Ndidayenda pa Pamir Highway kuchokera ku Osh kupita ku Khorog, nditakhala kumbuyo kwa galimoto pamtengo wokutidwa ndi tarpaulin wonyamuka. Ndikosavuta kuwona mbalame; palibenso chithunzi chamtundu wa galimoto. Msewu kummawa kwa Pamirs umadutsa kumapiri kwa mapiri kudutsa mapiri ang'onoang'ono ndipo kudutsa m'mapiri okhala ndi mitsinje. Kutalika apa ndi oposa 4,000 metres. Dera lachipululu limadutsa m'mphepete mwa mapiri atayima mtunda, kukwera pamwamba pake wina mikono 2,000.
Pamtunda wamtunda woterewu, zikuwoneka kuti palibe mbalame zambiri. Komabe, patsiku loyamba laulendo kudutsa Pamirs ya kum'mawa, ndidawerengetsa mitundu yoposa khumi ndi iwiri. Nthawi zambiri, mumapezeka mitengo yozungulira. A Kirghiz amawatcha "kara-kash", zomwe zimatanthawuza "nyanga zakuda": nthenga ziwiri zakuda zimamera pambali ya mutu wa mbalame zazing'onozi. Mbendera yomwe ili ndi nyanga sizimakhala m'mapiri atali okha, komanso ku tundra kwa Asia ndi North America. Ndege zazing'onozing'ono zokhala ndi chipale chofewa, mbalame zakuda ndi zoyera zikulendewera kwambiri mumsewu wonsewo. Gulu la nkhunda zamiyala zimawuluka mwachangu, ma jackpaw akuda amvekere ndi mawu osokosera, ndipo njoka ya ku Mongolia idakumana, nkhonya yaying'ono yomwe simakhala m'madambo, koma m'chipululu chowuma. Mbalame zonsezi, monga mbedza, redestart, redstart ndi red-stredart, heat hepat, zinali zodziwika kwa ine. Ndinkayembekeza kukumana ndi mbalame zosowa kwambiri zomwe zimakhala ku Pamirs - nkhunda yoyera-yoyera ndi njuchi ya ku Tibet.
Chibetani sajah kukula kwa nkhunda, koma osati iye, saj ili ndi mchira wautali kwambiri komanso mawonekedwe othawa, osiyana ndi njiwa yokhala ndi mapiko akuthwa kwambiri. Pamutu, pachifuwa ndi kumbuyo kuli njira yaying'ono yakuda yamkati, pansi ndiyera, malekezero amapiko ndi akuda.
Tikudziwa zochepa kwambiri za Saet wa ku Tibet. Ngakhale kungokumana ndi mbalameyi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri kwa sayansi. Akatswiri ochepa chabe a zamankhwala anaziwona izi, ndipo ndi munthu m'modzi yekha amene adatha kupeza chisa ndi zomanga - wasayansi wa Tajik Islom Abdusalyamov. Mmodzi wa akatswiri a zamankhwala anati a sajas a ku Tibet amadya kwambiri mbewu za zipatso zam'mapiri. Mbalame zimamwa kwambiri, zomwe zimawulukira kudzenje lomwe limathirira kwamakilomita makumi ambiri. Amabweretsa madzi anapiye awo m'milomo yawo. Buku lofiira la USSR lonena za anthu a ku Sibetan sajas akuti: "awiriawiri."
Kuphatikiza pa Chitibeta, m'dziko lathu mulinso saj wamba, kapena ziboda. Amakhala m'zipululu za Kazakhstan. Amachitcha ziboda chifukwa zala za mbalamezi zakhala palimodzi ndikupanga pilo yolimba, monga ziboda. M'malo oterowo, nkosavuta kwa mbalame kuthamanga mchenga wotentha. Sajah wa ku Tibetan amakhala m'chipululu chadzuwa, pano dziko lapansi silitentha ngakhale masiku otentha kwambiri, chifukwa chake matanthwe ake ndi wamba, okhala ndi zala.
Pamir ya Kum'mawa ndiyachilendo kwambiri komanso ndiyovuta kwambiri, imadziwika ndi kuuma, ma radiation akuluakulu a dzuwa, mphepo yamphamvu, nyengo yochepa yofunda, kutentha pang'ono komanso kutentha kwakukulu kosadziwika bwino tsiku ndi tsiku: kumatha kutentha dzuwa masana komanso kuzizira kwambiri usiku. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwa oksijeni kumamveka bwino pamtunda waukuluwu, chifukwa pamalo okwera 5000 m pamwamba pa nyanja, kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga kumakhala kotheka pang'ono (380 mmHg, yokhala ndi 760 mm).
Mwachilengedwe, nyama za mbalame sizili bwino. Komabe, Pamir si chipululu chopanda moyo; pamalo okwera mamitala 5 ndi 6, mbalame sizikhala zokha, komanso chisa, komanso kubereketsa anapiye awo. Sizokayikitsa kuti umphawi wa nyama zokhala ndi mbewa ukhoza kufotokozedwa chifukwa chosowa chakudya. Pamitunda yoposa 4,000 metres, sikuti zimapezeka spore zokha, komanso zomeranso zambiri. "Rock pet zoocenoses", magulu apadera a nyama zazing'ono zopanda nyama, amakula pano. Amadyetsa misomali yosiyanasiyana, brisles ndi akangaude ambiri. Pa mosses komanso padera jekete nkhupakupa ndi mbewa, lithobiid, kukhazikika ndi maluwa. Chifukwa chake mbalamezi zili ndi chakudya chokwanira. Ndikuganiza kuti chimodzi mwazifukwa zazikulu za umphawi wa mbalame zam'mapiri ataliatali amatha kutchedwa kuti mphepo zamphamvu. Koma mbalamezo zimazolowera kwambiri. Sizachabe pachabe kuti Pamir imamaliza, redstart, curls ndi zina zazing'ono zomwe zimadutsa chisa m'miyala pansi pa miyala kuzama kwakukulu, komwe kulibe kuwuma komanso kuzizira. Ndi chilimwe chochepa, nthawi yomwe mbalame za Pamirian zimabadwanso zimafupikitsidwanso, pali ana amodzi okha, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mazira mu clutch kumachepa. Mwachitsanzo, khwangwala wokhala ndi nyanga. M'chigwa cha Alai, chomwe chili pafupi, koma mikono chikali kuchepa, amaikira mazira 5-6, ndipo kum'mawa kwa Pamirs - mazira awiri okha 2-3 Asayansi apezanso pano zisa za mbalameyi ndi dzira limodzi. Ngakhale ndi chakudya, zimakhala zovuta kuti mbalame idyetse anapiye a 5-6 mumphepo yamphamvu.
Ndikuyembekeza kuti ndione saju ya ku Tibet, ndinayendetsa mbali yonse ya Pamir Highway, koma sindinakumana ndi mbalame yachilendo. Wopeza bwino anali mnzake mnzanga R. L. Potapov, yemwe adagwirapo ntchito ku Pamirs kwa nthawi yayitali. Umu ndi momwe amafotokozera msonkhano uno: "Choyamba, mbalame zingapo zachilendo zinawuluka pafupi, ndikupanga mawu apadera omwe sindinamvepo. Ndipo kuthawa kwawo, ndikuwomba kwamphamvu mapiko, kunali kodabwitsa kwambiri. Awa anali a Tibetan sajs. Nditangoona mbalameyi, zinali zosatheka kale kusokoneza nayo ina. Ndipo patapita kanthawi ndinakumana ndi gulu lonse la anthu otchedwa sajas: Panalipo khumi ndi asanu ndi anayi. Iwo mwachangu adandisiya pa ndege, ndikufuwula modandaula: "Uwaa. Uh-vw. "Kenako ndinazindikira komwe dzina la mbalame iyi la Kyrgyz limachokera - uvak. Kundilowetsa pafupi mamitala makumi awiri, adanyamuka limodzi, ndikuuluka mita imodzi ndi theka, ndikuyambanso kudyetsa. kudya popita.
Nditayang'ana mbalamezo, ndinawatsatira kwa ola limodzi. Kukhulupirira kwawo, ngakhale kupusa kumene, kunali kodabwitsa, ndiye chifukwa chake kuthamangitsidwa mwachangu kwa saj ku Pamirs kudamveka kwambiri kwa ine. "
Anthu akumaloko sanasake ma saizi a ku Tibet, mbalamezi zinagwera pansi pazowonera anthu - oyendetsa ndi otenga nawo mbali popita kukayenda kosiyanasiyana. Tsopano kuwombera saji mu Tajik SSR ndi koletsedwa.
LIFESTYLE
Saji amakhala ku Africa, Asia komanso madera ena akumwera kwa Europe. Ambiri mwa mbalamezi amakhala m'malo okhala nyengo yabwino.
Tibetan, kapena phiri, sajah amakhala mdera lotentha kwambiri, pafupi ndi malire a akhwangwala osatha, m'mapiri pamtunda wa 3,000 mpaka 6,000 m kumtunda kwa nyanja, ndipo mzimayi wokhala ndi tsitsi loyera amakhala m'malo osasunthika. Ma sajas onse amadziwika ndi kupirira kwawo, kusakhudzidwa ndi chakudya komanso kusinthika mosavuta, chifukwa chake amakhala ndi moyo m'njira zosavomerezeka ndi nyama zina. Maluwa amawuluka mofulumira kwambiri.
Mbalame izi zimadyetsa ndi kugona m'magulu akulu. Mitundu yambiri imagwira masana, komabe, ma burffles a Liechtenstein, omwe amakhala ku East Africa, amagona nthawi yotentha masana. Asanagone, a Saji adakwiriridwa pakati pabwino. Saji ndi mbalame zosamala kwambiri. Iwo, akumamatirira pansi, chifukwa cha mtundu wawo woteteza amakhala wosawoneka kwathunthu.
Kufalitsa
Nthawi yaubwenzi komanso chakudya cha agogo chimatha kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Julayi. Pakukhwima, amuna amathamanga ndi miyendo yowongoka, ndikusintha, kenako ndikufalitsa nthenga za mchira, ndikudumpha mpaka 2 m.
Pa mwambo wokwatitsa, amuna nawonso amakuwa pambuyo pa akazi kapena njiwa amayenda mozungulira iwo. Zomera zonse zagalu pansi. Amayang'ana zinthu zabwino zomwe amazizungulira ndi miyala yamiyala. Zisa za mbalamezi zimapezeka poyera, nthawi zina zimakhala zobisika pansi pa chitsamba chowawa kapena chimanga. Pakadutsa masiku 21-31, mbalame zonse ziwiri zimadzaza ma clutch. Masana, wamwamuna amabweretsa chakudya chachikazi. Nkhupakupa zimabisidwa ndi zofunda ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimayamba kufunafuna chakudya. Makolo samangomwa anapiye ndi madzi kuchokera pakamwa pawo, komanso amatenga madzi m'madzi am'mimba.
NKHANI ZOSAVUTA ZA ZIKUMBUTSO
Mbalame zachikulire: chifukwa cha utoto woteteza maula (kuyambira beige mpaka bulauni), mbalame zimakhala zosaoneka. Amphongo amitundu ikuluikulu yam'mimba amatha kunyamula madzi ambiri chifukwa cha anapiye.
Kunyamula: imakhala ndi mazira awiri ofunikira, amphaka 4, omwe amakhala ndi achikazi ndi amphongo.
- Habitat ya grouse
PAMENE AMAKHALA
Ziphuphu ndizofala kum'mwera kwa France ndi Spain, ku Asia ndi malire akum'mwera ku India komanso kumpoto kwa Mongolia komanso ku Gobi Desert, ambiri ku Africa, kuphatikizapo chilumba cha Madagascar.
KUTETEZA NDI KUPULUMUTSA
Popeza grouse amakhala m'malo osavomerezeka, sasowa ndi anthu. Masiku ano, mitundu yambiri siikuwopsa.
Zizindikiro zakunja za Tibetan Saji
Maonekedwe a mbalameyo akufanana ndi kanyumba kamtondo wakuda. Pa khosi lalifupi pali mutu wocheperako wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Kumbuyo kwenikweni ndi kwamtambo, Ma streaks amakhalanso ndi chikwangwani champhongo.
Sauti iliyonse payokha ili ndi mawonekedwe ake. Nthenga za utoto wofiirira amaphimba khosi komanso masaya a mbalame. Thupi lotsika ndi loyera, palibe banga lakuda pamimba.
Tibetan Saja (Syrrhaptes tibetanus).
Zowoneka bwino pamiyendo zimatsikira pansi. Mapikowo ndi otambasuka. Mchirawo umakhala wokulungidwa ndi nthenga za mchira wake wotuluka kwambiri kupyola mapiko a sej. Nthenga zake ndi zofiirira. Mlomo wokongola kwambiri ndi wa imvi, wokhala ndi masamba akuda ndi a bulauni m'miyendo yake.
Mwa akazi, njira yosinthika imapangidwa mwamphamvu, pamasaya ndi khosi pamakhala nthenga zochepa. Mbalame zazing'ono zokhala ndi maula ambiri zimafanana ndi zazikazi zazikulu.
Kulira kwa Saji kufanana ndi mawu a grouse wamba. Zowoneka ngati "uva, uva" kapena "kaga-kaga". Mbalame zimalumikizana ndi ma sign a phokoso panthawi ya kuthawa, zimachenjezananso za ngoziyi ikakhala pansi. Adani akaonekera, amunawo anena mawu oseketsa a "a ..." ndikutsika pansi, kenako nkuwulukira kumalo otetezeka. Yaikazi nthawi yamavuto imayamba kuwomba mokuwa kuti: "ka-ka-ka." Anapiye a Saji amapanga mawu ofanana ndi kufinya kwa ana agalu.
Kufalikira kwa Tibetan Saj
Malo okhala Saji waku Tibetan sikuchulukirapo. Imayambira kumapiri a Sino-Tibetan kummawa, mpaka ku Nanshan ndi m'mapiri a Nyanja ya Kukunor kumpoto, mpaka Karakorum, Himalayas, Ladak, ndi Eastern Pamirs kumwera. Mbalame zimakhala zisa m'zigwa zamadzi a Shorkul, Karakul, Rangkul, komanso m'mipata ya Aksu, Akbaital, Tuzdzhilcha.
Malinga ndi ofufuza ena, kuthawa kuli kofanana ndi njiwa kapena makeke.
Imapezeka kum'mawa kwa South Alichur Range komanso kufupi ndi Nyanja ya Salangur. Kukhazikika kwa mitunduyi kwatsika kwambiri. Saja adachoka m'zigwa za Murghab, Aksu, Jamantal, Akbaital. Nthawi zina amapezeka kumapeto kwa mizere ya Zaalaysky ndi Sarykolsky.
Malo okhala a Tibetan Saji
Saja amakhala pakati pa zigwa zingapo. Imapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, yokhala ndi zitsamba zowawa, teresken ndi zitsamba zina, pachaka komanso kosatha. Amakhala m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri komanso mapiri, ndipo nthawi yophukira imamera. M'nyengo yozizira, imagwiritsa ntchito zigwa zomwe zidakutidwa ndi miyala ikuluikulu. Mwachilengedwe, madera oterewa ndi opanda madzi, motero mbalame zimawulukira kumalo othirira tsiku ndi tsiku.
Pozindikira zoopsa, gululo limayamba kuthamanga, kenako nkuwuluka osati patali ndipo posakhalitsa.
Pamaso pa madzi osungunuka, amathetsa ludzu ndi madzi oundana komanso chipale chofewa. Pamenepa, sajas sayenera kuuluka kupita kutali kukasaka madzi. Ndipo nthawi yozizira, kuti aledzere, mbalame zimayenda maulendo ataliatali. M'mapiri, Saja imakwera pamtunda wa 5700 metres ku Tibet, pafupi ndi nyanja Kukunor imakhala pamalo okwera mamitala 3200 pamwamba pa nyanja. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimakhala m'malo otsetsereka a m'mapiri, kudutsa mosadukiza, kutsikira kumapiri, kuwonekera pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Siyani malo okhala nthawi yakusamuka.
Maulendo a Tibetan Saj
Kusuntha kwa kasupe ndi kotentha kwa saji sikumveka bwino. Nthawi zambiri kagulu kakang'ono ka anthu 3-12 kamawuluka mosachedwa, kusamuka kwa mbalame kotereku kumadziwika pa nyanja za Karakul ndi Yashilkul. Ndege zimayenda mosamala kwambiri. Saja amawuluka pamtunda wokwera kwambiri komanso kupezeka kwa mbalame kumatha kuwonekera pokhapokha ngati anthu akulira. Mwina ndi nyengo yozizira, mbalame zimachoka ku dera la Tibet chifukwa cha zovuta kwambiri. Kuomba nyengo yachisanu kwa haji kumapezeka m'midzi yopanda zigwa, pamalo otsetsereka ndi chakudya chokwanira.
Tibetan Saji ali ndi miyendo yayifupi, koma amayenda mosavuta komanso mwachilungamo pansi.
Zokhudza machitidwe a Tibetan Saji
Mbalame zimachita zinthu mokondweretsa; zikafamba, zimayankhula mokuwa. Moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Amadzuka kutuluka kwa dzuwa, m'masiku owonekera amadyera kumapiri kapena kumapiri otsetsereka. Amapanga magulu ang'onoang'ono momwe mbalame zimakhamukira pakudya ndi unyolo kapena awiriawiri.
Amakonda kusamba fumbi m'malo okhala ndi dzuwa. Poterepa, kudyetsa kumachitika masana. Nthawi yamdima masana imakhala pansi, kubisala tchire la chowawa ndi teresken. M'nyengo yotentha, amachita zinthu mokhulupirika ndi munthu, amatha kumuloleza.
Mitundu ya Nesting imangokhala, imangotuluka yaying'ono yakomweko.
Ndi nyengo yozizira pomwe amakhala opanda ntchito, samalani ndi anthu. Atachita mantha ndi chiwonetsero cha chiwombankhanga chagolide, hajs amathamangira kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikulira. Ndipo pozindikira buluzi, amabisala ndikuzikakamira pansi, kuphatikizika ndi dothi.
Zakudya za Tibetan Saj
Chakudya chachikulu cha saji ndi zomera zamapiri a mgulu lankhosa. Mbalame zimadya mphukira, njere, mbewu za zipatso, masamba, masamba a astragalus. M'nyengo yotentha amadya zomeranso zam'mera. M'nyengo yozizira, maziko a zakudya ndi nyemba ndi mbewu. Ndi chakudya, nthambi zimadya. Pofufuza zakudya, amatsatira magulu a miyala omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chipale chofewa. Zikatero, mbewuzo zimapezeka kuti zidyetse mbalame.
Tibetan Saji amakhala kumapiri a Tibet ndi Pamirs.
Chitetezo cha Tibetan Saj
Sizokayikitsa kuti ku Satetan saju kumatha kuonedwa ngati mbalame yamalonda chifukwa chochepa. Okhala m'derali m'zaka zapitazi amaika misampha pa mbalame ndipo nthawi zina amawombera mbalame zosowa kwinaku akusaka mitundu ina ya mbalame. Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyamazo zichepetse kwambiri kuchuluka kwake ndi msipu, kupha nsomba, komanso nyengo yozizira. Sibetan sajah samaphunzira pang'ono. Onani olembedwa mu Red Book. Kudera lamadzi a Karakul ndi Rangkul kuli malo osungiramo nyama. Ndikotheka kubereka saji wogwidwa.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda
Kukula kwa nkhunda, mawonekedwe ake amafanana ndi khosi lakumaso. Mutu ndi wocheperako, khosi limakhala lalifupi, thupi limakhala loonda, osati ngati saj wamba. Mapikowo ndiwakuthwa konsekonse. Mchira wokhala ndi mbali yayitali yotsogola, yoyenda mozungulira kuposa kumapeto kwa mapiko a mbalame yokhala pansi. Kuuluka, imafanana ndi hazel yokhala ndi miyendo yakuda, ngakhale kuti imachedwa pang'ono: kufalikira kwam mapiko ndi lakuthwa, lakuya. Malinga ndi ofufuza ena, kuthawa kuli kofanana ndi njiwa kapena makeke. Imanyamuka mwamaphokoso, ngati phala loguwa kapena nkhunda. Miyendo ndiyifupi, koma kuyenda pansi ndikosavuta komanso mwachangu. Pozindikira zoopsa, gululo limayamba kuthamanga, kenako nkuwuluka osati patali ndipo posakhalitsa. Utoto wathunthu pamwambapa ndi mchenga wokhala ndi zopindika zosowa. Mwaimuna, kumtunda kwa mutu ndi tsekwe amakuzungika ndi maonekedwe amdima akuda, khosi lakutsogolo, mbali zake ndi masaya ake ndizosasangalatsa. Pansi pali zoyera, palibe banga lakuda pamimba. Mataka okhala ndi zikhadabo. Poyerekeza ndi kuwala komweko, nthenga zakuda zofiirira zimasiyana kwambiri. Yaikazi wamkulu imasiyanitsidwa ndi chitukuko chachikulu cha kusintha kosinthika, kotsika m'mataya ndi khosi. Mtundu wa mbalame yaying'ono umafanana ndi wamkazi.
Mawu ndi akulu komanso osamveka, samawoneka ngati kulira kofewa kwa saji wamba komanso kumafanana ndikulira kwa ma graze ena ovuta.Zimamveka ngati zabwinobwino, zamwano "uva, uva", "av - va" kapena "uak, uak", kwa ena zimamveka ngati "khaha - kgha-kara" ndi "kaga - kaga - kaga". Amafalitsa zonsezo pothawa komanso pansi ndi nkhawa. Amuna achimuna omwe ali pachiwopsezo amayenda wapansi, akuyankhula zammphuno, mwamwano "a. ", Kenako ndi mawu ofananawo, koma osiyanasiyana, mawu amamveka kupita kumalo ena, komwe kumapangitsa kusokonekera, komwe kukukumbukira za momwe malembedwe amauluka. Yaikazi, ikakhala ndi nkhawa, imabisalira maphokoso "ka-ka-ka-ka-ka-ka-ra!" Mawu a anapiye ocheperako amafanana ndi kuchepa kwa ana agalu atsopano (Dementyev, 1951a, Potapov, 1966, 1970, Abdusalyamov, 1971, Kozlova, 1975).
Kufotokozera
Colouring. Mwaimuna, pamwamba pamutu ndi khosi zimakhala zoyera ndi mikwingwirima yopyapyala, yakuda. Chovala chimakhala chachikasu-chokhala ndi mizere yaying'ono ya wavy, komanso pamlingo wamkati wamapewa - wokhala ndi mawanga akulu akuda. Kumbuyo ndi m'munsi kumbuyo kumayera imvi kapena koyera ngati chikaso ndi mtundu wopyapyala wakuda. Mbali za mutu, kutsogolo ndi mbali za khosi ndizobowola. Tsitsi ndi chifuwa chake ndi loyera, loyera ndipo lopaka utoto, lopindika ndi lakuda, lopendekera kunsi. Kumbuyo kwa chifuwa ndi imvi. Pansi pake ponsepo pali zoyera, chovala chamkati chili mkatikati ndi milozo yakuda pamiyala yoyera. Mapiko omwe akukwatirira ndi mikwingwirima yopyapyala komanso yoyera yopingasa, yoyera yakuda. Ntchentche zoyambirira zimakhala zofiirira, ndipo mkati mwa nthenga zowoneka bwino pamakhala kuwala. Kuwongolera pamchenga wofiira ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wakuda ndi malire oyera apamwamba, apakatikati - yoyera-yokhala ndi timabowo tofiyira komanso timaso tatsitsi tatsitsi. Kupanga kwa kusiyanasiyana kwa msana kumatha kukhala ndi kusintha kosiyanasiyana kwa munthu aliyense. Bill ndi wamakutu, nsapato zake ndi zofiirira. Utawaleza ndi bulauni.
Mwa mkazi wachikulire, njira yodutsa imapangidwa, yomwe imapezeka pamunsi pa chifuwa komanso mbali ya kumtunda. Mtundu wowoneka bwino pamasaya ndi khosi sukula. Zachichepere zomwe zimavala zovala zofanana ndi zazikazi, koma mawonekedwe ake osinthika ndiwakuthwa, ndipo malire amkati amkatiwo amatsanulidwa ndi kachilombo kakang'ono ka ntchentche.
Zovala zovalazo. Pamwamba pali bulawuni wopepuka, wokhala ndi tint yofiyira, kumbuyo kuli zingwe zitatu zopyapyala zoyera, mbali, mapiko ndi kumtunda kwa mutu wokhala ndi mawanga oyera. Kuchokera m'lifupi mwa mulomo mpaka m'mbali mwa mutu, kuchokera pamphuno mpaka m'maso komanso kuchokera pakona pakamwa pansi pa diso mpaka m'dera la khutu, mikwingwirima yoyera imadutsa. Pansi pake pali utoto wonyezimira, chidacho ndi ma paws ndi ofiira (Potapov, 1966).
Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake
Mwa mapiko oyambira 11, distal ndi yosasunthika, mapiko ake amapangidwa ndi mapiko achiwiri, omwe sanatchulidwe, ngati phokoso wamba. Mawonekedwe a mapiko: II-III-IV-V-VI-VII-VIII-IX-X-XI-I. Maulendo owuluka atatu-degree ndi okwera komanso owongoka. Woyendetsa 16, wapakati adakweza ndikuwonetsa. Kutsogolo kuli ndi kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo. Palibe chala chakumbuyo, zala zakutsogolo ndi zazifupi kwambiri, sizinasefa ndikukhomedwa ndi zibwano, kunsi kwa zala ndi mapira akuda, osayimbidwa. Mwa amuna, kutalika kwa mapiko ndi 245-265 mm (average (n = 10) 257), mchira ndi 196-230 (average (n = 9) 214), ndipo mwa akazi kutalika kwake ndi 245-255 mm (average (n = 4) 250), mchira 171-205 (average (n = 5) 186), mbalame misa 380-400 g, average (n = 10) 395.
Chithunzi 7 Nthenga ziwiri zoyambirira za mapiko a sajas (pambuyo: Ivanov et al., 1953)
a - wamba saj (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), b - Tibetan saj (S. titetanus)
Chithunzi 9 Paws (lolemba: Ivanov et al., 1953)
a - wamba saj, b - Chitibetan saj
Molting
Mu akulu, molt wathunthu kamodzi pachaka. Kusintha kwa ntchentche zoyambira kumayambira ndi kutsika ndi kutha ndi nthenga za distal. Palibe nthawi yomwe yakhazikitsidwa, akuyembekezeka kuyamba m'malo mwake kuyambira koyambirira kwa Julayi. Pa Julayi 25, 11th - 7th flywheel anali watsopano wamkazi, VI idagwa, V - ndinali wokalamba. Amuna a Ogasiti 18 anali ndi IV, IV, V, ndipo akazi anali ndi agulugufe otchedwa III, V, ndi VI; ntchentche zachiwiri zinali pafupifupi zatsopano; nthenga za mchira ndi nthenga zophatikizana zinakula m'thupi lonse. Mu Okutobala, molt ikutha.
Nkhupakupa zimasintha zovala zawo kukhala zachinyamata, zomwe m'dzinja loyamba limasinthidwa pang'ono ndi munthu wamkulu. Ndege zouluka sizitha zokha ndikukhalabe mpaka chaka chamawa.
Moyo.
Wokhala m'malo okwezeka. Mbalame yokhazikika kapena yoyendayenda. Osawerengeka. Imakhala m'chipululu chamiyala chamiyala, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yokhala ndi miyala yoyala. Zilumbazi sizimapangika, nthawi yopanda kubereka imasungidwa m'gulu. Clutch mu Meyi, imakhala ndi mazira atatu. Mawuwo akumveka ngati buluzi "ha-ha. ka-ha. "Kapena" wack-wack-kaga. " Osasamala. Biology sinaphunzire.
Amasiyana ndi hajj ndi Hazel wokhala ndi miyendo yakuda ndi m'mimba yoyera, kuchokera ku hazel yoyera yokhala ndi imvi yofiyira yokhala ndi mawonekedwe amtambo wakuda ndi pakhosi lowala (mwachilengedwe, sizimachitika ndi mtundu wina uliwonse wa hazel).
Kugawa
Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Tibet, Kunlun, kumpoto kwa Nanshan ndi beseni la Nyanja. Kukunor, chakum'mawa, mwina mapiri a Sino-Tibetan, kum'mwera mpaka kumapiri a Himalayas, Ladak, Karakorum, ndi Pamir Eastern.
Chithunzi 12. Kukula kwa Tibetan Saji ku North Asia
- malo okhala nesting
Kumpoto kwa Asia, imangokhala mu Ma Pamirs a Kum'mawa - m'mapiri a Karakul, Shorkul, nyanja za Rangkul, kumapeto a Akbaital, Aksu, Tuzdzhilcha, kum'mawa kwa South Alichur Range komanso kudera la Nyanja. Salangur. Malire akumadzulo amayenda motsatira mzere wa Lenin Peak - Nyanja. Yashilkul - Per. Koytezek - Per. Matz, kumpoto - mwina kudutsa mzere wa Alai, kum'mawa - m'mphepete mwa Kashgar, ndi kumwera - m'mphepete mwa Vakhan.
Malowa adatsikira m'zaka zaposachedwa: lidasoweka konse ku zigwa za Aksu, Murgab, Akbaital, Jamantal, silili m'chigwa chachikulu cha Lake. Rangkul. Amasungidwa kumapeto chabe kwa malo a Sarykol ndi Zaalaysky (Abdusalyamov, 1977).
Habitat
Imakhala pachidikha cham'mphepete zopitilira pakati, nthawi zina imakhala yotsekedwa ndi mitsinje yakale, yothiriridwa ndi mitsinje yaying'ono, kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja mu miyala yamiyala, tayechny kapena chipululu cha dongo yokhala ndi miyala yokhala ndi miyala yocheperako, chowawa ndi chowawa. Kuchokera panthawiyi yobereketsa, imagwiritsanso ntchito mapiri otsetsereka komanso malo otsetsereka a m'mapiri, kukwera kugwa kumapeto kwenikweni kwa mapiri. M'nyengo yozizira, amadya zigawo za zigwa zazikulu ndi zikhalidwe zakale. Mpumulo wopepuka umapewedwa.
Pokhala ndi zigwa zambiri zopanda mapiri komanso mapiri okhala pansi pake, imayendera malo othirira tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo nthawi yotentha, madzi osungunuka akamayenda zigwa zambiri, ndege zotere zimakhala zopanda tanthauzo, ndipo nthawi yophukira-yozizira-masika, ndege zimakhala kutali, ndipo nthawi zina mbalame zimasamukira pafupi ndi magwero amadzi. Ngati pali chipale chofewa, amathetsa ludzu ndikudya, kenako sawulukira kumalo othirira.
Pamtunda, wopezeka madera 3600-4500 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Nyanja, ku Tibet imakwera ndikukwera, mpaka 5700 m, ngakhale ali kunyanjako. Kukunor amakhalanso pa 3,200 m (Potapov, 1966, Ivanov, 1969).