Maonekedwe ndi machitidwe. Zazikulu kwambiri zamagulu athu. Kutalika kwa thupi 46-51 masentimita, mapiko 85 85- 90. Imakhala ndi khosi lalitali, loonda komanso lalitali, lalitali komanso lalitali komanso lakuthwa molunjika. Muvalidwe laukwati, mutu umawoneka wawokulirapo chifukwa cha "ndevu zazitali" ndi nyanga zopindika. Amakonda kukhala m'madzi otseguka, kumalowa mumadzi mwangozi, kumanyamuka molimba mtima komanso monyinyirika, ndikayenda kwakanthawi. Mlengalenga, nthawi zina, chomga nthawi zina imakhala ngati mawonekedwe am'madzi ambiri (kuchokera ku grebes zomanga zotere zimayenera kuwonekanso mu sulufule). Mu zovala zachisanu, chimasiyana ndi msuzi wokhala ndi imvi wofanana ndi womwewo pamaso pa nsidze yoyera yomwe imalekanitsa diso ndi "chipewa" chakuda.

Kufotokozera. Muvalidwe laukwati, thupi ndi lofiirira (mbali zake ndi zofiirira, m'mimba ndi zoyera), khosi limakhala lopepuka, lingwe lakuda lomwe limatambasukira kumbuyo kwake, "ndevu" ndi zofiirira, chipewa ndi "nyanga" zake ndi zakuda, "nkhope" yake ndi yoyera, kuchokera pakona pakamwa pokha. mikwingwirima yakuda yotambalala. Maso pawokha ndi ofiira, ndipo mtundu wa mulomo umatha kukhala wochokera ku chitsulo mpaka chitsulo chowala. Mbalame youluka, mawanga oyera oyera pamapiko amawoneka bwino - motsatira nthenga zachiwiri zam'mphepete komanso m'mphepete mwa mapikowo, ndikuyandikira maziko onse a phiko. Mukuvala kwanyengo yozizira, "ndevu" ndi "nyanga" zimazimiririka, apo ayi mtundu umakhala wofanana ndi chilimwe (matayala amtundu wakuda ndiawo amakhala m'malo amaso). Munjira zofanana ndi mbalame zachikulire nthawi yozizira, maonekedwe athunthu aang'ono, koma amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa zilembo zakuda m'mbali mwa khosi ndi masaya. Phukusi pansi pamakhala mikwingwirima yonse (kuphatikizira kumbuyo ndi ngakhale mulomo), ndi ukalamba, mikwingwirima yakumbuyo pang'onopang'ono imatha, pamutu ndi m'khosi zimawonekera motalika, mpaka kuwonekera kwa maula akuluakulu. Tinthu tating'ono tating'ono takhala togoneka tambiri pakati pakona pakamwa ndi maso, komanso pamphumi.

Voterani chomga ndi chachikulu, ndipo amakonda kukuwa. Nthawi zambiri ndimamva kugudubuza "kroro", Ndi chisangalalo - chosangalatsa"cheke". Tsitsi limafinya mosalekeza, m'malo osungirako komwe chomga ndi wamba, sipak ili imayambira nyengo yachilimwe.

Mkhalidwe Wogawa. Zoweta pafupifupi ku Europe konse (ku Siberia - kumwera kokha), zochokera ku Africa, Australia, New Zealand. Malo achisanu amakhala m'malo otentha. Ku European Russia ,ofala kwambiri komanso mafuta ambiri. Zimafika kumpoto kwa Karelia, komanso kugombe lakuda kumwera. Mbalame zathu nthawi yozizira m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ndi Azov, koma, monga ma greb ena, pamaso pa madzi opanda madzi oundana, chomga imatha kuzizira pafupifupi kulikonse. Kulikonse si zachilendo.

Moyo. Pofuna kubereketsa, chimacho chimafunikira chida chokhala ndi nsomba zambiri. Amakhala mofunitsitsa m'malo osungira, m'madziwe a mafamu a nsomba, komanso m'madziwe achilengedwe. Chisa chake nthawi zambiri chimakhala pafupi ndi chakunja (kutanthauza kuti chikuyandikira) m'mphepete mwa mabedi, chisa ndi mulu woyandama wonyowa. Kumene kuli ma chomg ambiri, amalolera anthu oyandikana nawo amtundu wawo, ndipo nthawi zina zisa zimakhala pamtunda wautali kuchokera kumodzi. Komabe, madera azing'onoting'onowa, osiyana ndi ma greb-akuda amaso, alibe. Atamaliza anapiye, makolo, monga lamulo, amasamukira nawo kumisana kwawo kuti akatsegule madzi, komwe amakhala mpaka anawo atafika kumapiko. Chakudya chachikulu cha chomgas ndi nsomba zazing'ono (zosaposa 15 cm), nthawi zina zimapereka tizilombo tokhala m'madzi kwa anapiye ang'onoang'ono.

Chomga, kapena Great Grebe (Podiceps kristatus)

Kufotokozera

Colouring. Amuna ndi akazi ovala zovala. Mphumi, korona, ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi zakuda, nthenga zamtsogolo ndi zamatsenga zimadulidwa ndipo, zitasangalatsidwa, zimapanga nyanga zochokera mbali zonse ziwiri. Mzere woyera umatsala pakati pamutu wakuda ndi diso. Chingwe sichikhala chopindika. Maseke ndi oyera. Nthenga ndi nthenga za m'munsi za buccal zimakhala zokhala ndi zifuwa zofiira, ndikupanga kolala, yolumikizidwa ndi yakuda, yodziwika bwino pamene yasangalala. Kumbuyo kwa khosi kuli imvi. Mbali ndi kutsogolo kwa khosi kumakhala zoyera kwambiri ndi kuphatikizika pang'ono kwa matani ofiira. Thupi lakumaso ndi lofiirira ndipo limakhala ndi timitengo taimitondo yoyera m'mphepete mwa nthenga. Mmbali mwa thupi ndi lofiyira. Pansi pa thupi, pachifuwa, pansi pa phiko komanso kutsogolo kwa phiko kuli zoyera. Mtundu woyambirira wa ntchentche ndi mtundu wa bulauni, wopepuka pansi pake ndi besi yoyera, mkati mwake yomwe muli mitsinje yoyera. Ma flewheel ang'onoang'ono ndi oyera kapena oyera oyera okhala ndi mawanga amdima pazinthu zakunja. Mlomo wake ndi wofiyira kwathunthu; mzerewo ndi wodera, nsonga yake ndi yopepuka. Utawaleza ndi wofiyira, wophunzirayo wazunguliridwa ndi mphete ya lalanje. Zakutsogolo ndi nkhonya za zala kunja, zitsulo zamtundu wobiriwira, mkati mwa zobiriwira zonyezimira, pafupifupi zakuda bii.

Amuna ndi akazi ovala zovala zachisanu. Pamutu pake pali imvi. pali mawanga oyera oyera pa nape, nyanga ndi zazifupi, chingwe chotsalira chimakhala pamwamba pa diso ndi frenulum. Kola kulibe kapena kulongosoledwa pang'ono ndi nthenga zakuda ndi zofiira. Cheki, dera lamakutu ndikuwazonda. Khosi ndi loyera, kumbuyo kwake kuli mzere wopyapyala wa imvi. Thupi lakumtunda limakhala lakuda ndi m'mbali mwa nthenga. Thupi lotsika ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera. Mbali zakepi ndi imvi. Mwambiri, amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa achikazi ndipo ovala mating'i amakhala ndi kolala yayitali komanso nyanga zazitali.

Mwana wankhuku. Mutu umakhala woderapo, mzere woyera wambiri umadutsa pamwamba kuchokera pakati, mizere iwiri yopapatiza "imadutsa mbali ya mutu kudutsa mkatikati mwa mzere ndi mawonekedwe a bulangeti ndi diso. Pamakhala mawanga abula kukhosi loyera la mitundu yosiyanasiyana, khosi limakhala lalitali ndi mikwambo yoyera ndi yayitali. Zovala zam'munsi zimakhala ndi zofiirira zofiirira zokhala ndi mitsitsi yautali wautali, zazikulu zokulira zimakhala ndi imvi yakuda.Munsi wam'munsi ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera .. Pali zikwangwani zachikopa pamanja, pamwamba pa korona ndi m'maso owoneka. nsonga ndi zazikulu Bani, mozungulira konsekonse: Bobbin kuvomerezeka ndi masamba zala zachitsulo-imvi ndi pinki kaomkami, pamphepete mwa masamba ..

Chovala chachi. Zofanana ndi zovala zapamwamba za nthawi yozizira. Masamba oyera amakhalabe pamphumi yakuda, mikwingwirima yopepuka pambali ya mutu kumbuyo kwa diso komanso pamlingo wakumpenyera. Kolala imalembedwa ndi nthenga zakuda zakuda ndi zofiira. Zomera zoyambirira zimakhala zofiirira, pansi pake ndi zoyera, mkati mwake zimakhala ndi mitsitsi yopepuka, ma flywheel apamwamba ndi oyera ndi mawanga a bulauni pamadontho akunja ndi bulauni pamunsi. Mbali yakumbuyo ya mapikowo ndi yoyera, yokutidwa ndi imvi. Mlomo ndi wofiyira komanso imvi m'mbali. Utawaleza.

Chovala choyamba chisanu. Siziwonetsedwa ndi zoyera zoyera, koma zoyera ndi maimvi amtundu wakuda mumtundu wa kutsogolo kwa phiko. Mbali yakumbuyo yam'mphepete imangokhala yofooka, ndipo magawikowo amakhala "mafayilo awiri amisomali" afotokozedwa. Nthawi zambiri, fluff imakhalabe pamutu komanso kumtunda kwa thupi.

Chovala choyamba chaukwati. Imasiyana ndi yomaliza ndi kolala yokhazikika, osati yoyera yoyera yoloyera mbali ya phiko.

Molting

Monga zizolowezi zonse zamadzala, achikulire molt kawiri pachaka - kuyambira chovala chokomera nyengo yachisanu (chilimwe - yophukira - nyengo yachisanu) komanso kuyambira nthawi yozizira mpaka mating (mochedwa nyengo yachisanu - masika). Kukwatirana kwathunthu kumayambira molawirira, kutalika kwa chisa mu Juni, kumatha mpaka Disembala, kutengera nthawi yakumanga kwa munthu m'modzi payekha, nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Seputembara kapena koyambirira kwa Okutobala, mbalame zidzasungunuka kwathunthu kukhala zovala Zachisanu (mbalame za Soviet Union, 1951-1954, Gordienko, 1978, Nanzak, 1952]. Flyworms inasinthidwa nthawi yomweyo kumapeto kwa Julayi [Gordienko, 1978], mu Ogasiti [Hanzak, 1952, Elkin, 1970]; kulephera kuwuluka kumatha pafupifupi mwezi [Hanzak, 1952, Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Amuna amayamba molt masabata awiri kapena atatu m'mbuyomu kuposa zazikazi [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Choyamba, nthenga zazing'ono zakutsogolo zimasuluka, kenako nthenga zouluka, nyanga ndi kolala zimatsirizika. Kukhazikika kumayambira nthawi yozizira mu Disembala kapena Febere, kumatha mu akulu kumapeto kwa Marichi kapena kumayambiriro kwa Epulo [mbalame za Soviet Union, 1951-554, Dementyev, 1952, Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, zimayenda mpaka Meyi. Mbali yakumalirayi imatenga zodabwitsa zam'mutu, khosi, mbali yakumtunda ya thupi. Nthenga zoyera zam'munsi mwa thupi zimasintha kamodzi pachaka. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, ma molts awiri amawonjezeredwa - kuchokera pa chovala chovala mpaka chovala cha mwana wankhuku komanso kuchokera kuchovala cha anapiye nthawi yachisanu. Chovala cha mwana wankhuku chovalidwa pa 20 mwezi wa Ogasiti - pakati pa Seputembara [Kozlova, 1947]. Zovala zoyambirira nthawi yozizira zimagulidwa mu Okutobala - Novembala, ndipo nthawi zina pokhapokha mu Disembala, pomwe zochulukazo zimasinthika mthupi lonse, kupatula mapewa ndi mbali zotsika za thupi [Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Chifukwa chake, mchaka chimodzi ndi theka choyamba cha moyo, chomga molt pafupifupi mosalekeza.

Kufalitsa

Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Europe, Asia, North ndi South Africa, Australia ndi New Zealand. Ku Western Europe, kumpoto kumafika 60 ° C. w. ku Norway, kupitirira pang'ono ku Sweden ndi mpaka 65 ° C. w. ku Finland.

Chithunzi 36. Malo ogawa a Chomga
a - malire a mitundu yoswana, b - malo omalizira osakwanira, c - nyengo yachisanu. Zolemba: 1 - Podiceps cristatus cristatus, 2 - P. s. infuscatus, 3 - P. s. australis

Ku USSR - pafupifupi gawo lonse la ku Europe, Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan, kumwera kwa Western ndi Central Siberia, gawo lakumwera kwa Primorsky Territory.

Chithunzi 37. Kukula kwa Chomga ku USSR
- malire a malo osungirako, b - malo omveka bwino oswana, c - malo omwe mungakhaleko malo okhala, d

Gawo lakumpoto logawika kum'mawa kuchokera ku Lake Onega kudutsa kumpoto kwa Vologda Oblast kupita kumtunda wapamwamba wa Kama ndi chidebe cha Vyatka, kudutsa ku Urals kupita ku Ob basin, komwe kumakhala kosakwanira kwa Tyumen, Tara ndi Tomsk. Kupitilira - ku Krasnoyarsk Territory (kupsinjika kwa Minusinsk), m'dera la Baikal [Bratsk Reservoir, Angara, Tolchin, 1979] ndi ku Transbaikalia (Torean Lakes, Selenga Delta [Leont'ev, 1965, Tolchin, 1979]). Malinga ndi Amur, palibe chomgi. Imadziwikanso mkati mwa USSR kokha m'malo otsika a Iman, ku Nyanja. Khanka ndi nyanja ya Southern Primorye, pomwe ingasowe [Mbalame za Soviet Union, 1951-554, Ptushenko, 1962, Leontiev, 1965, Spangenberg, 1965, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968, Panov, 1973, Ivanov, 1976, Popov, 1977 , Cramp, Simmons, 1977]. Dera lakumwera lomwe lili ndi malo ogona a chomga kulikonse limadutsa kum'mwera kwa USSR. Milandu yayikulu pamadzi amphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje yonse yayikulu ikuyenda mu Nyanja Zachikuda, Azov ndi Caspian, ku North Crimea [Dementiev, Gladkov et al., 1951-1954], pama nyanja ndi malo osungirako zinyalala ku Azerbaijan, pamadziwe akuluakulu ndi posungira Ku Kazakhstan, Central Asia ndi Western Siberia kumakhala malo onse osungira. Ku Transcaucasia, imakhala mu Azerbaijan ndi Armenia (Nyanja ya Sevan, ma marshlands ndi mitsinje), ndipo sichikhala ku Georgia [Leister, Sosnin, 1944, Zhordania, 1962]. Ku Kyrgyzstan, zisa ku Nyanja. Issyk-Kul komanso wamapiri kumapiri a Nyanja. Sonkel (3 016 m kumtunda kwa nyanja, adawoneka m'zaka zaposachedwa, pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa kwa Ottoman, peled), ku Altai kunyanja. Karakul (2,300 m kumtunda kwa nyanja) [Abdusalyamov, 1971, Dementiev, 1952, Strautman, 1954, 1963, Dolgushin, I960, Minoransky, 1963, Irisov, Totunov, 1972, Tuaev, Vasiliev, 1972, Oleynikov et al. 1973, Tatarinov, 1973, Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977].

Ku Central Asia, imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Western Mongolia, mwina ku China ku Nyanja za Alak-Nor ndi Kuku-Nor, ku Kashgar [makope osonkhanitsa ndi ZIN a USSR Academy of Sciences, Sudilovskaya, 1973]. Ku Western Europe, pazaka zana zapitazi, mtundu wa chomga watukuka kwambiri kupita kumpoto, ndipo m'malo ena kuchuluka kwa mbalame zodyera kukukulira. Ku Netherlands, chomga mwina sichidziwika m'zaka za 16 - 17th century. ndipo adawoneka m'zaka za zana la XVIII. Kuchulukitsidwa kwa ma chomgs ambiri kumayambiriro kwa theka lachiwiri la zaka zomalizira pamapeto pa ubweya wa mbalame kunapangitsa kutsika koopsa kwa ziwerengero (mpaka awiri mwa awiriawiri ku England). Pambuyo pake, mu 1900-1925. kuchuluka kwa masewera a chomgas adayamba kukula mwachangu, ku Great Britain mu 1931 - 2 800 mbalame, 1965 - 4 132-4 734 mbalame, ku Netherlands mu 1932 - 300 awiri kapena mochepera, 1966 - 3 300-3 500 awiriawiri, 1967 G. - 3 600-3 700 awiriawiri, ku Belgium - chiwerengerochi chinayamba kuchuluka pambuyo pa 1900, mu 1953-1954. - awiriawiri, mu 1959 - awiriawiri, mu 1966 - 60-70 awiriawiri. Chiwerengero cha malo ogona ku Austria, Switzerland, Spain, East Germany, ndi mayiko aku Baltic ku USSR chikukulira. Kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa ma 1900s, pakhala kupita patsogolo kosinthika kwakumpoto kumpoto kwa Finland, ku Norway (koyamba kupanga chakudya mu 1904, magulu awiriawiri mu 1968). Nthawi yomweyo, kusuntha komanso kuchuluka kunawonedwa ku France; kuchuluka kunachepa m'malo ena a Germany (Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia), omwe kale anali ku Kupro ndi Sicily [Oppo, 1970, Cramp, Simmons, 1977, European News, 1978 ].

Zomwe zakusinthira pamitundu komanso kuchuluka kwa chomga ku Europe konseko zimamveka bwino - zoyambirira, zoyeserera zachindunji ndi munthu ndicholinga chokonzekera zisa, pambuyo pake m'zaka za zana la 20. Kusintha kwa malo okhala madzi - kulumikizana kwa malo osungira, kupangira malo osungira, mapikisano akuluakulu ku Netherlands, kudera nkhawa othamanga, alendo ndi osaka malo osasamalirako zogona, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'zaka za m'ma 1940 mpaka 50, pazaka 20 zapitazi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ochulukirapo okhalamo mbalame zotetezedwa. Poyerekeza ndi nyengo yakuwotcha kwanyengo pazaka 50 zapitazi, zovuta za zifukwa zabwinozo zidakhala zofunikira kwambiri kwa chomga kuposa zovuta zamphamvu zoyipa, zomwe zidapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero ndi kukula kwa mtunduwo. Koma zigawo zikuluzikulu za gawo laku Europe la USSR, kuchuluka kwa chakudya chokhala m'madzi am'madzi achilengedwe kunachepa kwambiri, ndipo m'malo ena anazimiririka kumapeto kwa zaka za 1940. Ku Bashkiria kunali ponseponse kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, tsopano zimachitika mopitilira apo, paliponse pomwe pali ambiri [Ilyichev, Fomin, 1979]. Nthawi yomweyo, kusintha kwakukuru mu hydrographic network komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ambiri osungirako nyama kumtunda wapamwamba wa Volga kunapangitsa kuti mbalame zambiri zodyera ndege zizisungidwa m'malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ano [Ptushenko, 1962, Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968].

Madzi osefukira adalembedwa m'mphepete mwa Ob mpaka 62-64 ° C. sh., to Chukotka (Anadyr), to Iceland, to Azores [makope a ZIN omwe akutenga USSR Academy of Sciences, Ivanov, 1976, Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Zisanu

Ku USSR, manda nthawi yachisanu unyinji wa kumwera kwa Caspian Sea, pa Nyanja Yakuda kufupi ndi gombe la Crimea ndi Caucasus, ochepa Nyanja ya Azov, m'malo osungirako apakati ku Central Asia (Issyk-Kul, zitsanzo za 200-250, malo osungira pamodzi ndi Uzboy ndi Kara-Kumsky ngalande ku Turkmenistan, m'malo osungira madzi pafupi ndi Syr Darya ku Tajikistan), pamadzi ndi malo osungira madzi ku Azerbaijan, m'zaka zaposachedwa, malingaliro aumwini adakhalako nthawi yachisanu m'malo opanga ma hydraulic ku Latvia, Western Ukraine, m'malo osungirako madzi a Dnieper [Abdusalyamov, 1971, Viksne, 1963, Vinokurov, , Tu Aev, Vasiliev ,, 1972, Mustafayev, 1972, Strokov, 1974, Sabinevsky, Sevastyanov, 1975, Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Pakusala nyengo yozizira, maukwati amawuluka mochedwa, ndikuzizira kwathunthu kosungirako, mu Okutobala-Novembala. Amawonekera kumwera kwa Caspian kugombe la Azerbaijan mu Novembala, ndipo amachoka mozizira kumapeto kwa February - pakati pa Marichi [Kozlova, 1947].

Amawonekera mu Nyanja ya Caspian kufupi ndi gombe la Turkmenistan mu Novembala, mu Disembala mbalame zimakhala zochepa kwambiri munyanja, pamadzi am'madzi a Turkmenistan kuthawa kumachitika kuyambira pakati pa Okutobala mpaka pakati pa Novembala, kuchoka pachilimwe ku Caspian kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Marichi, kusamukira kumadzi am'madzi a Turkmenistan theka lachiwiri la Marichi. —Kumayambiriro kwa Epulo [Dementiev, 1952, Vasiliev, 1977]. Amafika pa Nyanja Yakuda kale - kumapeto kwa Seputembala - pakati pa Okutobala, amasungidwa kwambiri, amabwerera kumapeto kwa Marichi ndikuwuluka mpaka pakati pa Epulo [Strokov, 1974]. Offshore Azerbaijan pa Nyanja ya Caspian amwazika, toyesa 98-102 pamtunda umodzi km2 [Mustafayev, 1972].

Ku Western Europe, akuwonekera pagombe la Atlantic ku Okutobala-Novembala ndipo alipo mpaka kumapeto kwa February - koyambirira kwa Marichi, mpaka nyengo ya 22,000 ya chomg nyengo yozama pama nyanja akuluakulu chaka chilichonse (Geneva, Bodene, Neuchatel). Pang'ono chabe nyengo yozizira kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean, pagombe la Portugal, mphepete mwa Morocco, ndizotheka kuti Palaearctic chomga adalembedwa ku Senegal delta. Mazana a chomg amapitilira nyengo yozizira ya Nyanja Yakuda pagombe la Turkey, pa Caspian - pagombe, Iran. Zosakhala zambiri nthawi yozizira ku Persian Gulf, kum'mawa kwa Mediterranean [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Kusamukira

Pamalo odyera, chomga amawonekera koyambirira, ku Ciscaucasia kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Okutobala, nthawi zambiri kusamuka kwakukulu kumachitika mchaka chachitatu cha Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo [Oleinikov et al., 1973]. Pa Nyanja Yakuda kufupi ndi gombe la Caucasus komwe kuli pafupi ndi Poti, chomgi imawulukira m'magulu akulu mpaka pakati pa Epulo [Vronsky, Tomkovich, 1975]. Kumpoto kwa Priazovye (Berdyansk, Genichensk), kuthamangitsidwa kwa Chomga malinga ndi kuwonera kwa nthawi yayitali ndi pa Marichi 21 mpaka 23 [Lysenko, 1975]. Mu 1976, zochuluka za chomg zidawulukira ku Kanevskoe Reservoir pa Marichi 26 - Epulo 4, mbalame zidawulukira m'magulu aanthu 16-60 kutalika kwake mpaka 20 m, ndimeyi idawoneka m'mawa kuyambira maola 6 mphindi 30 mpaka maola 8 mphindi.

M'madera akumadzulo a Ukraine akufika kumapeto kwa Marichi - khumi oyamba a Epulo [Strautman, 1963, Tatarinov, 1973]. Amawulukira ku Belarus kuyambira koyambirira mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo [Fedyushin, Dolbik, 1967]. Pa Volga yapakati (Chitata Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic), chomga chikuwonekera mpaka mitsinje itatsegulidwa kwathunthu theka loyamba la Epulo, msonkhano woyamba anali pa Epulo 6 [Popov, 1977]. Kudera la Kursk, chomga choyamba chimawonekera kutengera kumapeto kwa Okutobala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Marichi, koma kuthawa kumatanthauza mkati mwa Epulo. Mchigawo cha Moscow muzaka zosiyanasiyana kuyambira pa Marichi 15 mpaka Meyi 5, koma momwemonso pano sikufotokozedwanso. M'dera la Perm m'mphepete mwa mtsinje. Matopewo amafika pa Meyi 10 [Kozlova, 1947]. Ku Lithuania pafupi ndi Palanga, ma chomg akuwuluka adalembedwa pakati pa Epulo, akuwuluka kutsika panyanja pamwamba pa nyanja [Petraitis, 1975]. Ku Estonia, manda akuwonekera kwambiri mu khumi oyamba a Epulo, ngakhale zaka zina anthu ena amawuluka theka lachigawo la Marichi (Marichi 19, 1957, Marichi 28, 1950). Kusamuka kwakukulu kumachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena koyambirira kwa Meyi [Jogi, 1970].

M'mphepete mwa Northern Kazakhstan (Naurzum ndi nkhawa yonse ya Turgai), chomigas zimawonekera mpaka madzi oundana asungunuka kwambiri mu Epulo 11 mpaka 23, ndipo kusuntha kwakukulu kumachitika kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, kuwuluka m'magulu a mbalame 39, nthawi zina m'magulu mpaka 20 [ Elkin, 1975, Gordienko, 1978]. Kummwera kwenikweni kwa Kazakhstan (Turkestan), ma ma chomgs oyambilira amawonekera kumapeto kwa Okutobala kapena koyambirira kwa Marichi, kuwuluka mu Marichi onse ndi theka loyambirira la Epulo, kumpoto - kupita ku Syr Darya pafupi ndi Kyzyl-Orda - kumapeto kwa Marichi ndikuwuluka onse Epulo, ku Ural delta ndi kupitilira Embe amapezeka koyamba pakati pa Epulo, afika ku Ili delta chakumapeto kwachiwiri kwa Marichi, ku Zaysan pakati pa Epulo [Dolgushin, 1960]. Ku Kyrgyzstan, ambiri kasupe pothawira ku Lake. Issyk-Kul mu 1958 kumapeto kwa Marichi - Epulo, adasowa pa Epulo 17 [Yanushevich et al., 1959]. Pa nyanja Sonkel Chomga akufika mkatikati mwa Epulo, ndi kuzizira kwa nyanja kumapeto kwa Novembala, amasamukira nyengo yachisanu, mwina ku Nyanja. Issyk-Kul, motero, ndizotheka kwambiri kuti anthu achiKyrgyz a chomg azikhala moyo wokhala mokhazikika [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977].

Ku Western Siberia kunyanja. Chan chocheperako, chomgy chija chikuwuluka mchaka chachitatu cha Epulo, pakutsegulira kwa nyanjayi, mbalame zoyambira zokhazokha zimawonekera, kenako awiriawiri ndi magulu a awiriawiri, kuwuluka kotsimikizika kumachitika masiku khumi oyambirira a Meyi, ma chomks akuwuluka usiku, pamwamba pa nyanja, pamtunda wa 20-50 m, mbalame zamadzulo amapezeka kokha pamadzi [Koshelev, 1977].

Ku Transbaikalia, nyanja za Torean ndizambiri paulendo wosuntha kuyambira pa Epulo 23 mpaka Meyi 12 [Leont'ev, 1965]. Ku Southern Primorye, imawuluka pamadzi pang'ono mu theka lachiwiri la Marichi - theka loyambirira la Meyi [Panov, 1973].

Chomgy amayamba nyengo yophukira mochedwa, mochedwa kuposa masamba ena. M'malo ambiri osungira, amachedwetsedwa mpaka kuzizira mu Novembala-Disembala. Ku Southern Primorye, gawo la nyanja ndilofooka kwambiri, pa Seputembara 11 mpaka 12, 1961, maubwenzi ndi mabanja adawonetsedwa, mpaka masiku khumi oyambirira a Novembala, mbalame imodzi adalemba [Panov, 1973]. Pa nyanja ya Torean ku Transbaikalia, kusunthika kwa nyundo kumachitika kuyambira pa Ogasiti 10 mpaka Seputembara 15 [Leontyev, 1965]. Kuchokera kunyanja Sonkel adanyamuka kumapeto kwa Novembala, mwina kukazizira ku Issyk-Kul [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. Pa nyanja za Baraba, mayendedwe a nyundo amayambira kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti, pomwe chomga imawoneka ngati madzi osasanjika, kunyamuka kumayamba kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, kumafika pachimake mu Seputembala, kumatha mpaka kumapeto kwa Seputembala, omaliza amakumana mpaka pa 20 Okutobala, achichepere amakhala limodzi ndikunyamuka. mbalame zachikulire ndipo, mwina, gawo la chomg limawuluka m'magulu amtundu wa mbalame ziwiri kapena zinayi, koma ambiri amasuntha okha ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala magulu a mbalame zisanu ndi ziwiri kapena zingapo Shchechelev, 1977].

Kuuluka kwawo kumachitikanso usiku, masana kunali kusunthika kwina komwe kumakhala kusambira m'mitsinje ndi ngalande. M'madzi a Naurzum, mbalame zachikulire zimangokhala ndi ana mpaka kumapeto - kumapeto kwa Seputembala, kenako nkuwuluka, achichepere amakhala okha, akuuluka kumapeto kwa Seputembala - koyambirira kwa Okutobala [Gordienko, 1978]. Pa nyanja yamatenda aku Turgai, kuthawa kwathunthu kwa yophukira kwa chomg kumapita pakati pa Okutobala [Elkin, 1970]. Mu Nyanja ya Caspian, pafupi ndi Mangyshlak amawuluka m'magulu ang'onoang'ono mkati mwa Okutobala [Zaletaev, 1962]. Mu theka lachiwiri la Seputembala - theka zoyambirira za Okutobala iwo amawuluka ochulukirapo kummwera kwa Kazakhstan motsatira mtsinje. Kapena, ku Balkhash, mphepete mwa Syr Darya, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja za Aral ndi Caspian, pano nthawi ino iwo amawuluka makamaka m'magulu a anthu 10, ndipo ku North Caspian amadzisonkhana zochuluka ndipo amasungidwa m'gulu lalikulu limodzi The Urals adaona kusamuka chifukwa chosambira [Dolgushin, 1960]. Ku Turkmenistan, amawuluka kuyambira pakati pa Okutobala mpaka pakati pa Novembala kudutsa Amu Darya ndi Uzboy, komanso kugombe la Caspian - makamaka mu Novembala [Dementiev, 1952, Vasiliev, 1977].

M'madera a Moscow, Ryazan ndi Kursk, chomga imakhala m'malo awo okhalamo mpaka kumapeto kwa Ogasiti, ndipo mu Seputembala amasamukira kumalo ena osungirako, kumapeto kwa Seputembala amayamba kuyendayenda kwambiri, gawo lotchulidwa ku Moscow limachitika pa Seputembara 13 - Okutobala 28 - Novembara 23 ndipo amadziwika kwambiri 22 -Ombiri 27, mbalame zomaliza zimapezeka pafupifupi kumapeto kwa Okutobala, ndipo ku Kursk - mpaka pakati pa Novembala [Ptushenko, Inozemtsev, 1968]. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Ukraine, chomga imawuluka mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri cha Disembala; ku Western Ukraine, kuchoka ndi kuwuluka kumachitika zaka zingapo kuyambira kumapeto kwa Seputembala mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Disembala [Strautman, 1963, Matvienko, 1978]. Kummwera kwa Ukraine, mayendedwe a nthawi yophukira amadziwika kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Seputembala, pamene ma chilimwe, magulu a anthu 3-5, osawoneka mpaka anthu 40 amawoneka pamitsinje ndi malo osungirako komwe sanali kale, gawo lotchulidwa pakati komanso pansi pa Dnieper limapezeka mu Okutobala, chachikulu kwambiri - m'zaka zoyambirira kapena zachitatu za mwezi uno. M'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Estonia, ndege yamtundu wa chomga yomwe imayenda kuyambira kumapeto kwa Seputembala mpaka pakati pa Okutobala, kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa Okutobala, koma kuchuluka kwa choleg cholembera kuli kochepa - kwa mwezi wowonera mu 1960 - zokwanira 112, mu 1962 - 99, chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha ntchentche chimawuluka usiku dzuwa lisanalowe [Yogi, 1963, Jogi, 1970].

Zotsatira za kulira kwa maukwati ku Europe zikuwonetsa kuti nthawi yophukira yoyamba ya moyo mu Ogasiti-Seputembala, mbalame zomwe zidasungidwa m'malo osungirako apakati a RSFSR, mayiko a Baltic, Germany Democratic Republic, ndi Poland zimasamukira kumadera osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza 100-120 kumpoto. km [Kishchinsky, 1978]. Pambuyo pake, mu Okutobala-Novembala, amawuluka kumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa, akuwonekera m'chigawo chapakati cha Ukraine, kuchokera pagombe lakumpoto kwa Black Sea ndi mayiko a Baltic, ndipo nthawi yozizira mu Disembala-Januware kumpoto kwa Mediterranean. Kakulima kwa Epulo-Meyi, abwereranso kudera lakuda. Chomgy nesting mu Nyanja ya Azov, mpaka kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, khalani m'dera la malo ogona, ndi chisanu pafupi ndi Nyanja Yakuda. Ma Chomks omwe amakhala mu Volga delta amawuluka nthawi yozizira kupita kugombe lakuda la Caucasus.

Zikuwoneka kuti anthu aku West Siberian ndi Kazakh okhala ku Chomg nyengo ya Caspian, palibe kubwerera mwachindunji kotsimikizira izi, koma Chomg akulira chisa pamadzi a Chigawo cha Omsk adawonetsa mayendedwe akumadzulo ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwaulendo oyendayenda mu Seputembala. Okutobala. Zida zolumikizira ku Western Europe zikuwonetsa kuti mbalame zina zochokera ku Scandinavia nyengo yachisanu zimadutsa gombe lakumwera kwa Baltic ndi Netherlands, ngakhale zambiri zimawulukira kumwera chakum'mawa kudutsa ku Ukraine ndi Nyanja Yakuda kupita ku Mediterranean. Chomgy ochokera ku Germany, Netherlands ndi pakati France akuuluka kumwera kukazizira pama nyanja aku Swiss, ndipo nesting ndi Switzerland zimachitika mu Novembala - Marichi kuchokera kumalire a Mediterranean ndi Atlantic a France, Italy, Austria ndi Bavaria [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Chiwerengero

Ndiosasinthika kwambiri ndipo zimatengera kagawidwe koyenera koswana. Chiwerengero cha chomg chodzakhala ku Estonia ndi pafupifupi ma 1,400 [Oppo, 1970], mu 1951-1957. inali yofanana ndi awiriawiri (775) [Oppo, 1969]. Chomgi chisa pano kuzilumba zam'nyanja, m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kumadzi kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Esitere, kupewa malo osachepera 20 malo okhala ndi malo ndipo nthawi zambiri mumakhala nyanja zomwe zili ndi mahekitala oposa 50, anthu wamba osalimba pang'ono pa mahekitala 100 a nyanja. M'malo abwino, magulu awiriawiri amapangidwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi zitunda za nyanja [Oppot 1970]. Pamadzi am'mbali yam'madera aku Europe ya RSFSR, ku Volga-Kama Territory, ku Belarus, chisa cha chomgi m'magulu awiriawiri.

Pakati gawo la Volga delta, kachulukidwe kawo kali kokulirapo, ma awiri awiriawiri pa ma 100 ha [Markuse, 1965]. M'mphepete mwa Northern Kazakhstan - ku Naurzum, chomgy imafika pakachulukidwe kopitilira 0,2,5.5 pa hekitala yazomera zambiri [Gordienko, 1978], awiriawiri pa mahekitala 100 amadzi m'madziwe pakati pa Ubagani Ishim [Elkin, 1975]. Kummwera kwa Turkmenistan, posungira nyanjayi. Delhi yaying'ono yokhala ndi malo okwana ma 700 mu 1973 idakhala awiriawiri, mu 1974 - awiriawiri, 6 mu 1975 - awiriawiri, mapangidwe a zigawo zobalalika za chomg adadziwika pano - mpaka awiriawiri pa 1 ha [Karavaev, 1979 ]. M'madzi osefukira amtsinje. Beisug ku Krasnodar Territory mu 1967 pamsewu wamakilomita 15 mulifupi 40 m, zisa zisanu ndi chimodzi za mgg zidaganiziridwa, malinga ndi dera lonse lamadzi osefukira (mahekita 20,000), pafupifupi ma 5,000 saizi ya chisa cha chomg ziyenera kukhala pano [Kostoglod, 1977]. Pa dziwe la Baraba-steppe pafupi ndi nyanjayi. Chan yaying'ono kuchuluka kwa kubereka kwa chomg kumakhala kocheperako, kunyanjayi. Beluga wokhala ndi malo pafupifupi mahekitala 600 mu 1975, awiriawiri, pa Golden Placers 4X1 km kukula mu 1975 - ma pairs 10 [Koshelev, 1977]. Pa nyanja yamapiri Sonkel wokhala ndi malo 292 km2 mu 1974-1975 pafupifupi awiriawiri a chomg adawaganizira [Kydyraliev, Sultanbaeva, 1977]. M'malo osungira ku Czechoslovakia okhala ndi malo opitilira mahekitala opitilira 100, kachulukidwe kachulukirapo ndi masentimita 4.2, komanso m'malo otsalira aang'ono - 8.9 [HanzakT 1952].

M'mayiko ambiri a Kumadzulo kwa Yuropu, pali chiwerengero chokwanira cha kubereka kwa chomg ndi kusintha kwakale. Atagwa kwambiri mkati mwa zaka za zana la 19, chifukwa cha kuthamangitsidwa kwa mafuta am'madzi chifukwa chofunidwa ndi ubweya wa mbalame kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, adayamba kuwonjezeka kuchokera mazana awiri ndi masauzande a awiriawiri mzaka za 60s. Ku England mu 1860 analipo awiriawiri-awiri, mu Great Britain mu 1931 - mbalame 2 800 ndipo mu 1965 - 4 132-4 734 mbalame, ku Netherlands mu 1932 - pafupifupi awiri awiri, mu 1966 - 3 300-33 500 awiriawiri, mu 1967 - 3 600-3 700 awiriawiri. Chiwerengero chonse m'maiko ena: Belgium - 60-70 awiri (1966), Norway - pafupifupi awiriawiri (1968), Denmark - 2,200-22,500 awiriawiri (1960-1967), Sweden - pafupifupi awiriawiri (mpaka 1971), Finland - pafupifupi awiriawiri (mpaka 1958), Germany: Baden-Württemberg - osachepera 1250 awiriawiri (1968), Bavaria - pafupifupi awiriawiri (1968-1970), Hesse -54-62 mabanja (1964-1966), Spain - mabanja 6-12 (1960s), ku North Africa ku Tunisia pa Nyanja. Kelba - awiriawiri (1968) [Cramp, Simmons, 1977], Austria - awiriawiri mu 1970, awiriawiri mu 1978 [European News, 1978]. Zotsatira zake, kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, chiwopsezo chosasunthika cha chi chomg chawonedwa ku Europe, komanso kukulira mtundu wa kumpoto. Izi ndichifukwa cha kufalikira kwamphamvu kwa matupi amadzi, komwe kumakondweretsa mbalamezi, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ochulukirapo osungira, komanso kuteteza malo okhala mbalame zam'madzi, makamaka zaka 20 zapitazi.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yamafuta, ma chomga amadya kwambiri ndi nsomba. Pali kusiyana kosiyana mu chikhalidwe chodyetsa m'matupi osiyanasiyana amadzi komanso pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana a chomgas. M'mphepete mwa Naurzum, chomga ndi nsomba zochepa kwambiri. Nsomba zimapanga 1.2% yazakudya zonse ndipo zimangopezeka m'matumbo a 12.4%, maziko azakudya amapangidwa ndi kafadala wamkulu ndi nsikidzi (78 ndi 50% zokumana), crustaceans, mphutsi za mabelu a udzudzu, ma mollusks, udzudzu wachikulire umawonjezeredwa kwa iwo , ntchentche za caddis, akangaude [Gordienko, Zolotareva, 1977]. Kuyambira Epulo mpaka Ogasiti, chomga ku malo osungirako a Ust-Manych ku Western Ciscaucasia amadya kwambiri nsomba (pike, nsomba, ziguduli, zakumwa, ndi zina), zomwe zimapanga 65.8% ya kulemera kwa zomwe zili m'mimba, kapena 42% yazakudya zonse. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timapanga 23,7% ya kulemera kwa chakudya (kuphatikiza 7.3% - kachilomboka, 1.5% - nsikidzi, 1.2% - dipterans), koma amapambana kuchuluka kwa zinthu (84.3%). M'mwezi wa Epulo-Meyi, nsomba zimangokhala pafupifupi 50% ya zakudya zonse, mu June-Ogasiti - oposa 70%, izi ndichifukwa choti pambuyo pomenyera, chomga chimapita kumalo otetemera ndi madzi [Oleinikov et al., 1973]. V. K. Markuse, yemwe adachita maphunziro apadera pakudyetsa kwamafuta m'mafamu a nsomba omwe amakula pakati penipeni pa Volga delta, adapeza kuti maziko odyetsa chomga pali nsomba (51-90% ya kulemera konse kwa chakudya kwa akulu ndi 32% mwa anapiye).

M'mwezi wa Meyi, nsomba zamasamba makamaka zimadyedwa, mu Juni (atamasulidwa kwa nsomba zamalonda zamalonda kuchokera ku ilmeni), nsomba zazing'ono zamalonda zimapanga 50% ya kulemera kwa chakudya, mu Julayi-Ogasiti kuchuluka kumachulukanso. Chomgi amadya achinyamata ambiri wamba a carp 3-8 kutalika, ochepera - pike perc 2.5-3 cm, zotsekemera zochepa m'matumbo a chomg sapezeka. Ndizodziwika kuti kunja kwa nsomba, chomga imagwira makamaka ana aang'ono 9-16 cm. Mwa ma invertebrates, gawo lalikulu pakudya cha chomg imagwera pa kafadala wamkulu ndi mphutsi zawo. Komabe, sizingatheke kuyankhula za kuvulala kwa chomgas kuderali, ngakhale mu nyengo za asodzi achikhalidwe, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa achinyamata wamba, chomgis anadya 0,44%, ndi zander - 0,24%. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwam'mimba 87 a chomgas omwe amapezeka m'miyezi yosiyanasiyana ya chaka kum'mwera, kumadzulo ndi pakati zigawo za Ukraine, kuchuluka kwa nsomba ndi tizilombo tambiri m'zakudya ndizofanana.

Pakati pa nsomba, zamtundu wotsika mtengo ndizomwe zimayambira - goby, vwende ndi ma dace; pakati pa tizilombo - zofukiza, kafadala, kachilomboka pansi, timayandama [Smogorzhevsky, 1979]. M'madziwe ku Czechoslovakia, chakudya chachikulu cha chomga chimakhalanso nsomba (83%), chotalika pafupifupi 8 cm [Hanzak, 1952]. Ku Western Europe, 60-90% yamimba ya chomg ilinso ndi nsomba (roach, blak, gudgeon, perch), komanso m'madzi otsekemera, gogo, hering'i, ndodo, cod, ndi cyprinids. Amadyanso kuchuluka kwa tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tokhala m'madzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizikhala crustaceans, mollusks, polychaetes, achule, ndi ma tadpoles. Nthawi zina, mbewu zobzala ndi zinyalala zina zam'mera zimapezeka zochuluka. Nsomba zazikulu ndi zomata nthawi zonse zimabweretsedwa pamwamba ndipo, ndikudutsa pakati pa nsagwada, zimamezedwa kuchokera kumutu, nsomba inanso imameza pansi pamadzi [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

M'nyengo yozizira, amadya nsomba zokha [Yanushevich et al., 1951, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Amadyetsa m'njira zingapo - kudumphira m'madzi, kutola chakudya kuchokera kumtunda wamadzi ndi zomera zam'madzi, m'malo opanda madzi, kutsika mitu yawo ndi khosi pansi pamadzi, ndikugwira tizilombo touluka m'mwamba, kuwawitsa nsomba ndi tizilombo kuchokera m'nkhokwe zam'madzi am'madzi mozungulira miyendo yawo ndikuyigwira pansi pamadzi [ Cramp, Simmons, 1977, Gordienko, Zolotareva, 1977]. Kudumphira pansi kwa Chomg ndiyo njira yayikulu yopezera chakudya. Amayenda m'madzi otseguka (monga msuzi waimvi, yemwe amakonda kudyera m'nkhalango kumapeto kwa chilimwe, chilimwe ndi nthawi yophukira). Kugwedezeka kwamadzi ambiri ku Naurzum kumachitika kawiri kapena katatu pamphindi, kusambira pamadzi 5-20 m, ndipo pansi pa madzi pafupifupi 174 s [Gordienko, 1978]. Malinga ndi miyeso ina, pa avareji, amathera 26 s pansi pamadzi, kuyambira 15 mpaka 41 g, kutalika kwa ma s 56 [Hanzak, 1952], kuchokera pa 450 kuzika mu dziwe limodzi pakati pa 19.5 s, kuyambira 5 mpaka 30 [Simmons, 1955]. Nthawi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa madzi imatengera kuya kwa dziwe komanso kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Nthawi zambiri mumayenda pansi pamadzi akuya kwa mamita 1-4, ngakhale ili kunyanja. Zempach ku Switzerland imadziwika chifukwa cha milandu 161 yolowa mumg muukonde wakuya mamita 30. Mwachidziwikire, nthawi yozizira imalowa kwambiri nthawi zambiri kuposa nyengo zina zina [Cramp, Simmons, 1977].

Adani, zovuta

Adani achilengedwe a chomga panthawi ya chisa ndi "mbalame zodya nyama" zofanana ndi mbalame zina zonse zomwe zimakhala pamadzi, pomwe malo oyamba ndi khwangwala ndi mwezi wambiri, ndikutulutsa pafupifupi 20% ya ndulu za chomgs. 30% ya zovala zonse zimafa chifukwa cha kusintha kwa madzi m malo osungira, ndipo gawo lina limafa pazifukwa zina. Kufa kwakukulu kwa ma jekete kuchokera kwa olusa, kuphatikiza nsomba zazikuluzikulu, komanso nyengo.Kuti akwere phiko, anapiye 2-2.3 pa mbalame imodzi iliyonse wamkulu amakhalabe. Izi zikukwanira kukonzanso kwachilengedwe kwa anthu, koma chomga imagwera pachiwopsezo ngati atsopano atawonjezeredwa pazinthu zoyipa, mwachitsanzo, kuzunzidwa ndi munthu kapena kufa chifukwa cholumikizana naye mosadziwika.

Kusaka mwachindunji kwa zolaula kulibenso. Amawombera mwangozi, nyama yawo ndi yopanda mavuto.

Tsopano ma grebes ambiri amafa mu maukonde asodzi, onse m'malo osungira zinyalala pamadziwe akuluakulu komanso m'malo a nthawi yachisanu. Ma Toadstools, kuphatikizapo chomga, avutika kwambiri chifukwa chazunzo za mbalame 1 zomwe zimadya nsomba, zomwe zikunenedwa kuti zikuyipitsa maziko oyambira asodzi achikhalidwe. Monga kafukufuku wapadera ku Volga delta asonyeza, kuvulaza kwawo sikungakhudze nsomba zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimapangidwanso. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale adapangidwa ku gawo la ku Europe la USSR mzaka 30v zapitazi a network yayikulu yazosungira, chomga pafupifupi kulikonse adakhala mbalame zosowa. Ku Western Europe, kulumikizidwa kwa malo osungira, kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo ambiri osungiramo zinyama ndi kusungidwa bwino kwa mbalame: zambiri, komanso chitetezo cha malo okhala mbalame zam'madzi makamaka, zapangitsa kuti chiwonjezeke chakuchulukirachulukira chikuwonjezeke.