Pele - nsomba zam'madzi zatsopano kuchokera ku mtundu wa whitefish. Kulemera kwakukulu komwe koyamba kumafikirako ndi 5 kg, ndipo kutalika kuli ngati theka la mita. Pelyad ndi nsomba yakumpoto, imapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yozizira ya Arctic Ocean, mitsinje ya Siberia ndi Urals ndipo imawerengedwa kuti ndi nsomba ya kunyanja, chifukwa imakonda madzi osayenda kuti ayende. Zoyambazo zimadya crustaceans, kotero thupi lake limakhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kugulitsa kwa mafakitale, alimi amathanso kubereka abereki, omwe amathandizika kwambiri chifukwa cha kudzikuza komwe adayamba kukhala.
Kufotokozera
Pele kapena tchizi ndi nsomba zam'mbali mwa nyanja, mtundu wa nsomba zoyera. Pelyad (dzina la Ob ndi "tchizi") ndi nsomba yayikulu-ing'ono, yodziwika ku matupi amadzi ku Russia. Zoyambazo zimatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi nsomba zina zoyera pakamwa komaliza, nsagwada yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe imakhala yotalikirapo kuposa wotsika, komanso chiwerengero chachikulu cha stamens (49-68). Thupi limakhala lokwera, lonyowa, lowala m'mbali ndi kumbuyo kwamimba, amabala akuda pamutu ndi dorsal fin. Pakamwa pamakhala zocheperako, koma nsagwada yakumbuyo imangotuluka. Msana kumbuyo kwa mutu kumangosakidwa pang'ono. Pakati pa ziphuphu za dorsal ndi caudal pali ndalama ya adipose. Makala molimba ndikukhala mwamphamvu pamthupi. Kapangidwe kakale ka utoto wa kutsogola ndi kofanana ndi nsomba wamba ya pelagic: kumbuyo ndi mutu ndikuda, mbali ndi m'mimba ndizopindika. Pa finors ya dorsal ndi mutu pali malo amdima akuda. Panthawi yophukira, ma tubercles oyera amawoneka pa thupi limodzi ndi mzere wotsatira, wotchedwa "learl rash", womwe umasowa pambuyo pofalikira.
Pelyad amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwachilengedwe ndipo amatha kupanga mitundu yomwe imasiyana mu morphology, kukula, fecundity ndi zakudya. Nthawi zambiri mitundu itatu imasiyanitsidwa: mtsinje womwe, womwe umakhala m'mitsinje ndipo umalowa m'madzi osefukira kuti uzidyetsa, nyanja imodzi, yomwe siyimachoka kunyanjayi ndipo imadziwika ndi kutalika kapena kufalikira pang'onopang'ono, nyanja ya mtsinje, gawo lalikulu lomwe limachitika munyanjayi, komanso kuswana akukwera kumilandu. M'madzi ena mumakhala mawonekedwe amtundu wa peled.
Pelyad adalembedwa mu Red Book lapadziko lonse.
Zaka komanso kukula
Kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika 40-58 cm ndikulemera mpaka 2,7 kg. Nyanja yoyamba yakumpoto kumpoto kwa mtunduwu imafika pa 5 kg. Nyanja zambiri zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe amtunda. Nthawi zambiri, anthu olemera makilogalamu 0.4-0.6 makilomita ambiri mumtsinje wa pele. Mtsinje woyamba umatha kukhala wazaka 3 mpaka 8, koma umamera nthawi yayitali komanso zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. M'zaka zina, nsomba wazaka zisanu zitha kukhala pakati pa opanga. Zaka zoyambira zodziwika bwino ndi zaka 13; mu makina osindikizira, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zaka 9-10. Fecundity wapakati wa woyamba mu Ob ndi mazira 40,000. Zolemba malire - mazira 300,000.
Moyo
Pali mtsinje ndi nyanja choyambirira. Pankhani ya moyo, amasiyana maulendo akusamukira. Poyerekeza ndi nsomba zina zoyera, peled sikhala yofunikira kwambiri ku okosijeni, chifukwa chake imatha kukhala m'madziwe a eutrophic ngati zomwe zili ndi okosijeni sizikutsika pansi 2 mg / l. Monga lamulo, amapewa madzi oyenda, akukhazikika m'madzi, akulu, ma ducts. Ndi sukulu ya nsomba. Amakonzanso nyanja, m'mitsinje - malo opanda phokoso. Amasungidwa mumtsinje wamadzi. Pelyad amapewa malo okhala ndi masamba am'madzi ambiri opangidwa ndi zipatso. M'nyanja ndi m'malo osungira, nsomba zokhwima m'nyengo yachilimwe zimakonda kudzipatula m'malo ozama. Ana aang'ono nthawi zambiri amapezeka mdera lam'mphepete mwa mitengo yopanda zipatso. Atatsegula mtsinje kuti udyetse, mtsinjewo umalowa m'madzi amphepete mwa madzi osefukira, umakwera mumtunda wautali, umapezeka m'malo osungirako zakudya, akulu, kutsatira malo otseguka mwa iwo. Kutalika kwa kudya kumatsimikiziridwa ndi mulingo ndi nthawi yamadzi oyimirira. Pokhala ndi dontho mu madzi, oyambawo amasiya malo odyetserako ndikubwerera kumtsinje.
Habitat
Pelyad amakhala pamadzi ndi mitsinje kuchokera ku Mezen kumadzulo kupita ku Kolyma kummawa; sizimapezeka ku Northern Dvina, monga sizinali ku Western Europe ndi America (kuyesayesa mobwerezabwereza kufotokoza ku Western Europe kuyenera kuonedwa ngati kolakwika). Zidadziwika munyanja za Kanin ndi Yamal Peninsulas, pali chilumba cha Kolguev, nthawi zina zimapezeka m'madzi opanda pake a Kara Bay, koma nthawi zambiri sapita kunyanja. Kukwera mitsinje sikuyenda.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, mtundu wa peled wakula kwambiri chifukwa cha ntchito yolumikizana, pomwe ana amapangidwira m'malo ambiri kapena kutulutsa kwachilengedwe kwa peled. Mkati mwa USSR yakale, madera ake atsopano ochokera ku Murmansk kumpoto kupita ku Tajikistan kumwera komanso kuchokera ku Germany kumadzulo kupita ku Transbaikalia ndi Mongolia kum'mawa. Chifukwa chophatikiza, tsopano kuli mitundu yoyamba ku Germany, Poland, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Finland ndi Mongolia.
Kufalikira
Mwachilengedwe, ana oyambawo amakula pafupifupi pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, koma, akaphatikizidwa kumadzi okhala ndi chakudya chochuluka cha nsomba iyi, amakhala okhwima pakugonana ali ndi zaka ziwiri ndi zitatu. Kutulutsa kumayambira pa kutentha kwa madzi pansi pa madigiri 8, nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi madigiri 0. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri - nthawi zambiri timiyala kapena mchenga komanso nthaka yoyala. Mtsinje woyamba udayamba kutuluka kumapeto kwa Seputembala - kuyambira mwezi wa Okutobala, kumayambiriro kwa Novembala - Disembala. Kukula ndi chaka chilichonse kapena kudumpha kwa chaka chimodzi. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 150-230. Mwachilengedwe, kutentha kwa madzi nthawi ya mazira ndi pafupifupi madigiri 0,2. Pamatenthedwe apamwamba, caviar amakula m'masiku oyambira kusesa. Mphutsi zosaswa zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa 8-9 mm ndikudutsa pazigawo 5 zachitukuko. Kusintha kwa kudya ndi ciliates, cladocera ndi crepace wa crepace kumayambira ngakhale ndi zotsalira za yolk sac patsiku la 5 mpaka 15 atalumikizidwa, ndikusintha komaliza kwa zakudya zakunja pa tsiku la 15-25. Mwachilengedwe, patatha masiku 5 mpaka 12 kuwaswa, mphutsizo zimayamba kudya pa zooplankton. Mwachangu limakhala lathanzi ikafika kutalika kwa 31-31 mm.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Pelyad amadya makamaka zamoyo za planktonic. Mu nthawi yophukira-yozizira, malo ofunika kwambiri azakudya amakhala ndi mphutsi za chironomids, mollusks, ndi mitundu ya pansi ya cladocera ndi Copepods. M'mimba za nsomba zazikulu, caviar ndi ana a mitundu ina (crucian carp, nsomba, roach) nthawi zina amapezeka. Mukatuluka, nyanjayi, ndi mitsinje komanso mukamasunthika posamuka musadye kapena kudya kwambiri.
Njira zophera nsomba
Peled amagwidwa chaka chonse, amakonda madzi ozizira, osasungunuka. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zikamakula, zimakulanso dziwe lomwe mumapeza. Mutha kudziwa komwe adayambirira kukhala ndi mabote ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira pamadzi. Imagwidwa ndi maukonde ndi gillnets nthawi ya masika ikafika msipu, nthawi yotentha nthawi yopatsa chakudya komanso nthawi yophukira - nthawi yozizira panthawi yopanda zipatso, koma amaletsedwa kuwedza nsomba m'malo osungira komwe kumapangidwira.
M'nyengo yozizira, peled amagwidwa pa ndodo wamba ya nsomba ndi mormyshka, ndikuponyera pansi pa ayezi. M'nyengo yotentha, amagwira pamadzi osayenda osamira kapena akuwedza pa ndodo yayitali, pafupifupi mita 5. Ponyani mphuno mosafunikira kuchokera kumtunda ndikuwasunga kutali ndi mita imodzi kuchokera pansi.
Mphuno imatha kukhala udzudzu, nyongolotsi, mphutsi zamwazi, mphutsi, amphipod, gammarids, nyama yodwala. Bait nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi chikhumbo champhamvu, mutha kukopa ndi mormysh.
Imagundika mwachangu kwambiri komanso mokhazikika, ndikumenya chingwe chodziwombera, ndikofunikira kuwina nthawi yomweyo, koma osati kwambiri, chifukwa milomo yoyambirira ili yofooka. Pakusodza nsomba yayikulu kwambiri, pamafunika kuleza mtima ndi chingwe chodulira. Wotsogola ndi wamanyazi kwambiri, amafunikira kuchita bata ndi chete kuti agwire.
Usodzi
Peled ndi mtundu wamtengo wapatali wamalonda, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chopangika, komanso ma hybrids a peled ndi mitundu ina ya whitefish. Otha banja bwino, ali ndi kukula kwabwino. Kukula kwabwino, kosakhudzika ndi mtundu wamadzi, kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chosadedwa ndi nsomba zina. Posachedwa, nyanja za kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko lathu zadzaza ndi peled, momwe kunalibe nsomba kale. Nthawi yomweyo, imaposa abale ake a whitefish mwa kuchuluka ndi kukula, popanda kutaya kukoma kwa nyama. Mukakula pofika m'dzinja la chaka chachitatu cha moyo, kutalika kwake kumafikira 33 cm, kulemera kwa 690 g, ndipo mchaka chachinayi - 1120. Fomu lotalikirana lamtunda silimafikira 500 g.Chopepuka, monga lamulo, ndizocheperako. Monga nsomba zina zoyera, mbewa zowuluka nthawi zambiri zimagwa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala pansi pa madzi oundana.
M'malo momwe nsomba zoyamba zimapezeka, zimadziwika kuti ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yamalonda, koma zochuluka kwambiri za nsomba zake ndizochepa. Ngakhale mu nthawi za Soviet, kugwira kwake kwakukulu kunali pafupifupi matani 200 okha. Masiku ano, pamalopo pamakhala zochepa. Kuchulukitsa kotsika sikumagwirizanitsidwa ndi nsomba zochepa, koma chifukwa choti oyambitsawa amakhala kumadera akutali komanso pafupifupi chipululu chakudziko. Usodzi wa Amateur ndi malonda umachitika mozungulira pafupi ndi malo ochepa a ku Arctic.
Popeza kukula kwakukulu kwa kugwidwa pachaka kwa peled, palibe chifukwa choyankhulira za kusodza kwa mafakitale. Koma madera akumpoto ndi chinthu choyenera kuwedza. Amazigwira chaka chonse, chifukwa sizikhala hibernation. Vuto lalikulu la asodzi amateur ndikuti oyambawo ndi amanyazi kwambiri, kotero ndizovuta kwambiri kuti agwire. Izi zimafuna kuti pakhale chete komanso kubisala.
Zothandiza katundu
Kugwiritsira ntchito zakudya zotsogola kumakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu zabwino mthupi. Phindu la nsomba zam'maso zimayambira ndikuti ndiwambiri mu zovuta zazikulu za ma macro- ndi ma microelements omwe amathandizira kubwezeretsa maselo ndikupangitsa magwiridwe antchito amanjenje. Nyama yotsogola imakhala ndi chromium yambiri, yomwe imafunikira kuti shuga yambiri ikhale ndi shuga.
Kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pafupipafupi kumathandizanso kugona, kupewa mawonekedwe a kukhumudwa komanso kusakwiya. Kuchita bwino kwa nsomba iyi polimbana ndi kudzimbidwa ndi halitosis zimadziwikanso. Zinthu zomwe zimapezeka munyama ya nsombayi zimathandiza kukonza khungu.
Kudziwitsani mwadongosolo chakudya chamagulu, mutha kuthana ndi kutopa kwambiri ndikukonzanso chidwi chanu. Nyama ya nsomba iyi imakhala ndi phindu pamatumbo, kuphatikiza kuthandiza kulimbana ndi kupindika komanso kupweteka m'mimba. Potaziyamu, yemwe ali wolemera kwambiri, amasinthanso kugwira ntchito kwa minofu ya mtima, ndipo phosphorous imakweza magwiridwe antchito a kubereka, makamaka mwa akazi.
Peled ndi prophylactic wabwino wotsutsana ndi atherosulinosis, chifukwa amachepetsa cholesterol. Ndipo ndiwabwino monga chakudya, chifukwa kalori wake amangokhala 126 kcal pa 100 g.
Komabe, munthu sayenera kuzunzidwa, chifukwa mukamadya chakudya chochuluka, kusanza, kupweteka kwam'mimba komanso ngakhale sayanjana. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa ana aang'ono.
Katundu woipa
Ngakhale chochuluka pazinthu zabwino, tchizi sichabwino.
- Simalimbikitsidwa kwa ana ochepera chaka chimodzi.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi, kupitilira 4 pa sabata, kumatha kuyambitsa zotupa, kulemera m'mimba, komanso kubweretsa mseru.
- Pelyad, osadutsidwa mwaukhondo kapena kugwidwa m'madzi akuda, atha kupatsirana ndi mphutsi za opisthorchiasis.
Komabe, izi sizitanthauza kuti sungathe kudya nsomba. Monga momwe ziliri ndi malonda aliwonse, ndikofunikira kusamala komanso kusamala, kulabadira zomwe zimachitika mthupi.
Tekinoloje yobereketsa
Kuti tiwonjezere phindu la bizinesi yolima nsomba, kuswana kwapa kubere kumaphatikizidwa pamodzi ndi kulima kwa carp. Kuphatikiza pakuonjezera zokolola zam'mphepete, njirayi ndiyabwinoanso chifukwa kuyambitsa koyamba kusungiramo ndikochotsekera kwabwino kwa helminthiasis mu nsomba zina, popeza woyamba kudya amadyera crepaceans - wofunikira pakukula kwa tiziromboti.
Tekinoloje yobereketsa konsekonse ili motere. Pa gawo loyamba, caviar amachokera ku chikhazikitso chomwe chidakonzedwa kale. Chifukwa chaichi, zazimuna ndi zazimuna zosankhidwa zimayambitsidwa m'madziwe ang'onoang'ono, kuchokera pomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuzigwira. Mu Novembala, akhala pansi kuti akhwime m'madziwe osiyanasiyana muchipindacho.
Maiwe awa okhala ndi voliyumu pafupifupi mamilimita 70 amapanga mawonekedwe. Kuti nsomba imve bwino mkati mwake, madziwo ayenera kukonzedwanso kwathunthu maola onse asanu ndi atatu. Dziwe limodzi lotere silingayikidwe opitilira 1.5,000. Opanga okonzekera kuwaza m'magulu a zidutswa za 250 amatumizidwa ku maiwe ang'onoang'ono (ma 4-5 cubic mita), komwe amasankha caviar. Nthawi zambiri, amuna amagwiritsidwa ntchito kangapo (2-3), amapuma pakati pa masiku awiri kapena atatu.
Mazira okhathamira amatumizidwa kwa chofungatira, chomwe chimapatsa mazira omwe ali ndi mpweya wokwanira wa oxygen komanso mulingo wa pH. Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe omwe adasankhidwa, nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku 123 mpaka masiku 145. Nthawi imeneyi, kuthira mazira ndi njira zapadera kumachitika nthawi ndi nthawi. Pambuyo pakuwoneka mphutsi, amapita kosayenera, ndipo atatha masiku 6-7 ali okonzeka kudya.
Malkov imatulutsidwa mu dziwe la ana omaliza, pomwe amakulira limodzi ndi carp. Kudzala kachulukidwe ndi mphutsi 20-25,000 pa hekitala iliyonse. Madziwe okhala ndi kuya osapitilira 3 mita ndi malo a mahekitala 15 mpaka 20 ali oyenererana bwino. Pankhaniyi, mulingo wa silika ulibe kanthu, popeza peled imachoka posungira ndi madzi otayika. Madziwe omwe ali ndi matumba ocheperako safuna kusefedwa mpaka nthawi yomwe mwana wamwamuna ali ndi miyezi iwiri. Pokha pa m'badwo uno ndikofunikira kuti pakhale poyambira.
Kodi nsomba yakutsogolo ndiyani?
Peled ndi nsomba zam'mbali mwa nyanja, zomwe zimadziwika kuti sizimangokhala zachilengedwe zokha, komanso m'njira yochita kupanga. Pafupifupi, kutalika kwa nsomba kumafika pafupifupi masentimita 40-55 ndi kulemera kwa ma kilogalamu 2-3, nthawi zina kulemera kwa thupi kumatha kukhala ma kilogalamu 4-5. Kutalika kwa moyo wa tchizi ndi zaka 8-11.
Wotsogola amakhala ndi mtundu wanyimbo zasiliva. Mbali yodziwika bwino ndi mzere wooneka bwino wakuda m'thupi. Madontho akuda amakhala pamutu ndi dorsal fin. Ili ndi pakamwa yotsika, ma gill ambiri okongola komanso chibwano chotalikilapo. Kwa choyambirira, kupezeka kwa mafuta omwe amapezeka pakati pa dorsal ndi caudal ndi khalidwe. Thupi la nsomba limakutidwa ndi mamba.
Pali mitundu itatu ya yoyamba:
- Mtsinje wokula mwachangu. Imapezeka m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi. Zizindikiro mchaka chachitatu cha moyo.
- Nyanja yam'madzi. Nsombazo zidalandila kukula kochepa chifukwa chokhala m'madzi ochepa.
- Nyanja wamba. Sichisiya malo okhala, nthawi yonse yomwe idakhazikika.
Omwe akupikisana nawo akuphatikiza ana a nsomba zoyera, vendace ndi tugun. Adani achilengedwe a nsomba ndi pike, burbot ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba zomwe zimadya caviar.
Kodi opisthorchiasis ndi chiyani?
Opisthorchiasis ndi helminthiasis yomwe imayamba chifukwa cha kumeza komanso kubereka kwa Opisthorchis flatworms, omwe amatchedwanso hepatic trematode, mthupi laonyamula. Mphutsi yamtunduwu imakhudza dongosolo la hepatobiliary - chiwindi, ndulu ya ndulu, ducts ya bile ndi ducts ya pancreatic. Chovulaza chachikulu m'thupi la wovalayo chimayamba chifukwa cha chiwindi chimazunzika ndimakina komanso poyipa.
Opisthorchias amakhazikika pamakoma a duct ya bile pogwiritsa ntchito makapu oyamwa, kusokoneza kayendedwe ka magazi mu mucosa, ndipo nthawi zina kuwononga zimakhala za ziwalo izi. Kulowa kwa Helminth ndi mphutsi ndi mazira a trematode kungayambitse kufalikira kwa ndulu.
Zinthu zofunika kwambiri za majeremusi zimapangitsa kuledzera kwa thupi, komanso zimawonjezera chidwi chake ndi ziwengo. Ngati opisthorchiasis siichiritsidwenso, ndiye kuti matendawa amakhala nthawi yayitali mokhazikika komanso nthawi yayitali, ndipo pakapita nthawi imayambitsa khansa ya chiwindi.
Mndandanda wa nsomba momwe muli opisthorchiasis ndi wokulirapo ndipo umaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya banja la cyprinid.
Nsomba zomwe zimakhala pakati komanso kutsika kwa mitsinje ya Ob ndi Irtysh zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa matendawa ndi ma Opisthorchis hepatic flukes.
Usodzi woyamba
Nsomba izi zimatha kugwidwa nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Tchizi sakonda zomera zowirira ndi madzi othamanga. Pelyad ndi wamtundu wa nsomba womwe amakhala kusukulu ndipo amakhala makamaka m'mphepete mwa madzi. Nthawi zina nsomba zimakwera m'madzi kapena pansi.
Pele nsomba zamanyazi kwambiriChifukwa chake, asodzi odziwa bwino amavomereza kuti asodzi apume ku tchire lapafupi kwambiri komanso amavala suti yobisa. Kuti mushe bwino tchizi muyenera kuganizira zina:
- ngati mulibe plankton, imamadya nyama zapansi, motero sizitenga nyambo zodziwika bwino,
- yokhala ndi milomo yofooka, yomwe imang'amba mwachangu ndi lakuthwa, nsombayo imagwira mwamphamvu ndi nyamboyo ndikuzama.
- chifukwa cha mantha ndikwabwino kungokhala chete.
Kugwira koyambira chilimwe kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo ya usodzi. Mwa nyambo tengani - udzudzu, nyongolotsi, nsungu zamagazi, mphutsi zochepa.
M'nyengo yozizira, tchizi chimagwidwa pa mormyshka. Panthawi yausodzi wa ayezi, muyenera kuda dzenje, kumwaza ndi chisanu. Kuti akagwire koyambirira nthawi yozizira, kumapeto kwa nyengo, asodzi nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito nyambo zamagazi kapena zouma kuti asunge nyambo. Kuti musangalale ndi zakudya zokoma, tchizi imadzuka ndikuyamba kugwira mwakhama.
Kuti gululo liziwayendera bwino, ndikofunikira kuti lisagwetsere pansi mormyshka, koma kuti liyendetse pansi kuchokera kukhoma la ayezi ndi mtunda wa osaposa masentimita 10. Nsomba ziyenera kumenyedwa mosamala popanda kusunthika. Ngati kuluma kulibe kumtunda kwam'madzi, ndiye kuti muyenera kukoka pakati kenako ndi madzi apansi.
Kodi ndimakhala kuti komanso momwe amafunikira?
Pelyad imapezeka m'madzi atsopano a ku Europe, m'mitsinje ndi m'mitsinje, kuyambira ku Karelia kupita ku Kolyma. Nsomba sizimapita kunyanja, kumadzi amchere. Kufalikira m'madzi. Samakonda madzi oyenda mwachangu. Nthawi yake yambiri imakhalanso kunyanja. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe abwinowa, kuswana kwake kumachitika m'dera lalikulu, makamaka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Russia.
Koma mitundu ina ya tchizi imakhala m'madzi oyenda akumpoto. Pelehe amakonda kusunga m'matumba, kupewa zomera zazikulu pansi pamadzi. Ngati munthu ali ndi mphamvu pamsinkhu wachinyamata, nthawi zambiri amangochinyamula m'chilimwe ndikukhazikika mwakuya. Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri imadziwika ndi malo osiyana: imakhala m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikusambira m'malo okhala ndi zomera. Madzi oundana akasungika kasupe, nsomba zamtsinje zimayamba kulowa m'madziwe amadzi osefukira, pomwe zimatha kupezanso mphamvu, kupeza mphamvu ndikukula.
Kuphatikiza apo, amayesetsa kudzipeza yekha kubungwe la misonkho kapena akulu, pomwe nthawi ya masika imakhala yopanda chakudya chochuluka kwa asanafike. Madziwo atangogwa, abwanawo amayesa kuchoka m'malo osungirako oterowo ndikubwerera kumitsinje.
Pindulani ndi kuvulaza
Peled amaonedwa kuti ndi nsomba yokoma komanso yanthete, amatha kuphika mosangalatsa mwanjira iliyonse. Monga gawo la nyama, tchizi imakhala ndi chromium yambiri, magnesium, calcium, potaziyamu, phosphorous. Izi zimathandiza thupi:
- matenda a shuga
- amathandizira kuthetsa mafuta owonjezera m'thupi
- amathandizira kudzimbidwa,
- amathandizira kugona
- amachotsa mpweya woipa
- Kusintha kwa magazi,
- imathandizira kuthana ndi mavuto amanjenje, kukhumudwa,
- Amakonza chimbudzi,
- imagwira cholesterol m'magazi.
Nsomba ndizothandiza kwambiri kwa amayi apakati komanso amayi oyamwitsa. Peled ndiwothandiza kwa anthu amisinkhu iliyonse. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito osachepera 2 pamwezi paubwino.
Komabe, ngakhale mutakhala ndi nsomba zabwino zambiri, simungathe kudya kwambiri komanso nthawi zambiri. Izi zitha kuyambitsa mavuto m'mimba, nthawi zambiri mwa ana. Kugwiritsa ntchito nsomba zamtunduwu kumayambitsa nseru, kupweteka m'mutu komanso kulemera m'mimba. Ilibe chakudya. Chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake ofunika a michere, mafuta acid ndi mapuloteni, amachepetsa chiopsezo cha khansa. Kuti mudziteteze ku zinthu zovulaza, ndikofunika kugula patsogolo m'masitolo.
Kalori woyamba ndi 100 g yazogulitsa -125.9 kcal. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mulowetse mndandanda wazakudya zopatsa thanzi, koma osadya mopitilira muyeso. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kwambiri kuti musadye zopitilira 2-4 pa sabata limodzi ndiubwino wathanzi.
Kuphika woyamba
Kuchokera ku nsomba zam'madzi ndizosangalatsa komanso zopatsa thanzi zimapezeka. Makamaka chokongoletsedwa chokoma. Mafuta onenepa wosakhwima komanso wofewa. Ambiri samangowaza, komanso mar marine, mchere, ndi kuphika. Mulibe mafupa ochepa mmenemo, choncho ndibwino kuyika tchizi ndimadzaza osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri chodzaza ndi masamba kenako kupatsidwa wowawasa zonona.
Popeza nsomba zotsogola zili m'gulu la nsomba zamalonda zamtengo wapatali, zitha kugulidwa pamitundu youma ndi yosuta. Wosuta fodya amakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino kwambiri, kumakhala kozizira komanso kosuta. Anthu okhala kumpoto akufuna kwambiri utsi ndi zouma.
Mitundu yakuyamba
Ichthyology imasiyanitsa mitundu itatu ya woyamba:
- Mtsinje - umakhala m'mitsinje, umadziwika ndi kukula msanga, unyamata umachitika mchaka chachitatu chokha,
- Nyanja wamba - imakhala m'madzi amchere, osasiya malire a malo osungirako momwe idabadwira,
- nyanja yocheperako - yomwe imakhala nyanja zazing'ono zopanda plankton, imakula pang'onopang'ono, osafikira miyeso yambiri.
Mtsinje ndi mitundu yamadzi wamba imakula kutalika kwa 50-60 masentimita ndikufika kulemera kwa makilogalamu atatu, nthawi zina ochulukirapo. Mtundu wocheperako wa nyanja yamtundu woyambirira sufika 0,5 kg.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Kuyambira siteji ya mwachangu mpaka wamkulu nsomba zoyamba amakula asanakwanitse miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kutha msambo kumatha mu mitundu ya riverch ndi chaka chachitatu cha moyo, munyanjayi - mwa zaka 5-7. Woyambayo amakhala zaka 8-11. Nsomba zambiri zimayamba kuzimiririka zikafika zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Kuti mubereke, pamafunika malo abata ndi madzi osasunthika. Nthawi yofalikira imayamba kumayambiriro kwa nthawi yophukira, zaka zingapo kumayambiriro kwa dzinja, pomwe ayezi amawoneka pamadzi am'nyanja. Chifukwa chake, mikhalidwe ya zanyengo imazindikira nthawi yoyambira kutulutsa, yomwe imatha kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Disembala.
Madera abwino oti nyanjayo izitseguliratu padzakhala malo otuluka, ndipo mumtsinje umodzi, malo omwe ali pansi pamadzi ndi poyambira kapena mchenga komanso kutentha kwa madzi. Kuberekanso kwachilendo kwa peled kumapangitsa kuti madzi otenthetsa asapitirire madigiri 8, moyandikira zero.
Mwana wamkazi wamkazi amatha kusesa mazira 80 miliyoni pafupifupi mamilimita 1.5 m'mayendedwe achikasu, ofanana ndi mtundu wa timiyala tating'ono. Akangomaswa, mphutsi zimafika kutalika kwa 8-108 kutalika kwa thupi.
M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, pakatha sabata limodzi kapena awiri akuyamba kale kudya zooplankton. Kuchulukitsa kumatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka isanu ndi itatu. Pambuyo resorption wa yolk sac, achinyamata kukula amasintha kwathunthu kudya zooplankton.
Pachikhalidwe, mtengo wa nsomba zamadzi oyera ndi otsika kuposa nsomba zam'nyanja, womwe umatsutsana kwambiri pakusankha nsomba zamtundu wanji - m'madzi kapena mtsinje - perekani zokonda.
Mwa zina, nsomba za mumtsinje, kuphatikiza mtsinje woyamba, zofanana mu chakudya chopatsa thanzi kwa nyama ya nkhuku ndipo zimawerengedwa kuti ndizopatsa thupi zomanga thupi. Komanso nyama yoyamba ili ndi machitidwe okongola kwambiri, ndi yachifundo, pafupifupi yopanda pake, imakumbutsa kukoma kwa nyama ya om, ndiyothandiza kwambiri, monga nyama ya nsomba zonse.
Nyama ndi peled caviar Muli zinthu zambiri zofunika kuti magwiridwe antchito azikhala bwino, m'mimba, komanso mtima, zomwe zimathandizanso kuti maselo amthupi apezeke bwino:
- chromium - imapereka kulimba kwamisempha yamagazi yabwinobwino,
- potaziyamu - amathandizira kamvekedwe ka minofu yamtima,
- phosphorous - imasinthasintha magawo a ntchito ya kubereka,
- calcium - zabwino pa mafupa ndi mano.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo nyama yoyamba Kudya kumakongoletsa chidwi, kumachotsera chizindikiro cha kutopa kwambiri, kumalimbikitsa kugona mokwanira, kumathandizira kuthetsa kufooka komanso kukwiya, kulimbana kwamphamvu pakugwira ntchito kwam'mimba, kumapangitsa khungu ndi tsitsi.
Tchizi zitha kugulidwa m'masitolo apadera omwe amagulitsa nsomba kapena m'masitolo akuluakulu. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zogulitsa zimaperekedwa mu mawonekedwe owundana ndi chisanu, osuta kapena owuma.
Mtengo woyamba zimatengera mtundu wamakonzedwe, ndi kukula kwake: makope akulu amawona mtengo kuposa ang'ono. Ku Moscow, mtengo wogulitsa wamba wa kilogalamu imodzi ya peled umasiyana mdera la ma ruble 200-400:
- zouma koyamba - 375 ma ruble pa kg,
- kusuta koyamba - ma ruble 375 pa kilogalamu,
- zatsopanozi zowunduka - ruble 215 pa kilogalamu.
Amadya peled ndi caviar, omwe ali ndi zinthu zonse zofunikira mu mawonekedwe. Mtengo wotsatsa wa makapu 450 gramu a zipatso zokhala ndi mchere pang'ono ndi ruble 900-1000.
Nsomba za Peled - malongosoledwe ndi malo okhala
Pelyad, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti tchizi, ndi nsomba yamadzi wamba komanso ochepa omwe ali mbali ya banja lachi Sigi la banja la Salmon. A Pelyad amakhala m'mitsinje ya mitsinje yomwe imalowa mu Arctic Ocean, komanso ku Amur bas. Malo ake achilengedwe amayambira ku Mezen river kumadzulo mpaka Nyanja Ilirnei kum'mawa. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba iyi imakhala m'madzi ambiri m'madzi apakati ku Russia komanso kum'mwera kwa Siberia.
Peled ndi thupi lalitali: thupi limakhala lotalikirapo komanso lopanikizidwa mwamphamvu pambuyo pake. Kutalika, kumatha kufika masentimita 55 ndikulemera mpaka 3 makilogalamu, nthawi zina, kumatha kukula mpaka 5 kg. Peled amatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi nsomba zina zamtundu wa whitefish mwa mawonekedwe a kamwa (chibwano chapamwamba chimatulutsa pang'ono pamwamba pamunsi) ndi zofunikira zambiri (mpaka zidutswa 68). Utoto m'mbali mwake ndi siliva wopepuka, kumbuyo ndi imvi yakuda, mutu ndi dorsal fin ndi madontho ang'onoang'ono akuda.
Ngakhale choyambirira chimadziwika kuti ndi nsomba zam'mbali mwa nyanja, imakonda kupewa madera omwe amayenda mwachangu, ikusankha nyanja, akulu komanso manja ochepa. Pelyad amakhala omasuka m'madziwe otsekeka, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amayambitsidwa mu nyanja yaying'ono ndipo ngakhale amagwiritsidwa ntchito muulimi wa nsomba.
Akatswiri amasiyanitsa mitundu itatu kapena mitundu ya peled - mtsinje (umakhala m'mitsinje, umakula msanga, ukupezeka kale mchaka chachitatu cha moyo), nyanja wamba (imakhala mvula munyanja momwe idabadwira) ndi nyanja yopanda mvula (imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja zosawoneka bwino, imakula pang'onopang'ono, osapeza zochuluka). Chifukwa chake, nsomba zotsogola zomwe zimakhala m'madziwe - ochepa kapena wamba - zimatengera dziwe lomwe.
Utoto woyamba umagwa nthawi ya kuzizira, komwe kumakhala kuyambira September mpaka Disembala. Pakuwonongeka m'madzi, amasankha malo ofunikira, ndi m'mitsinje - pansi pamwala. Kuyambira mwachangu mpaka wachikulire, woyamba amakhala ndi miyezi yoposa isanu ndi umodzi, koma amafika kutha msinkhu kwa zaka 3-8 zokha za moyo. Amamera kwambiri ali ndi zaka 6. Kutalika kotalika kwa moyo wam'mbuyo kumangokhala zaka 11 zokha.
Chochititsa chidwi. Nyanja ndi nyanja-kumayambiriro kwa nyanjayi nthawi zina zimapita kumadzi osefukira amtsinje. Kuphatikiza apo, kumapeto kwa chaka, mitsinje yakumpoto itasefukira kufupi kwam'madzi a Arctic, owombayo amasambira mwachangu kulowa m'malo osungirako madzi osefukira, kumene kuli chakudya chochuluka. Koma madzi akayamba kusefukira, nsomba zimangobwerera m'mayendedwe ndi m'mitsinje.
Kugwira koyambirira
Ngakhale tchizi ndiyamagulu amitundu yamtengo wapatali yamalonda, kuchuluka kwakeko sikungatchedwe kuti kwakukulu. Izi ndichifukwa choti nsomba zimakonda mayiwe kumadera akutali komanso ochepa anthu, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale sizikhala kumadera akumpoto.
Usodziwoyamba ikuyenda pafupi ndi mizinda ingapo ya Arctic. Kalelo m'nthawi za Soviet, kugwiridwa kwa anthu oyamba sikunali kokwanira kufika matani 200 pachaka, koma pakadali pano chiwerengerochi ndi chocheperako. Chifukwa chake, kuyankhula za kusodza kwa malonda a tchizi sizomveka. Pelyad ndi chinthu chabwino chosodza pamasewera kumpoto kwa dzikolo.
Gwira pasadakhale imatha kupangidwa chaka chonse. Samva kusowa mtendere chifukwa cha zochepa zomwe zimakhala ndi okosijeni m'madzi, zomwe zimamuthandiza kukhala bwino nthawi yonse yozizira. Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa february, pomwe chakudya cham'madzi chatha, nsomba zimayandama pamadzi pansi pa madzi oundana, zomwe zimawonjezera mwayi wokhala chiphaso kwa asodzi.
Nyengo zabwino kwambiri zodzigwira tchizi ndi yophukira, nthawi yachisanu komanso masika. M'chilimwe, kusodza kumalepheretsedwa ndi kupezeka kwa dziwe lokwanira chakudya chachilengedwe. Komabe, kusodza kumatha kubweretsa zovuta zina nthawi zina pachaka. Ngati plankton kulibe, nsomba imasinthira kumadya nyama zapansi, ndipo nyambo wamba zitha kukhala nazo chidwi.
Wotsogola ndi wamanyazi, kotero, mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri oti mugwire ndikutonthola, pomwe kuponyera kuyenera kuchitidwa momwe mungathere. Ndikwabwino kwa asodzi kusankha zida zomwe zimaphatikizika ndi mawonekedwe ake.
Mphepo yamadzi ndi zozungulira zapadera zimathandizira kudziwa komwe nsomba imakhala. Amakhulupilira kuti ngati tchizi sichimawonekera mkati mwa ola limodzi, zimatanthawuza kuti mulibe konse, ndipo ndi koyenera kufunafuna kwina.
M'nyengo yozizira, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo wamba, ndipo nthawi yotentha imakhala yabwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo yosambira popanda kugwiritsa ntchito sinki. Kuphatikiza apo, asodzi odziwa ntchito amagwiritsa ntchito kugwira pamaso kuwuluka nsomba ndi ndodo yosodza ya 5 metres, maukonde ndi ma gill.
Kuluma kwa tchizi kumawoneka ngati kufinya. Mitundu yayikulu ikhoza kuyambitsa zovuta pomenya nkhondo. Izi zimafunikira kusamala mukamagwedeza, chifukwa milomo ya zoyamba zimakhala zofewa, ndipo imatha kuthyoka mosavuta ndikuzama. Pankhaniyi, muyenera kuyesa kukoka kwakanthawi kochepa.
Mukamafufuza tchizi, chingwe chodziyimira ndi mulifupi mwake ndi 0,2 mm chikagwiritsidwa ntchito, mbedza imasankhidwa nambala 4 kapena 5. Pophera nsomba zam'mbuyo, pobedok imakhala yothandiza - ndodo wamba yotalika mita, yomwe chingwe chodziyimira mita 3-4 chokhala ndi ziwiri kapena zitatu popanda popanda kuyandama.
Ikani ma pobradok angapo nthawi imodzi. Msodziyo amalowa mumtsinje ndikuyesa kusunthira madziwo, chifukwa madzi amatope amakopa tchizi. Nsombayo ikuyembekeza kupeza chakudya mumtambo wopanda mitambo. Pozindikira nyambo, amanyamula kaye.
Ndipo asodzi, agwirizira pobedok pafupi ndi mapazi awo, amagwira nsomba mosavuta. Mtsinjewo umanyamula nyambo, chifukwa iyenera kukokedwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Pakadutsa pafupifupi kotala la ola, kuwedza koteroko ndikofunikira kupita pamtsinje pang'ono ndikubwerezanso phwando.
M'nyengo yotentha, angler amagwiritsa ntchito nyongolotsi, kapena chowongolera zamagazi nyambo. Maggot sagwira ntchito bwino, koma nthawi zina amagwiritsidwanso ntchito. Pelyad amakonda kukhala patali pafupifupi mita ndi theka kuchokera pansi.
M'nyengo yozizira, ndizabwino kwambiri kutengera nyambo yamoyo ndi mormyshka. Mutha kuwongolera magwiridwe anthawi yozizira pogwiritsa ntchito mabowo otetezeka: amisiri odziwa ntchito amaphimba dzenjelo ndi chipale chofewa kuti mthunzi wochokera pachithaphwi cha chipale chofunda ugundike pamwamba pamadzi.
Chophimba cha chipale chofewa chimamangidwa pafupifupi mita. Nyambo imayikidwa pafupifupi masentimita 5 kuchokera kumbali ya ayezi polumikizana ndi madzi. Kuchenjera koteroko sikubweretsa zotsatira, mutha kuyesa kutsitsa nyambo kuti ikhale yozama kapena kuyiyika nthawi yomweyo pansi pa ayezi.
Kuphatikiza pa usodzi munyengo yachilengedwe, tchizi ndilosangalatsidwa monga nsomba zamadziwe kuti ziziswana pamafamu.Amadulidwa ku Central Russia, kumpoto ndi pakati pa Europe, ndipo ngakhale ku Central Asia.
Kufunika Economic peled
M'malo momwe nsomba zoyamba zimapezeka, zimadziwika kuti ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri yamalonda, koma zochuluka kwambiri za nsomba zake ndizochepa. Ngakhale mu nthawi za Soviet, kugwira kwake kwakukulu kunali pafupifupi matani 200 okha. Masiku ano, pamalopo pamakhala zochepa. Kuchulukitsa kotsika sikumagwirizanitsidwa ndi nsomba zochepa, koma chifukwa choti oyambitsawa amakhala kumadera akutali komanso pafupifupi chipululu chakudziko. Usodzi wa Amateur ndi malonda umachitika mozungulira pafupi ndi malo ochepa a ku Arctic.
Popeza kukula kwakukulu kwa kugwidwa pachaka kwa peled, palibe chifukwa choyankhulira za kusodza kwa mafakitale. Koma madera akumpoto ndi chinthu choyenera kuwedza. Amazigwira chaka chonse, chifukwa sizikhala hibernation. Vuto lalikulu la asodzi amateur ndikuti oyambawo ndi amanyazi kwambiri, kotero ndizovuta kwambiri kuti agwire. Izi zimafuna kuti pakhale chete komanso kubisala.
Koma ngati yokumba dziwe nsomba kuswana peled ndi chidwi chachikulu. Kuphatikiza pa Central Russia, nsombazi zimasanjidwa ndi amalonda ku Northern ndi Central Europe konse, komanso ku Central Asia.
Nsomba peled - katundu wofunika
Kugwiritsira ntchito zakudya zotsogola kumakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu zabwino mthupi. Phindu la nsomba zam'maso zimayambira ndikuti ndiwambiri mu zovuta zazikulu za ma macro- ndi ma microelements omwe amathandizira kubwezeretsa maselo ndikupangitsa magwiridwe antchito amanjenje. Nyama yotsogola imakhala ndi chromium yambiri, yomwe imafunikira kuti shuga yambiri ikhale ndi shuga.
Kumwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo pafupipafupi kumathandizanso kugona, kupewa mawonekedwe a kukhumudwa komanso kusakwiya. Kuchita bwino kwa nsomba iyi polimbana ndi kudzimbidwa ndi halitosis zimadziwikanso. Zinthu zomwe zimapezeka munyama ya nsombayi zimathandiza kukonza khungu.
Kudziwitsani mwadongosolo chakudya chamagulu, mutha kuthana ndi kutopa kwambiri ndikukonzanso chidwi chanu. Nyama ya nsomba iyi imakhala ndi phindu pamatumbo, kuphatikiza kuthandiza kulimbana ndi kupindika komanso kupweteka m'mimba. Potaziyamu, yemwe ali wolemera kwambiri, amasinthanso kugwira ntchito kwa minofu ya mtima, ndipo phosphorous imakweza magwiridwe antchito a kubereka, makamaka mwa akazi.
Peled ndi prophylactic wabwino wotsutsana ndi atherosulinosis, chifukwa amachepetsa cholesterol. Ndipo ndiwabwino monga chakudya, chifukwa kalori wake amangokhala 126 kcal pa 100 g.
Komabe, munthu sayenera kuzunzidwa, chifukwa mukamadya chakudya chochuluka, kusanza, kupweteka kwam'mimba komanso ngakhale sayanjana. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa ana aang'ono.
Kodi abambo amadya chiyani?
Chakudya chachikulu cha tchizi ndi zooplankton ndi crustaceans. Izi zimasokoneza kwambiri kuwedza koyamba: sikumaponyera nyambo, podziwika ndi ena oimira ichthyofauna. Gwiritsani ntchito nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Pofuna kupeza malo kudyetsa nsomba, amamvetsera ku mabwalo yeniyeni ndi spikes pa pamwamba pa madzi.
Pele angagwiritsenso ntchito mphutsi, mphutsi, udzudzu, maukosi amwazi, ma bollus, amphipod, gammarids ngati chakudya. Pachifukwachi, nthawi ya chilimwe, asodzi amagwiritsa ntchito njira yopanda minofu posodza.
Kodi pali opisthorchiasis mu pike?
Yankho la funso ngati pali opisthorchiasis mu pike lagona pansi. Pike, yomwe imakhala yamtundu wamtundu wa nsomba, malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, sangadwale ndi matenda a helminth. Zomwe zimateteza zamoyo zamtunduwu sizilola kuti tiziromboti tithe, chifukwa chake, yankho ku funso ngati pike ili ndi opisthorchiasis ilibe vuto ndi kulondola kwa 99%.
Opisthorchiasis mu pike nthawi zina imatha kuchitika mukadwala nsomba yomwe yadwala, koma zotere ndizosowa kwambiri. Ndizovuta kwambiri kuti munthu adwale opisthorchiasis kuchokera ku pike, koma ngati mumadya chiwindi cha nsomba yofooka, ndiye kuti chiwopsezo cha matenda chikukula, chifukwa trematodes zambiri zimakhudza thupi.
Kodi kupewa matenda ndi mphutsi
Kuti mudziteteze nokha ndi abale anu ku opisthorchiasis yoopsa, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi malo osankhika m'malo odalirika. The wogulitsa ayenera kukhala zolembedwa za chitetezo chitsimikiziro cha katundu ndi malo a ulimi wake. Chochita chomwe chadutsa mwaukhondo chimapindulitsanso thupi.
Chifukwa cha chiwopsezo chotenga matenda a nyongolotsi, sikulimbikitsidwa kudya nsomba zosaphika komanso zosakonzedwa bwino. Ndi chizolowezi chodya chakudyacho, mutha kuyembekezera kuti chitukuko cha matenda oopsa opisthorchiasis ndichotsimikizika cha 100%. Njira yoyenera yophikira nsomba imalepheretsa kulowa kwa majeremusi mkati ndikuteteza thanzi lanu.
Nkofunika kudziwa kuti mphutsi (metacercariae) ndi amazipanga Hardy. Amatha kupirira chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri ndikukhalabe ndi mphamvu kwa nthawi yayitali. Komabe, ngati mutsatira malamulo osavuta, mutha kupewa chiopsezo chotenga kachilomboka ndipo ndichabwino kwambiri kuphika zakudya zokoma. Pankhaniyi, kufunikira kwa mfundo zotsatirazi kuyenera kukumbukiridwa:
- pakukonza malonda muyenera kukhala ndi mpeni wosiyana, wowerengeka komanso mbale,
- nsomba yozizira yayitali isanaphike imathandizira kuti majeremusi onse amene ali mmenemo azitha.
- mukamaphika, ndikofunikira kusunga malonda m'madzi otentha kwa mphindi zosachepera 15,
- mukamaphika nsomba zomwe muyenera kuphimba poto mphindi 20-25, kuti muchotse, kuphika kumayambitsidwa ndi kuphika.
Helminths amafa kwathunthu mu maola 32 kutentha kwa -28 degrees, ndipo at -40 amawonongeka maola 7 okha. nsomba akhoza kukhala mwezi umodzi mu mufiriji ochiritsira. Yozizira mankhwala ikuchitika pa T -8-12 madigiri kwa masiku osachepera 20 ndipo T -26-32 madigiri kwa masiku osachepera 3.
Kodi nsomba za opisthorchiasis?
Si onse amaganiza za mtundu wa N'kutheka akudikira okonda nsomba zokodwa pambuyo mtsinje. Pafupifupi 90% ya nsomba imakhala ndi mphutsi za opisthorchiasis. Nsomba zokhala ndi mphutsi za helminth zimagwidwa mumitsinje monga Volga, Ural, Ob, Irtysh, Dnieper, ndi Northern Dvina.
Amakhulupilira kuti anthu onyamula matenda amangokhala nsomba za banja la cyprinid. Poyamba anthu ankakhulupirira kuti pred alibe chochita ndi nyongolotsi. Koma izi sizowona konse.
nsomba carp amaonedwa atsogoleri m'dera la kuipitsidwa, koma pa nthawi yomweyo akhoza matenda ndi mitundu ina nsomba amakonda madzi ozizira. Opisthorchiasis imatha kuzika mu thupi la nsomba zambiri, chifukwa chake izi sizingakhale choncho. Pazaka zingapo zapitazi, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a opisthorchiasis akhala akupezeka mobwerezabwereza mu mtundu wa whitefish iyi. Pazifukwa izi, ndizowopsa kudya nsomba kuti zizipatsidwa chakudya, chifukwa pamakhala chiopsezo chotenga matenda ndi mphutsi.
Kukhalapo kwa mphutsi kumayambira pomwe zimatengera pomwe woyamba amakhala. M'mbuyomu, opisthorchiasis idakhala m'malo osungirako nyama ndi nsomba za banja la cyprinid. Tchizi chimatha kutenga kachilomboka ngati lili ndi ma cyprinid m'madzi omwewo.
Peled ndi nsomba yodya nyama yomwe imadya nkhono ndi nsomba zina, ndichifukwa chake imakhala yotupa kwa ena. Mazira a mphutsi amalowa m'thupi la tchizi limodzi ndi zakudya zomwe zidadyedwa;
Zosavuta kuzindikira tiziromboti pamene kuwayika zam'mimba za nsomba. Mphutsi tione ngati mphutsi atypical maphunziro mu mawonekedwe a mbewu yochitidwa mpunga. Kuwona izi, sizikupanga nzeru kukayikira, tchizi ali ndi nyongolotsi. Pamene kudya zakhudzana nsomba, nyongolotsi kubindikira mu chiwindi ndi ndulu anthu, pamene anali kugwira anayamba kuikira mazira.
Usodzi wamalimwe
Mutha kugwira chaka choyamba, koma kuwedza kwa chilimwe ndikofunikira. Kupeza malo osodzera kumakhala kosavuta ndi kuwaza kwa madzi ndi mabwalo ozungulira. Kusodza ndi ndodo yophera popanda kumira ndiye njira yabwino koposa. Umene kukakwera peled ndi kuwuluka ndi ndodo mpaka 5 m. Bwinobwino ntchito maukonde gill ndi seines.
Chingwe chomedza ndibwino kugwiritsa ntchito wandiweyani 0.2-0.22 mm. Hook ndibwino №4 kapena №5. Kuluma kwa nsomba kumawoneka ngati kupindika, koma izi zimachitika pokhapokha nsomba yayikulu ikakhala pansi. Ndiye muyenera maluso onse mukamenya nkhondo.
Pa Volga kuwedza nsomba zamakedzana kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito pobradok, ndodo wamba yotalika mita nsomba mzere kuchokera 2,5 4 mamita. pobradkov amatigwiritsa ntchito zingapo. Amapita m'madzi kutali ndi gombe ndipo amachititsa madzi kukhala kwamitambo. Nsomba umalakalaka, ndipo iri yofulumira ku chitonzo, poganizira nyama. Kuwona nyambo, ndikuigwira. Pakadali pano, kudula kolondola koma lakuthwa ndikofunikira. Nyambo imatengedwera pang'onopang'ono ndi zomwe zilipo ndipo zidzafunika kukoka nthawi zonse, kenako ndikukwera masitepe angapo.
Kuti mugwiritse nyambo, gwiritsani ntchito nyambo wamba, nyama yodulidwa ya nkhwangwa, udzudzu kapena chimfine. Mphutsi kawirikawiri ntchito. Bait siyofunika. Nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito mormyshka. Nyambo iyenera kusungidwa patali ya theka la mita kuchokera pansi, awa ndi kuya kwakuya kwambiri kwa oyamba.
Kugwira woyamba mu chilimwe posodza, kanema:
Kupewa
Kuti mupewe matenda opisthorchiasis mukamadya koyamba, ndikofunikira kusamala mosamala ndi malamulo okonzekera nsomba yokoma iyi:
- pakucheka nsomba, muyenera kukhala ndi bolodi ndi mpeni, womwe umakonzedwa mosamala ndi madzi otentha ndi zoyatsira mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito, komanso umasungidwa mosiyana ndi ziwiya zina zakukhitchini,
- tikulimbikitsidwa kuti nsomba zatsopano zomwe zagwiridwazo zikuzizira kwambiri, nsomba zazing'ono zimawundana ndi kutentha kwa -28 ° C ndipo zimawundana kwa maola angapo, zazikulu - masiku atatu,
- ngati matenthedwe asanatsike madigiri 40, tiziromboti titha kuwonongeka m'maola 700, ngati tikulankhula za chimfine chanyumba - amasunga nsomba mkati mwake kwa mwezi umodzi,
- Wosakwiya yozizira koopsa limakupatsani wokonzeka kuthana ndi tiziromboti mphutsi, koma mantha a mazira helminth kupulumuka oopsa,
- kuphika peled akhale mphindi 20-30, malingana ndi kukula, mphutsi opisthorchis ndi Hardy kwambiri,
- ndikofunikira kuwaza nsomba mumoto ndi chivindikiro kwa mphindi 20-30,
- pamaso nyama iliyonse kuphika tchizi muyenera kuyendera pamaso pa mphutsi (metacercariae) ndi kuchotsa iwo,
- peled amathiridwa mchere nthawi zambiri kapena kuwotcha, nsomba zazing'ono zimathiridwa mchere kwa masiku 5, ndipo zonenepa zazikulu sizotsika masiku 10,
- Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti musute peled kokha munjira yotentha, kusuta fodya sikuyenera nsomba iyi, opisthorchis samawonongeka.
Kuphatikiza apo, sikulimbikitsidwa kudyetsa ziweto, makamaka nkhuku, ndi nsomba yaiwisi kapena zam'mimba. Mukamadya nyama zokhala ndi kachilombo, pamakhalanso chiopsezo chodwala komanso matenda opisthorchiasis
matenda Pewani pokhapokha ngati kusamalitsa onse atengedwa pamene kudula ndi kukonzekera peled
Peled ndi nsomba yamchere yatsopano kuchokera ku mtundu wa whitefish. Kulemera kwakukulu komwe koyamba kumafikirako ndi 5 kg, ndipo kutalika kuli ngati theka la mita. Pelyad ndi nsomba yakumpoto, imapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yozizira ya Arctic Ocean, mitsinje ya Siberia ndi Urals ndipo imawerengedwa kuti ndi nsomba ya kunyanja, chifukwa imakonda madzi osayenda kuti ayende. Zoyambazo zimadya crustaceans, kotero thupi lake limakhala ndi kukoma kosangalatsa kwambiri. Kuphatikiza pa kugulitsa kwa mafakitale, alimi amathanso kubereka abereki, omwe amathandizika kwambiri chifukwa cha kudzikuza komwe adayamba kukhala.
Zambiri za usodzi wachisanu
Nsomba zoyamba sizabwino, sizifunikira mpweya wabwino, kotero kuti nthawi yozizira imalekerera kuperewera kwake pansi pa ayezi. Koma kutalitali kwa nthawi yozizira, nkovuta kuti nsomba izidya. Pakadali pano, imathamangira kumtunda pansi pa ayeziwo. Nyambo iliyonse panthawiyi, chinsinsi chotsogola bwino.
Amagwira nyama yam'maso ndi ndodo wamba yodziwika ndi mormyshka. Zinthu zofunika sizofunikira. Popeza mantha nsomba ayenera kukhala nsomba, kukonzekeretsa shaded bwino. Kuti tichite zimenezi, kumanga odzigudubuza chisanu mozungulira una. Kutalika kuyenera kukhala mita osachepera kubisala bowo mthunziwo.
Nyambo alibe chozama kupitirira masentimita 5 m'mphepete pansi ayezi. Ngati palibe kuluma, ndikofunikira kugwira kwambiri kapena pansi pomwe pamadzi. Pakadali pano, muyenera kudyetsa nsomba ndi nyongolume yowuma. Chifukwa cha iye, nsombayo idzauka kuchokera pansi ndikuyamwa.
Kuphika nsomba
Mu peled woyera nyama, mafuta, fupa, msana ndi nthiti yekha pa fungo lokondweretsa, amatikumbutsa nkhaka. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zokongola kuphika zakudya zamalonda zapamwamba. Pazifukwa izi, adapeza chikondi cha amayi apakhomo ndi odyera. Pambuyo pa mankhwala otentha, mbale iliyonse imawoneka yosangalatsa ndipo imanunkhira bwino. Zakudya zabwino kwambiri zimapezeka kuchokera ku nsomba zatsopano.
Nsombazo ndi zabwino zoyambirira, ndipo msuzi wodabwitsa komanso wolemera wakonzedwa kuchokera pamenepo. Zokongoletsedwa koyambirira zimawonedwa kuti ndizabwino. Kusowa kwa mafupa ang'onoang'ono munyama kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kuphika nsomba yokutidwa, yomwe nthawi zambiri imaphikidwa mu kirimu wowawasa. Kuphatikiza kuphika, kuphika, kuwotcha kapena kuwotcha zakudya zodziwika bwino kuchokera ku nsomba, maula amakhala owuma, osuta komanso otentha. Koma mu mtundu uliwonse wa nsomba nthawi zonse zokoma ndi thanzi.
Opindulitsa katundu anthu peled
Nyama yotsogola imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu microelements zothandiza: potaziyamu, calcium, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, iron ndi zinc. Mavitamini PP ndi Kuti. Mtengo wa zopatsa thanzi pa 100 g ya mankhwala atsimikiza:
- Kalori 126 kcal,
- Mapuloteni 19.2 g
- Mafuta 5.4 g
- Madzi 74.1 g.
Zinthu izi zimapangitsa kuti chinthucho chikhale chofunikira pakukonza thupi la munthu.
Zothandiza katundu. Kudya nyama yoyambirira kumathandizira kukonza kagayidwe, kumakulitsa dongosolo lamanjenje, kukonza khungu, kumalimbitsa minofu yamtima, kuyendetsa shuga wamagazi ndi cholesterol, kumapangitsa magazi kutuluka.
Zingavulazidwe kuchokera kugwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba
Palibe chakudya chamafuta kumbuyondipo mafuta osakwaniritsidwa a mafuta, akumagwira ntchito ngati antioxidants, amamupanga iye kukhala mankhwala pothana ndi khansa.
mowa kawirikawiri mbale nsomba, owonjezera, kungachititse kuti thupi lawo siligwirizana ana ndi akulu mu sachedwa chifuwa. Pali mwayi wa nseru, mutu komanso kumva kuwawa m'mimba.
Kuopsa kwambiri thanzi la munthu imayika chiopsezo chotenga matenda ndi ma ntombulu ndi majeremusi a kalasi. Amatha kulowa mwa munthu akamadya nsomba zopatsirana. Kamodzi m'thupi, tiziromboti timayambitsa matenda owopsa omwe amatha kupha. Komabe, izi zikuwopseza kuchokera ku nsomba zilizonse.
Kumayambiriro amayenera peled kosamugonjera kugonjetsedwa kwa helminths, koma sizinali choncho. Majeremusi oyipa nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu ogulitsa ndi ma crustaceans, omwe amakhala chakudya cham'mbuyo kenako ndikupatsira munthu kwa iwo.
Mtengo wapakati pa kilogalamu
Pelyad ndi mlendo wachilendo pamashelefu apakati komanso kumwera kwa dzikolo. Simungakumane naye watsopano. Ngati m'malo a nsomba m'mizinda momwe nsomba zimachitikira. Pazifukwa izi, mtengo wa ayambitsidwe achisanu ku Chelyabinsk mwina m'deralo 180-200 pakani. makilogalamu 1, ndi Moscow Mutha kugula pamtengo 270 pakani pa kilogalamu.
"> Mkhalidwe / Malo | "> Moscow ndi Dera | "> Saint Petersburg | "> Mizinda ikuluikulu (Novosibirsk, Ulan-Ude, etc.) |
"> Zuwisi | "> Kuchokera ku ruble 250 pa kilogalamu | "> Kuchokera ku 230 rub / kg | "> Kuyambira 190 rub / kg |
"> S / m yonyezimira | "> Kuchokera ma ruble 270 pa kilogalamu | "> Kuchokera 250 r. | "> Kuchokera rubles 230 pa kilo |
"> Cold kusuta | "> Ma ruble 500-650 pa kg | "> 430 rubles / kg ndi pamwamba | "> Ma ruble 300-350 pa kilogalamu ukusuta |
"> Zouma | "> Kuchokera ma ruble 560 pa kilogalamu. | "> Kuyambira ma ruble 530 / kg | "> Kuyambira 330 rubles (Urals) |
Kutalikirana kwambiri ndi mzinda wanu, kumaloko kumakhala kofunika kwambiri. Mtengo umakhudzidwanso ndi kukula kwa choyambirira komanso kutsopano kwake.
Maonekedwe asodzi
Kulanda zinthu zotsogola kumabweretsa zovuta.Popeza zomera ndi nsomba kudya zamoyo benthic, chifukwa cha umene kuthamangitsidwa pa nyambo muyezo. Nsombazo sizimakonda kuseka lakuthwa, chifukwa zimatsogolera kuti milomo yake yofowoka imang'ambika. malekezero lakuthwa ndi ndegeyo nsomba zipita mozama.
Nthawi nsomba
Amagwira nsomba chaka chonse, koma nthawi zambiri chilimwe. Nsombayi ili ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri - imalekerera modekha kusowa kwa mpweya m'madzi, womwe umalola kuti uzimva bwino nthawi yonse yozizira. M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, matupi am'madzi amakhala opanda chakudya ndipo chakudya chilichonse chimakhala chokongola kwa anthu oyamba. Zikakhala choncho, amatuluka pansi pa ayeziyo, zomwe zingakhale zovuta kwa asodzi.
Chintchito
Peled - nsomba wamanyazi, ndipo agwireni bwino chete. Chololedwa kusodza nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Kupeza malo okhala kumathandizira kuwiririka m'madzi ndi mabwalo apadera. Nsomba yozizira Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito ndodo ochiritsira, ndi m'chilimwe imatengedwa kuti akhale wogwira mtima zimatengedwa ndodo ndi katundu. Ndiwotchukanso chimodzimodzi kugwira tchizi posodza kwa ntchentche ndi ndodo yosodza ya 5 metres, ma gill ndi ukonde.
Pakuti kugwira peled bwino ntchito mzere makulidwe 0,2-0,22 mm. mbedza chofunika kusankha nambala 4 kapena 5. The kuluma nsomba akufanana ndi kugwedezeka lakuthwa. Wina wamkulu atakumana, pamakhala zovuta kupulumuka.
Kuti mugwire choyambirira pa Volga, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale pobedok nanu - ndodo yosavuta yotalika mita. Chingwe chodziyimira chotalika mikono 2.5-4 chimamangiriridwa. Mukamagwira ntchito yosodza, ma pobradok angapo amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Start nsomba limayamba ndi chakuti msodzi adza kwa kuya ndi kuyesera kuti madzi a matope, chifukwa peled wokoma makamaka wokongola. Amamuchititsa mtambo matope, kuyembekezera nsomba zambiri. Awona nyambo ndikuyigwira. Kuvula ndikofunika mosamala kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo kwambiri, ngakhale izi zitha kutaya kukugwira.
Peled chachikulu amatha kwa nthawi yaitali kuti kuyendetsa mzere, bola ngati msodzi si kuyesetsa kuti nsomba. Asodzi odziwa kusambira amaika pansi pansi, kumapazi, kugwira mpaka pamwamba. The otaya pang'onopang'ono pansi kwa chimbalangondo nyambo, ichi ndi chifukwa chake zina pamafunika kuti azindikire. Patapita mphindi 10-15 zida amenewa amaukitsidwa ndi mapazi pang'ono kumtunda njira mobwerezabwereza.
Nyambo
M'chilimwe, asodzi amagwiritsa ntchito nyongolotsi wamba, mbewa zam'madzi kapena nyambo yamagazi monga nyambo. Ndizovomerezeka kuyesa kugwira pele ndi mphutsi, koma nyambo, mosiyana ndi zosankha zam'mbuyomu, sizothandiza. Chokoleza chimachitika pakati pakatikati pamadzi. Kuya kwakuya kwambiri kwa peled kumawerengedwa kuti ndi mtunda kuchokera pansi pafupi masentimita 70-150.
M'nyengo yozizira, musagwiritsire ntchito moyo nyambo. Zikatere ndi bwino ntchito jig.
Mutha kuwonjezera mwayi wogwira woyamba mwa njira ina: gwiritsani ntchito bowo lapadera, lopindika. Izi zimachitika mosavuta. Kuchokera matalala odzigudubuza akuchita mozungulira una kuti mthunzi wa iwo kwathunthu shaded zitsime madzi. Kutalika kwa odzigudubuza kumayenera kukhala pafupifupi mita imodzi. Nyambo anagwira palibe chozama kupitirira masentimita 5-6 m'mphepete pansi ayezi. Ngati nsomba si kuluma, Ndi bwino nsomba ndi midwater ndi pafupi ayezi.
Kodi ndizotheka kuswana ndikukula nsomba?
Ndikothekanso kukulitsa phindu la bizinesi yowedza nsomba mukamaweta koyamba ndi carp. Kuphatikiza pakuonjezera zokolola zam'mphepete mwa njirayi, njirayi imathandizira kupewa bwino kwa helminthiasis mu nsomba zina, chifukwa choyambirira ndi malo otsetsereka omwe amadya crepace crustaceans, omwe ali othandiza pakatundu wa chitukuko cha tiziromboti.
Kuswana ndi kulera nsomba kumachitika m'magawo:
- Gawo loyamba Amakhala ndi chisanadze anakonza broodstock imene mazira. Chifukwa cha izi, zazimuna ndi zazikazi zabwino kwambiri zimasankhidwa, zimakhazikitsidwa mumadziwe ang'onoang'ono, kuchokera komwe amakakamizidwa. Mwezi wa Novembala, nsomba zimabzalidwa m'madziwe oyendayenda mchipindacho kuti zipse.U kuchuluka kwa maiwe kuyenera kukhala osachepera 70 cubic metres ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe. Kuti nsomba iwo anali omasuka, madzi kusinthidwa kawirikawiri - mawola 8. Ndizololedwa kuloleza osapitirira 1,500 kuti apange dziwe limodzi.
- mwendo yachiwiri Amakhala chakuti opanga okonzeka anatumiza magulu a anthu 250 m'madamu, kumene anagwira caviar kusankha. Nthawi zambiri amuna "amagwiritsidwa ntchito" kangapo ndikusokonezedwa masiku atatu. Mazira ophatikiza amatumizidwa kwa chofungatira - izi zimapatsa mazira mulingo woyenera wa mpweya wokwanira. Kutengera ndi kutentha kwa boma, nthawi ya makulidwe imatenga masiku 123-145. Pakadali pano, ndikofunikira kuchita kufinya kwa caviar pogwiritsa ntchito njira zapadera. Pambuyo mphutsi kuoneka, iwo wotumidwa mu osayenera. Pidagwanda dimingu ibodzi okonzeka kudyetsa mwachangu.
- Gawo lachitatu umayamba ndikukhazikitsidwa kwa mwachangu mu dziwe kwa ana onyentchera, pomwe amakulira limodzi ndi mitembo. Kachulukidwe wa kubzala ikuchitika pa mlingo wa miliyoni 20-25 mphutsi pa mahekitala 1. Moyenera, ngati kuya kwa dziwe sikupitilira 3 mita, ndipo malowo ndi mahekitala 15-20. Zilibe kanthu kuchuluka kwa matope pansi pa dziwe, chifukwa peled masamba izo pamodzi ndi vodoy.Prudam wachotsedwa ndi ana sikutanthauza imathandiza mkati miyezi iwiri. Only pamene nsomba za m'badwo uno amafuna chilengedwe cha loyenda matupi madzi.
Ngakhale zotsogola zimatha kumva bwino m'madzi ofunda, komabe ndibwino kuti muzisunga padziwe momwe kutentha kwa madzi sikudutsa madigiri 22. Tchizi chimagwidwa pomwe chizindikirocho chatsika madigiri 5 kapena kutsikira.
Masiku ano, kupulumuka koyamba kumakhala pafupifupi 50%, chifukwa chomwe nsomba pafupifupi ziwiri zimapezeka kuchokera ku mahekitala 1 omwe amalemera pafupifupi 20-25 magalamu.
Pelad yearlings nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira mu cyprinids, pomwe mpweya wa okosijeni uyenera kukhala osachepera 5 mg / l. fingerlings peled mlingo kubzala pa 1 mahekitala mpaka 120 zikwi. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, alimi nsomba kumanga maofesi kwa hibernating fingerlings peled ikuimira "kutentha" m'madamu amene adakumba kuti mamita 2 pansi.
Ponena za nthawi yosodza kuti mugulitsenso, ndizovuta kuyankha mosasamala. Mu chilengedwe, kulemera kwa peled wazaka zitatu ndi 200-350 magalamu, a nsomba wazaka zinayi - 300-600 magalamu, a munthu wazaka zisanu - 500-700 magalamu. More yosafuna kukhazikitsa nsomba adzakhala mu zaka ziwiri.
Zizindikiro za matendawa
Infection kumachitika pamene opistorhozom kudya nsomba yaiwisi kapena mankhwala insufficiently ankachitira. Choncho, pa chiopsezo oimira kudwala amitundu amene ntchito mbale mwambo wa nsomba yaiwisi monga whitefish.
Kamodzi m'thupi, helminth imangokhala yogwira ntchito kwa milungu iwiri kapena ngakhale mwezi umodzi. Nthawi ino ndikofunikira kuti nyongolotsi zizibisidwa ku mphutsi ndikufika kumapeto kwa bile - malo omwe mumakonda kwambiri. Tizilombo timeneti timadya pa nembanemba.
Pali njira ziwiri zoyenera kutsatirira matendawa. Ngati tiziromboti ayamba kuchita khama kwambiri kulimbikitsa yogwira pa thupi, ndiye patapita mlungu umodzi zizindikiro woyamba opisthorchiasis: mphwayi ndi malungo.
Ndiye, chifukwa masiku 15-20 kuoneka kusokonezeka m'mimba, kusanza ndi totupa. Kutentha kumakwera mosalekeza mpaka madigiri 39, kumayamba kuphwanya mafupa, ma lymph node amayamba kuwonongeka.
Kenako, chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwambiri kwa ziwalo zamkati, jaundice ikhoza kuyamba - chizindikiro kuti chiwindi chikufa, komanso kupweteka pachifuwa.
Patapita aakulu opisthorchiasis, munthu akhoza ngakhale osazindikira za kukhalapo kwa tiziromboti kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo sizidzakhala kudwala. Koma munthawi imeneyi, nyongolotsi zochokera ku muksun kapena nsomba ina ya gourmet imatha kukhala paliponse ndipo imayambitsa mavuto akulu:
- Chiwindi. Infection amakhala ndi ululu m'thupi, kuchepa kudya. Pambuyo pake, chiwindi, matenda am'mimba komanso khansa imatha kuonekera.
- Zikondamoyo Zowawa pamenepa sizimamveka mu hypochondrium yoyenera, koma kumanzere. Kuphatikiza apo, kupweteka kwa lamba kumawonekera. Iwo akhoza kuyamba gastritis, ndipo ngakhale anatsegula m'mimba chilonda.
- CNS. Pankhaniyi, zovuta zamitsempha zilizonse zimayembekezeredwa, kuphatikiza: kupweteka mutu, kusinthasintha kwa machitidwe, chidwi ndi kukhumudwa, kusokonezeka kwa kugona.
Mwamwayi, matendawa ndi osavuta kuwazindikira, muyenera kungoyesa mayeso a opisthorchiasis, amachiritsika ndipo nthawi zambiri amabweretsa imfa. Koma kusapeza opisthorchiasis angatiombole kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, ndibwino kusamala mosamala kuti tipewe kuwoneka kwa helminths ambiri mthupi.
Malowa ndi zokolola za
M'chaka choyamba cha moyo amatunga peled mlingo kupulumuka ndi 80% ya chiwerengero cha mphutsi anabzala chaka chachiwiri 80-90% m'mitsinje, 60% nyanja anabzala pakati yearlings lapansi. Zoyambazo zikafika zaka zitatu, kukula kwake kumacheperachepera, chifukwa chake imagwidwa kunyanja. Mosiyana ndi nsomba zoyera zina, zatsogola sizikukwana ndi mpweya wabwino m'madzi, chifukwa zimapilira kutentha kwa madzi pafupifupi madigiri 0.
Kubzala kwa tchizi wazaka ziwiri wazaka wamkulu womwe umakula dziwe lolemera 350 magalamu ndi mazira 15,000, ndipo magalamu 500 ndi mazira 200,000 pa akazi amodzi woyamba.
Kupanga kwa nsomba mumadziwe osaya mukamadzala ndi carp ndi pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 100-120 pa hekitala imodzi, m'madziwe - mpaka 250 kilogalamu pa hekitala imodzi. Analimbikitsa kukulitsa peled mu amatunga lalikulu, kumene okwana m'dera malire osachepera 100 mahekitala.
Diagnostics
Kuti muzindikire opisthorchiasis, muyenera kufunsa dokotala wa matenda opatsirana ndikuyesa mayeso angapo:
- kuyezetsa magazi a Laborator kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa maselo oyera am'magazi ndi ma eosinophils, pomwe hemoglobin imachepa,
- ndowe kusanthula ziwonetsero pamaso pa mazira a tiziromboti lapansi.
Poona momwe majeremusi amasinthira, mayeso amayenera kutengedwa kangapo, njira yokhayo yotsimikizira kapena kupatula kachilombo ka opisthorchiasis molimba mtima. Njira zamakono matenda kulola kuti atsimikizire infestation ntchito enzyme immunoassay magazi mayeso amene amasankha kukhalapo kwa chitetezo.
Nyambo
Pakusodza kopambana, nyambo yapadera imagwiritsidwa ntchito - ayisikilimu kapena mbewa zouma zimathiridwa m'dzenje. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito zovala zapamwamba zapamwamba, kuphatikizapo masikono amadzimadzi, komanso zosakaniza zowunyira. Chifukwa cha kununkhira kopanda kutentha, ngakhale m'madzi ozizira kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chifunga komanso kukopa zooplankton.
Ndikofunikira kuwaza ayezi pafupi ndi bowo ndi chipale chofewa, chifukwa mapepala oyambira amakhala bwino polipukuta m'malo amdima. Ngati pamwamba pa mosungiramo si kuluma, ayenera nsomba pa milingo kwambiri madzi. M'madera ena nsomba pogwidwa ntchentche yokumba. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito posodza ayezi ngakhale osawonjezera zina mwa njira yamagazi ammadzi.
Makhalidwe oyipa
Kupanga kwa tchizi kumapangidwa ndi zinthu zambiri zofufuza zomwe zofunikira m'thupi. Pamene ntchito molondola, nsomba amatha kuzindikira zinthu zofunika anthu a thupi, chakudyacho kuchuluka kofunikira kwa zinthu zopangira mchere. Komabe, wolemera mankhwala zikuchokera mankhwala ali ndi zovuta zake. Pamene amazunza malamulo ntchito kumachitika mchere supersaturation minofu, imbaenda:
- Kuchepetsa mseru.
- Mutu.
- Kudzimbidwa.
- Kulemera m'mimba.
- Matupi awo sagwirizana zochita (makamaka ana).
Kupewa mavuto sayenera m'gulu kwambiri menyu mankhwala Kanayi pa sabata. Sitikulimbikitsidwanso kuwonjezera nsomba zamtunduwu pazakudya zoperekedwa kwa ana osakwana chaka chimodzi. Akatswiri a zakudya amalangiza ntchito mankhwala othandiza mouma ndi mosamala kuonera zochita za chamoyo.
Matupi am'madzi momwe nsomba zimagwidwa amatha kukhala owonjezera. Iwo ali osavomerezeka mankhwala kugula anadutsa akukhala mwaukhondo.