Ophiuri pakati pa echinoderms ndi nyama zoyenda kwambiri. Amayenda mothandizidwa ndi ma ray, ndipo pokhapokha pazifukwa izi amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo ya ambulacral. Ngakhale ma opiurs ali ndi mawonekedwe a mtengo, amakhalanso ndi nyama zomwe zimayenda mosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, mikono yawo iwiri kapena inayi yopindika moyang'ana ngati funde, ndipo mtengo wawo wosakhazikika pakadali pano utha kuwongoleredwa kutsogolo kapena kumbuyo, ndipo diskiyo imakwezedwa pamwamba pa gawo lapansi.
Pokhala ndi ophiur, palinso njira zina zoyenda. Chifukwa chake, anthu amtundu wina wa ophiur, omwe amajambula zinthu ndi cheza chimodzi kapena ziwiri, amakokedwa kupita kwa iwo, kwinaku akukankhidwira ndi ma ray otsala. Palinso mitundu yomwe, ngakhale ilibe michere komanso makapu oyamwa, imagwiritsa ntchito miyendo ya ambulacral poyenda, ndikuyigwiritsa ntchito poyenda. Pamalo osalala, monga makoma a galasi la aquarium, ma snaki amatha kuwira ndi miyendo ya ambulacral. Pankhaniyi, maselo a glandular a ophiur amatseka ndulu yapadera ya viscous, chifukwa chomwe miyendo yawo imawoneka kuti imamatirira kumtunda kwa gawo lapansi. Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi miyendo ya ambulacral komanso pokumba ophiur pansi.
Mizere ndi miyendo ya ophiur sizimangoyendera gawo lokhathamira, komanso zimagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pantchito yolanda chakudya ndikupita patsogolo pakamwa. Amadyetsanso zokhala ngati njoka monga nyama zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana, komanso detritus, ndipo mitundu ina imakonda algae zokha.
Tizinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya chotchedwa ophiura chimabweretsedwa mkamwa ndi miyendo, ndipo nyama zazikulu zimagwidwa ndi zingwe, zomwe, popindika, amazipereka mkamwa mwachindunji. Mu ophiurs aku Europe, monga akuwonera pofufuza zam'mimba zawo, maziko azakudya (pafupifupi 75-90%) ndiwotupa, komanso ma crustaceans ang'ono, ma polychaetes, ma mollusks, achinyamata echinoderms ndi zina zazing'ono zapamadzi. Ngati azisungidwa m'madzi am'madzi, amatha kudyetsedwa ndi nsomba zosankhidwa.
Ma ophiuras amatha kuwona kwakutali patali, pambuyo pake amakwawira pamenepo. Kafukufuku wapadera wawonetsa kuti ndi miyendo ya ambulacral yomwe imakonda kukwiya kwa chakudya. Ndipo ngati miyendo ya ambulacral ilumikizana ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndiye kuti imayang'ana mbali ya pakamwa, ndipo tinthu tomwe timapezeka munthawi yomweyo timazindikira ndikuchotsa.
Ofiuri amathanso kukhudzidwa ndi zokopa zina, makamaka zowala. amalabadira msanga machitidwe osiyanasiyana amakanidwe. Ngakhale izi, zochepa zomwe zimadziwika ndi ziwalo zawo zamalingaliro.
Bioluminescence imadziwika ndi mitundu ina ya ophiur: i.e. amatha kuunika. Komabe, nthawi zambiri zimangoyatsa kunyezimira ndi singano, ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala pakamwa. Kuwala kolimba kwambiri kwamtundu wamtambo ndi kuyankha kukwiya kwa makina, mwachitsanzo, kukhudza ophiura. Kuwala kwa ophiur sikumawonedwa ndi maopepod osiyanasiyana, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhazikika pamatupi awo, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakwera mkati mwa ophiur.
Moyo wam'manja wokhala ndi mafoni, komanso mafupa olimba, kuti ateteze ophiur kuchokera ku adani ochepa. Koma mu ophiura, mutha kupeza ma ciliates osiyanasiyana, komanso ma parollic mollus, crustaceans, ndi mphutsi. Nthawi yomweyo, ma parasites ndi commensals ofiur ndi ochepa, ngakhale akuimiridwa ndi nyama yamagulu osiyanasiyana. Pakati pa maopepod, pali mitundu ina yomwe imamera mu burashi wa ophiur, ikayika mazira ambiri mwa iwo, zomwe zimasokoneza kubadwa kwawokha kwa eni. Mapepala amodzi payekhapayekha amatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale zotupa zazikulu ngati zowoneka pansi pamiyala yamanjenje.
Ma ophiuras amakonda kukhala kwamuyaya pazinthu zina, mwachitsanzo, pakati pa singano za urchins zam'nyanja. Chifukwa chake, ophiura Nannophiura lagani, yemwe m'mimba mwake wa diski ndi pafupifupi 0,5 mm, adasinthidwa kukhala ndi moyo kunyanja urchin Laganum depressum. Imakhala nthawi zonse kumbali ya hedgehog yosalala, pomwe imasuntha kuchokera singano imodzi kupita ina, ngati nyani pang'ono pang'onopang'ono kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo. Nthawi zambiri, ma opiurs amakhala pamakhola ndi masiponji. Oimira ambiri omwe ali ndi ma-ophiur okhala ndi mawonekedwe a 5 kuchokera ku gawo la ophiur yama nthambi nthawi zambiri amakhala pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma coral, ndipo ena amadyanso ndi minofu yofewa ya omwe amawalandira.
Kukhazikika kwa maluwa a Ophiomaza ofiur okhala ndi maluwa osiyanasiyana am'nyanja adadziwikanso. Ndipo ophiur ya Ophiomaza cacaotisa ophiur idapezeka mobwerezabwereza pa khomo la nyali yotentha ya mtundu wa Comanthus, chikho chomwe chimakutira mwamphamvu ndi cheza. Nthawi zambiri, ma ophiuras amakhala ndi utoto wocheperako kuposa ma echinoderm ena onse, koma mtundu wa ophiura Ophiomaza cacaotisa amakhala wopendekera komanso wogwirizana ndi womwe amakhala nawo. Pali mitundu ina yomwe thupi lake limapakidwa utoto wowoneka bwino kapena kapezi, koma ma opiuras sawoneka chifukwa cha kukula kwawo. Nthawi zambiri zonona, zonyezimira, zofiirira kapena zachikaso zimayambira kwambiri pakakhala njoka, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Ngakhale zotsalira za ophiur sizidziwika kwenikweni, chifukwa chake, sizophunzitsidwa mokwanira. Nthawi yomweyo, mitundu pafupifupi 180 ya ophict ophiur adadziwika pano. Osonkhanitsa omwe ali mgulu la ophiur amasiyanitsa madongosolo atatu: ophiur weniweni (Ophiurida), oegofiurida (Oegophiurida) ndi frinofiurida (Phrynophiurida).
Mbali Yachilengedwe ya Ophiura
Kunja, ma ophiurs amafanana ndi nsomba zam'madzi. Thupi limayimiridwa ndi diski lathyathyathya, ndipo ma railo aatali a 5-10 kapena, mwanjira yaying'ono, manja amasunthira kutali ndi iwo.
Diski yapakati yokhala ndi mainchesi osaposa 10 cm, mikono imatha kutalika masentimita 60-70. Manja a mchira wa njoka amakhala ndi ma vertebrae angapo, ulusi wamtundu wa intervertebral umamangiriridwa kwa iwo, chifukwa chomwe ma vertebrae amayendetsedwa.
Ophiuras (Ophiuroidea).
Mitundu yambiri imawonetsa kuthekera kosuntha mlengalenga kokha mu ndege yopingasa, koma ma euryalids amatha kupindika mikono yawo kupita kumimba, ndiko kuti, kukamwa.
Mafupa a ophiura ndi ovuta, omwe amaimiridwa ndi zida zakunja ndi zamkati. Mbali yakunja imakhala ndi ma tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri, amathandizira kuti mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mitemboyo azikhala ngati diso limodzi. M'mimba ndi kumbuyo kumakutidwa ndi mamba ooleza. Mkono uliwonse umakhala ndi mizere inayi yamapulogalamu achisamba. Mzere wapamwamba umakhala wabwinobwino, m'munsi mumakhala pakamwa (pambali pakamwa), komanso mizere iwiri pambali. Ma mbale omwe ali kumbaliyi ali ndi malovu. Pali mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yomwe mafupa ake akunja amaphimbidwa ndi khungu.
Ma ophiuras amadziwika kuti ali ndi mafuta zakale kuchokera kwa Ordovician woyambirira.
Pakati penipeni pamimba pali pakamwa kamene kali ndi mawonekedwe a pentagon. Fomuyi ndi chifukwa chakuti nsagwada 5, zokhala ndi papilloma yapadera, zimathamangira kumtunda wamkamwa nthawi yomweyo.
Mimba imawoneka ngati chikwama, chomwe chimakhala gawo lalikulu kwambiri la disk yapakatikati. Izi echinoderms alibe anus. Kwa kubereka, njoka yam'mimba imagwiritsa ntchito bursa - chikwama chomwe chili ndi mawonekedwe, komwe ma gonads amatseguka. Malo omwe gland imalowera imatchedwa bursal fissures, imakhala mkati mwa disc.
Dongosolo la hydraulic, ambulacral ofiur limafanana ndi onse a echinoderms, kupatula kuti samathandiza kusunthira njoka chifukwa miyendo yawo ya ambulacral ilibe makapu oyamwa. Zili pamanja pakati pa mbale zam'mimba ndi zam'mimba. Nthawi zambiri mtundu wowala mwachizolowezi umakhala wamba kwa ophiur, palinso mitundu yomwe imawala.
Pafupifupi mitundu 120 ya ophiur imakhala ku Russia.
Ophiura Habitat
Moyo wa Ofiura amatanthauza pansi. Awa ndi anthu okhala kunyanja yakuya, ndipo matalikidwe ake ndiakulu. Olekanitsa mitundu ya opezeka m'malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma makamaka okhala ndi njoka amakhala pansi pakuya mamita angapo.
Mitundu ya kuphompho imeneyi siyikwera pamwamba, yakuzama kwambiri inkapezeka kuphompho komwe inali ndi mamita opitilira 6,700. Kukhazikika kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana kuli ndi kusiyana kwake: Oimira osaya osankha asankha miyala yam'mphepete, miyala yamiyala yam'mlengalenga ndi masiponji a algae, okonda phompho lakunyanja akubisala silt.
Kubwera kwathunthu pansi, kungosiyira nsonga za cheza chake pamwamba. Mitundu yambiri ya ophiur imakhala mosangalatsa pakati pa singano za urchins zam'nyanja, munthambi za korali kapena masiponji ndi algae.
M'malo ena, mumapezeka mitundu yambiri ya ophiur, yopanga ma biocenoses, okhala ndi gawo lalikulu m'miyoyo yam'madzi. Mitundu yotere imakhudza kagwiritsidwe kake ka kayendetsedwe ka madzi, popeza zimadya zinthu zambiri zowoneka bwino, ndipo, ndizakudya cham'madzi ena.
Kufotokozera:
Ochulukira ambiri a odzigulitsa njoka ali mu dongosolo ili. Diski ya ophiur iyi nthawi zambiri imakutidwa ndi masikelo, ndipo cheza chake chimakutidwa ndi mbale. Ma ray samakhala nthambi ndipo sakhala ochepera kuposa omwe amaimira oyimira kale. Amangokhota ndege yopingasa, popeza kutulutsa kwa vertebrae kumakhala kovuta - mothandizidwa ndi ma tubercles ndi fossae.
Limodzi mwa mabanja ochulukirapo a lamuloli, Ophiacantliidae (Ophiacantliidae), lili ndi mitundu yambiri ya nyama yomwe imapezeka m'nyanja, ndipo ambiri aiwo amakhala m'malo ozama kwambiri. Mu ofpakantpd, chimbudzi cha dorsal mbali chimakutidwa kwathunthu ndi chivundikiro cha Palibe chomwe chimayikidwa mozama chifuwa chaching'ono, ma spikop kapena singano, chophimba matenga a disc. Ming'aluyo imapatsidwa singano zambiri zazitali kwambiri komanso zazitali kwambiri. Woimira banja nthawi zonse ndi wainakant (Ophiacanlha bidentata), yemwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri munyanja zam'madzi za Arctic, Atlantic ndi Pacific pamtunda wa 10 mpaka 4500 m.This ophiura brown wosaya, wokhala ndi mulifupi mwake mpaka 12 mm, ali ndi kuthekera.
Kutha kwa kuwala kumakhala kofalikira kwambiri pakati pa oimira banja lina - ofiocomid (Ophiocomidae). Opliiopsila ascilosa ndi O. arenea amawalira kwambiri, akukhala ku Morgue ku Mediterranean "pakuya kwa mamita 100. Ophiurs awa amayamba kunyezimira pang'ono. Ndikokwanira kukhudza ndi wand kapena ma pulasitala opangira mtanda wa ophiura, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo imayatsa nyali yowala poyamba pamalo akukhudzana, ndiye kuti kunyezimira kumakutira kunyezimira kutsalira. Ndi mkwiyo wautali, njoka izi zimawala ndi kuwala kowoneka ngati chikaso, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti kuunikaku kukuchokera padziko lonse la ophiura. Komabe, kafukufuku wazambiri zamtunduwu wasonyeza kuti ma cell a glandular, chinsinsi chake chomwe chimayambitsa kuwala, amangopezeka m'malo ena a ophiur thupi. Masingano, matumbo am'mimba ndi ofananira nawo a mawondo amatha kuwala. Mbali iyi ya mitundu yomwe idatengedwayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pophunzira za moyo wawo. Zamoyo zonse ziwiri zimagwira usiku, pakubisala mumchenga. ”Kuwala kunapangitsa kuti nyanjazo zizitha kuwunika usiku popanda zowonjezera zina. Zinapezeka kuti ophiur omwe amadya amatulutsa timayala tating'onoting'ono kuchokera pogona, ndikuziika pang'onopang'ono mpaka kutuluka ndipo potenga nawo ndikusefa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta chakudya ndi madzi.
Chowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi maluwa okongola aionion (Ophiocoma delicata), omwe amapezeka pakuzama pafupifupi 35 m kuchokera kugombe lakumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia. Ophiura iyi imakhala ndi pentagonal yaying'ono, yosalala kwambiri ya utoto wa sinamoni wokhala ndi mawalo angapo ozungulira kapena ozungulira, iliyonse ili ndi malire oyera oyera. Mphezi zamagetsi zimakhalanso ndi mawu awiri: gawo limodzi limakhala lofiirira ndipo linalo limakhala loyera, makulidwe choncho amawoneka owuma.
M'mphepete mwa nyanja yamchere ya Pacific, mutha kupeza woimira wina wa aococid - Ophiomastix annulosa.
Mitundu ya banja la amphiurid (Amphiiiridae), yomwe imasiyana kwambiri pakapangidwe kamakona pakamwa, pamwamba pomwe papillas awiri amkati okhalamo, imathanso kuwala. Ndizosangalatsa kukumbukira kuti kuwala kwa ophiur kunayamba kupezeka zaka zoposa 170 zapitazo: zidawoneka ku Amphipholis squarnata. Zinapezeka kuti anthu amoyo okha ndi omwe amatha kunyezimira, ndikuwala kwakukulu kuchokera kumunsi kwa singano, ndipo miyendo, monga lamulo, siziwala. Kodi tanthauzo la chowoneka ngati mbewa yolumikizira njoka sichinadziwikebe bwino. Ndizotheka kuti kunyezimira kowoneka komwe kumachitika pakukhudza ophiuras kumawopsyeza nsomba zomwe zimadya. Pamenepo maofesala amalandila mwayi wopulumutsidwa. Ndizodabwitsa kuti ophiura ocheperako, yemwe mulitali mwake wa disk saposa 4-5 mm, adatha kuzolowera moyo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndikufalikira pafupifupi kulikonse m'malo otentha komanso ozizira am'nyanja. Itha kupezeka kumadzulo kwa Barents Sea. Utoto wa ophiura ndi wamtambo kapena wonyezimira. Imakhala pamtunda wotsika ndikutsikira mpaka mamita 250. Choweta ichi ndi hermaphrodite. Mazira ake amakula mu bursa, ndipo nthawi yoberekera imakulitsidwa kwambiri ndipo mazira amatha kupezeka mu bursa chaka chonse. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kupeza zofanizira zamtunduwu zomwe zimakhala ndi diski yolimba, chifukwa nthawi zambiri pamikhalidwe yoyipa, ophiura amataya gawo la dorsal gawo la disk, nthawi zina ngakhale ndi m'mimba ndi gonads. Posakhalitsa, ziwalo zonse zotayika zimabwezedwenso.
Gulu laling'ono la Black Sea amphiur Stepanova (Amphiura stepanovi) amasamaliranso ana. Nsomba zazing'ono zam'madzi zimatha kupezeka koyambirira kwa chilimwe komanso nthawi yophukira. Kufufuza bungwe lamkati la amphiura a Stepanov, D. M. Fedotov adazindikira kuti A. stepanovi ndi mtundu wa hermaphroditic, womwe umadziwika ndi kubadwa kwamoyo. Amakhala m'manda mumchenga kapena amabisala m'goli la oyster. Ophiura iyi imapezeka mu Nyanja Yakuda mpaka yakuya 250 m, komanso Nyanja ya Marmara.
Mu Nyanja ya Mediterranean, pagombe la ku Europe la Atlantic Ocean komanso pagombe lakumadzulo kwa Africa, nyama zapafupi kwambiri ndi zam'mbuyomu - Amphiura chiajei. Atagoneka pamchenga, njoka yam'madziyi imakumba mkatimo mwachangu ndi miyendo ya ambulacral, ndikusiya maupangiri okhwima omwe amakhala pamwamba pa nthaka. Ofiura amalimbitsa makoma azinthu zopumira zomwe zimapangidwa mumchenga ndi ntchofu kuti zisakomoke, komanso kusuntha kwa ma ray ndi ma disk osiyanasiyana kumathandizira kuti magazi azisungunuka, ndikupangitsa malo abwino kupuma. Kupenda kwamalingaliro omwe ali m'madzi am'madzi akuwonetsa kuti kwa miyezi 18 ophiurs amatha kukhala m'manda mumchenga popanda kusiya ufulu wawo wakudzisankhira. Amatha kupanga mothandizidwa ndi cheza chocheperako pansi. Ophiur adadyetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayimitsidwa m'madzi, komwe adagwira ndi cheza cha coccyx chowonekera pamwamba pa nthaka. Tinthu tolondola tidasunthira kukamwa mothandizidwa ndi miyendo ya ambulacral, ndipo tinthu tating'onoting'ono tidanyamula ndi ma ray tokha. Ndipo zidapezeka kuti mtunduwu sugwira nyama. Komabe, sizinthu zonse za chakudya zomwe zimabweretsa mkamwa sizilowa. Miyendo yapafupi ndi pakamwa ndikuyitulutsa pang'ono. Amatayanso zotsalira.
Oimira mtundu wa Amphioura amatha kupezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana am'nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, Amphiura antarctica imapezeka m'madzi a Antarctic. ndi kunyanja yotentha ya Atlantic, aswa ana A. stimpsoni. M'mayiko athu akutali a Kum'mawa, ku Nyanja ya Japan, mu Satar Strait, mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk, m'madzi osaya a South Kuril Islands, malo opepuka kwambiri AmphioHia a Fess nthawi zambiri amakonda malo akuya. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cham'madzi chansizi.
Zosakhala zodziwika bwino kumayiko athu aku North East komanso kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Atlantic, komanso ku Barents, White, Kara Seas, ndi njoka yamphamvu kwambiri (Ophiopholus aculeata), a banja la ophiactids (Ophiactidae). Nthawi zambiri imapezeka pakati pa masango a siponji, miyala, ndi algae ocheperako pakuya mamita 5 mpaka 500. Mchira wa njoka zokhala ndi utoto wokhala ndi utoto wofiirira kapena utoto wofiirira, nthawi zina umakhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira. Diskiyo imakhala ndi singano zazing'ono, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zamitundu yambiri.
M'banja la ophiactid, mitundu ya nyama imapezeka yomwe imatha kubereka mwachangu. Malo opendekera pang'ono a 6 a ophiura Ophiaclis virens, omwe amakhala kunyanja ya Mediterranean komanso nyanja ya Atlantic, amakulitsidwa pogawana thupilo m'magawo awiri. Pambuyo pakugawa, gawo lirilonse limabwezeretsa otaika ndipo limayambiranso kukhala 6-beam, komabe, nthawi zambiri matayala amasiyana. Kukula kwa ma ray kumachitika chifukwa chophatikiza magawo atsopano kumapeto kwawo, magawo akale amawonekera pansi pamiyala.
Oimira banja la Ophiotrichidae (Ophiotrichidae) amapezeka kawirikawiri m'madzi otentha pamatanthwe a coral. yodziwika makamaka chifukwa chosowa papillas yamlomo, ndipo pamwamba pa nsagwada pali gulu la mapillip a mano. Disc ya ophiotrichids imakutidwa ndi miyeso yomwe imatha kutetezedwa ndi chikuto chowonda cha tubercles ochepa ndi singano. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokongola ndipo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake abwino. Ophiomaza sasalica, wokhala maluwa a kunyanja, nthawi zambiri amakhala utoto wa omwe amabwera. Utoto wokongola wa buluu wa Ophiothrix coerulea. Inapezeka ku Pacific Ocean pafupi ndi Liu Kiu Islands. Mbali yakumapeto kwa ophiura iyi ili ndi mawonekedwe, popeza zotchingira za radial zimapangidwa ndi kukongoletsa koyera, ndi maukali ndi mphete zakuda, pakati pomwe pali zoduwa zoyera pazotchinga zazing'onoting'ono. Ming'alu ya singano yofiirira.
Ophiura Ophiotlirichoides pulcherrima omwe amapezeka palibe okongola kwambiri. Dzinalo la chiphadzuwa mu kumasulira mu Russian limatanthawuza "wokongola kwambiri." Izi ophiura ali ndi chimbale ndi mphete zosinthira zamtambo ndi zachikaso. Pakamwa limatulutsa chikasu ndi utoto wabuluu waukulu. Misewu yokhala ndi zikopa zamtundu wamtambo ndi zachikasu. Masingano amizere ali ndi magalasi okhala ndi malekezero mabuluu.
Woyimira yekha wa banja la Ophiotrichid mu nyama zathu nthawi zina amapezeka kumwera kwa Black Sea. Uwu ndi brittle ophiotrix (Ophiothrix fragilis), wofala kwambiri ku Atlantic Ocean m'mphepete mwa Europe ndi Africa, komanso ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Ophiotrix wosasunthika amapezeka kuchokera ku littoral mpaka kuya kwa 1200 m. Ophiura iyi imadyetsa makamaka nyama zapansi - nyongolotsi, ma mollusks ndi ma urchins am'nyanja. Brittle ophiotrix nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo osungirako kosiyanasiyana, pakati pa miyala, m'magulu opanda zipolopolo.
Oimira banja laiodermatids (Ophiodermalidae) amagawidwa makamaka m'malo otentha. Ku Gulf of Mexico ndi nyanja ya Pacific, nyanja yaifupi-ya opioderma (Ophioderma brevispina) imakhala pa littoral. Mosiyana ndi ophiur ena osuntha mothandizidwa ndi ma ray, ophiura iyi imagwiritsa ntchito miyendo ya ambulacral poyenda, yomamatira kuzungulira kwa gawo lapansi.
M'madzi athu am'madzi, mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi imodzi mwa mabanja akulu kwambiri ogulitsa njoka - banja la Ophiuridae enieni. Banja ili limaphatikizapo mtundu waukulu wa Ophiura, womwe umapezeka ponseponse kunyanja. Woimira wamkulu wa mtundu wa Ophiur ndi mtundu wa Ophiura Sarsa (O. sarsi), womwe umapezeka kwambiri ku nyanja za Arctic, kumpoto kwa Atlantic ndi Pacific Oceans kuchokera kumadzi osaya mpaka 3000 m .. Monga oyimira ena a banja lino, Ophiura Sars ali ndi disk yayikulu, yomwe ili ndi m'munsi mwa cheza kumbali yakumanzere ya khosi, yolocha ndi papillomas, komanso cheza chochepa.
O. umllispina amakhala pafupi ndi gombe la Australia, lomwe lili pafupi ndi Sarsa ophiura tafotokozazi. Diski yake imaphimbidwanso ndi mbale zazikulu, ndipo cheza chake ndichoperewera, chomwe chimapangitsa ophiura mawonekedwe "otope".
Oyimira kwambiri amitundu yotchedwa Amphiophiur (Amphiophinra). Diski yawo ndi yokwera kwambiri ”, yokutidwa ndi ma coarse, omwe nthawi zambiri amatupa, ma ray olimba, okhala ngati mbali zitatu pamtanda. Mitundu yamtunduwu imapezeka kwambiri kuzama kwakukulu. Nyanja ya Okhotsk, pafupi ndi South Kuril Islands, gombe la Japan, komanso dera la Alaska ndi California pakuya kwa 130 mpaka 1076 mamita, ophiura Amphiophinra pondcrosa amakhala. Ophiura wama coral wofiira ndi amodzi mwa akulu kwambiri m'gulu la ophiur enieni. Diski yake, yophimbidwa ndi mbale zotupa, nthawi zina imakhala yotalika pafupifupi masentimita 5, ndipo matayala amatalika nthawi 4 mpaka 5 kuposa mainchesi a disk.
Oimira genus Ophiopleura (Ophiopleura) ali ndi disc, yokutidwa ndi khungu lofewa, kubisala mamba ang'ono. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri m'madzi athu akumpoto ndi O. borcalis. Pamaso pa disc yake akuwoneka kuti ndi satin kwathunthu. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazikulu kwambiri za ophiur, m'mimba mwake mwa disk yake nthawi zina umaposa masentimita 4. Mtundu wa ophiura uwu ndi wofiira, wachikasu-lalanje kapena lalanje.
Mitundu ya banja la ophiur iyi imatha kupezeka m'madzi a Antarctic. Ena mwa iwo amasamalira ana. Chosangalatsa kwambiri ndi Ophionolns hexaclis, amene ana awo amapezeka m'mimba mwa mkazi. Chovala chofiirachi chokhala ndi mitengo isanu ndi umodzi chokhala ndi mulifupi wozungulira pafupifupi 3 cm chimapezeka pamalo akuya kwambiri pachilumba cha Kerguelen. Chingwe chachikazi chimakonda kutambasulidwa ndi mazira akuluakulu angapo, m'mimba mwake cha disc chomwe chimatha kukhala pafupifupi 1 cm ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 2,5. Thumba losunga mazira limawoneka ngati ma vesicles, ndipo mu lililonse la dzira limodzi lokha, lomwe limagwera pakubowoleza kwa dzira ndikukula pamenepo. pambuyo umuna mu pang'ono ophiura. Mazira otsala amasowa, ndikutheka kuti apite kukadya chakudya chomwe chikukula. Momwe mazira amaphatikizidwira sakudziwikabe. Zikuwoneka kuti, umuna umalowa mu bursa ndimadzi oyenda nthawi zonse. Ophiur yaying'ono amatuluka, mwina kudzera mu bursal fissure, ovary yopuma imachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Palinso chidwi chotengera njoka, monga maonekedwe awo ofanana ndi nyenyezi ndi ophiura. Kuchokera apa pakubwera dzina lawo - starfiura (Astrophiura). Komabe, kusanthula kosamalitsa kwa nyamazo kunawonetsa kuti alibe chochita ndi nyenyezi, koma ndi owononga enieni. Ali ndi ma plates angapo a ma disk ndipo ma ray amakula kwambiri ndikupanga china ngati chishango, ndipo mbali zaulerezo zimakhala zopanda mawonekedwe. Zigawozi za ma ray zimayimitsidwa pamiyeso yam'mimba ndi dorsal, komanso ma ambulacral pores kutalika kwa miyendo. Khalidwe la ophiur losangalatsa ili silikudziwika. Komabe, mawonekedwe apamwamba a chishalo cha diski, kukula kwakukulu kwa miyendo ya ambulacral ya gawo la chishalo kumapereka lingaliro kuti nyenyezi zam'mlengalenga zimamatira miyala ndi miyala ndikudyetsa, kusefa madziwo ndi zigawo zoyamwa zam'madzi za ambulacral. Pali mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yokha yamtundu wa nyenyezi, zomwe zisanu zimapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana a Pacific Ocean ndipo mtundu umodzi umapezeka kugombe la South Africa komanso m'madzi a Pacific Ocean. Zoyimira moto zapezeka munyengo yakuya kwa 90 mpaka 3080. Astrophiura chariplax yapezeka munyanja ya Bering (kumpoto kwa Commander Islands) pakuya kwa 2440 m. Mphepete mwa gombe la California pakuzama kosakwana 1000 m A. rnarione adapezeka.
Banja laling'ono la ophioleucid (Ophioleucidae) lili ndi mitundu 5 yokha komanso mtundu umodzi ndi theka, womwe umagawidwa makamaka m'malo otentha. Komabe, mtundu umodzi wa banja lino - Ophiostriatus striatus - amakhala ku Arctic Ocean (kumpoto kwa nyanja ya Kara), mu Nyanja ya Laptev komanso kumpoto kwa Iceland. Idapezeka pamtunda wa 698 mpaka 4000 m.
Kumpoto kwa Pacific Ocean (m'chigawo cha Commander Islands), akuya kwa 2440 m, woimira mtundu wina wa ofnoleucid, Ophioleuce oxycraspedon, adakumana. Mtunduwu umadziwika ndi mbali yam'mimba kwambiri ya disc ndi kukhalapo kwa malire a papillas ang'onoang'ono kuzungulira m'mphepete mwake.
Mu 1972, mtundu watsopano wa ophioleucid wakuya panyanja, Bathylepta pacifica, adafotokozedwa. Ophiura iyi idapezeka kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean (kum'mawa kwa Pova Caledonia) pakuya kwa 6,680-6,830 m nthawi yoyenda chombo chotengera kafukufuku ku Vityaz.
Mitundu ya mabanja atatu - Ophionereididae, Hemieuryalidae ndi Amphilepididae - sapezeka m'mizere yathu. Zowona, mtundu umodzi wa banja latsopanoli - Amphilepis norvegica, wogawidwa mu Nyanja ya Atlantic kuchokera ku Canary Islands ndi Nyanja ya Mediterranean kupita m'mphepete mwa Norway ndi zilumba za Lofoten pakuya kwa 100 mpaka 2900 m, mwina ukhoza kukhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Nyanja ya Barents, koma mpaka atapezeka pamenepo.
Zakudya zopatsa thanzi za Opiura ndi moyo
Ofiurs amapezeka pansi, kuya kwake komwe kumachokera ku 6 mpaka 8 km. Komabe, kuchuluka komwe kumakhalako kumakhala akuzama kupitirira 500 m, nthawi zina matanthwe a coral amatha kukhala malo okhala. Zimasunthira pansi, zimagwera pansi ndikugwedeza mphezi zawo. Kusunthaku ndikotopetsa, mitengo iwiri yoyamba imakokedwa kutsogolo, kenako ndikuyiponyera kumbuyo. Mukamadya, mphezi zimathamanga.
Dzina lachi Russia "snark" ndi pepala lochokera ku dzina la sayansi la ophiura.
Popeza manja a ma ophiur ali ndi nthambi, osonkhana ambiri, amakhala ngati kapeti wotseguka, wokhala ndi mahema. Mothandizidwa ndi ma ray, ma opiurs amapanga misampha momwe anthu ochepa okhala pansi amagwera, mwachitsanzo, jellyfish, nyongolotsi, kapena plankton. Mitundu ina imadya zinthu zakufa.
Wormtail imatha kubwezeretsa mwachangu ma ray otayika, komabe, ndi kutayika kwa manja onse, amafa mwachangu. M'malo okhala anthu ambiri, zimavuta kugwidwa mosavuta ndi nsomba. Nthawi zina amakhala pamtundu wa urchins, coral ndi algae.
Ali ndi dzina loti mayendedwe achilendo.
Kufalikira ndi kukula kwa ofiur
Ambiri ogulitsa njoka amagawidwa ndi jenda, koma nthawi zina hermaphrodites amapezekanso. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti pali mitundu yochepa yomwe imaswana pawiri, ndikutsatiridwa ndikusinthika kwa ziwalo zomwe zikusowa. Amayamba, akudutsa metamorphosis, ndikupanga mphutsi - ofiopluteus. Ngati chitukuko ndicholunjika, popanda metamorphosis, ndiye kuti mazira amadutsa m'magawo otukuka mu bursa, amenenso ndi gawo lothandizira kupuma. Pambuyo pake, njoka yaying'ono imatuluka kudzera mu bursa, kupita kumadzi otseguka.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mawonekedwe a Ofiura
Pa chithunzi chaiura chofanana ndi nsomba yamkati, komabe, kufanana kumeneku kumangokhala kokha ndi zizindikiro zina zakunja. Kapangidwe ka mkati ndi mbiri yakutukuka kwa mitundu iwiriyi ndizosiyana kwambiri.
Kusintha kwa ophiur kunayambira kukulira kwamiyendo, kapena "manja" a nyama, omwe ali osiyana ndi thupi lalikulu. Ndi chithandizo chawo, ma ophiuras amasunthira bwino pambali mwamadzi.
Diski yokhotakhota yapakati pa thupi yopyapyala siyidutsa 10-12 cm, pomwe maimiro ochokera pamenepo amafikira mpaka 60 cm. Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa ophiur ndi ena oimilira a echinoderms kuli kapangidwe kamayalidwe awa.
Nthawi zambiri pamakhala asanu, koma mwa mitundu ina manambala amatha kufikira miyeso khumi. Amakhala ndi ma vertebrae ambiri, omangika pamodzi ndi minofu ya minofu, mothandizidwa ndi omwe "mikono" imasunthidwa.
Chifukwa cha cholumikizira chotere kapangidwe kake Mizere yamtundu wina imatha kupindika kukhala mpira kuchokera kumbali yamkati kupita kumbali yayikulu.
Kuyenda kwa ophiur kumachitika modabwitsa, pomwe ma ray angapo amaponyedwera kutsogolo, komwe kumamatira kusasiyana kwa seabed ndikulimbitsa thupi lonse. Ma vertebrae akunja amatetezedwa ndi zigawo zoonda za mafupa okhala ndi mizere inayi.
Zovala zam'mimba zimagwira ngati chophimba cha ma ambulacral grooves, ma pulatifomu omwe ali ndi kumbuyo kwake amakhala ndi singano zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana komanso mawonekedwe.
Mbali yakunja ya mafupa imakutidwa ndi ma tulo tating'onoting'ono. Umu ndi mtundu wa chithunzi cha maso. Chifukwa chosowa ziwalo zooneka, ntchitoyi imachitidwa ndi carapace yomwe, yomwe imatha kuyankha kusintha kwa kuwala.
Mosiyana ndi nyenyezi yam'madzi, miyendo ya ambulacral yomwe imatuluka m'mabowo omwe ali ndi vertebra iliyonse yamkati ilibe ma ampoules ndi makapu oyamwa. Ali ndi ntchito zina: zachuma komanso kupuma.
Monga ma ray, disc ya discottery imaphimbidwa kwathunthu ndi mbale zamkati mwa mawonekedwe. Nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi singano zosiyanasiyana, ma tubercles kapena setae. Pakati pakatikati pamimba pali pakamwa pentagonal.
Kapangidwe kamwa kamayang'aniridwa ndi nsagwada - ma protonion asanu ophatikizika omwe amaperekedwa ndi mbale zamkamwa. Kapangidwe kamkamwa ndi nsagwada kumapangitsa ophiur kuti asangopera chakudya, komanso kuti agwire ndikugwira.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zakudya zam'madzi zamagulu azinyama zam'madzi. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi nyongolotsi, plankton, organics yaying'ono yam'madzi, algae ndi minofu yofewa ya coral. Ming'alu ya ophiura ndi miyendo yake imakonda kugwira, kugwira ndikubweretsa chakudya kumkamwa.
Tinthu tating'onoting'ono komanso pansi pa dendrite zimakopeka ndi miyendo ya ambulacral, pomwe nyama zazikulu zimagwidwa ndi zingwe, zomwe, kupindika, kubweretsa chakudya pakamwa. Mimba yam'mimba imayambira mkamwa echinoderms, wopangidwa ndi:
- Esophagus
- Mimba, yokhala ndi thupi ambiri
- Cecum (wopanda wotsegulira)
Pafupifupi ophiuras onse amatha kudziwa kuthyola kutali. Ntchito yofunikira mu izi imaseweredwa ndi miyendo, yomwe imagwira kununkhira kwa chakudya chamtsogolo. Mothandizidwa ndi ma ray, nyamayo imayenda molondola, mpaka ikamaliza.
Nyama zikagaya chakudya ndi milingo ya pakamwa, kuwala konse kumayendetsedwa molunjika m'mwamba. Magulu akulu a ma ophiur a nthambi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zawo za "shaggy" kuti apange misampha yachilendo yomwe nyongolotsi zazing'ono, crustaceans kapena jellyfish zimagwera.
Zojambula zonyamula zipatso zoterezi zimagwira mosavuta ndipo zimayimitsidwa chakudya cham'madzi (plankton). Njira iyi ya zakudya imanena za ma forur ku ma mucosal-ciliary filtrators. Pali ena mwa ochinoderms ndi omwe amadya mtembo.
Mitundu ina ya ophiur, mwachitsanzo, ophiura wakudaikhoza kusungidwa m'madzi am'madzi. Ziweto zotere zimadyetsedwa ndi mankhwala apamadzi owuma, koma mutha kukhudzidwanso muzinthu zochepa za nsomba zatsopano.