Burbot, kapena burbot wamba (zochepa (Lat. Lota lota), menyok (Lake Onega), ochepera (kumwera), Mattica (Karelian), Ney (Nenets), Kurt (Tat.), panne (Ostyak), syagan, syalysar (yakut.), luts (est.), vedzele (latvian), burbot (english), rutte, quappe (Germany), nyanja (norv. ndi holide), yopangidwa (fin.), lotte (Fr.) - nsomba zokhazokha zamchere zamtundu wamiyala yodula ngati ma cod (maGunifomu).

Zizindikiro Thupi limakhala lokwera, lokutidwa ndi mamba yaying'ono kwambiri, mutu umakutidwa, mchira umapanikizika kuchokera kumbali, pali masharubu pachibwano, mano owoneka ngati brist ali pamwendo ndi zotseguka.

Pali zipsepse ziwiri zamkati (yachiwiri kutalika), ziphuphu za anal - imodzi. Gill stamens 4-11. Pyloric apendeke 20-67 (ku East Siberian mpaka 85). Vertebra (58) 59-65 (66). 1 I) 9-15 (16), II D 68-85 (93), A 63-81 (85).

Mafomu Ogwirizana. East Siberian burbot (L. lota leptura) ndi American burbot (L. lota maculosa), yosiyana m'lifupi mwake pamphumi, mtunda kuchokera kumapeto kwa snout mpaka I D komanso kutalika kwa tsinde la caudal.

Kufalitsa. Ndizofala kwambiri komanso zochulukirapo m'mitsinje, mabata ndi nyanja za kumpoto kwa Europe ndi Asia, kudutsa kumwera mpaka 45 ° C. w. ndi m'malo ena kumwera (Rhone, kawirikawiri Seine ndi Loire, Danube, madera otsika a Kura ndi Sefidrud). Kumpoto Kakutali kuli dambo la Amur, mapiri kumtunda kwa Mtsinje wa Yalu ndi ku Sakhalin. Zimapezekanso m'madzi opanda pake.

Imapezeka m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Alpine pamtunda wamtunda wa 2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Kumwera chakum'mwera chimakhala chocheperako komanso chocheperako.

Amakhala paliponse m'madzi a Russia, kupatula Crimea, kumadzulo kwa Transcaucasia, North Caucasus, gombe lakummawa kwa Nyanja ya Caspian, maboma a Aral ndi Balkhash, kumwera kwa Primorye ndi Kamchatka.

Biology ya Burbot

Khalidwe. Burbot ndiye mtundu wokhawo wabanja la codfish wokhala m'madzi abwino. Nsombazi ndizokonda zachangu, kusinja komanso kudyetsa nthawi yozizira.

Kutentha kwamadzi mu chirimwe kumakhala ndi zolepheretsa m'moyo wa burbot kumlingo wofanana ndi dzanzi, ndiye kumabisala pansi pa karches, marshes, miyala, kukonda malo pafupi ndi magwero apansi ndi makiyi. Mtundu wosiyanasiyana kwambiri, kukula, mawonekedwe amtundu wazakudya komanso zizindikiro zina zingapo.

Habitat, zaka, kukula, kuwaza ndi kusodza kwa Nalim

Kufalikira. Kukhalitsa, kumachitika nthawi yozizira, nthawi zambiri kuyambira kumapeto kwa Disembala mpaka February komanso Marichi pamadzi kutentha kwa 0 °. Pa mtsinje Pofikira kutalika kwa kufalikira kwalembedwa kumapeto kwa Januware - kumayambiriro kwa February.

Malo omwe amakhala ndi mabata omwe ali m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, mitsinje ndi nyanja, pakuya kwa 1-3 m, pamiyala yamiyala yamatope ndi dongo, nthawi zina imamera ndi masamba obiriwira. Chonde chimadalira pa kukula kwake: chifukwa burbot 24 cm kutalika - mazira 57,2,000, chifukwa cha burbot 97 cm - mazira 3 miliyoni.

Kukula. Mazira omwe akutukuka amakhala ndi mainchesi otalika pafupifupi 96--1.14 mm, amakhala achikasu pang'ono (kuti kuwala kwa lalanje), kowonekera, ndi dontho lamafuta, atatha kuphatikiza ndi umuna pang'ono, koma m'madziwonso adapezanso caviar m'malo a pelagic. Malinga ndi mabuku ena, burbot roe ndi pansi, koma osati yomata.

Makulitsidwe amatenga masiku 28 kapena kupitirira, mpaka miyezi 2.5, kutengera ndi kutentha kwa madzi. Kutentha koyenera kuyambira 0 mpaka 2-3 (5) °. Kutalika kwa mphutsi zosungika (3) ndi 3.8-4.3 mm. Kubadwa kwa mphutsi zikuwonekera mu Meyi. M'mwezi wa June, mphutsi zazitali masentimita 7000 zinagwidwa mu beseni la Volga pansi pa Cheboksary. Fry nthawi zina amagwidwa m'miyala yotsalira ya madzi osefukira (ilmeni).

Fledglings amakhalira m'mphepete mwa chilimwe, limodzi ndi sculpin, ndipo amakula pang'onopang'ono. Pa Ogasiti 9 (1935), ana azaka 5,3 adagwidwa mu Lake Yuksovsky (Leningrad Oblast).

Kutalika. Imafika kutalika kwa mita (nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepera). Kulemera mpaka 24 kg (mu Lake Onega) ndi zina.

Amphaka, anthu olemera kuyambira 0,2 mpaka 1-2 kg ambiri; m'mitsinje ya Siberia, burbot ndi zokulirapo.

Mitundu itatu ya burbot imadziwika mu nyanja ya Trans-Ural: 1) imvi, burbot yayikulu yolemera 12-16 kg ndi zina, momwe kukhwima kumachitika ikafika kutalika pafupifupi 35 cm, 2) chikasu, m'mitsinje ndi nyanja ndi 3) yakuda, yopanda mtsinje , masekeli osaposa 2 kg ndi kutalika 35 cm, amakhala wokhwima mwakugonana atafika 18 cm.

Kukula kwabwino kwa burbot kumawonedwa mu Ob. Burbot ali ndi zaka 12 - - - kuchokera ku Lake Teletskoye ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 76, kuchokera ku Pechora - 92 masentimita, kuchokera ku Lake Onega ali ndi zaka 22 - 112 cm ndi kulemera 12 kg.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Predator imadya nsomba, whitefish, cyprinids, cyprinidae, nsomba, amasungunuka ndi nsomba zina ndi mazira awo, komanso anthu amtundu wake womwe. Ana achichepere ndi ma burbots ang'onoang'ono (nthawi zina amakula pang'onopang'ono) amadyera pansi zolengedwa, ma chironomid, nyongolotsi, mphutsi za dragonfly, nthawi zina crustaceans, crayfish ndi nsomba roe.

Ku Volga ndi Sviyaga, burbot amadyetsa makamaka ma invertebrates ndipo samakonda nsomba. Nthawi zambiri amadya usiku.

Opikisana. Pike, taimen, lenok, nsomba, paly, nsomba, eel, catfish.

Adani Catfish, taimen, lenok.

Kusamukira. Mu yophukira (mu Seputembala), ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha kwa madzi, burbot imayamba kukwera m'mwamba. Maphunzirowa amakula pambuyo pa kuzizira, makamaka kuyambira mwezi wa Okutobala mpaka Ogasiti - Marichi.

FISHES ZA NALIM

Mtengo. Palibe deta yathunthu pakubedwa kwa burbot. Usodzi wa ogula kumpoto anali osachepera 10,6,000. Zogulitsa za 1936-1939 Mchigawo cha Oskotazovsky chinali pafupifupi mazana khumi ndi awiri, ku Narymsky okrug - mpaka 2,5 zikwi mazana awiri, mu Kolyma okrug, ndi zokolola zochepa - mpaka 3,7,000 Centers, mu nyanja ya Onega - pafupifupi 1000 Centers ndi mu Nyanja ya Ladoga - 2000 Centers

Amphaka ku Baikal adatsimikizika mozama pamtunda wa 5-7,000. Masheya a Burbot m'madziwe akumpoto ndiofunika. Mwina chitukuko cha kupha nsomba kwapadera m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi a kumpoto ndi ku Baikal.

Kuphatikiza pa kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwaambambande, mwambowu udzathandizanso pamasamba a nsomba zoyera ndi nelma, zomwe burbot amadya caviar.

Ukadaulo ndi njira yausodzi. Amasakidwa ndi ming'alu, nsonga, miyeso, mbedza. Monga kugwira nsomba, burbot imagwidwa mu ukonde, ukonde, kapena kukokedwa. Usodzi waukulu umachitika munthawi yomwe kutulutsa (December - February) ndikudyetsa (Okutobala - Juni). Munthawi yakutentha kwamadzi, burbot imabwera kawirikawiri, kamodzi.

Kugwiritsa. Burbot imagulitsidwa makamaka mwatsopano komanso yowuma, mkaka ndi chiwindi ndizofunikira kwambiri, chiwindi chimaperekanso zakudya zamzitini ("burbot chiwindi mu phwetekere") ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mafuta a nsomba zamankhwala. Kulemera kwa chiwindi mu burbot ya Kolyma kumafika 9%, nthawi zambiri - 6% ya kulemera kwa nsomba.

Khungu la zotchinga zazikulu ku Siberia limagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga matumba, zovala zopanda madzi, ndi zingwe zazitali. Guluu amatenga kuchokera ku chikhodzodzo, koma osati bwino.

Maonekedwe a burbot

Burbot ili ndi thupi lalitali. Kutsogolo thupi limakhala lozungulira, ndipo pafupi ndi mchira limagwirizana ndi mbali. Mutu ndi wokulirapo, wosalala.

Pakamwa pa nsomba izi pamakhala mano ambiri, pomwe nsagwada ya m'munsi ndi yayitali kuposa kumtunda. Tinyanga tating'onoting'ono timamera pa nsagwada yapamwamba - imodzi mbali iliyonse. Pa nsagwada ya m'munsi imamera ndevu zazitali.

Burbot ili ndi mawonekedwe akhungu.

Burbot ili ndi zipsepse ziwiri za dorsal - chitsulo chakumapeto chimafupika, ndipo kumbuyo kwake kumafikira mpaka kumapeto. Maluso a caudal ndiwotalikiranso; ali ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira. Zipsepse zamtundu wa pisitori ndi zazikulu ndikufanana ndi fan kwa mawonekedwe. Zipsepse zamkati zimapezeka pakhosi, ndizitali komanso zopapatiza mawonekedwe.

Thupi la burot limakutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono. Masikelo amaphimbidwa ndi thupi lonse. Mitundu ya oimira amtunduwu amatha kusintha, kuzolowera nyengo. Kuphatikiza apo, khungu la thupi limatha kusintha ndi zaka. Nsomba zachikulire ndizopepuka kuposa ana. Nthawi zambiri, mbali ndi kumbuyo kwake zimakhala zofiirira zakuda, zopakidwa ndi mawanga achikuda amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Mimba ndiyopepuka pang'ono kuposa kumbuyo. Ziphuphu zimakongoletsedwa ndi mawanga amdima.

Ma Nalim amakula masentimita 120 m'litali, pomwe amalemera pafupifupi 20 kilogalamu. Koma kukula kwa nsomba kumadalira kwambiri malo. Mwachitsanzo, oyimira akumwera ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa omwe ali kumpoto.

Nsomba ija inameza nyambo.

Nalim ndi okonda kuzizira, chifukwa chake mitsinje ya Yenisei, Lena ndi Ob ndiyabwino kwambiri pa nsomba izi kuposa Amur. Zotulutsa zazikulu kwambiri zimakhala m'chigwa cha mtsinje wa Lena. Chifukwa chake, asodzi amapita kukapeza burashi wamkulu kwambiri ku Yakutia.

Khalidwe la Burbot

Popeza nsomba izi zimakhala ndi zipsepse zazing'ono, izi zikutanthauza kuti zimapewa mitsinje yokhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu, komwe kuthamanga ndi mphamvu ndizofunikira kwambiri. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri burbot ndi mitsinje yozizira, yoyera yopanda miyala komanso mchenga.

M'chilimwe, madzi akatentha kwambiri, burbot imakwera mpaka pomwe imazizira pang'ono. M'madzi ofunda, nsomba izi zimatha kugwira ntchito, ndipo kutentha kwamtunda wa 25 kumachitika.

M'dzinja, ziphuphu zimayamba kuwonetsa ntchito zambiri. Pakadali pano, amadya kwambiri. Madzi a m'mimba amagwira ntchito pokonza chakudya m'madzi ozizira okha.

Burbot ndi wadyera. Mwachangu amadyetsa ma invertebrates, nyama zazing'ono zimadya crustaceans ndi zooplankton. Akuluakulu amadyera njoka, zoikapo nyali, ma perches, trout, grey. Kuphatikiza apo, chakudyacho chimakhala ndi njoka, achule komanso mbalame.

Burbots amasaka usiku, amatsogozedwa ndi malingaliro a fungo ndi kukhudza. Kuchita chidwi kwambiri ndi burbot kumachitika chifukwa cha phokoso laphokoso komanso kununkhira. Komanso nsomba izi zimadya pa carrion.

Burbot ndi nsomba yodya nyama.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Kutha msamba mu burbots kumachitika zaka 4-7. Burbot imayamba mu Disembala-Marichi. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zimasamba pansi pa ayezi, pomwe kutentha kwa madzi ndi madigiri 1-4. Zotchinga zilibe malo owonekerapo. Akazi amayikira mazira molunjika mumtsinje.

Kutentha kwamadzi kumakhudza nthawi yomwe makulitsidwe amatha; amatha masiku 30 mpaka 128. Caviar imayandama kukula kwa ayezi, mpaka itamenyedwa ndikuyenda pakati pa miyala. Mphutsi zosamwa mosambira zimangosambira. Amakula mwachangu, amabisala pogona masana, ndipo amagwira ntchito usiku. M'chaka choyamba, achinyamata amakula mpaka 11-12 sentimita, podzafika chaka chachiwiri masentimita ena amawonjezeredwa.

Zazikazi zimabereka zaka ziwiri zilizonse, ndipo amuna amatenga nawo gawo pobereka chaka chilichonse. Burbots amakhala pafupifupi 20-25 zaka.

Usodzi

Kusodza kwa Burbot kumapitilira chaka chonse. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha usodzi ndi Okutobala, miyezi yonse yozizira ndi Marichi-Epulo. Kuluma burbot ndikwabwino usiku mpaka 5 m'mawa. Popeza awa ndi nyama zomwe amadyera pansi, ndodo zocheperako pansi ndizoyenera kuzisodza. Burbot imagwiridwanso pa ndodo zopota ndi ma sheer spinner.

Monga chakudya, nyama ndi mbewu monga chimanga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mormyshka, crustaceans, zidutswa za nyama, achule, mauna ang'ono, ndi maqhugudumu ndizoyenera phokoso. Kukula kwachichepere kumagwidwa bwino ndi nyongolotsi ndi ma nyongolotsi amwazi. Burbot ndi nsomba yolimba, ndiye kuti asodzi akachikoka, amakana. Koma nsomba imameza mbezayo, kuti singaswe.

Chiwindi cha Burbot chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chothandiza kwambiri, chili ndi mavitamini A ndi D ambiri m'mafuta a nsomba. Kuchuluka kwa mavitamini kumatengera ndi nsomba zomwe zimadya. Chiwindi chimapanga 10% ya thupi lonse la nsomba. Ndiye kuti, chiwindi chimakhala chokulirapo nthawi 6 kuposa nsomba zina zamchere zofanana.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Kufotokozera kwachilengedwe

Nalim amatha kusiyanasiyana kapena kukula, koma ofufuza ambiri amavomereza kuti sizomveka kusiyanitsa nsomba izi mwa mitundu ingapo. Adani awo, kuphatikiza burbot wamba wa ku Europe, amasiyanitsanso owonda, okhala kumadera akutali komanso ogawidwa kumadzulo kwa America burbot.

Thupi la burbot limakhala lalitali kwambiri, ndipo ngati mbali yakutsogolo ili ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, ndiye kuti kumbuyo, mchira, wothinikizidwa mwamphamvu komanso mosalala umapita mchira. Mutu wawukulu wokhazikika umakongoletsedwa ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono, umodzi womwe, wosatupa, uli pachibwano. Maso ndi ang'ono, koma pakamwa ndi kwakukulu, mosagwirizana ndi nsagwada zolimba, kutsimikizira kuneneratu kwa nsomba. Mtundu, kuchokera kutuwa wakuda mpaka utoto wonyezimira, sizimangotengera mtundu wa dothi lokhalamo, komanso mseru - wamkulu ndi nsomba, wowonjezereka.

Maluso a dorsal adagawika pawiri, ofupikitsawa ali pafupi ndi mutu, wachiwiri, wautali, wofanana ndi wamtali wamanjenje, wapafupi, koma osalumikiza mchira. Milozo ya burbot ndiyochepa, ndipo thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi ntchofu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsomba zizisalala kwambiri. Miyezo ya burbot wachikulire nthawi zambiri imaposa mita, ndipo kulemera kumafika kilogalamu 20 kapena kuposerapo. Zowona, nyama zam'madzi zoterezi ndizosowa kale.

Habitat

Burbot imasinthana bwino ndi chilengedwe, kotero mutha kugwira nsomba m'madzi am'mayiko onse asanu. Komabe, unyinji wa anthu ndi amisili (kuphatikiza ochokera kumilandu) yoyenda mu Nyanja ya Arctic. Kuphatikiza pa mitsinje, burbot imakhala m'madziwe, malo okumbiramo maiwe ndi dziwe ndi madzi ozizira komanso oyera, thanthwe kapena lamchenga. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti burbot sikhala m'madzi oyipitsidwa, zomwe zimachitika kumayiko aku Eastern Europe. Kumeneko, ngakhale pali njira zoletsa nsomba, anthu okhala ndi burbot amachepa ndipo m'malo ena nsomba zatsala pang'ono kutha.

Mwamwayi, nsomba izi zimapezekabe ku Russia, ndipo zochulukirapo, makamaka m'madzi a Arctic zone, m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Baltic, White, Black ndi Caspian. Ochuluka kwambiri ali m'munsi mwa mitsinje ya Siberia, monga Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Anadyr, etc. Pakati pa nyanja yakumpoto, Taimyr, Teletskoe, Zaysan, ndi Baikal ndizofunikira kuziwona. Pali burbot zambiri ku Far East, makamaka ku Sakhalin ndi Shantar Islands, ndipo nsomba nthawi zambiri zimapita kumadera am'nyanja ndi mchere wochepa.

Palinso mitundu ina ya burbot yomwe imayenda maulendo ataliatali pamtunda wa makilomita chikwi.