite bwino, njira zingapo zowongolera ndizotheka.
Mtundu | Onani | Gulu | Gawo lotsutsidwa | Dera |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tizilombo toyambitsa majeremusi ndi parasitoids | Chrysomelobia labidomerae | Acari | imago | USA, Mexico |
Edovum puttleri | Hymenoptera | mazira | Colombia, Mexico, USA | |
Anaphimba kununkhira | Hymenoptera | mazira | USA | |
Myiopharus aberrans | Diptera | imago | USA | |
Myiopharus doryphorae | Diptera | mphutsi | Canada, USA | |
Meigenia mutabilis | Diptera | mphutsi | Russia | |
Megaselia rufipes | Diptera | imago | Germany | |
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora | Nematoda | imago | cosmopolitans | |
Heterorhabditis heliothidis | Nematoda | imago | cosmopolitans | |
Ziwonetsero | Lebia grandis | Coleoptera | mazira, mphutsi | USA |
Hippodamia Converter | Coleoptera | mazira, mphutsi | USA, Mexico | |
Coccinellidae | Coleoptera | mazira, mphutsi | cosmopolitans | |
Euthyrhynchus floridanus | Hemiptera | mphutsi | USA | |
Oplomus dichrous | Hemiptera | mazira, mphutsi | Mexico | |
Perillus bioculatus | Hemiptera | akuluakulu, mazira, mphutsi | Canada, USA, Mexico | |
Podisus maculiventris | Hemiptera | mphutsi | USA | |
Pselliopus cinctus | Hemiptera | mphutsi | USA | |
Sinea diadema | Hemiptera | mphutsi | USA | |
Stiretrus anchorago | Hemiptera | mphutsi | USA, Mexico | |
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda | Bacillus thuringiensis | Bacteria | mphutsi | USA, Canada, Europe |
Photorhabdus luminescens | Bacteria | akuluakulu, mphutsi | cosmopolitans | |
Spiroplasma | Bacteria | akuluakulu, mphutsi | North America, Europe | |
Beauveria bassiana | Ascomycota | akuluakulu, mphutsi | USA |
Tizilombo ta mbatata zabodza
Tizilombo ta mbatata titha kusokoneza kachilombo ka mbatata zabodza (Leptinotarsa juncta) Wotsirizayi sikhala tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tamadwala - amadya namsongole kuchokera ku banja loyandikira, mwachitsanzo, fodya, a Caroline nightshade (Solanum carolinense), komanso bittersweet nightshade ndi mitundu yamagulu a physalis. Nthawi zambiri amadya mbatata ndipo samaswana mbande zake.
Kodi kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado kakuwoneka bwanji?
Chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado, mawonekedwe, chithunzi
Tizilombo ta mbatata ku Colorado ndi a Coleoptera, banja la kachilomboka.
Thupi la kachilomboka limakhala ndi dzira: kumtunda kwake kumakhala kokhotakhota, ndipo m'munsi ndi lathyathyathya. Kutalika kwa thupi ndi 8-12 mm, ndipo m'lifupi ndi 6-7 mm. Mutu umakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, m'lifupi mwake ndi wokulirapo kuposa kutalika, umachotsedwa ndipo umapezeka pafupifupi. Pamutu pa chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado pali chizindikiro chakuda mawonekedwe a pembera. Maso a kachilomboka ali ngati ma nyemba ndi zakuda, amapezeka kumbali za mutu.
Malo okhala ndi zigawo 11 amapezeka pamalo a anterior eye: woyamba asanu ndi a bulauni, ndipo 6 otsalawo ndi akuda.
Mimba imakhala ndi zigawo 7 za mtundu wa lalanje wopepuka wokhala ndi mawanga akuda. Elytra pafupi ndi thupi la kachilomboka; ali ndi utoto wamitundu yosiyanasiyana, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yachikaso ndi yakuda. Tizilomboti tili ndi mapiko opanga bwino, chifukwa cha kachilomboka timatha kupanga maulendo ataliatali, makamaka mumphepo yamkuntho.
Miyendo ya kachilomboka ndi yofooka komanso yopyapyala, choncho kachilomboka ka Colorado mbatata satha kuyenda, kumangokwawa.
Akazi mu kafadala ndi okulirapo komanso olemera, kulemera kwawo kwenikweni ndi 160 mg, ndipo amuna - 145 mg.
Matumba a Chikumbu cha Colorado
Kutentha kwa mpweya wa + 21 ° C ndi chinyezi 70%, kukula kwa dzira kumatenga masabata 1-2,5, koma kutentha kukatsika mpaka + 11 ° C, mfundoyi imaleka.
Mazira a kachilomboka ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira, malo osalala komanso owala, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi 0.8 mm, ndipo kutalika kwake ndi 1.7-1.8 mm. Akaziwo akaikira mazira, amakhala ndi mtundu wachikaso wowoneka bwino, kenako pang'onopang'ono amakhala ndi khungu ndikukhala lalanje.
Colado mbatata wa mbatata
Pafupifupi masiku 5 mpaka 17, mphutsi zimaswa kuchokera ku mazira; kuchuluka kwenikweni kwa masiku okucha kumadalira nyengo. Mphutsi zimakhala ndi mutu wakuda wakuda ndi thupi lanyama, ndimtambo pansipa ndikuwonekeranso pamwamba. Kutsogolo kwa thupilo kuli timagulu tiwiri tating'ono ta miyendo yakuda, ma warti akuda amapezeka mbali mbali ziwiri.
Mphutsi zimadutsa magulu anayi a chitukuko:
- M'badwo woyamba: thupi limakutidwa ndi tsitsi ndipo limakhala ndi kutalika kwa 1.5-2.4 mm, limapaka utoto wakuda. Nthawi imeneyi, mphutsi zimadyera kumunsi kwa tsamba.
- M'badwo wachiwiri: thupi limasintha mtundu kukhala wofiyira owoneka bwino, kutalika kwake kumachulukira mpaka 2.5-4,5 mm, kuchuluka kwa tsitsi kumachepa. Mphutsi zimadya mnofu wonse wa tsamba, kusiya masamba okhaokha.
- M'badwo wachitatu: kutalika kwa thupi ndi 4.6-9 mm, mtundu umasintha kukhala njerwa, tsitsi limatha. Beetles ndi njira zosamukira kuzomera zapafupi ndikudya nyama yamasamba ndi mphukira zazing'ono.
- M'badwo wachinayi: thupi limafika kutalika kwa 9-15 mm, utoto umakhala kuchokera ku lalanje-wachikasu mpaka wofiira chikasu.
Mtundu wa lalanje wa mphutsi umachitika chifukwa chakuti chinthu chachikulu chopanga utoto m'matupi awo ndi carotene.
Gawo lililonse la kukula kwa mphutsi kumatha ndi kusungunuka. Munthawi imeneyi, tizirombo timadya mwachangu ndipo patatha masiku 10 mpaka 20 amira munthaka mpaka akuya pafupifupi 10 cm ndi kachidole.
Pupae ndi akuluakulu a chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado
Thupi limafanana ndi munthu wamkulu pakuwoneka; thupi lake limakhala lalitali 9.2 mm ndi 6.4 mm mulifupi. Pupa ali ndi khungu la pinki kapena lalanje.
Tizilomboti tikapezeka m'dzinja, kachilomboka kakuchokera m'nguluyo kamakhala m'nthaka nthawi yonse yozizira, ndipo kumatuluka mchaka chokha.
Tizilombo tadutsa kuchokera pagulu kupita kwa munthu wamkulu, kumayamba kuda mu maora pang'ono ndikupanga bulauni.
Pakupita milungu isanu ndi umodzi, tizilombo tambiri timapeza mafuta osungira. Nyengo yotentha, chifukwa champhamvu zamagetsi, amatha kuyendetsa ndege ngakhale zazitali. Mwa njira, kafadala amawuluka makamaka mumphepo yamkuntho ndipo amatha kufikira kuthamanga mpaka 7 km / h.
Kodi kachilombo ka Colorado kamakhala kuti? Malo awo
Komwe kachilomboka kazikhala mbatata ku Colorado ndi Mexico, kotchedwa Sonora sub. Kuwonongeka koyamba kwa kubzala mbatata ndi kachilombo ka mbatata ku Colorado kunadziwika ku Nebraska mu 1855.
Ili lidatipatsa dzina chifukwa cha zomwe zidachitika mu 1859 ku Colorado. Chaka chino, tizilombo tinasokoneza malo akuluakulu obzala mbatata m'boma lino. Koma pali lingaliro lina la mawonekedwe a dzina lotere: kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Mexico liwu loti "colorado" limamasuliridwa kuti "mtundu", womwe umakwaniritsa mawonekedwe a motley a tizilombo.
Tizilomboti tinafalikira mwachangu ku North America. Pambuyo pake, mu 1876-1877, adafika kumadzulo kwa Europe pa tubers mbatata zomwe zimachokera kunja. Mwambiri, panthawiyi panalibe zovuta zilizonse ndi nsikidzi za Colorado, popeza zoyang'ana mawonekedwe awo zidawonongeka. Koma zonse zidasintha mu 1918, nthawi ya Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko lonse, bug adatha kubereka ku France, mdera la Bordeaux.
Pankhondo yayikulu ya Patriotic, tizirombo tinali kale m'malire a USSR.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba pagawo la omwe kale anali USSR, kafadala adawona mu 1949 m'dera la Lviv, mu 1953 adayamba kupezeka m'malo a Kaliningrad, Volyn, Grodno ndi Brest. Mu 1958, m'miyezi yotentha komanso yamphepo yochokera ku Hungary ndi Czechoslovakia, padali ndege zambiri za zikumbu za ku Colorado kupita ku dera la Transcarpathian ndi Poland.
Pang'onopang'ono, tizilombo tinasamukira ku Russia, komwe kunali mbewu zazikulu za mbatata, adayamba kuchuluka kwambiri mwachangu ndikufalikira mdziko lonse. Kuyambira pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1970, kafadala kakuwoneka ku Southern Urals, ndipo mu 2000 - kale ku Primorsky Territory.
Malo omwe kachilomboka amapezeka ku Colorado ndi chikhalidwe choyandikira, amatha kupezeka m'malo aliwonse otseguka. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono timapezeka paliponse, kupatula kupatula dera la Far North ndi chipululu.
Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Tumbule mbatata ya Colorado (Latin Latin Leptinotarsa decemlineеata) ndi kachilombo kuchokera kubanja la kachilomboka masamba am'magulu a zolengedwa zam'mapiko, zamtundu wa arthropod. Mwanjira ina, amatchedwa kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado, chifukwa chakuti zakudya zake makamaka zimakhala ndi nsuzi za mbatata ndi masamba a mbewu zina zapafupi.
Tizilomboti timakhala ndi thupi lalikulu la kachilomboka, lomwe limakhala ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira (900), kutalika kwa 10 mm ndi pafupifupi 5mm mulifupi. Mawonekedwe a mapiko a tizilombo touluka timapangidwa ndi utoto wamtundu wachikasu ndi lalanje (karoti).
Pa chithunzi cha kachilomboka Ukhoza kuwona mikwingwirima yakuda yofananira pamapiko, pali zidutswa khumi zokha, zisanu pa mapiko aliwonse. Ndi chifukwa chaichi pomwe mawu oti "decemlineata" amapezeka pagulu lachi Latin la kachilomboka, komwe kumasulira mwachindunji kumadziwika kuti "mizere khumi."
Mapiko a kachilomboka ndi olimba kwambiri ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe otsetsereka pamwamba pamadzi. Tizilombo ta mbatata timawuluka bwino ndipo kwa maulendo ataliatali amagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso mpweya womwe umatha kupitilira nyengo yayitali makilomita angapo.
Colado mbatata wa mbatata mithunzi yopepuka yachikasu ya mawonekedwe osalala pafupifupi amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 14-15 mm. Popita nthawi, mawonekedwe amtundu wa mphutsi amasintha kukhala wachikaso chowoneka bwino, kenako utoto wa lalanje (karoti) chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa carotene pamwamba pa thupi, yomwe imakhala m'masamba a mbatata ndipo siyigayidwa kwathunthu ndi thupi.
Mutu wa mphutsi ndi wakuda, mpaka wakuda, kumbali za thupi pali madontho akuda mumizere iwiri. Chochititsa chidwi mu kapangidwe ka thupi la mphutsi ndi kupezeka kwa magulu awiri amaso kumbali zakumaso, zomwe zimaloleza kuyenda molondola.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matendawa tidapezeka, kapena m'malo mwake, adatchulidwa ndi wasayansi wazachilengedwe waku America wasayansi Thomas Say mu 1824. Kugawidwa kwake padzikoli kachiromboka kuyambira kumpoto kwa America, kapena, dziko la kachilomboka lingatengedwe ngati kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mexico.
Pa chithunzichi mphutsi za kachilomboka zobiriwira za Colorado
Ili ndi dzina lake litatha kudya minda yambiri ya mbatata ku Colorado, USA. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu, kachilomboka ku Colorado adawoloka nyanja mu zombo zonyamula katundu zomwe zimanyamula masamba kupita ku Europe ndipo kuyambira pamenepo zidayamba kufalikira ku kontinenti ya Europe.
Nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha kumapeto kwa 40s, adawonekeranso ku Republic of Soviet Union ya Soviet Union, komwe idabalalika m'dera lonse la CIS yamakono. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za XXI, anthu ake adapezeka m'malo akulu a Far East ku Primorsky Territory, komwe tsopano kumachitikanso nkhondo ndi chikumbu cha mbatata ya colorado.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Tizilombo tambiri tomwe timapanga ndipo nyalugwe wawo amakhala nthawi zonse nthawi yozizira pafupi ndi malo omwe nyemba zimamera. Kuphatikiza pa kuwuluka kwa tizirombo touluka tating'ono tophatikizana ndi kusowa kwa chakudya chokwanira pamalo akale.
Mphutsizo zimakhala ndi magulu a mibadwo inayi (magawo a kukula): M'zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, mphutsi zimangodya masamba ang'onoang'ono a masamba a nightshade, chifukwa chake zimangokhala pamwamba pa tsinde, gawo lachitatu ndi lachinayi lomwe limabalalitsa pamtunda wonse ndikuyamba kudya masamba amitundu yonse (Aang'ono ndi akulu omwe)
Atatha kudya chomera chimodzi, amayamba kukwawa kupita ku zitsulo zoyandikana ndikuziwononga, zomwe zimayambitsa Chikumbutso cha Colorado minda ya mbatata ndi mbewu zina zazifupi zomwe zabzalidwa ndi munthu.
Kuchulukitsa kwa mphutsi kuchokera pa mluza kupita kwa wamkulu kumadalira kwambiri zakunja (kutentha kwa dziko lapansi ndi mpweya wozungulira, kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya, kuthamanga kwa mphepo, ndi zina zotero).
Pambuyo pakufika pa zaka zachinayi, mphutsi zothamanga zimatsikira pansi ndikuwunjikira pansi mpaka pakuya masentimita khumi kwa ana, nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika sabata lachiwiri kapena lachitatu la chitukuko.
Mapangidwe a pupa amachitika mkati mwa masiku 10-15, kutengera chilengedwe, pambuyo pake kachilomboka kakufika pansi kupitilira kukhalapo.
Ngati kachilomboka kakapangidwa ndi nthawi yophukira, ndiye kuti, popanda kutuluka pansi, nthawi yomweyo kugwa kumayamba kutentha kusanachitike kutentha.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kachilomboka ku Colorado kamatha kugwa m'mimba ngakhale kwa zaka zingapo, nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha kutentha kuzilimwe kapena kuchuluka kwa tizilombo kudera laling'ono, komwe kumaphatikizapo chakudya chosakwanira anthu onse.
Tumbule mbatata ya Colorado
Monga momwe zidawonekera kuchokera kuzonse zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa Tumbule mbatata ya Colorado uwu ndi tsoka lathunthu kwa alimi onse ndi m'maluwa amateur. Kudya masamba azomera zosiyanasiyana, tizirombo tosokoneza thukuta, kuchulukana mwachangu, titha kuwononga mahekitala a minda yobzalidwa.
Kuphatikiza pa nsonga za mbatata, kachilombo ka mbatata ya Colorado amagwiritsa ntchito masamba a biringanya, phwetekere, tsabola wokoma, physalis, nightshade, dereza, mandrake ngakhale fodya.
Kuti tizirombo tomwe timapezeka pamtunda tisawononge mbewu yonse yamtsogolo, munthu adapanga zingapo Zithandizo za chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado. M'minda yayikulu yolimbana ndi kachilombo ka mbatata ku Colorado, nthawi zambiri, mankhwala osiyanasiyana ophera tizilombo amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Zoyipa zamachitidwe otere ndikuti pang'ono ndi pang'ono chizolowezi chimagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo,, atasinthasintha, ndikupitilizabe kudya masamba a mbewu zobzalidwa, ndipo anthu amadana ndi kudya mbatata za mafuta.
M'minda ing'onoing'ono yamaluwa, wamaluwa amapangira mbewu kuchokera ku kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado ndi phulusa. Komanso poyizoni kachilomboka mbatata wa Colorado ndipo mphutsi zake ndi yankho la urea, ndipo pogwiritsa ntchito yankho, dothi lenilenilo limaphatikizidwa ndi nayitrogeni.
Chifukwa chakuti kachilombo kameneka kali ndi fungo loipa kwambiri, sakonda kununkhira kwamphamvu, chifukwa chake ndizotheka chotsani chikumbu cha mbatata ya colorado Mutha kuwaza ma infusions osiyanasiyana, mwachitsanzo, kulowetsedwa kwa dandelion, chitsamba chowawa, kuyika mahatchi kapena decoction wa mamba anyezi.
M'mapulogalamu apakhomo, kachilombo ka mbatata ku Colorado nthawi zambiri kamakololedwa pamanja, kenako ndikawotcha kapena kuwuphwanya, yomwe ndi njira imodzi yothanirana ndi tizilombo.
Monga zomwe mungamuphe kachilombo ka mbatata ya Colorado mwini minda ndi minda yolimidwa nthawi zonse amasankha, koma posachedwa anthu ayesa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yambiri ya ziphe zachilengedwe zochepa ndikugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yawo yambiri kupeza mitundu yatsopano ya zipatso zomwe solanaceous sizinadye.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Pambuyo nyengo yachisanu kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu, masiku oyamba amasamba akafika, kafadala wamkulu wa Colorado amatuluka pansi ndipo amatha kumvana nthawi yomweyo.
Akangophatikiza umuna, zazikazi zimayikira mazira, nthawi zambiri zimabisala mazira mkati mwa masamba kapena pogawa masamba. Patsiku limodzi, mkazi amatha kuikira mazira 70, ndipo munthawi yakutenga umuna kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira, mazira amatha kufikira masauzande.
Pakatha sabata limodzi kapena awiri, kuchokera mazira ang'ono, pafupifupi 2-3 mm kukula kwake, kumaswa mazira, omwe kuyambira mphindi zochepa za moyo wayamba kudyetsa, kuyamba kudya chipolopolo cha dzira lokha ndikusintha masamba pang'ono.
Pakatha milungu ingapo, mphutsi zimalowa m'gawolo ndipo patatha milungu iwiri, munthu wamkulu wodziimira payekha amasankhidwa kuchokera pansi, pomwe, ndi wokonzeka kubereka.
Kumagawo akum'mwera, munyengo kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira, mibadwo iwiri kapena itatu ya tizilombo timatha kukula, komwe kutentha kwake kumakhala kukuzizira, nthawi zambiri kumakhala mbadwo umodzi. Pafupipafupi, kachilombo ka mbatata wa Colorado kamakhala chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, koma ngati kayamba kugonja, ndiye kuti kachilomboka kamatha kukhala zaka zitatu.
Makhalidwe akunja
Ngati simunakumanepo ndi tizilombo tambiri tomwe timayambitsa ulimi, mutha kudziwa pa intaneti. Tsambali lili ndi zithunzi zambiri za kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado, pomwe mungayang'ane mwatsatanetsatane mawonekedwe ake. Pa gawo la dziko lathu, mboziyi imakhala yochepa - pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri.
Mu terminology yasayansi, kachilomboka mbatata wa Colorado ndi wa banja la kafadala wa masamba, omwe ndi "kachilomboka." Mphutsi zonsezo ndi zachikulire za ku Colorado zimadya masamba ndi maluwa azomera zomwe zalimidwa pafupi.
Thupi lake limakhala lozungulira, lofanana ndi dzira la nkhuku. Pofika pansi, thupi limakhala lathyathyathya. Akuluakulu a tizilombo timeneti amakula kutalika kuyambira mamilimita asanu ndi awiri mpaka khumi ndi awiri. M'lifupi, matupi awo ndi mamilimita 5 mpaka 10.
Zindikirani!
Mutu wa kachilomboka umakhazikika polemekeza thupi. Imakokedwa mkati ndikuwoneka pafupifupi osawoneka. Kusiyana kwa kachilomboka ndiko kupezeka kwa chilembo cha mutu pamutu, chomwe chili ndi mtundu wakuda. Maso ndi opindika, ozungulira, amaikidwa moyenerera mbali zam'mutu. Tizilomboti tili ndi tinyanga titalitali.
Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kapadera ka miyendo, kafadala wa Colorado amangokwawa. Satha kuthamanga. Tizilomboti ta mbatata ta Colorado timakhala tili ndi mapiko awiri olimba. Mtundu wamapiko ndi wamizeremizere, mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera. Mapiko awiri apansi ndi lalanje, ali oonda, otambalala. Mtundu wa m'mimba mwa kachilomboka ulinso lalanje, umagawika m'magawo.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti zazikazi zazilombozi ndizokulirapo kuposa zazimuna. Pambuyo pa hibernation, pafupifupi kulemera kwa akazi ndi pafupifupi magalamu 160, ndipo amuna - 145 magalamu.
Mumachokera kuti?
Ngakhale dzinali, nsikidzi zidayamba kuwonekera ku Mexico. Ndipo tizirombo adatchedwa dzina lawo chifukwa cha kuwononga kwakukulu kwa mbewu ku Colorado.
Izi zidachitika mu 1859. Beetles adachulukirachulukira ndikufalikira limodzi ndi mbatata, zomwe zidatengedwa kuchokera ku America kupita kumayiko ena padziko lapansi. Pakutha kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, tizilombo tokhala m'mizere tinali titagwira kale ku Europe ndi gawo la Soviet Union.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'maiko a Soviet, kuukira kwa kachilomboka ku Colorado kunalembedwa m'dera la Volyn. Kuti adziteteze ku ngoziyi, akuluakulu aboma anachitapo zokhazokha zokhazokha. Ngakhale izi, nsikidzi sizinathe. Microclimate yakumaloko ndi yabwino pamoyo ndi kukula kwa mazira a kachilomboka wa Colorado.
Kukonzekera
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tomwe timapha tizirombo tili pamsika. Kuti mupeze yankho la kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado, muyenera kulabadira kapangidwe kake. Zomwe zimagwidwa ndi ziphezi sizimakhudzanso kachilombo ka mbatata.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timapha akuluakulu komanso mphutsi. Njira yothetsera vutoli imaphatikizidwa mu magawo omwe amafotokozedwa mu malangizo, osakaniza womalizidwa amathiridwa mu siponji. Pogwira ntchito ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndikofunikira kwambiri kusamalira chitetezo chanu.
Pali mankhwala omwe amapangidwa kuti azichiritsa tubers musanabzale. Ndikokwanira kuwaza mbatata ndikuyiyika pansi. M'nthaka, tubers imatetezedwa ndi kachilomboka. Mbatata zimatetezedwa ku tizirombo tina timene tili m'nthaka.
Mibadwo yatsopano ya mankhwala ophera tizilombo timadziwika ndi zotsatira zowononga. Poizoni wotereyu wochokera ku kachilombo ka mbatata wa Colorado ali ndi mphamvu yakufa ndi tizirombo. Ndikosavuta kuthana ndi "anamgumi", koma mutha kuwononga masamba angapo a masamba.
Mitundu ya poizoni itha kusinthidwa kwathunthu kapena pang'ono ndi zinthu zachilengedwe. Ubwino wazinthu izi ndi zovulaza kwa anthu, mbalame ndi nyama. Zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhala ndi mtundu wapadera wa mabakiteriya omwe amayambitsa kupha tizirombo. Zowona, njira ya kufa kwa kafadala idakonzedwa munthawi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo pafupipafupi kumakhudza kwambiri mtundu ndi kakomedwe ka mbatata za mbatata. Pachifukwa ichi, mutha kusintha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala omwe ali ndi njira zosavuta zamagulu.
Zozungulira pamoyo
Tizirombo takale ta Colado timakhala pansi mobisalira. Kumayambiriro kasupe, amasunthira kunja ndikuyamba kuwononga mbewu zomwe zidakwera zokha.
Kutentha kwa mpweya kukakhala kuposa madigiri khumi, kachilomboka ka mbatata ku Colorado kamayamba nyengo yoswana. Nthawi zina, kafadala amakakamira asanapite kukagona nthawi yozizira. Kenako amapatsa ana akangodzuka. Nthawi yayitali kwambiri yoyembekezera nthumwi za tizilombo tosambira kuyambira chaka chimodzi mpaka zitatu.
Nthawi yodzuka ndi kusinthana ndi kafadala imatenga mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Ngati pali chakudya, akuluakulu amakula msanga ndipo amakhala okonzeka kubereka.
Mphutsi zimatuluka mazira sabata imodzi zitayikidwa. Thupi la mphutsi ndi lamtundu, wotumbululuka, wokhala ndi utoto wowala wa lalanje. Ntchito yayikulu ya tizilombo timayambira itatha kutentha kwa 15 madigiri.
Zithandizo za anthu
Njira yotetezeka kuononga kachilomboka ka mbatata ya Colorado imawonedwa ngati mankhwala wowerengeka. Njira yovuta - Kutolera kwa tizirombo ndi kuwononga kwawo. Ndiosavuta kukonza m'minda pogwiritsa ntchito phulusa, mankhwala wamba, kulowetsedwa.
Phulusa louma lomwe limatha kupukutira tchire la mbatata. Njira yothetsera phulusa amaiona kuti siyothandiza. 2 kg ya phulusa liyenera kusungunuka mu 10 malita a madzi. 1 lita imodzi ya osakaniza amayendetsedwa ndi malita 10 amadzi, kenako mbewuzo zimathandizidwa.
Anthu okhala kuchilimwe amanenanso kuti mpiru umapereka zotsatira zabwino polimbana ndi tizirombo tating'ono. 100 g ufa wowuma wa mpiru wasungunuka mu malita 5 a madzi ofunda, 50 ml ya viniga (9%) imawonjezeredwa. Chifukwa osakaniza ayenera kuthandizidwa ndi tchire maluwa.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala azikhalidwe kuli ndi malamulo ake:
- kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitika nthawi zonse kukakhala kouma,
- tikulimbikitsidwa kubwereza mankhwalawa patatha masiku 7-10,
- zothetsera sizingathe kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali, chifukwa mankhwala achilengedwe amataya mphamvu,
- kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa kumachitika m'mawa komanso madzulo.
Kulowetsedwa anyezi kumawonetsa kukwera kwambiri polimbana ndi nsikidzi. Mtsuko wama lita atatu ndi 1/3 yodzazidwa ndi ma onion, yothiridwa ndi madzi ofunda, osiyidwa masiku awiri. The osakaniza ndi kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi (1: 2), kuwonjezera 10 g sopo mu madzi mawonekedwe.
Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mphukira za juniper, madzi owopsa a celandine, infusions wa chowawa chowawa. Zosefera mwachizolowezi zimaperekanso chitetezo chodalirika ku kachilombo ka Colorado. Sawdust ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito ngati mulch. Kuchotsa pang'ono tizilombo kumathandizira clover yoyera yobzalidwa pafupi ndi bedi la mbatata.
Kodi ndi mbozi ndi mbalame ziti zomwe zikuluzikulu za Colorado sizigwirizana?
Chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado, mawonekedwe, chithunzi
Kwa ife, njira yanthawi zonse yothanirana ndi kafadala wa Colorado ndikuwawononga pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala ndi wowerengeka. Koma pali njira inanso - pali tizilombo ndi mbalame zomwe zimadya kafadala wa Colorado, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zingathandize polimbana ndi tizirombo.
Koma pali zolengedwa zochepa ngati izi, chifukwa poizoni amadziunjikira m'thupi la kachilomboka, kamakhala ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe.
Makamaka, ladybug, wowoka pang'ono komanso wowotcha amadya mazira ndi mphutsi za kachilomboka, koma alibe mphamvu pamaso pa akuluakulu. Zitha kuthandiza kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo, koma mulimonsemo, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina kuthana ndi kachilomboka.
Zowopsa kwa tizirombo touluka mbalame ndi nkhuku. Ena amayamba nkhukuzi kuti angotaya nsikidzi. Mbalame zimathanso kudya achikulire, koma ziyenera kuzolowera zakudya zotere. Kuchita izi ndikosavuta: muyenera kuwayika mukudyetsa kachilombo ka Colorado, pambuyo pake ayamba kudya tizilombo tomwe timabwera munjira yawo.
Tizilombo ta mbatata ku Colorado ndi tizilombo tokhala ndi kupulumuka kwambiri, timachulukana mwachangu ndipo timatha kufalikira mtunda wautali. Kuchotsa chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado sikophweka, chifukwa chake muyenera kulimbana naye posachedwa.
Njira zina zolimbana
Tizilombo tambiri timapeza mbatata ndi fungo, chifukwa cha fungo labwino. Pofuna kupewa nsikidzi kuti mupeze tchire, muyenera kubzala umodzi wa zitsamba pafupi ndi izi: calendula, katsabola, basil, cilantro, mbewa, adyo wobzala, anyezi wamtundu uliwonse, nyemba. Zodabwitsa kuti, kuchokera pamenepo chiwerengero cha kachilomboka chimatha kuchepera pafupifupi 10.
Mukabzala tubers mu April mu dzenje lirilonse, ikani kanyuni kakang'ono ka anyezi ndi phulusa. Tizilomboto sitimawoneka mbatata mpaka maluwa, ndipo pambuyo pake sudzakhalanso choopsa, chifukwa kuyika kwa timizu tatsopano kumachitika m'chigawo choyamba cha nyengo yakula.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda
Ngati njira zachilengedwe zowongolera sizinathandize kwambiri, panali kafadala kapena malo okhala mbatata anali akulu, ndiye chinthu chabwino chomwe mungaganizire ndikuchiza kubzala ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Amapopera mbewu ndikuwoneka ngati mphutsi za mibadwo iwiri ndi kachilomboka.
Koma, popeza chodabwitsa cha chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado ndicho kukana kwake ma mankhwala osiyanasiyana ndikuthanso kusintha kwa iwo, muyenera kusintha makonzedwewo, osawapopera chimodzimodzi. Sizovuta kuchita izi, popeza pano pali mitundu yambiri Zithandizo za chikumbu cha mbatata ya Colorado, sankhani kuchokera ku chiyani.
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda - poyizoni kuchokera ku kachilomboka - itha kugawidwa malinga ndi magawo angapo. Mwachitsanzo, onsewa amatha kugawidwa m'magulu: otsika pang'ono, amangoyendetsa mphutsi kapena achikulire okha, kapena wamba omwe amawononga kachilomboka nthawi iliyonse.
Mankhwala omalizawa ali ndi mphamvu komanso amagwira ntchito mthupi; samangopha tizilombo mwachangu, komanso amatanthauzira zomera, ndipo ngati atagwiritsidwa ntchito molakwika komanso ngati mulingo wapamwamba, amakhudzanso anthu.
Malinga ndi njira yofunsira, zinthuzo zimapangidwira kuvala ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Ndi yankho lomwe lakonzedwa kuchokera kumavala othandizira, tubers timafafaniza tisanatumizidwe kuti kumere kapena kuwira mu yankho. Njira yothetsera vutoli imakonzedwanso kuchokera ku ma sapulaya kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito kupopera mbewu pa tsamba ndi zimayambira.
Malinga ndi momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito tizilombo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timalumikizana, matumbo ndi dongosolo. Amasiyana muzogwirira ntchito. Awa ndi avermectins, pyrethrins, phosphorous mankhwala ndi neonicotinoids.
Zambiri mwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi phytotoxic, osavomerezeka chifukwa cha ma tubers: chithandizo chotsiriza chikuyenera kuchitika pafupifupi mwezi umodzi musanayambe kukumba chatsopano. Kusiyira mbatata zoterezi kuti mubzale kumapeto kwotsatira sikulimbikitsidwa.
Njira Zosamalira Tizilombo
Ngati mukuganiza momwe mungachotsere kachilombo ka mbatata ya Colorado, pali zosankha zingapo. Popeza nthawi yokhala ndi kachilomboka kakang'ono kwambiri ka mbatata ku Colorado m'mitengo yathu siyambiri, alibe adani ambiri mwachilengedwe.
Mitundu yosagwirizana
Palibe mitundu yomwe ingakhale 100% "yolimba kwambiri" kwa cholakwika. Koma pali mitundu ingapo yomwe imalephera kudya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kuposa ena onse. Izi sizimatheka chifukwa chabizinesi amtundu, koma mwa kuswana ntchito kuti mubereke mitundu yosiyana ndi masamba ena.
Nthawi zambiri amakhala owuma, opakidwa utoto, wokutidwa ndi tsitsi, wokhala ndi mitsempha yolimba, yomwe imasokoneza thanzi la kafadala, makamaka mphutsi zazing'ono. Ndizothekanso kuti sakonda kukoma kwa masamba omwe amakhala ndi solanine ndi ma alkaloids ena. Izi zimangokhala zosasangalatsa pakumva kukoma, komanso zimachepetsa mphamvu ya kachilomboka kubereka.
Pali mitundu yomwe ili ndi kusinthika kwakukulu, chifukwa chake, ngakhale idadyedwa ndi nsikidzi, imabwezeretsedwa mwachangu, imakula masamba atsopano. Izi zimachepetsa kuchepa kwa zokolola, popeza kuchuluka kwake kumadalira kuchuluka kwa msipu womwe michere imalowa mu tubers.
Amachepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi kachilomboka komanso kawirikawiri kulimbana ndi mbatata kumatenda: tizilombo timakonda tchire timafooketsedwa ndi matenda, timadyanso mosavuta. Kwa mabedi apanyumba, mutha kusankha mitundu iyi ya mbatata:
- Zabwino zonse. Zosiyanasiyana zimakhala zopanda ulemu, zomwe zimakhala ndi zokolola zambiri komanso zowuma. Choyipa chake ndikuti chimatha kukhudzidwa ndi nematode.
- Woyamwa. Mitundu ya Mid-msimu, yoyenera bwino kulimidwa pakatikati pa Russian Federation. Mbatata ndiwosangalatsa, umakwaniritsa dzina lake.
- Kamensky. Mitundu yoyambirira yakucha, kuphatikizanso zipatso. Kuphatikizidwa ndi kukana kachilomboka, zinthuzi zimapangitsa kuti ikhale njira yabwino yazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo.
Kuphatikiza pa izi, pogulitsa mutha kupeza mitundu ingapo yomwe singagwidwe ndi kachilomboka. Zitha kugulidwa m'misika yapaintaneti kapena m'masitolo azamasamba.
Malangizo Othandiza
Simuyenera kungodalira mitundu, ngakhale ikhale yokhazikika. Ndikwabwino kwambiri kuphika mbatata kuti isapezeke kwa cholakwika ndi nyengo. Gawo loyamba ndi kumera kwa tubers. Izi ndizofunikira kuti mphukira ipite kukwerera kuchipinda msanga momwe mungathere.
Amadziwika kuti Tumbule mbatata ya Colorado imawoneka pa kutentha kwa pafupifupi 15 ° C, ndipo ngati mutadzala mbatata koyambirira, ndiye kuti nthawi imeneyi tchire lidzakhala ndi nthawi yokulirapo.Mizere yayikulu ikhoza kudulidwa m'magawo angapo okhala ndi peephole. Zomera zonse zimamera pamtundu uliwonse, ndipo zokolola zonse zidzakulanso. Gawo pa tubers liyenera kuwazidwa ndi phulusa losenda.
Mbatata ziyenera kukula mu nthaka yachonde. Kupeza chakudya chokwanira, chidzakhala champhamvu komanso champhamvu, chidzakhala chosavuta kukana tizirombo. Kuti apange malo abwino, feteleza ayenera kuyambitsidwa m'nthaka - humus ndi phulusa loyera lamatabwa.
Tumbule mbatata ya Colorado sabweretsa phindu lililonse, kungowononga kwakukulu. Kuwononga minda yamapato, kumachepetsa zokolola. Kuti muthane ndi izi, njira zosiyanasiyana zidapangidwa, kuti mupeze kuthamanga komanso wodalirika, simungathe kuyimilira imodzi mwaiwo, koma gwiritsani ntchito 2 kapena 3 nthawi imodzi.