Pafupifupi bwalo lililonse m'mizinda yaku Russia, munthu akhoza kupeza mpheta zazing'ono zing'onozing'ono zosangalatsa. Amakhala ndipo pafupi ndi midzi, midzi, nthawi zambiri amauluka kupita kumalo kuti adzidyetse. Zomwe zimagwirizanitsa mitundu iwiriyi ya mbalame ndikuti zonse zimakhala pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Koma ndi ochepa omwe amadziwa kuti zithunzi zofanana ndi kanjedza kakang'ono zimachokera ku North Africa.
Kufotokozera kwa mbalame
Mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ngati ma bulawuni ofiira, okhala ndi imvi, yoyera, yakuda yakuda, idapereka dzina ku mitundu yambiri ya anthu odutsa. Zimaphatikizanso mbalame zazing'ono - mitengo, ma carduelis, kuyimba usiku Mtundu wachilendo wa mbalame yotchedwa lyrebird - mbalame yaku Australia, yodziwika ngati chizindikiro komanso chuma cha dziko chifukwa cha mchira wautali waimuna, ilinso yamtundu wa anthu odutsa. Mitunduyi imaphatikizapo mbalame za paradiso wa maonekedwe okongola modabwitsa, okhala m'malo otentha kuzilumba za Indonesia, New Guinea. Ma Passerformes okwana pafupifupi 5000.
Makhalidwe
Kulemera kochepa komanso kukula kwa mpheta kumazindikira zina za thupi ndi machitidwe. Chifukwa cha mchira wochepa, mapiko a mbalameyo amathanso kuwuluka mpaka kotala la ola limodzi. Izi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pomenyana ndi mpheta mu 1958, nthawi ya Mao, ndi aku China. Amaganiza kuti mbalame zochuluka zimadya mpunga ndi phala zambiri. Kuyambika kwa mbalamezi kunayamba. Pogwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya phokoso, sanaloledwe kupitako mphindi 15, ndipo mbalamezo zinafa. Zokolola mchaka choyamba zidakuliradi, koma kale mchaka chachiwiri zidatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa ndi dzombe ndi mbozi zomwe mpheta zomwe zimadyedwa, zomwe zidabweretsa njala ndi mamiliyoni aanthu omwe afa kale aku China.
Zokhudza thupi pa mpheta:
- kulemera - mpaka 25 magalamu,
- kutalika kwa mbalame - 16-18 cm,
- kutentha kwapakati kwapakati - 44 ⁰С,
- kukoka kumafika pa 860 kumenyedwa pamphindi,
- inaphatikiza kagayidwe (chakudya chimayikiridwa ndikuchotseredwa ngati zinyalala pakapita mphindi 15),
- nthenga zili ndi nthenga mpaka 1300,
- kuchuluka kwa moyo wokhala munthawi yachilengedwe ndi pafupifupi zaka ziwiri.
Kukula kwakukulu kwa mbalameyo (maulendo 14 kuposa anthu) kunabala mawu akuti "kunjenjemera ngati mpheta."
Mpheta zimakhala ndi anthu ambiri, okwana biliyoni imodzi. Pazonse, akatswiri a ornithologists amasiyanitsa mitundu 22 ya mitundu. Masamba omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi amizinda komanso ma brownie.
Brownie
Mwa dzina zikuwonekeratu kuti mbalamezi zimakhala pafupi ndi munthu, nyumba yake. Aliyense amadziwa kuchuluka kwa mpheta: mphete yofiyira ndi m'mimba, kumbuyo kwa bulauni, mapiko okhala ndi mikwingwirima yayitali. Mbalamezi zimazolowera kukhala kumatauni. Khalani m'gulu la zoweta. M'nyengo yozizira, amabisala kuzizira pansi pa madenga, nyumba, magaraja. Nthawi zambiri kumakhala zisa. Nyumba za mbalame, mapaipi, zisa za mbalame zina, mabowo amitengo, mabowo am'meza ndizoyenera kuchita izi. Nthawi yomweyo amakhala malo obisalako kuzizira. Pazakudya, mpheta ya mnyumba siyabwino, chinthu chachikulu kwa iye ndi kupulumuka nthawi yozizira (anthu ambiri amafa). Kubala chonde kumapulumutsa anthu - zipatso zitatu nthawi yamasika komanso nthawi yotentha (kuyikira mazira 7 nthawi imodzi).
Mpheta yam'makomo yakhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'malo amtawuni, ngati nkhunda. Pali phindu lake. M'nyengo yamasika ndi nthawi yachilimwe, mpheta zimadya tizirombo tomwe timatha kupulumutsa m'mapaki ndi m'minda.
Mbalame zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha zimasiyana mumitundu. Wamphongo wokhala pachifuwa chowala ndikusunthira kuchibwano, kummero, kumadera otentha kumadutsa malo akuda. Mtundu wa maula ndi imvi pamwamba pamutu wake. Mwa chachikazi, malowa ndi amvi, monga bere. Pamalo apamwamba, mzere wa imvi wachikasu umasiyanitsidwa.
Munda
Mosiyana ndi mpheta ya mnyumbayo, imatha kumezedwa ngati wachibale. Amakhala kunja kwa midzi, midzi, nyumba zamatchire, m'misika, pafupi ndi minda. Amakhala m'malo okhazikika kapena kuyendayenda pofunafuna chakudya. Nthawi zambiri amauluka kupita kunyumba kuti akadye zotsala kuchokera ku ziweto zapakhomo.
Mitundu iwiri ya mbalame imasiyana maonekedwe ake. Mpheta ndi yaying'ono (mpaka 14 cm). Ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wamitundu yambiri, mundawo umasiyana pakhungu la mutu ndi nape. Ali ndi mapiko a bulauni okhala ndi mikwaso iwiri yoyera. Khungu lakuda lomwe lili pachifuwa mwa amuna mwa mtundu wa taye laling'ono limakhala laling'ono kuposa kukula kwa womunyumba. Kusiyana kwamtundu wamitundu yambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi siatchulidwe, mawonekedwe okhawo amasiyana.
Mpheta yam'mudzimo imawononga tizirombo tambiri, koma imawulukira m'minda ndi minda nthawi yakupsa. Ndiye chifukwa chake amayesa kumuwopseza kuti atulutsire pofalitsa zinyama zokutidwa ndi misampha ya phokoso.
Kuyamba kwa nyengo yakukhwima, kumanga chisa, komwe kumatenga mwezi umodzi, zimatengera nyengo nyengo zogona.
Habitat ndi moyo
Mbalamezi zimakhala pafupifupi konsekonse, kupatula ku Antarctica ndi ku Arctic. Ngakhale mpheta zimakhala pang'onopang'ono, sizikuwuluka kumadera otentha, zimasuntha kukafuna malo atsopano. Nthawi zambiri amatsatira mapazi a anthu kupita kumizinda yatsopano, malo okhala, kuminda yomwe yangobadwa kumene. Maulendo ochepa okha osamukirako ku Russia adafika ku Karelia, dera la Murmansk komanso madera ena a Yakutia.
Mwakuchita, mbalameyi imakhala yaphokoso, yosuntha mosalekeza, ma tweets ake amveka. Mpheta zimakhala zopanda nzeru mwachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri zimakonzekera ndewu zazing'ono pakudya nthawi yakukhwima. Nthawi yomweyo, mpheta, yomwe idapeza chakudya, imapereka chizindikiro kwa enawo. Pakachitika ngozi, pali gulu la alonda pagulu.
Mbalame zimayeretsa zochuluka kuchokera ku tizirombo, "kusambira" mumchenga. Pambuyo pake amawoneka osayera kwambiri, koma njirayi ndiyothandiza.
Mpheta zimasambira bwino ndipo, munthawi yowopsa, zimatha kubisala mdani ndi madzi.
Miyendo yayifupi simalola kuti mbalameyo "ithawe", chifukwa chake imayenda pamtunda wolimba ndikudumpha.
Akatswiri a zamankhwala m'mbuyomu amati mpheta zimapangika pawiri. Kafukufuku waposachedwa watsutsa izi. M'mabandi amodzi, milandu yokhayokha imawonedwa pokhapokha patakhala mtundu wa makolo awo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Yocheperako mbalame, imathamanga kagayidwe. Sparrow akuyenda mosalekeza ndikuyang'ana chakudya. Amwalira pasanathe masiku awiri popanda chakudya. Chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimathandizira mbalameyo ndi kupatsa chidwi kwake.
Kodi mpheta zimadyanji? Zakudya zawo ndizosiyanasiyana:
- zakudya zamapuloteni: tizilombo tating'ono, mbozi,
- mbewu za zitsamba,
- udzu, masamba, zipatso, zipatso.
- nyama, nyama yankhumba,
- zinyalala za chakudya
- nyenyeswa za mkate.
Ngakhale mpheta singatchulidwe "gour," kudya kopanda tsankho kumapereka mwayi kwa anthu kupulumuka mwaulere.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Akatswiri sagwirizana kuti pali mpheta zingati zomwe zimakhala. Mwachilengedwe, m'malo abwino, nthawi yomwe amakhala ndi moyo imasiyana kuyambira zaka ziwiri, koma ali mu ukapolo amatha kukhala zaka zambiri - mpaka zaka 9, zochitika zakale ndi zaka 11. Kutalika kumadalira chakudya, nyengo yam'nyengo.
Ndikayamba masika, mpheta zambiri zimayamba nthawi yakukhwima ndikumanga chisa. Mpheta zamnyumba zimayamba kubereka choyamba, monga m'mizinda kutentha kwake kumakhala kwakukulu.
Mpheta zam'mudzimo ndi nyumba zimapanga zisa m'miyendo yosiyanasiyana: mabowo, zokumbira, zozungulira, zokhala pansi, padenga la nyumba, pamitengo. Magulu angapo amapanga gulu laling'ono. Zingwe zimapangidwa kuchokera ku masamba, udzu, nthenga. Wokhala ndi zofewa mkati. Nyengo, awiriwo amakhala pansi ndikuchotsa zovala zitatu (zigawo zakumwera).
Potentha kwambiri ku Russia, mbalamezi zimayamba masewera a mating kumayambiriro kwa Marichi. Amayenda ndi ndewu zazimphona zazimuna, maphokoso akulira kwambiri. Maanja ataganizirana za mnzake, amayamba kuphatikizira pamodzi chisa chija.
Yaikazi imasamala mazira pafupifupi masabata awiri, pamiyala 4 mpaka 7-10. Anapiye a nkhandwe amabadwa ali amaliseche, osathandiza. Akayamba kukhonya, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kupuma. Mlomo ndi wachikasu, mkombero womwewo mozungulira iwo. Nkhupakupa ndizowoneka bwino, ndipo makolo amakonda kufunafuna chakudya. Amadyetsedwa makamaka mapuloteni, chakudya chama protein: nyongolotsi, tizilombo, mphutsi, mazira a nyerere. Zakudya zoterezi zimalola anapiye kukula msanga, chimbudzi, motero patsiku la 10 mpaka 14 ali okonzeka kusiya zisa zawo. Kupikisana kwa malo okhala ndi kudyetsa kumayambira kale chisa. Ma-yellowhorotic samayima pamwambo ndi abale ofooka - nthawi zambiri amawatulutsa m'chisa.
Adani achilengedwe
M'madera akumatauni, vuto lalikulu kwa mpheta limachokera ku amphaka, makamaka omwe amakhala mumsewu. Kuchokera kwa mbawala zazitali ndi mpheta zimawagwera. Amayang'anitsitsa modzunzidwa, mwachangu.
Mpheta zamtchire zamtchire zomwe zimakhala kunja kwa midzi, m'nkhalango zowerengeka, zitsamba ziyenera kusamala za kadzidzi usiku. Zomera zakudzu, anapiye akhungu ankhandwe. Marten ndi owopsa, amakwera mitengo bwino. Ngakhale nyama zowoneka ngati zovulaza, ngati khwangwala, thovu, gologolo, sizimakondwerera kukondwerera mazira odutsa.
Mpheta yomwe timakhala nayo imativulaza, kudya mbewu. Koma zopindulitsa kuchokera kwa iwo ndizofunikira, mbalame imodzi imawononga mpaka 3 kg za tizirombo pamwezi. Chachikulu ndikusunga mulingo m'chilengedwe, pakati pa kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso chakudya.