Muskrat ndiye nthumwi yokha yamtunduwu, yomwe ndi yam'mabanja a ma voles kuchokera pagulu la makoswe. Mwanjira ina, muskrat amatchedwanso musk rat. Amakonda malo okhala. Iyo idabadwira ku North America, ndiye idawotcha ku Eurasia.
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Mawonekedwe
Kapangidwe ka muskrat kofanana ndi makoswe akulu. Oimira akuluakulu amalemera mkati mwa ma kilogalamu awiri okhala ndi kutalika kwamasentimita 23 mpaka 36. Kutalika kwa mchira ndikufanana ndi kutalika kwa thupi ndipo kumatha kusiyana 18 mpaka 28 sentimita. Thupi la nyama iyi limakhala ndi mawonekedwe a cylindrical. Mutu umakhala wocheperako pang'ono ndi buluzi wokulirapo. Khosi ndi lalifupi. Pamutu pali makutu ang'onoang'ono omwe sangathe kuwoneka chifukwa cha ubweya. Maso ake ndi ochepa komanso okwera padzulu.
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Zopangira zanyengo zimakhala kunja kwa khomo lamkamwa kuti zithandizire nyamayo kuthana ndi mbewu zolimba zam'madzi. Mchirawo ndi wokulirapo komanso wokutidwa, wokutidwa ndi mamba ang'ono ndi tsitsi lochepa. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala ndi nembanemba.
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Makoswe a musk ndi otchuka chifukwa cha ubweya wawo, womwe umakhala wopanda madzi. Ubweya weniweniwo ndi wowonda komanso wakuda. Msana ndi miyendo imatha kukhala yakuda, yofiirira, kapena yofiirira. Kunja kwa thupi, ubweya umakhala wopepuka, mtundu wake umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi imvi mpaka imvi. Muskrats amawoneka wowala kwambiri nthawi yotentha kuposa nthawi yozizira.
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Habitat
Dziko loyambirira la muskrat linali gawo kuyambira North America kupita ku Mexico. Chifukwa chakuti muskrats nthawi zambiri amabweretsedwa ku Europe, adazika mizu kuchokera ku Mongolia, China ndi Korea. Zimapezeka m'dera la mitsinje yatsopano mu Israeli. Ku Russia, muskrat amatha kupezeka ku dera la Europe la Siberia, Far East ndi Kamchatka.
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Nyanja za peat, mitsinje ndi ngalande zimakonda malo okhalamo. Pakhoza kukhala pafupi ndi dziwe lochita kupanga. Mitundu ina imapezeka pafupi ndi malo akumatauni, popeza ma muskrats sawopa anthu. Pewani malo okhala ndi madzi oundana komanso kusowa kwa masamba.
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Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Muskrats amadya chakudya chomera, koma amathanso kudya anthu osiyanasiyana amphibians. Mwa zomerazo, kabichi, namsongole, mabango ndi mbewu zingapo m'madzi ndizofunikira. Ozunzidwa ndi muskrats amatha kukhala nsomba zazinkhanira, nsomba zazing'ono, mabulusa ndi achule. Osanyoza kudya zovalazo. Pafupifupi 7 peresenti ya zakudya zimakhala ndi nyama.
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M'nyengo yozizira amadya m'malo obisala chakudya, komanso mizu yam'madzi ndi tubers. Izi ndi nyama zam'madera ambiri, zomwe ngakhale ndizosowa kwambiri chakudya, sizingasiye malo awo kupitirira 150 metres.
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Moyo
Muskrats amadziwika ndi kusakhazikika kwawo. Amatha kukhala otakataka kwambiri pafupifupi nthawi yonse yamasana. Ntchito yawo yayikulu ndikupanga mabowo omwe amatha kufika mpaka 2m mainchesi ndi mita 1.2 kuya. Monga lamulo, mumphangayo mumakhala zotuluka zomwe zimapita m'madzi. Kutentha kwapansi mkati ndi madigiri 20 Celsius kuposa kutentha kw Kunja.
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Zomangira zimamangidwa mosiyana ndi mnzake. Ndizofala kuti nyama izi zizipanga zodyera, zomwe zimakhala pamtunda wa 2-8 metres kuchokera kubowo ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosungira chakudya. Amaswa timiyala ta nyumbayo kupita kumalo odyetserako chakudya, kuti tipeze zinthu zofunikira.
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Ma muskrat ndi odziwika bwino chifukwa cha luso lawo posambira. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa michere yapadera m'magazi ndi minofu, amamva bwino pansi pa madzi popanda mwayi wopeza mpweya. Panali zochitika pamene muskrats anali pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi 17. Chifukwa cha maluso amenewa, amatha kubisala kuti asawonongeke ndi zomwe amadyera ena.
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Kubala nyengo
Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga pafupifupi 25-25 masiku. Gulu limodzi limatenga ana 7 mpaka 8. Malo okhala ndi nyengo yozizira amathandizira ana awiri okha pachaka, ndipo okhalamo nyengo yotentha amatha kubereka malita asanu. Mwana akangobadwa, wamphongo amakhala wotanganidwa kusaka chakudya chachikazi, komanso kukonza zinthu kuti ana awo asapulumuke.
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Ana amabadwa opanda khungu ndi kulemera kwa magalamu 22. Pakatha masiku 10, amayamba kusambira, ndipo patatha milungu ingapo amatha kudya masamba. Kuyambira ndi zaka 1, muskrats ang'onoang'ono amakhala odziimira pawokha, nthawi yozizira yoyamba imakhala pafupi ndi makolo awo.
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Kukula kumachitika pofika zaka 7 mpaka 12. Chiyembekezo chamoyo m'chilengedwe chili pafupifupi zaka zitatu, ndipo ali mu ukapolo - mpaka zaka 10.
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Muskrat ndi cub
Adani m'chilengedwe
Popeza muskrats ndi ochulukirapo mwachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri amakhala chakudya cha adani ambiri. Amagwidwa ndi ma raccoon, ma ottery, ma alligator, ma pikes, oward a barn ndi zina zotero. Khwangwala ndi mphutsi zosiyanasiyana zimatha kusaka ana. Muskrats nthawi zambiri amakhala ovutitsidwa ndi nkhandwe zazikulu ndi coyotes. Ma mbewa a muskrats amawonongeka ndi zimbalangondo, nkhumba zamtchire ndi mimbulu. Pofuna kuti asagwere m'mizere ya adani, muskrats amabisala m'madzi akuya kapena mkati mwao. Pakakhala vuto, nyamazo zimadziteteza ndi zikhadabo ndi mano.
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Chiwerengero cha muskrat chimadziwika ndi fecundity yayikulu komanso kusintha kwabwino pakusintha kwachilengedwe, koma kuchuluka kwawo kumachepera zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi mpaka zisanu ndi chimodzi. Izi ndichifukwa cha oscillation achilengedwe, koma palibe chifukwa chenicheni.
Kufotokozera mawonekedwe
Potengera kukula kwake, nyamayi imakhala pakati pa khola ndi chakumwa. Wachikulire amatha kulemera makilogalamu 1.8 ndi kutalika kwakuthupi kwa masentimita 45-70. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti theka la kukula kumeneku kumagwera mchira. Imapindika pambuyo pake, yokutidwa ndi mamba ndi tsitsi, ndipo chisa cholimba chimatsikira pansi. Mukasunthira pansi imakhalabe mzere pansi. Pansi pake pali ziwalo ziwiri za inguinal. Kudzera mwa iwo fungo la muskymagawo amakhala ngati gawo.
Thupi ndi lozungulira komanso laling'ono komanso mutu wopundira. Makutu amatuluka kuchokera pansi pa ubweya. Maso ndi ochepa, amapezeka kwambiri. Kufanana kwa muskrat ndi ma beavers ndikuti incisors protrudeosalowa mkamwa. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti aziluma zinthu pansi pa madzi osatsegula pakamwa pake. Miyendo yakumaso ndi yayikulu kuposa kutsogolo. Amakhala ndi ma membala osambira ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa.
Chophimba cha ubweya chimakhala mbali ziwiri: pali undercoat ya silky yochokera pansi, ndi mulu wosasunthika kuchokera pamwamba. Mtundu wake umakhala wamitundu mitundu: kumbuyo ndi miyendo yake ndi yakuda kapena yakuda, m'mimba imakhala imvi. M'nyengo yotentha, ubweya umayaka padzuwa ndikuwala. Ubweya wake ndi wolemera, wofiyira komanso wopanda madzi. Nyama imayang'anira mosamala: amazola mafuta ndi kuyeretsa.
China chimodzi zida zapansi pamadzi ndi malo osungirako hemoglobin m'magazi ndi myoglobin m'misempha. Izi zimapatsa muskrat mwayi wokhala wopanda mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kuswana
Nthawi yakukhwima imayamba koyambirira kwamasika. Yaikazi imanyamula ana awowo patatha mwezi umodzi. Mu litala limodzi pali ana osakwana 7-8. Kudera lakumpoto, ana oterewa amatha kukhala 1-2 pachaka. Kum'mwera kwa kumwera kwa muskrats kubala ana katatu pachaka. Kwa pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, mayi amadyetsa ana ake mkaka, womwe umakula msanga ndipo wokutidwa ndi ubweya. Patsiku lachisanu, ana amatseguka, ndipo chakhumi amayamba kuphunzira kusambira. Pambuyo pa masiku 30 mpaka 35 atabadwa, amayamba kuwadyetsa zakudya zamasamba.
M'nyengo yozizira, m'badwo wachinyamata umakhalabe limodzi ndi amayi awo. Ndipo kumayambiriro kwa kutentha kwa masika, amawatulutsa kutulutsa. Chifukwa chake, maskrats achichepere amatumizidwa kumoyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Ngakhale amakhala opendekera kwambiri, makoswe osenda bwino musakhale zaka zopitilira 3. M'mikhalidwe yochita kupanga, nthawi yotalikirana imapitilira zaka 9 mpaka 10. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa zinthu zambiri zoopsa kuthengo.
Kuswana kwa Muskrat
Nyama ndi imodzi mwazinthu zophera nsomba, zopatsa zofunikira ubweya zopangira. Ndipo ku North America amaweta nyama yokoma yofanana ndi nyama ya kalulu. Ma Muskrats amalimidwa pamafamu apadera komanso mwachinsinsi. Zikopa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakusoka zovala za ubweya, zipewa ndi zina zambiri. Zogulitsa zotere ndizofunikira, chifukwa mtengo wawo wotsika mtengo umaphatikizidwa ndi mbiri yabwino. Ubweya wake ndiwokhalitsa, wokongola, wokhala ndi zinthu zopanda madzi, umagwira zaka pafupifupi 4-5.
Mu wowerengeka mankhwala ntchito mafuta a muskrat amkati. Ndizoyenera kupera. Mitundu ya Musky imagwiritsidwa ntchito mumsika wamafuta.
Mkhalidwe
M'malo ochita kupanga, nyama zimayesetsa kupanga zikhalidwe zachilengedwe kwambiri. Kutsogolera ntchito yomanga nyumba amaziponya zida zomangira zosiyanasiyana. Kutuluka kwa dzenje kukuzunguliridwa ndi mpanda wa foni. Ngati izi sizingatheke, ikani madzi ambiri.
Chakudya chodyeracho chimasiyana kwambiri kuthengo. Makoswe a musk amasangalala kudya chilichonse chomwe amapereka. Itha kukhala:
- masamba abwino,
- udzu wa dandelions ndi chowawa,
- phala
- buledi,
- tirigu ndi zinthu.
Pa kukula kwakukulu, zina zowonjezera zimawonjezedwa ku zakudya za muskrats: tchizi tchizi, mkaka, nyama, nsomba.
Ndi chisamaliro choyenera komanso zabwino muskrat zizolowera mwachangu kwa anthu. Zowona, pali chiwopsezo cha matenda kuchokera kwa iwo omwe ali ndi mitundu yonse ya matenda opatsirana.