Njira zachitukuko chapadziko lapansi, kutsatira nyani kupita kwa munthu, zimaphatikizanso gawo la anyani. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mitundu yayitali kwambiri ya homo sapiens, makamaka, imachokera ku mitundu itatu yamakedzana akale, pomwe pambali pa ramapithecus ndi Australopithecus, ndizosatheka kunyalanyaza dryopithecus. Kuti munthu wakale lemopithecus ili ndi kuchuluka kwa zizindikiro za nyani, dzina lake likuti, komwe liwu lachi Greek loti "pithek" limamasuliridwa kuti nyani. Koma "languo", m'chinenedwe chomwechi cha Chigriki, amatanthauza mtengo, womwe umapereka chithunzithunzi cha malo okhala ndikuthandizira kumvetsetsa zina zokhudzana ndi moyo wa dryopithecus.

Anthropoids awa, omwe adakhala mu Miocene zaka 30-9 miliyoni zapitazo, ali makolo akale a chimpanzi ndi gorilla ndi anthu. Poona kuchuluka kwa ma cell, orangutan ndi ma gibbons (gibbons, huloks, nomaskus and siamangas) anapita ku nthambi ya anyani a pongid, kapena anythropomorphic (gibbon, gorilla, orangutan, chimpanzee) kale.

Mitundu ya Driepithecus

Zotsatira zoyambirira zakusinthika kwamtunduwu zidapezeka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Africa mu kukhumudwa kochokera pamtunda wapakati pa zigawo zozungulira (chigwa chotsekera). Inali nthawi imeneyi pulanetiyo, mafunde akuthamanga omwe amazungulira mkati mwa chovala cha Earth chomwe chinapangitsa kuti gawo la Dziko lapansi litseguke kukhala magawo osiyana.

Apapusa okhathamirawa anyaniwa omwe adasowa agawidwa m'magulu atatu a subgenera: dryopithecus, sivapithecus, proconsul, komanso mitundu ingapo: Dryopithecus wuduensis, Dryopithecus fontani, Dryopithecus branco, iDryopithecus laietanus, Dryopithecus crusafonti. Pofuna kumvetsetsa omwe asayansi akuchita ndi awa, kholo la dryopithecus, yemwe amakhala ku Africa, wasankhidwa kukhala Afropithecus angapo. Popita nthawi, mtunduwu utapangidwa ku Africa ndi Arabia, umatchedwa heliopithecus, ndipo ndikulowera ku Europe ndi Asia, umatchedwa heliopithecus.

Maonekedwe Dryopithecus

Poyerekeza ndi zotsalira zomwe zatsala mpaka nthawi yathu ino, limeopithecus inali m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi ma oragnuts amakono ndi anyani a gibbon. Ndi mulingo wokula (pafupifupi 60 cm kapena 1 mita) ndi kutsogolo kwa kutalika kwambiri, cholengedwa choterocho chimatha kuyenda mosavuta pamtengo wa mitengo, komanso kuyenda mwachangu padziko lapansi padziko lonse lapansi.

Chith. 1 - Dryopithecus

Nsagwada yayikulu, yomwe imayang'ana kutsogolo, ili ndi chibwano chamanja, pamphumi yotsika, malo okumbikakumbika komanso kukwera pang'ono kwa chigaza, imapangitsa kuti izioneka ngati nyani kwambiri momwe ingathere. Osati kwa anthu ndipo bongo wowuma, kuchuluka kwake komwe sikunapitirire masentimita 320-350. Ndipo ma molars akulu anali ndi zizindikilo za onse akunyumba. Koma chifukwa cha kupyapyala kwa enamel, carnivores ndi kuthekera kwa kutafuna zakudya zosafunikira sikofunikira kwenikweni. Mphuno zawo zosalala zokhala ndi mphuno zawo kutalikirana, zimatha kununkhiza njira zodyera, zimapezanso abale awo ndipo zinali zothandiza kwambiri kupeza chakudya.

Poganizira mawonekedwe a mafupa a anthu ochokera ku mitundu inayake ya dryopithecus (Dryopithecus brancoi ndi Dryopithecus laietanus), asayansi ena ali ndi kulimbika mtima pakuwuza kuthekera kwa mayendedwe ake pamiyendo yolumikizana miyendo iwiri yakumbuyo. Zowona, umboni wotsimikizika wa malingaliro awa sudapezeka. Koma ulusi wamatsitsi, chikhalidwe cha nyama, mu dryopithecus chakhala chocheperako.

Kuti mukhale ndi lingaliro la njira yoyendetsera ma anthropoidyi pamtunda ndi nthaka, ndikukwanira kuyang'ana machitidwe omwewo ndi orangutan ndi anyani a gibbon. Mwa mitundu yonse ya dryopithecus (anoyapithecus yomwe imapezeka ku Catalonia, pyrolapithecus, udnopithek kuchokera ku Georgia, ndi zina), nthambi yapafupi kwambiri kwa anthu ndi ramapithecus.

Khalidwe la driopithecus

Munthawi ya malo owuma, sikunali kofunikira kudabwitsidwa ndi mayendedwe akumayiko omwe anagundana, zomwe zinayambitsa masoka omwe adawopa kukongola kwa zotsatira zawo. Pa nthawi imeneyi, Africa idagwa ku Europe ndi Asia, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mapiri a Alps apangidwe ndikupezeka pa Earth of Himalayas, Rockies, Andes. Popeza kuyenda kwa kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi, kupezeka kwa zilombo zazikulu ndi zoopsa zina zomwe zidawopseza dziko lapansi lomwe silinakhalepobe, limeopithecus zinkakhala zotetezeka ndikukhazikika pamalo otetezedwa ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo ikuluikulu.

Kuphatikiza apo, thupi lake linali loyenera kukhalamo pamtengo. Zamoyozi zimatha kukhala panthambi zazitali kwa nthawi yayitali, kuwongola msana wawo, osamva chilichonse. Osataya mwayi woyenda pansi, limeopithecus adakhala moyo wawo wonse pamitengo: anagona, adadya chakudya, amasamalira abale ndi ana. Kunali kuno komwe raoppopu idayesera koyamba kuphunzitsa pagulu.

Ndipo popeza mukudya kwam'mimba, zopangidwa ndi mbewu, mizu, ndi zina zamasamba, zipatso ndi zipatso zinali zomwe zimakonda kwambiri, kukhala pamitengo sikulonjeza chitetezo chokhacho komanso mwayi wopanga ubale pakati pa gulu la ng'ombe, koma kuwabweretsa pafupi ndi chakudya. Kutsimikizira zomwe zili pamwambapa ndizowonda zochepa za enamel pama molars, omwe adapereka zakudya zapamwamba zokhazokha ndi mphatso zosakhazikika monga chilengedwe ndi zipatso, koma osati nyama yaiwisi. Zowona, kufalikira kwa izi anthropoids sikumatsutsidwa. Mwamwayi, adakhala m'nkhalango zotentha zokhala ndi masamba ambiri obiriwira, tizilombo tambiri komanso nyengo yabwino yomwe sinafunikire kudera nkhawa nyumba zobisika.

Kusavuta kwamoyo m'mitengo kunachokera kuchokera kukhalapo kwa kuphatikizika kwa humerus, komwe kunapangitsa kuti mkono uzungunuke mbali zonse. Izi sizingakhale choncho mwa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa za tetrapod zomwe zikuyenda mdziko lapansi. Ndife zomwe tili, chifukwa kukulitsa kwa clavicle ndi kuthekera kwa mkono kutsogolera kayendedwe kasinthidwe, mkati ndi kunja, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu akale okha komanso anthu. Malingaliro a maleepitopes amatha kuyendayenda ndi mawonekedwe ochulukirapo a 180. Zoti makolo athu akutali amatha kukhala pamitengo zikuwonekera ndi mawonekedwe achilendo omwe ali m'manja ndi mapazi, omwe tidasunga.

Mwayi pakusankha kwachilengedwe kunaperekedwa ndendende Khalidwe la driopithecuspamene kunalibe njira ina yotulukirako, momwe mungayendere ndikusintha mayendedwe ovuta, olinganizidwa bwino. Mwachitsanzo: kukhala m'mitengo kudafunikira kukula kwa kugwirira ntchito kwa mbewa, zomwe sizingachitike koma kungayambitse luso lotha kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, ndipo pamapeto pake kukwaniritsa maluso a mota m'manja a munthu wamakono komanso kukulira bwino kwaubongo, ngati maziko olimbikitsira machitidwe ovuta.

Kuphatikiza pakukonzanso kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, zolengedwa izi zinali ndi maonedwe amtundu wa bokosi ndipo ubongo unayamba kusintha, ngakhale osati mochuluka kwambiri pakuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu, koma m'malo mwake kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka maselo. Driopithecus anali ndi kale masomphenya a stereoscopic komanso kuthekera kosuntha makono amaso ku ndege yakutsogolo.

Potsogola njira yazamoyo ndi makina ena ogwiritsira ntchito zida zoyankhulirana, limeopithecus ikhoza kukhala momwe iwo amakhalira chifukwa iwo, monga pafupifupi nyani wamkulu aliyense, amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwapadera. Malo ofunika m'miyoyo yawo adatengedwa ndi chisamaliro cha ana, ndikulimbikitsidwa ndi kuyanjana kwapakati pa mayi ndi mwana. Kuphatikiza apo, kukhalira pamodzi kunapangitsa kuti zitheke kuphatikiza zoyesayesa zoteteza ku nyama zamtchire ndi zoopsa zina zachilengedwe.

Zida

Pokhala pa dziko lapansi komanso mitengo, zolengedwa zoterezi sizinakhalepo ndi ubongo wokwanira ndi manja, chomwe ndi chinthu chofunikira kuti pakhale zida zina. Zowona, ngakhale anali atakula msinkhu, adakhalabe pamlingo wokulira kuposa nyama zina. Driopithecus adaphunzira kuyendetsa zinthu zoyandikana ndikupeza ntchito zofunikira mafupa, timitengo, miyala, ndi miyala, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida za dryopithecus kuti izithandizira kupulumuka m'mikhalidwe yovuta.

Zotsatira zaku mbiri

Umboni woyamba wa zolembapo zotsimikizira kukhalapo kwa chikwangwani cha hule ndi humerus ndi nsagwada yapansi, pomwe mano adasungidwa. Zinthu zakalezi zapezeka ndi wasayansi Lartet mu 1856 ku France. Zomwe zapezazo zidatsatiridwa ndi ena: zotsalira za dryopithecus ku Hungary, Spain, China, Turkey, Kenya.

Chith. 2 - chigaza cha Dryopithecus

Nsagwada ya ramapithecus, yamitundu yonse yamadzi oyandikana kwambiri ndi amuna amakono, idapezeka mu 1934 ku India (m'mapiri a Sivalik), ndipo dzina la mulungu Rama lidagwiritsidwa ntchito dzinalo. Kukhazikika kwa malo owerengera a ramapithecus ndi nthawi yakale kwambiri zamasiku ano ndi miliyoni miliyoni zapitazo. Kuchepetsa kukula kwa mano a cholengedwa ichi, mwina, kumawonetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zida ndi zida zina, osati zawo zokha ndi zikhadabo, monga zinalili kale.

Koma popeza pali zinthu zochepa kwambiri zakale kuchokera nthawi zamtunduwu, sizifunika kunena ndi chidaliro chonse kuti Dryopithecus ndi ya makolo a anthu amakono kapena nthambi za mbali zachitukuko.

Nthawi yogawa

Dryopithecus, yemwe nthawi yake yayitali imakhala nthawi ya Miocene, ndiye kuti, pafupifupi zaka 11-9 miliyoni zapitazo, ankawoneka ngati nyani kuposa anthu. Kwenikweni, anali. Ofufuzawo amakhulupirira kuti awa omwe amayimira anyani akale anali makolo a anyani amakono:

Driopithecus ndi kholo losowa kwa anthu.

Kodi zolengedwazi zinkakhala kuti? Kuti timvetsetse, timatembenukira ku kukula kwa chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, nthawi ya moyo wa dryopithecus imawoneka motere:

• Aeon - Phanerozoic.
• Era - Cenozoic.
• Nthawi ndi Neogene.
• Gawoli - Miocene.
• Chingwe ndi kutha kwa Serraval kapena kuyamba kwa Tortonia.

Otsalira oyambirirawo a nyama zakalezi adapezeka ku France, kenako ku Hungary, China ndi East Africa.

Mawonekedwe

Makhalidwe, mawonekedwe ndi zida za dryopithecus siziphunziridwa bwino, chifukwa asayansi ali ndi zinthu zochepa m'manja mwawo. Chifukwa chake, zidziwitso zambiri ndizopeka mwachilengedwe. Amakhulupirira kuti chithunzichi chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ake ofanana ndi ma gibbons amakono ndi ma orangutan. Ofufuzawo akuti Driopithecus amawoneka chonchi:

• Kukula osaposa 1 mita.
• Kuwongolera kwakutsogolo, chifukwa kholo lathu limatha kukwera mitengo mosadodoma.
• Chigoba chake ndi chaching'ono, chomwe chimakhala ndi nsagwada yayikulu komanso chibwano.
• Mphumi ndiotsika, mapiri apamwamba kwambiri ndi amodzi.
• Mphuno yake inali yopyapyala, mphuno zake zidasiyana.
• Zowonera tsitsi pamthupi zimayamba kukhala zosowa kuposa mitundu yakale kwambiri.
• Mchira unasowa.

Amayesedwa kuti anyaniwa amatha kuyenda pansi pamiyendo inayi yonse. Akatswiri ena asayansi akutsimikiza kuti maopalecines amasuntha miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, monga anthu amakono (mawonekedwe a mafupa awo samapatula izi), koma sanathe kutsimikizira chiphunzitsochi.

Kuchuluka kwa ubongo wawo sikunafanane kukula, malinga ndi kusanthula kwa zidutswa zomwe zatifikira, ofufuzawo adazindikira kuti sizidaposa 350 cm³. Sankagwiritsa ntchito zida. Koma ofufuza amati, ngati nyani wamakono, limeopithecus imatha kusintha zinthu mwangozi kuti zichita zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, kuthyola kokonati ndi mwala wolemera.

Talingalira nthawi ya moyo wa dryopithecus, yomwe idatenga zaka pafupifupi 11-9 miliyoni zapitazo, tilingalira za mitundu yanji ya anythropoid yomwe imatuluka mu sayansi:

• Afropithecans ndi nthumwi za Dryopithecus, zotsalira zomwe zidapezeka kum'mawa kwa Africa.
• Oledzera aku Spain - opezeka ku Spain.
• Rudapiteks - ku Hungary.
• Heliopithecus - ku Arabia ndi Africa yonse.
• Griffopithecus - anyani a anthropoid akusamukira ku Eurasia.
• Proconsuls ndi anthu akuluakulu kwambiri.

Amaganiziridwa kuti kukhazikikanso kumeneku kunachitika motere: poyamba panali Afropithecans, omwe pang'onopang'ono adafalikira kuzungulira kontinenti - heliopithecines amapangidwa. Omaliza atakhazikika ku Europe ndi Asia, griffopithecus adawonekera. M'malo mwake, onsewa ndi limeopithecus, osiyana mdera lomwe amakhala ndipo, mwanjira zina, mawonekedwe awo.

Zongonena za nthawi

Kutalika kwa nthawi yaoleopithecus kumatenga zaka mamiliyoni angapo. Chokondweretsa ndichomwe anakakamizidwa kukhalapo. Kuti mumvetsetse nkhaniyi, muyenera kuphunzira za nthawi ya Miocene.

Chifukwa cha kayendedwe, ma kontrakitala siogawanika nyanja, motero okhala nthawi imeneyo amapeza mwayi wosamuka ku Africa kupita ku Europe ndi Asia. Australia ndi South America zidasiyanitsidwa ndi madzi am'nyanja, motero mitundu ya moyo pazilumba izi idapangika m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

Kutentha kudayamba kutentha, pang'onopang'ono miyendo. Mwina ichi ndi chifukwa chake makolo athu akutali adatsika pamitengo ndikuyamba kuyenda pansi. Mbale zambiri, herbivores, ndi makoswe zimawonekera.

Chiyambi ndi Chisinthiko cha Dryopithecus

Amaganiziridwa kuti kholo la Dryopithecus (Afropithecus) lidayamba kukula kwachisinthiko kwinakwake kumwera kwa East African Rift Valley ndipo kenako lidafalikira ku Africa konse mpaka kudutsa ku Arabia Arabia (heliopithecus). Kenako, atatchulidwa kale ndi griffopitec, sanapite ku Asia kokha, komanso ku Europe.

Mwina Dryopithecus amagwirizana ndi zotsalira zomwe zimapezeka ku Catalonia. Uku ndi anoyapithek (Anoiapithecus brevirostris), omwe anali ofanana ndi aphropithecus ndi anyani anthropoid amakono. Pafupifupi ndi dryopithecus adapezeka m'magulu onse amodzi a Catalonia pyrolapithecus (Pierolapithecus catalaunicus) ndipo amapezeka ku Georgia udabnopitek (Udabnopithecus garedziensis).

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti gulu la ng'ombe limadziwika kuti laumaopithecus.

Maonekedwe a Dryopithecus

Maonekedwe abomopithecus anali odzikuza. Kuuma kwadothi kunali kutalika pafupifupi 60 cm, ndipo kuweruza ndikuti kunatsogolera moyo wamitengo, kutsogolo kwawo kunali kutalitali kuposa miyendo yawo yakumbuyo, komwe kunaloleza kusuntha molimba mtima kuchoka ku nthambi imodzi kupita ku imzake, monga abale ake amakono amakono - gibbons ndi Oragutans.

Ofufuza ena, ataphunzira zodabwitsa za mafupa a anthu okhala ngati mitundu ya Dryopithecus laietanus ndi Dryopithecus brancoi, akutsimikiza kuti kupuma kwachipembedzo kunali kwachilengedwe kwa Spanopithecus ndi Rudapittec, ndiko kuti, kuwongolera komwe, chifukwa cha zochitika zingapo zamagalimoto zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha machitidwe azinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha zochitika zamagalimoto angapo zomwe zimachitika. Kugwirizanitsa kovuta kwa minofu ya miyendo ndi thunthu, kumachitika ndi gulu lodziwika bwino la kupumira. Ndi kusunthaku, kuthandizira pa mwendo umodzi motsatizana komanso mozungulira mosinthana ndi chithandizo pa miyendo yonse iwiri ndikusunthira kwathandizo pa mwendo wachiwiri.

Mabwinja a limeopithecus adapezeka ku East Africa ndi Europe.

Kuganiza kumeneku kudapangitsa chidwi cha sayansi, komabe, maphunziro ena sanatsimikizire izi.

Mawonekedwe amoyo

Tidasanthula limeopithecus: nthawi ya moyo, malo okhala komanso mawonekedwe ake. Zonsezi zidatsimikiza kuwonekera kwa moyo wawo. Malinga ndi ofufuza, anyaniwa amakhala m'matumba, amakonda kuthawa nyama zomwe zimadyera pama nthambi a mitengo yayitali. Ndiye chifukwa chake, pokhala ndi kuthekera kokuzungulira padziko lapansi, zolengedwa zakale zidanyalanyaza izi, kubisala pamakona amitengo. Apa iwo adagona ndikudya, amasamalira ana. Kuphatikiza apo, zinali zosavuta kupeza chakudya cha nyama zamtchire izi pamitengo.

Kusintha kwa moyo waumunthu kukakamiza Driopithecus, yemwe nthawi ya moyo wawo idawerengedwa pamwambapa, kuti agwirizane ndi zomwe akuchita ndi mamembala ena a paketi, njira yokhayo yopulumutsira. Ichi chidakhala maziko a gulu lokhala ndi moyo wabwino. Zachidziwikire, iwo sanakhale ndi malankhulidwe, koma amatha kupatsana mawu osavuta komanso kufuula mokuwa. Nyanizi amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwa thupi, chifukwa chake adakula, amakhala ndi chikhalidwe chabambo komanso kusamalira ana.

Dryopithecus idakhala gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakupanga chisinthiko kwa anthu. Zamoyo zoterezi, pogwiritsa ntchito luso lawo, zidatha kupulumuka m'mikhalidwe yovuta, makamaka chifukwa chakuchita limodzi.