Gulu la Coral polyps ndi lam'matumbo ndipo limaphatikizapo mitundu pafupifupi 6,000. Palibe gawo la jellyfish m'miyoyo yawo. Ma polyp a Coral, kutengera mitundu, amatha kukhala amodzi kapena atsamunda. Makulidwe amitundu imodzi amatha kutalika mita kapena kupitirira, ndipo mitundu yofananira yamakola ingakhale yochepera sentimita.
Ma polyp a coral amakhala makamaka m'madzi otentha mozama kwambiri.
Chizindikiro cha atsamunda a koloni ndicho kupezeka kwa mafupa amtondo kapena wowopsa. Mafupa apakhungu aime laime amapanga miyala ya matanthwe. Ma coral single a coral alibe mafupa otere, amatha kuyenda pansi, kukaika m'manda benthos komanso kusambira pang'ono.
Matanthwe amatchedwa mafupa a mitundu yachikoloni. Ma coral akale amapanga miyala yayikulu yamtengo wapatali, yomwe tsopano imagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga.
Zomwe zimapanga chigoba cha coral polyp zimapangidwa m'munsi mwa ectoderm kapena mesogley. Zotsatira zake, zimapezeka kuti anthu ammudzi amakhala pamipando yamafupa wamba. Kulumikizana pakati pa ma polyp kumachitika chifukwa cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili pansi pa thambo.
M'matumbo am'mimba mulibe radial septa (eyiti, kapena isanu ndi umodzi). Mlengalenga uli ndi ziwonetsero ziwiri, osati zozungulira. Khomo lotseguka limazunguliridwa ndi mahema ambiri. Mitundu ya chikoloni amadya plankton (crustaceans ndi ma arthropods ena). Ma coral amodzi, monga ma anemones a nyanja, amadya nyama zazikulu (nsomba, crustaceans).
Ma coral polyp amakhala ndi minyewa yam'mimba komanso minyewa.
Pafupi ndi khomo lotseguka pamakhala malo ena amitsempha.
Ma Coral polyp amaberekana mosaganizira komanso mwakugonana. Kubala kopitilira muyeso kumachitika ndi kuphukira. Mu ma polyp amodzi, kuwonjezera pa budding, kugawanika kwakutali kwa munthu m'magawo awiri ndizotheka. Pakubala, ma cell majeremusi amapanga endoderm, nthawi zambiri pamagawo amkati. Spermatozoa imasiya yamphongo ndikusambira kulowa m'mimba mwa mkazi, pomwe umuna umachitika. Mphutsi yoyandama imamera kuchokera ku zygote, yomwe imayandama ndipo patapita kanthawi ikakhala m'malo yatsopano, ndikupatsa polyp yatsopano.
Ma anemones am'nyanja ndi malo amodzi omwe amapangitsa kuti ma coral polyps, ambiri azikhala pawokha. Amasiyana mu mawonekedwe am'mimba, kupezeka kwa mafupa am'mimbamo, ma tententi angapo, ndi mitundu yowala. Ma anemones am'madzi am'madzi am'madzi amtunduwu amakhala ndi ziphuphu zokhala ngati zipolopolo zomwe zimakhala m'maziromboka. Mu Symbiosis iyi, khansa imagwiritsa ntchito anemone ya nyanja ngati njira yodzitetezera ku zilombo (zoluma maselo a m'mimba). Actinia amayenda mothandizidwa ndi khansa, yomwe imalola kukoka chakudya chochuluka.
Ma polyps am'mbali amayang'anira kuwonongeka kwa madzi. Chifukwa chake kuchepa kwa mpweya m'madzi kumabweretsa kufa.
Ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya matanthwe
Nthambi iliyonse yamakhola imakhala ndi polyps yaying'ono yotchedwa kolony. Chilichonse chamoyo chotere chimapanga chida chomazungulira chokha, chomwe chimateteza. Pakapanda polyp yatsopano, imangamira kumtunda wakale ndikuyamba kupanga chipolopolo chatsopano. Uku ndikutukuka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa matanthwe, omwe pansi pamikhalidwe yabwino amakhala pafupifupi 1 cm pachaka. Mbali zazikuluzikulu za zinthu zam'nyanja zotere zimapangika m'matanthwe a coral.
Gulu la ma coral polyps limaphatikizapo zinthu zotsatirazi:
1. Kukhala ndi mafupa olimbitsa thupi. Amathandizira pakupanga miyala yamiyala.
2. Kukhala ndi mafupa a protein. Izi zikuphatikiza ma corals akuda ndi gorgoni.
3. Wopangidwa kuchokera ku fupa lililonse lolimba (sea anemone).
Akatswiri amasiyanitsa mitundu pafupifupi 6,000 ya ma coral polyps. Dzinali Anthozoa m'Chilatini limatanthawuza "maluwa amanyama." Ma polyp a Coral ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola kwambiri. Amasiyanitsidwa ndimitundu yosiyanasiyana. Makatani awo osunthika akufanana ndi maluwa. Ma polyp amodzi akulu kwambiri amakula mpaka 1 mita kukwera. Nthawi zambiri m'mimba mwake mumakhala pafupifupi 50-60 cm.
Habitat
Oimira ambiri ma coral polyps amakhala m'madzi onse am'nyanja. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ambiri aiwo amakhala m'madzi otentha am'madzi otentha. Amapanga bwino pa kutentha osati kosachepera 20 ° C. Ma Coryp polyp amakhala m'madzi akuya mpaka mamita 20. Izi ndichifukwa choti mitengo yankhuni ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimadya pazinthu izi zimakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi.
Njira yamphamvu
Ma Coral polyps, monga lamulo, amakakamizika nthawi yamasana, ndipo dzuwa likayamba, iwo amatambasula mahema awo, omwe amawagwiritsa ngati akudutsa. Ma polyp ang'onoang'ono amadya ndi plankton, pomwe ma polyp akulu amatha kugaya nyama zazing'ono. Nthawi zambiri, ma polyp akulu amodzi amawononga nsomba ndi shrimp. Pakati pa gulu la zinthu izi, palinso oyimilira otere omwe amakhalapo chifukwa cha matenda amtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa (unotellos aloto).
Kumanga
Ma coral polyp, omwe mawonekedwe ake ndiosiyana pang'ono kutengera mtundu wawo, ali ndi maselo am'mimba. Amapanga minyewa yapakati komanso yayitali ya thupi. Ma polyp ali ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, lomwe limakhala lozungulira pakakhala gawo pakamwa ka zinthu izi. Mafupa awo amatha kukhala amkati, opangidwa mu mesoglya, kapena akunja, omwe amapangidwa ndi ectoderm. Nthawi zambiri, polypyo imakhala pansi ndipo imakhala ngati ikumwa ndi chikho, yomwe imaonekerapo pomwe. Monga lamulo, mawonekedwe a ma polyp ndi osanjika. Pamwamba pawo, pamakhala diski yachilendo, pomwe mahema amtunduwu amachoka. Ma polyp ndi okhazikika osasunthika pachikupa chofala kumaloko. Zonsezi ndizolumikizidwa ndi membrane wamoyo wokutira mafupa onse a coral. M'mitundu ina, ma polyp onse amalumikizidwa ndi mapaipi olowera limestone.
Mafupa a coral polyp amamasulidwa ndi epithelium yakunja. Kwambiri ndizomwe zimayimira "zoyambira" zam'madzi izi. Chifukwa cha njirayi, anthu amoyo amakula pamwamba pa coral, ndipo imakula mosalekeza. Mafupa ambiri a ma coral asanu ndi atatu ali ndi mafupa opangidwa bwino. Amasinthidwa ndi otchedwa hydroskeleton, yomwe imakhalapo chifukwa chodzazidwa ndi m'mimba ndi madzi.
Khoma la polyp limakhala ndi ectoderm (kunja kwake) ndi endoderm (wosanjikiza mkati). Pakati pawo pali gawo la mesogley yopanda dongosolo. Mu ectoderm mumakhala maselo olumikizana omwe amatchedwa cnidoblasts. Kapangidwe ka mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma coral polyps amatha kukhala osiyana pang'ono. Mwachitsanzo, ma anemones am'nyanja ndi cylindrical. Kutalika kwake ndi 4-5 cm, ndipo makulidwe ake ndi masentimita 2-3. Silimayo amakhala ndi mbiya (mzati), m'munsi (miyendo) ndi gawo lapamwamba. Madzi am'madzi am'nyanja akuvekedwa korona pomwe pakamwa pamapezeka pakamwa, ndipo pakatikati pake pali pabwino.
Kuzungulira kwake kuli mahema okhala m'magulu. Amapanga mabwalo angapo. Woyamba ndi wachiwiri ali ndi 6, wachitatu ali ndi 12, wachinayi ali ndi 24, wachisanu ali ndi mahema 48. Pambuyo pa 1 ndi 2, bwalo lililonse lotsatira limakhala ndi zochulukitsa kawiri kuposa zapita. Ma anemones am'nyanja atha kutenga mitundu yosiyanasiyana (maluwa, phwetekere, fern). Pharynx imalowetsa m'matumbo am'mimba, yomwe imagawidwa ndi radial septa yotchedwa septa. Zimayimira makulidwe a endoderm, okhala ndi zigawo ziwiri. Pakati pawo pali mesogley yokhala ndi minyewa.
Septa amapanga m'mimba mwa polyp. Kuyambira pamwambapo, amakula ndi m'mphepete mwaulere pakhosi pake. M'mphepete mwa manda mumakhala matumbidwe, amakhala ndi minyewa ndipo amakhala pansi ndimiyeso ndikuluma maselo. Amatchedwa mesenteric filaments, ndipo malembedwe awo omasuka amatchedwa accentuations. Chimbudzi cha chakudya ndi polyp chimachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ma enzyme omwe amatulutsa.
Kuswana
Kubwezeretsanso michere ya coral kumachitika m'njira yapadera. Chiwerengero chawo chikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chobala zipatso, chotchedwa budding. Mitundu ina ya ma polyp amaberekanso kugonana. Mitundu yambiri yazinthu izi ndizopatsa chidwi. Ukala wa amuna kudzera pakuphwanya m'makoma a gonads umalowa mkati mwa patsekeke ndi kutuluka. Kenako amalowa mkatikati mwa chikazi. Kenako mazira amathiridwa umuna ndipo amakula kwakanthawi mu mesoglysis ya septum.
Mukukonzekera kukula kwa embryonic, mphutsi zazing'ono zimapezeka zomwe zimasambira momasuka m'madzi. Popita nthawi, amakhazikika pansi ndikukhala oyambitsa magulu atsopano kapena anthu amodzi okha a ma polyp.
Ma Corali ngati opanga miyala
Chiwerengero chachikulu cha ma polyp apanyanja akukhudzidwa ndikupanga miyala. Ziphuphu zimakonda kutchedwa kuti mafupa achikopa omwe adakhalako pambuyo pake ambiri mwa zinthu zazing'onozi. Imfa yawo nthawi zambiri imakwiyitsidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwamankhwala okhala ndi michere m'madzi ndi zinyalala za pansi. Zoyambitsa njirayi ndi ma virus. Malo omwe ali ndi michere yachilengedwe ndi malo abwino kwambiri othandizira kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chomwe acidity yamadzi ndi mpweya wake umachepa. "Tambala" yamtunduwu imakhala ndi zovulaza pamakoma am'manja ndi azikoloni.
Kutsika kwa Polyps
Akatswiri amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu ingapo ya ma polyp, omwe amaphatikizapo zosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika m'madzi:
1. Boriti-eyiti (Octocorallia), yomwe imaphatikizapo ma korali ofewa (Alcyonaria) ndi nyanga (Gorgonaria). Mulinso nthenga za mnyanja (Pennatularia), stolonifera (Stolonifera), polyp Helioporacea wabuluu. Amakhala ndi ma mesentery asanu ndi atatu, fupa lamkati lamkati, komanso mahema a ma cirrus.
2. Boramu-sikisi (Hexacorallia), pomwe Corallimorpharia, nyanja anemones (Actiniaria), ceriantharius (Ceriantharia), zoantharias (Zoanthidea), madreporic (Scleractinia) ndi ma corals akuda (Antipatharia) ndiosiyanitsa.
Ntchito zapakhomo
Ma polyp ena a coral amatha kulima bwino ndi asitikali am'madzi muzochita kupanga. Mafupa osasamala amtundu wina wa zolengedwa zam'madzi izi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga miyala yamtengo wapatali. M'mayiko ena omwe ma coral polyps sanaletsedwebe, zotsala zawo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga nyumba ndi nyumba zina. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zokongoletsera ndi nyumba ndi minda.
Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa ma coral ndi coral polyps?
Ma Coral polyps -zamoyo. Awa ndi ammadzi am'madzi otentha omwe amakhala pansi pamadzi otentha. Iwo ali a mtundu Kuyenda, zomwe zimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa maselo oluma omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka. Ma polyp ambiri amakhala ndi mafupa olimba a calcareous. Ndi mafupa awa omwe amakhalapo pambuyo pa kumwalira kwa koloni ya ma kolosi amiyala, omwe amangotchedwa matanthwe. Ndiye kusiyana. Koma nthawi zambiri, mawu oti "coral" amamveka ngati ma invertebrates amoyo, ndi mafupa awo, ndipo nthawi zina amakhalanso zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa ndi miyala ya korali yokongola kwambiri.
Ziphuphu zimapezeka m'madzi amchere amchere. Madzi abwino ndi owaphetsa. Amamwaliranso mumlengalenga, koma pamakhala mitundu ina ya ma corals okhala ngati "chipolopolo" chofanana ndi chipolopolo. Madzi osefukira, nyanja yamadzi imakhalamo, yomwe imasunga moyo wa polyp mpaka mafunde abwerera.
Coral nyumba - malo otentha otentha komanso madzi otentha omwe ali ndi kuwunikira kwabwino komanso kutentha kwa madzi + 20 ° C. Zambiri mwa mitundu yonse imakhala pansi pakuya mamita 50. Mitundu yayikulu yokha ndiyo imatha kukhala mozama momwe dzuwa sililowa.
Matalala a coral. Ma korali ndi ma coral.
Mitundu ndi Makalasi
Ma Coral polyp amagawidwa m'magulu akulu awiri: mitengo isanu ndi umodzi ndi boriti-eyiti.
Ma coral polyps asanu ndi amodzi (Hexacorallia) - Zamoyo zam'madzi zayokha kapena zazikoloni zomwe zimakhala ndi ma tententi angapo 6. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ma polyp okhala ndi mitundu yambiri yama tententi (5, 8 kapena 10). Pazonse, pali mitundu 4,300 yamitundu yozungulira yamatumbo. Oimira otchuka a subclass awa ndi ma anemones a nyanja. Alibe mafupa olimba ndipo satenga nawo mbali popanga miyala yamatanthwe. Ma anemones am'nyanja adasinthika kuti apulumuke pamatanthwe olowera ku typiosis ndi nyama zina zam'madzi.
Zovala zam'madzi zimakhala m'nkhalango za ma anemones a nyanja. Komanso, nsomba iliyonse imakhala ndi mchere wosankhidwa wamadzi moyo. Zovala zam'madzi ndizovala ndi ntchofu wapadera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisakhale ndi poizoni wa anemones ya mnyanja. Mokulondola, maselo a polyp sagwira ntchito akakumana ndi khungu loterera la nsomba. Chifukwa chake, anemone imateteza nsomba ku zowononga, ndipo nthawi zina zimayeretsa.
Matalala a coral. Ma korali ndi ma coral.
Chitsanzo china cha kupindula mokhazikika ndi ma cell anemones a mnyanja omwe ali ndi khansa ya hermit. Ma polyp amakhala pakhungu la khansa ndipo chifukwa cha iye amayenda panyanja. Posinthanitsa ndi izi, nkhanu za hermit zimatetezedwa mwachangu kwa adani ambiri.
Gulu lalikulu kwambiri la ma coral polyps owoneka bwino ndi asanu madreporic kapena miyala yamiyala yamiyala (Scleractinia) Pakadali pano, mitundu 3,600 yafotokozedwa. Amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mafupa opatsa chidwi. Ma coral awa ndi omwe amapanga kwambiri m'matanthwe. Ma coral amodzi amodzimodzi amatha kutalika masentimita 50 ndipo amakhala m'madzi akuya mpaka 6 km. Koma ambiri mwa omwe akuyimira izi ndi zochepa (mpaka 5 mm.) Polyps. Amapanga gulu lalikulu, lopangidwa ndi ma polyp mazana mazana ambiri ndikufika kulemera matani angapo.
Ziphuphu Zisanu ndi zitatu (Octocorallia) Kodi ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka zipolopolo zomwe zimakhala ndi ma corolla okhala ndi mahema asanu ndi atatu. Uwu ndiye mtundu wakale kwambiri, zotsalira zomwe zidapezeka m'makosamo, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi zaka miliyoni miliyoni. Zikuoneka kuti onse anachokera kwa kholo limodzi. Awa ndi ma polyp ochepa kwambiri - kukula kwawo nthawi zambiri sikupita 1 cm.
Ma coral polyps ambiri a ray-ray ali ndi mafupa olimba. Tengani nawo mbali pamapanga.
Matalala a coral. Ma korali ndi ma coral.
Symbiosis ya sea anemone ndi khansa ya hermit
Timazindikira makamaka chitsanzo choyimira cha typiosis (Greek Greek - okhala limodzi) - kukhalanso pafupi-pafupi kwa mitundu iwiri kapena yopitilira, yomwe (monga lamulo) yakhala yothandiza komanso yofunika kwa aliyense.
Symbiosis imachitika pakati pa sea anemone ndi khansa ya hermit. Khola lodziyang'anira lokha, litapeza kuti ndi anemone, limayamba kuvulaza. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, poyankha izi, anemone sikuti imadwala khansa - makina oterewa adayamba kusinthika kwazaka zambiri. M'malo mwake, anemone imachoka pachimwalacho (gawo lapansi) ndikusunthira khansayo pa chipolopolo chake.
Korani wa ku Hermit amadya nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimaluma maselo a cell anemone. Nthawi yomweyo, anemone imakhala ikuyenda mosadukiza, chifukwa chomwe nyama zambiri zimadyapo. Ilinso ndi ntchito yoteteza pokhudzana ndi khansa.
Ziphuphu za Coral ndi Reef Formation
Ziphuphu zimathandizira pakupanga miyala yamkati. Mapangidwe a miyala - njira yopangira miyala yamiyala yamakhola yozimiririka ndi zotsalira za ma polyps am'koloni, komanso ma algae ena omwe amatha kutulutsa mandimu kumadzi am'nyanja. Mathanthwe a Coral amapanga m'madzi osaya akuya 50 m., M'madzi oyera ndi otentha (+ 20 ° C).
Zambiri mwa miyala yamakono yamakedzana idayamba kupanga mamiliyoni 10 zapitazo, itatha nyengo yachisanu yomaliza. Kusungunuka kwa ayezi kunatsogolera kukwera kwa nyanja komanso kusefukira kwam'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zilumba.Nthawi yomweyo, kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha kwa nyanja zam'madzi zidapanga malo abwino pakupangidwanso kwa ma coral polyps, omwe adadzaza alumali ndipo akuyamba kukula, mpaka pamwamba. Anadzazanso madzi kuzungulira ma bwaloli ndi zilumba zotentha, makamaka mwa mapiri ophulika.
Wodziwika bwino wachingelezi komanso wapaulendo Charles Darwin pantchito yake yasayansi "Kapangidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ka miyala ya matanthwe"Adafotokoza njira zopangira matanthwe pazitsanzo za chisumbu chamoto. Malinga ndi lingaliro lake, njirazi ndi motere:
- Kuphulika kwa volcano. Pakadali pano, chilumba chokhala ndi malo otsetsereka "amakula" kuchokera m'madzi.
- "Khazikika" pachilumbachi. Pamene chilumbacho chikukula, chimamira pansi pa mphamvu yake yokoka. Chilumbacho chimakhala chotsika, ndipo malo omwe amakhala pansi pamadzi ozungulira amakhala ochepa - amadzazidwa ndi miyala. Dera lopanda phokoso loteroli limatchedwa "kukwapula kolimba". Pakadali pano, matuwa amapezeka kuzungulira chilumbachi.
- Bango lomwe limaphwanyaphimbidwa limakhala ndi ma coral polyps, omwe pamapeto pake amasintha matanthwewo kukhala polyp - limakhala ndi zotsalira za magulu angapo. Matanthwe a coral afika pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo chisumbuchocho chikupitirirabe pansi.
- Chilumbacho chimabisidwa kwathunthu pansi pamadzi. Matanthwe a coral amayenda ndi mamita angapo pamwamba pamadzi. Itha kukutidwa ndi mchenga wotsalira kuchokera pachilumbachi. Gawo lapakati limazimiririka, ndikusiya chigwa chopanda madzi. Malo otchinga chotchinga ndi dambo lapakatikati amatchedwa kulipira.
Matalala a coral. Ma korali ndi ma coral.
Mathanthwe a Coral amakhala pansi pa 0.1% am'nyanja zapadziko lapansi, koma ali ndi gawo limodzi mwa mitundu yonse ya nyama zapamadzi.
Pakadali pano, pafupifupi theka (pafupifupi 45%) lamiyala yonse yamakhoma imapezeka ku Pacific Ocean kudera la Asia. Awa ndi madzi aku Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, ndi maiko ena. M'malo ena onse a Nyanja ya Pacific, 18% ya miyala yomweyi imapezeka. Ku India - 17%. Ku Atlantic - 14%. Nyanja yamakorari olemera kwambiri ndi Nyanja Yofiira (pafupifupi 6% yonse).
Chuma chachikulu kwambiri chamathanthwe - Great Barriers Reef ili mu Nyanja ya Corali ku Pacific Ocean kufupi ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Australia. Kutalika kwake kumakhala 2,500 km. ndikufotokoza dera pafupifupi 400 km². Ichi ndiye chinthu chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi, chopangidwa ndi zinthu zamoyo. Mizere yake ndi yayikulu kwambiri kotero kuti imawonekera ngakhale kuchokera kumtunda.
Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa, malo a miyala yamiyala ndi 284,000 km². Kalelo mu 1980, chiwerengerochi chinali chokulirapo - pafupifupi 600,000 km². Ngati izi sizikusintha, ndiye kuti patatha zaka 15-20, miyala ina yamakoma idzazimiririka.
Moyo
Ma coryp polar ambiri amakhala munyanja zotentha, pomwe kutentha kwa madzi sikumatsika ndi +20 ° C, ndipo pakuya kosaposa mita 20, m'malo omwe amakhala ndi plankton yambiri, yomwe amadyapo. Nthawi zambiri masana mapopota amakakamizidwa, ndipo usiku mahema amatulutsidwa ndikuwongola, mothandizidwa pomwe amagwira nyama zing'onozing'ono zosiyanasiyana. Ma polyp amodzi akuluakulu amatha kugwira nyama zazikulu: nsomba, shrimp. Mitundu ina yamatalala a coral imakhala ndi moyo chifukwa cha chizindikiro chamtundu wamtchire, chomwe chimakhala mu mesoglye yawo.
Mphepete Zisanu ndi Zisanu ndi Zitatu Zoyambira (Octocorallia)
Ma korona oyang'ana eyiti ali ndi ma tententi asanu ndi atatu, magawo asanu ndi atatu m'mimba, komanso mafupa amkati. Mphepete iyi imagawidwa m'magulu awiri: 1) Alcyonaria (Alcyonaria), 2) ma corals a Horny (Gorgonacea), ndi ena.
Ma alcyonaria ambiri ndi ma corals ofewa omwe alibe mafupa otchulidwa. Ndi ma tubipores ena okha omwe amakhala ndi mafupa olimba. Mu mesoglayer ya ma coral awa, machubu amapangidwa omwe amagulitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndi mbale zosinthika. Mafupa okhala ngati mawonekedwe amatikumbutsa bwino chiwalo, kotero ma tubipores ali ndi dzina lina - organichki. Matupi ophatikizidwa amatenga nawo mbali pakapangidwe ka m'matanthwe.
Ma coral a nyanga, kapena gorgoni, ali ndi mafupa apanyanga wamkati. Lamuloli limaphatikizapo ma coral ofiira, kapena olemekezeka (Corallium rubrum), womwe ndi nkhani ya usodzi. Zodzikongoletsera zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mafupa a coral ofiira.
Subclass Six-Coral (Hexacorallia)
Ma coral amitundu isanu ndi umodzi amakhala ndi ma tententi ambiri, omwe chiwerengero chawo chimakhala zingapo. Mimbulu yamatumbo imagawidwa ndi dongosolo lovuta kulimata, momwe mulinso asanu ndi mmodzi. Ambiri mwa oimira ali ndi mafupa ochepetsa thupi, pali magulu omwe akusowa mafupa.
Ma coral a subclass Six-beam akuphatikizapo mauthengawa: 1) ma anemones a nyanja, 2) ma corron a Madrepora, ndi zina zambiri.
Ma anemones am'nyanja ndi ma polyp ambiri popanda mafupa. Amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana kwambiri, nthawi zambiri yowala, yomwe imatchedwa ma anemones a nyanja (mkuyu. 3, 4). Amatha kuyenda pang'onopang'ono pamiyendo yamisempha. Mitundu ina ya ma anemones am'nyanja imayamba kukhala ndi typiosis ndi nkhanu za hermit. Crit Hermit imagwira ntchito ngati galimoto ya anemone ya kunyanja, ndipo anemone yam'nyanja yokhala ndi matenti ake okhala ndi maselo osuma amateteza khansa kwa adani.
Ma corron a Madrepore ndi onse awiri ndi atsotsi a koloni, omwe amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa chigoba champhamvu champhamvu. Pakuzama kwakukulu (mpaka 6000 m) nthawi zambiri mitundu yaying'ono imakhala, ma polyp akulu amapezeka m'mphepete mwa gombe, komanso mizere yamitengo (mpaka 1 m), yomwe imapangidwa m'nkhokwe - mabanki a coral. Omwe akuwayimilira izi ndiomwe amapanga mafupa. Izi zikuphatikiza maubongo, miyala yamtengo wapatali ya bowa, etc.
Mathanthwe a Coral - amapangidwa chifukwa cha ntchito yofunika ya ma coral polyps okhala ndi mafupa opatsa chidwi. Reef imakhala makamaka ndi ma coror a madreporic, ena mwa ma korali amiyala isanu ndi umodzi ndi nyama zina zokhala ndi mafupa (mollusks, sponges, bryozoans).
Ma coral omwe amapanga mchenga amakhala kumadera otentha okha a World Ocean, chifukwa amafunika kutentha kwamadzi kosalekeza, amawonetsetsa kutentha, madzi ndi kuchuluka kwake ndi mpweya. Kudalira kwa magawikidwe pakuwunikira kumachitika chifukwa cha kufananizidwa ndi ma coral polyps okhala ndi unicellular algae (zooxanthellae).
Mathanthwe ndi amitundu itatu: mphepete mwa nyanja, zotchinga ndi ma atoll. Chilumbuchi ndi chilumba chooneka ngati mphete. Malinga ndi kunena kwa C. Darwin, mtundu woyambirira ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zingwe zopinga ndi ma atoll amapangidwa chifukwa chotsika pang'onopang'ono pamtunda.
► Kufotokozera kwamakalasi ena amtundu wa Enterocarpal:
Matalala a coral
Mathanthwe a coral ndi mawonekedwe achilengedwe oumbika opangidwa ndi ma koloni am'koloni ndi mitundu ina ya algae yomwe imatulutsa laimu - calcium calcium. Popita nthawi, ma polyp a coral amafa, koma mafupa awo amakhalabe - chifukwa cha izi, matanthwe amakula ndikukula.
Mathanthwe a coral ndi mtundu wina wa masinthidwe: kuphatikiza pansi motsutsana ndi mafunde am'nyanja, pofuna kuteteza kwa adani.
Nkhaniyi idalembedwa ndi Bellevich Yuri Sergeyevich ndipo ndi chuma chake chanzeru. Kukopera, kugawa (kuphatikiza kukopera kutsamba lina ndi zinthu zina pa intaneti) kapena kugwiritsa ntchito china chilichonse pazinthu ndi zinthu popanda kuvomerezedwa ndi amene ali ndi ufulu waumwini ndiye kulangidwa ndi lamulo. Kuti mupeze zolemba komanso chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito, lemberani Bellevich Yuri.
Kuzungulira kwa moyo komanso kubereka
Ziphuphu zomwe zimaswanidwa ndi maluwa komanso kugonana. Ma polyp nthawi zambiri amakhala ophatikizidwa. Umuna kudzera m'makoma a gonads umatuluka m'matumbo, ndipo kenako umatulukira mkamwa kupita mkatikati mwa chikazi. Mazira okhathamira amatha nthawi yayitali mu mesoglysis ya septum. Nthawi zambiri, pa nthawi ya kukula kwa embryonic, mphutsi zazing'onoting'ono zazoyenda zimapangidwa - planula, yomwe patapita nthawi imakhala pansi ndikupereka mwayi kwa anthu kapena magulu atsopano. M'matumba ambiri a matanthwe, chitukuko chimayamba popanda metamorphosis ndipo mphutsi sizimapanga.
Imfa ya Coral
M'mayesero angapo omwe anachitika pamakoma a Great Barrier Reef, makina oyambitsa zinthu anapezeka omwe amayambitsa kufa kwa ma corals. Imfa yawo imayamba ndikuwonjezeka kwa zomwe zimakhala m'madzi ndi matope, ndipo ma virus ndi mkhalapakati wa njirazi. Malo olemera okhala ndi organic amagwira ntchito ngati maziko abwino a kukula kwama virus, chifukwa chake, zomwe zili mu oxygen ndi pH ya sing'anga zimachepa. Kuphatikiza uku ndi kupha matalala. Kuthamanga kwa kuchepa kwa sulfate, kugwiritsa ntchito minofu yakufa ngati gawo lapansi, kumangathandizitsa kufa kwa matanthwe.