Tizilombo tambiri timakhuta kwathunthu ndi moyo wawo, kuuluka tokha paminda ndi m'nkhalango, osazindikira mgwirizano uliwonse kapena ntchito, komanso kukumana ndi tizilombo tina tokha ngati nyama kapena nyama zomwe titha kubereka kwakanthawi. Koma pali tizilombo tokhala pagulu, monga ma hornets ndi mavu ena, njuchi za uchi, bumblebees, nyerere. Kuphatikiza apo, pali gulu lina, lodziwika bwino la tizilombo tokhala pagulu - chiswe, kapena "nyerere zoyera." Ngakhale ali ndi dzina, alibe chochita ndi nyerere - chisa cha gulu lakale kwambiri la tizilombo, pafupi ndi agulu. Ndipo sikuti malo onse okhala mautoto ndiakuda. Pafupifupi mitundu 2000 ya chiswe imadziwika, kuchuluka kwawo ndikokulira, koma ali ndi moyo wobisika.
Kudera lomwe kumapezekamo chiswe, ndikokwanira kuwaza pafupifupi chitsa chilichonse kapena mtengo womwe wagundika, ndipo tiwona kuti nkhuni uduladula mikwingwirima yambiri, tizilombo tina tating'onoting'ono topanda mapiko timabisala mwachangu. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili pano pa dziko lapansi, tili ndi zida zokwanira zosakwanira izi: chiswe sichikhala ndi njuchi kapena chifuwa cholimba. Makungu awo owonda amateteza pang'ono kuzizira ndi kutentha, amachotsedwa mumayendedwe awo amdima, amafa maola ochepa. Zitha kupezeka mu kutentha kokha, koma kuwonongeka pakuwala. Amafunikira chinyezi mosalekeza, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala kumadera komwe chilala chimalamulira kopitilira theka la chaka. Ndipo ngakhale ma chitali, monga lamulo, ali ang'ono, akhungu, athanzi, pafupifupi tizilombo todzitchinjiriza, ali m'gulu la anthu opambana kwambiri padziko lapansi. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndikuti moyo wamtchire ndi wovuta kwambiri kuposa moyo wa njuchi ndi mavu, chifukwa adachita mgwirizano wachilendo ndi ma virus ndi protozoa, komanso chifukwa adatha kupanga "mizindayi" yotukuka yokhala ndi microclimate yolamulidwa.
Tawononga chisa chamadera, mwadzidzidzi tazindikira kuti si mamembala onse omwe ali ofanana. Kwambiri kuno, ang'ono, aubweya wofewa, wopanda zingwe wokhala ndi mitu yozungulira komanso nsagwada zazing'ono - awa ndi antchito okhwima kapena ma nymph achichepere. Anthu ena - asitikali - ndi okulirapo, ali ndi nsagwada zazikulu, zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito kuteteza gulu. Asitikali akulephera ngakhale kudzidyetsa okha: antchito amayika chakudya pakamwa pawo. Asilamu amathamangira komwe chisa chikuopsezedwa ndi mdani kapena vuto lina, ndikukhalabe pomwepo mpaka mpata watsekeka. Ntchito ina ya asitikali ndikuwomba alamu m'malire: pakagwa zoopsa, amayamba kukhazikika mitu yawo pamtengo, ndikupanga phokoso lalikulu. Mahule pakati pa ogwira ntchito ndi asirikali ali ndi amuna ndi akazi omwe (okhala ndi ziwalo zophatikizidwa), mosiyana ndi mavu, njuchi ndi nyerere, momwe m'magulu amenewa mumakhala azimayi okhaokha.
Pofufuza za moyo wa chisa chamasana, tidzapeza kumeneko nthawi zina pachaka komanso anthu akuda kwambiri, omwe mapiko ake owonekera amatalika kwambiri kuposa thupi. Awa ndi amuna ndi akazi omwe amatha kubereka. Posachedwa iwo atuluka mu chisa mu unyinji waukulu, kukwatirana ndikukhazikitsa magulu atsopano. Ndipo pamapeto pake, pakati pa anthu okhala mu chisa mutha kupeza chiphikiro chodabwitsa kwambiri ndi "stumps" kuchokera kumapiko osweka - uyu ndiye "mfumukazi". "Mfumukazi" yakale yokhala ngati malo otentha imatha kukhala ngati msuzi, ndikufikira masentimita 10. M'mimba mwake mumakhala mazira ambiri kotero kuti sangathe kusuntha. "Mfumukazi "yo yazunguliridwa ndi antchito, amamutsuka ndikumayikira mazira, mtsinje wopitilira ndikusiya thupi lake. Mwa mitundu ina, "mfumukazi" imakhala ndi wokondedwa wake, "mfumu", "mwapadera" kunyumba yachifumu. Apa, pakati pa antchito odabwitsika, "mfumukazi" imakhazikika, m'mawu a Maurice Meterlink, "ngati chinsomba chozungulira miyala yamiyendo".
Maera awa, osiyana maonekedwe, akukhala mu chisa chomwecho, ndi oimira mabwalo osiyanasiyana. "Tsar" ndi "mfumukazi" paubwana wawo anali amuna okhala ndi mapiko ogonana. Pambuyo pa kuthawa kwa chibwenzi, mapiko awo adasweka motsatira mizere yamphamvu yochepera pansi. Kupeza kusiyana mumtengo kapena pansi, chiswe chimakhazikitsa mudzi watsopano kumeneko. Zamoyo zake zimasinthidwa kuti zizitha kubereka - kuphatikiza ndi mazira ambiri osaya. Ngati "mfumu" kapena "mfumukazi" iwonongeka, mphutsi zina zimatha kukhala anthu okhwima, koma omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi asirikali nthawi zambiri amakhala osabereka. Zinali kuti kukhala m'magulu amiyala yosiyanasiyana kunali kwobadwa nako, malo amenewo anali atabadwa kale ndi wogwira ntchito, msirikali, kapena "monarch," koma zidapezeka kuti zinali zovuta kwambiri kudziwa zomwe zimachitika.
Kodi ndi nyama yamtundu wanji?
Anthu achisilamu anapatsidwa dzina kuti "nyerere zoyera" ndi anthu makamaka chifukwa cha maonekedwe oyera. Kunja, chiza kuchokera kwa nyerere chitha kusiyanitsidwa osati ndi utoto, komanso chifukwa chosalumpha pakati pa bere ndi m'mimba.
Monga tizilombo tina tomwe timakhala pagulu limodzi, chiswe chimodzi chimagawidwa m'miyala, chomwe chimagwira ntchito yake.
Amuna ndi amuna okhatala, monga dzina lake likunenera, adapangidwa kuti azisamalira ndi kukonza kukula kwa banja la chiswe. Kuchokera kumapiri kwanyumba zina, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kukhalapo kwa ziwalo zamaso ndi mtundu wakuda wa thupi, komanso mapiko owoneka ngati atatu omwe adzagwa pambuyo pakuuluka koyamba komanso komaliza kwa munthu.
Nyerere zotsalira zimaganiza zomanga, zankhondo, chitetezo ndi ntchito zina zamagulu.
Asayansi ali ndi chidziwitso pafupifupi mitundu 3,000 ya malo okhala mu chilengedwe. Tizilombo timakonda nyengo yotentha, choncho kumwera kwa Russia kuli mitundu iwiri yokha ya nyerere zoyera, m'maiko omwe kale anali USSR pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri yokha. Zina mwazomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa katundu wazopezeka payokha komanso kupanga.
Chinsinsi mu chilengedwe
Ma kondomu onse a dziko lathuli, kupatula Antarctica, amatha kudzitamandira kuti mitundu ina ya malo okhala ndi omwe amakhala. Mukatentha kwambiri, kumakhala malo opanda ufulu.
Africa ndi amene amasunga kuchuluka kwa mitundu ya tizilombo. Malo okwera ma mita ambiri akhala akukopa ndi chizindikiro cha malo otentha ano.
Nyerere zoyera zimadzimangira nyumba zazikuluzakokha, pogwiritsa ntchito dothi, malovu awo ndi zimbudzi zawo ngati zomangira.
Malo osungirako zinthu zakale oterewa ndi omwe amakula kwambiri chifukwa cha anthu otopetsa pantchito.
Musayembekezere zabwino kuchokera kwa achibale
Tsoka ilo, zojambulajambula zowoneka bwino sizikhutiritsa anthu omwe akukwanitsa. Popeza chiswe chimakonda cellulose ngati chakudya, malo awo sangakhale chipululu chokha, komanso nyumba za anthu, nyumba zamatabwa. Ichi ndiye chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake, chifukwa amakakamizidwa kuti azifunafuna okha chakudya.
Anthu okhala ku Asia, makamaka China, South America, Australia akuvutika kwambiri ndi tizirombo. Zowonongeka zomwe zolengedwa zimapanga zimakwana madola mabiliyoni aku US pachaka. Makoma a nyumba zamatabwa amatha kupanga ngati makhadi, ngati mungaperekenso kwaulere ku chiswe, osanenapo mipando yowonongeka ndi zomangira.
Nyerere zoyera mu nyumbayo zitha kuwoneka ngati nyumbayo ili ndi pansi. Ngati tikulankhula za malekezero akumwera, ngakhale maziko a simenti sangapulumutse ku chiswe, omwe angapeze njira yolowera mnyumbamo, ngakhale izi zingafunikire kuwombera njanji kudzera m'mapaipi amadzi.
Kodi m'nyumba mwanu muli malo achisangalalo?
Nyerere zoyera zoyera zimatha kubweretsa mavuto akulu. Kuti mupewe zovuta komanso kuti muyambe kumenyera nyumba yanu munthawi yoyenera, muyenera kukhala atcheru. Ma chala pakati pabalaza sakhazikitsa tizirombo, koma kupezeka kwawo kumapezeka mosiyanasiyana.
Chizindikiro chachikulu cha kuwonekera kwa alendo osapemphedwa m'chipinda kapena nyumba, kuphatikiza pamisonkhano yamunthu ndi tizilombo, ndi kukhalapo kwa mabowo ang'onoang'ono pazinthu zamatabwa. Muyenera kuwunika bwino zitseko, mawindo, njanji ndi masitepe, mipando, mipanda ya nyumba yamatabwa pamalo oyambira, makamaka pakhonde pakhomo, kuti mupeze phwando la nyerere zoyera.
Apa mutha kupeza fumbi lamtundu wosawoneka bwino komanso lofiira kapena zopanda zinyalala zakuda za chiswe.
Ngati ma voids adawoneka mumtengowo, chizindikilo chake chomwe chimamveka pakaseweredwa, izi zimasonyezanso molakwika ntchito ya chiswe.
Ngati sizotheka kuthana ndi chimbudzi palokha, koma kukayikira kunatsalira, ndikofunikira kuyitanitsa akatswiri omwe angagwiritse ntchito chithunzi chotenthetsera kuti adziwe malo omwe akuthana ndi tizilombo.
Kudziletsa
Sizikudziwika zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakunyumba, moto kapena nyerere zoyera m'nyumba. Momwe mungachotsere tizirombo tonyansa?
Njira zazikulu zowongoletsera chimbudzi ndi ziphe zapadera, zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa ndi mankhwala ena a chlorine, kupatula zomwe zimatha, kukhala zotetezeka kwa anthu komanso zovulaza ku tizirombo, chifukwa chake ndizoletsedwa kugwiritsa ntchito.
Zosakaniza za naphthalene, petulo, palafini, mowa, turpentine, boron ufa, mercuric chloride, creosote komanso phula, mitengo yamatabwa kuchokera kumitengo ya coniferous imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kuwongolera.
Zochita zikuwonetsa kuti kulimbana kwayekha ndi chiswe sikugwira ntchito nthawi zonse, chifukwa chake bizinesi iyenera kusiyidwa kwa akatswiri, pambuyo pake amasamalira kukhazikitsa njira zodzitetezera.
Katswiri wozindikira chiswe
Pazida za akatswiri olamulira chimphona, mankhwala amphamvu kuposa omwe amapezeka pamsika waulere. Kuwononga anthu odwala ndi ofooka, zida zoterezi zitha kulimbikitsanso gawo la chiswe.
Ogwira ntchito zaukhondo amadziwa bwino momwe angachotsere nyerere zoyera m'nyumba. Pofuna kuthana ndi chiswe, mpweya umagwiritsidwa ntchito, womwe umasuta pamwambapa ndi zinthu zapadera. Inde, kuti mukwaniritse bwino bwino, njirayi ndiyoyenera pokhapokha ngati mutha kukonza matabwa onyamula ngati mipando, chifukwa fumigation imachitika m'zipinda zapadera.
Ntchito zaukhondo sizingogwirira ntchito nyumbayo, nyumba ndi zinthu zina zomwe zakhudzidwa, komanso zipeza ndikusintha chisa cha nyerere zoyera zomwe zimakhala kutali ndi kwathu. Ngati chiswe chasankha nyumba kapena nyumba yoyandikana, ndiye kuti kukonza malo onse okhala ndizothandiza kwambiri kuposa kuwombera adani.
Kuyandikira kosasangalatsa kwa chiswe ndi chisangalalo chokayikitsa. Chifukwa chake, pogula nyumba, makamaka m'malo otentha, chisamaliro chiyenera kulipidwa osati kokha pamakonzedwe komanso kutchuka kwa malowo, komanso zizindikiritso za "ntchito yaulere" mwanjira ya mitengo yamtunduwu.
Ngati zakonzedwa kuti zimange nyumba, ndiye kuti malo osungirako izi ayenera kusankhidwa kuti akhale ouma, maziko ayenera kutsanuliridwa kumtunda, ndipo zitsulo ziyenera kukondedwa kuposa mpanda wamatabwa. Komanso, chifukwa cha madera odziwa bwino “ngozi zapamwamba” omwe ali ndi ukhondo amatha kupereka chithandizochi kunyumba ndi malo ozungulira. Njira izi zitha kuchepetsa chiopsezo chokumana ndi nyerere zoyera m'nyumba zawo komanso m'malo antchito.
Chinsinsi
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Tizilombo ta mapiko |
Malo: | Chinsinsi |
Migwirizano, kapena nyerere zoyera (lat. Isoptera), ndi infraorder yazilombo zamagulu omwe amasintha osakwanira okhudzana ndi maphemwe. Kwa nthawi yayitali, malo osungirako zinthu amaoneka ngati odziimira pawokha (2009); posachedwa, mawonekedwe awo a taxonomic adakambirana ndikuwunikira kuyambira infraorder (2011, 2013) mpaka ephemeral (Termitoidae, 2007) ngati gawo la amphaka. Monga nyerere ndi njuchi zanjuchi, malo achisangalalo amakhala m'mabanja akuluakulu omwe amagawana ntchito pakati pa mamembala am'midziyo komanso kupezeka kwa magulu osiyanasiyana (asitikali, antchito, abwana, mfumukazi,mfumu ndi ena). Amadyetsa makamaka zakutchire, nkhuni zakufa, zomwe zili ndi mapadi, kukugaya komwe zimakhala ndi michere yambiri m'matumbo. M'malo otentha komanso malo ocheperapo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga dothi. Chinsinsi ndi chofunikira kwambiri mu zakudya za anthu ena ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mankhwala ambiri azikhalidwe. Chiwerengero cha mabanja chimafika pamamiliyoni angapo, ndipo chiyembekezo cha moyo wa azimayi ena chimaposa zaka makumi angapo. Mitundu mazana angapo ndiyachuma kwambiri monga tizirombo tomwe titha kuwononga kwambiri nyumba, mbewu kapena minda. Mitundu ina, monga Khalid_wankhanamaonedwa ngati zachilengedwe zowononga. Mitundu 293 yamtundu wamtundu wamakono imadziwika padziko lapansi (deta ya 2013, palimodzi ndi mitundu 3106 yamitundu).
Zina zambiri
Monga tizilombo tonse tokhala pagulu, anthu achinsinsi amagawika magulu atatu: ogwira ntchito, asirikali payekhapayekha ndi anthu okhoza kubereka. Ma chonde ogwira ntchito amakhala ndi thupi loyera, nthawi zambiri losakwana 10 mm kutalika. Maso amachepetsedwa kapena kulibe. Mosiyana ndi izi, anthu obala amakhala ndi thupi lakuda komanso maso opindika, komanso awiriawiri mapiko atali atatu, omwe, pomwepo, amawataya atatha kuthawa kwawokha kwa moyo wobereka. Ali ndi chuma cha eusociality.
Monga gulu, chimbudzi chinachokera ku maphemwe mu nthawi ya Triassic, pamenepa pomwe akatswiri ena amapanga chithaphwi. Manjala amtundu Cryptocercus, otchuka chifukwa cha ana awo kusamalira maphemwe, amanyamula microflora m'matumbo ofanana ndi chimbudzi, ndipo pakati pa chinsinsi pamakhala mawonekedwe oyamba Mastotermes darwiniensis, malinga ndi mawonekedwe omwe ali pafupi ndi maphemwe onse ndi chiswe china. Sizikudziwika ndendende momwe chimbuzi chidayambira, ndikukhala mosiyana ndi tizilombo tosakwanira, koma zimadziwika kuti chimbudzi choyambirira chidali ndi mapiko ndipo chidawoneka chimodzimodzi. Zotsalira za chiphokoso zimapezeka nthawi zambiri.
Matupi a chimbudzi chachikulire ndipo mapiko awo amapakidwa utoto wosiyanasiyana kuchokera kutuwa loyera mpaka lakuda. Mitu ya asitikali imatha kukhala yachikasu, lalanje, yofiirira kapena yakuda. Mwa asitikali ochepera kwambiri, oimira mitundu Atlantitermes snyderi (Nasutitermitinae) ochokera ku Trinidad ndi Guyana (South America) 2.5 mm kutalika, komanso mwa akulu kwambiri - asitikali Zootermopsis laticeps (Khalid) kuchokera ku Arizona (USA) ndi Mexico ndi kutalika kwa 22 mm. Achikulire kwambiri pakati pa azimuna achimuna achimuna ndi achimuna ndi amuna achimuna achikhalidwe cha ku Africa MacrotermesKutalika kwake limodzi ndi mapiko kukafika pa mamilimita 45, ndi pakati pa mapiko ang'onoang'ono Serritermes serriferi (Serritermitidae) - 6 mm ndi mapiko. Anthu okhala ndi mapiko oimira ena Incisitermes ndi Glyptotermes (Kalotermitidae) ndi Apicotermitinae kutalika kosakwana 7 mm ndi mapiko. Chiwerengero cha mabanja chimasiyana, kuchokera kumadera ochepa mazana ochepa okhaokha (Kalotermitidae) mpaka mamiliyoni angapoRhinotermitidae, Maulemu) Kulemera kwazitali zokhala opanda mapiko Mastotermes ukufika 52 mg.
Ma chala ndiofala m'malo otentha komanso otentha ndipo amapezeka mitundu yoposa 2900 yamakono. Mitundu iwiri ya malo okhala amakhala ku Russia (m'chigawo cha Sochi ndi Vladivostok). Mu CIS muli mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya chiswe, mwa mitundu inayi ya mitunduyi, kuphatikizapo Turkestan (Anacanthotermes turkestanicus) ndi Trans-Caspian wamkulu (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus), - imabweretsa zowonongeka zambiri pabanja.
Kufalitsa
Chinsinsi chimapezeka kumakontinenti onse kupatula Antarctica. Amayimiridwa pang'ono ku Europe (mitundu 10 ya majini awiri Kalotermes ndi Reticulitermes) ndipo ku North America (mitundu 50), pomwe ku South America kuli mitundu yopitilira 400, ndipo ku Africa pafupifupi mitundu 1000. Pafupifupi mamiliyoni pafupifupi 1.1 miliyoni amapezeka mu Kruger National Park (South Africa) okha. Ku Asia, kuli mitundu 435 ya chiswe, makamaka ku China, kumwera kwa mtsinje wa Yangtze. Australia ili ndi mitundu yopitilira 360 ya chiswe. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwawo, chiswe sichimawonetsedwa nyengo yozizira komanso yotentha. Mtundu umodzi wangozi waku America (Cryptotermes brevis) adatidziwitsa ku Australia.
Asia | Africa | kumpoto kwa Amerika | South America | Europe | Australia | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chiwerengero cha mitundu | 435 | 1,000 | 50 | 400 | 10 | 360 |
Kapangidwe ka Colony ndi Khalidwe
Monga tizilombo tonse tokhala pagulu, chiswe chimakhala m'makoloni, kuchuluka kwa okhwima komwe kungafikire mazana angapo mpaka mamiliyoni angapo ndikupanga nyumba zachifumu. Khola lililonse limakhala ndi mphutsi (nymphs), ogwira ntchito, asitikali, ndi anthu obala. Ntchito yomanga chiswe ndi chimbudzi. Mosiyana ndi nyerere, mwa mitundu yotukuka kwambiri ya chimbudzi, umembala wa ma caste umatsimikiziridwa. M'mitundu yakale kwambiri, kuyanjana kwa munthu kumatengera zomwe chimzake chimadyetsa nthawi ya kukula ndi momwe ma pheromones amakhalira.
Kubereka
Mwa anthu oberekera omwe amakhala mchisa, mfumu ndi mfumukazi ndi omwe amadziwika. Awa ndi anthu omwe ataya kale mapiko awo ndipo nthawi zina maso awo ndikuchita zodabwitsa mu chisa. Mfumukazi yomwe yakula msinkhu imatha kuyikira mazira masauzande patsiku, ndikusintha kukhala "fakitale ya mazira." Munthawi imeneyi, mawere ake makamaka m'mimba amawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa mfumukazi kuti ikwane maulendo makumi angapo kuposa nthawi iliyonse yogwira ntchito (masentimita 10 kapena kuposerapo). Chifukwa cha chimphona chachikulu cham'mimba, mfumukaziyi imalephera kuyima payokha, zikafunika kusamukira ku cell ina ya atsamunda, mazana a antchito amasonkhana kuti amusamutse. Pamaso pa thupi la mfumukazi, ma pheromoni apadera amawonekera, onyambitizidwa ndi antchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gululi ligwirizane. Mwa mitundu ina, ma pheromoni awa ndi okongola kwambiri kwa ogwira ntchito kotero kuti amaluma ma mandibles awo m'mimba ya mfumukazi (komabe, izi sizimamupangitsa kuti aphedwe).
Pali mfumu mchipinda cha mfumukazi, yomwe ndi yokulirapo pang'ono kuposa chinsinsi chogwira ntchito. Amapitilirabe kukwatirana ndi wamkazi moyo wonse, mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, nyerere, zomwe amuna amafa atangokwatirana, ndipo umuna umasungidwa mkati mwa mfumukazi (m'chiberekero) m'mazira owira.
Oberekera omwe ali ndi mapiko ndipo amatenga mbali zatsopano. Nthawi ina pachaka, zimatuluka mu chisa ndi kukwera m'mwamba, kenako champhongo ndi chachikazi, chatsika pansi, ndikudula mapiko awo ndikupanga khola latsopano. M'mitundu ina ya chiswe, anthu osabereka amapanga podcast yopangidwira m'malo mwa mfumu ndi mfumukazi ikamwalira. Komabe, izi ndizosowa kwambiri.
Asayansi ku yunivesite ya Yamaguchi ndi Tottori University adatsimikiza kuti mimbuluyo Reticulitermes speratus amakhala nthawi yayitali kuposa ogwira ntchito, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zochita za majini zomwe zimayambitsa kupanga ma antioxidant enzymes: catalase ndi banja la peroxyredoxins.
Ogwira ntchito
Mosiyana ndi nyerere, pakati paogwira ntchito ndi asitikali a chiswecho amagawananso chimodzimodzi pakati pa akazi ndi amuna. Malo ogwirira ntchito amagwira ntchito yopanga chakudya, kusungira chakudya, kusamalira ana, kupanga ndikukonza madera athu. Ogwira ntchito ndi okhawo omwe amatha kugaya cellulose chifukwa cha ma cellorganic apadera am'matumbo. Iwo ndi omwe amadyetsa chiswe china chonse. Gululi limadziwikanso ndi chidwi ndi ogwira ntchito.
Makoma a koloni amamangidwa kuchokera kuphatikizika kwa zimbudzi, matabwa olambulidwa ndi malovu. Chisa chimenecho chimakhala malo olimiramo minda ya fungal, kusunga mazira ndi mphutsi zazing'ono, kubereka, komanso makina owongolera mpweya wabwino omwe amalola kukhalabe ndi microclimate mkati mwa chimbudzi. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zina pamakhalanso malo a chiswe-philes - nyama zomwe zimayenderana ndi chinsinsi mu Symbiosis.
Asitikali
Asitikali ndi gulu lapadera laanthu omwe amagwira ntchito, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe aumunthu komanso chikhalidwe, makamaka motsutsana ndi kuwukira kwa nyerere. Ambiri ali ndi nsagwada zokulira kwambiri mwakuti satha kudya zokha. Asitikali a mitundu yotentha ya chimfine ali ndi mphukira yapadera pamutu pomwe amawombera madzi oteteza.Pamalo odulira pakati pamtengo, asitikali nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mitu yotambalala yomwe imawalola kuti atseke mizere yopingasa ndikuletsa kuti mdani asalowemo. Kukhulupirika kwa makoma a chithaphwi chaswedwa ndipo zinthu zikuvuta kotero kuti pamafunika asitikali oposa amodzi, asitikali amapanga gulu lodzitchinjiriza lofanana ndi phalanx ndikuyamba kuukira mwadzidzidzi wowazunza, pomwe antchito amatseka dzenje. Monga lamulo, phalanx pambuyo pake imadzisokoneza yokha, popeza pambuyo pobwezeretsa khoma la chiswe, imataya mwayi wobwereranso kuchimake.
Palibe chitetezo cha mankhwala m'mabanja Khalid, Hodotermidae ndi Kalotermitidae. Salivary kapena labial gland imapangidwa muzachikhalidwe zonse ndi m'matumba onse. M'mitundu ina, asitikali amatulutsa zinsinsi zoteteza, mwachitsanzo, Mastotermes ndi ambiri Macrotermitinae. Hypertrophic frontal salivary gland imapezekanso mwa ena Maitirina ndikudina mandibles: osachepera Dentispicotermes zinsinsi za kutulutsa timachokera chifukwa kuthyola tinthu tating'onoting'ono (autothisis, kapena kudzitsitsa tokha makoma a thupi). Gland wosatupa, wapadera padziko lapansi wa tizilombo, ndi njira yofananira m'mabanja Rhinotermitidae, Serritermitidae ndi Maulemu. Zosagwira ntchito komanso zochepa kwambiri mu imago yachiwerewere, gland iyi imapangidwa mochuluka mwa asirikali ndipo imapanga mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala. Kutulutsidwa kwawo kumapangidwa kudzera pabowo lapadera pamutu, lomwe limatchedwa kasupe (kutsogolo kwa pore). Munthawi zina, chimbudzi chakumaso chimatsekedwa, chifukwa chake zinsinsi za kutulutsa zimachotsedwa ndikutuluka kwa kutulutsa konsekonse ndi m'mimba (zotupa), mwachitsanzo mu Serritermes ndi Ma Globitermes . Chinsinsi Globitermes sulphureus, yotchedwa kamikaze chiswe, gwiritsani ntchito njira yodzipha, yomwe imadziwika kuti autothysis, ngati njira yoteteza.
Chotulutsa chamtsogolo chimatulutsira chinsinsi kwa mdani kudzera m'miyala yomwe ili m'manja mwa msirikali (zamphuno zam'mphuno, malo awa ali mu pore yapadera "mphuno" yapadera yamutu. Gland yakutsogolo imapangidwa kwambiri m'mimba mwa asitikali Rhinotermitidae (Coptotermes, Psammotermes, Reticulitermes, Prorhinotermes, Makonzedwe) komanso m'mutu wa wankhondo Maulemu (opangidwa mu Nasutitermitinaekoma kuchepetsedwa m'mabanja ang'onoang'ono Macrotermitinae ndi Maitirinaotetezedwa ndi ma mandibles amphamvu).
Kuchulukana kwa asitikali kudera lotengera ndendende ndi zomwe zimachitika pabanja ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa peresenti ya anthu onse. Mwa mitundu yaying'ono gawo la asirikali ndi ochepera 3%. Pafupifupi 4-6% - mwa mitundu ya majini Khalid (Nutting, 1970; Bouillon, 1970), Incisitermes (Harvey, 1934; Nutting, 1970), Kalotermes (Harris, 1954; Grasse ndi Noirot, 1958) ndi Glyptotermes (Danthanarayana ndi Fernando, 1970). Pafupifupi 1-9% mwa mitundu ya majini Mimacho (Nagin, 1972, Sen-Sarma ndi Mishra, 1972), Stolotermes (Morgan, 1959), Odontotermes (Josens, 1974), ndipo Macrotermes (Pangga, 1936). Malinga ndi a Josens (1972, 1974) omwe adasonkhanitsidwa ku Ivory Coast (West Africa), kuchuluka kwa asitikali kumasiyana pakati pa 12-16% mwa mitundu Basidentermes map, Chidyamakom holmgreni, Ancistrotermes cavithorax, Microtermes toumodiensis, Pseudacanthotermes militaris. M'madera omwe munakhala ma chito (m'mabanja awiri apanthawiyo: Coptotermitinae ndi Nasutitermitinae) komwe kutsogolo kwake kumayamba kutukuka kwambiri, gawo la asitikali litha kukhala lokwera kwambiri. M'mitundu Coptotermes formosanus ndi Coptotermes makubwa, msirikali pafupifupi 10% (Smythe ndi Mauldin, 1972, King ndi Spink, 1974, 1975, Pangga, 1936), pomwe Zipatala zakuchipatala (Pangga, 1936) ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu Ma Nasutitermes (Kfecek, 1970, Gay ndi Wetherly, 1970, Holdaway et al., 1935), kuchuluka kwa asitikali ankhondo kuli pafupifupi 10% ya anthu onse akugwira ntchito. Amapanga 15% -21% ya mitundu Trinervitermes geminatus (Bouillon, 1970; Josens, 1974), 20% m'mitundu Trinervitermes togoensis (Josens, 1974) ndi Ma Nasutitermes spp. (Pangga, 1936; Gay et al., 1955), 25% ya malovu Tenuirostritermes tenuirostris (Weesner, 1953), ndipo mpaka 30% ya malo osungira malo okhala Nasutitermes costalis (Hrdy ndi Zeleny, 1967). Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kukula kochepa kwa asitikali ankhokwe, ofanana ndi kukula kwa ogwira ntchito. Chinsinsi - Xylophagus Cephalotermes (Maitirina) kuchuluka kwa asirikali ndi 0,2% okha. Kuwonongeka kwa asitikali kumawonedwa m'mabanja awiri apabanja lachiwonetsero Maulemu. At Apicotermitinae oposa theka la mitundu ya ku Africa kuno alibe asitikali, monganso mitundu yonse ya neotropic genera. Osatengera izi, ana onse obadwa Kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia ali ndi asitikali, ngakhale izi zimakonda kwambiri pakati pawo (mtundu Mitundu Kwa nthawi yayitali amawonedwa kuti alibe asilikari). Mu subfamily Maitirina, mwa mitundu itatu yokha palibe gulu lankhondo: KhazikKon ndi Amitundu (awiri apafupi taxa ochokera kudera la Kum'mawa) ndi Zosilira ochokera ku Australia.
Mpikisano
Kupikisana pakati pa magulu awiri nthawi zonse kumayambitsa machitidwe azungu mukugwirizana wina ndi mnzake, zomwe zimafotokozedwa pam nkhondo zikuluzikulu.Ndewu izi zimatha kupha onse awiri ndipo, nthawi zina, kuwonjezeka kapena kuwonongeka kwa gawo. M'mitundu ina, manda amapangidwa ngati "manda amanda" ("manda manda"), pomwe matupi amanda amasungidwa (m'manda).
Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti chiswe chitagundana wina ndi mzake pamalo okhala anthu ena, ena mwa iwo amaletsa mwadala magawo kuti aletse ena kuti asalowemo. Ma chiteso akufa kuchokera kumalire ena omwe amapezeka mumayendedwe osaka amatsogolera kudzipatula kwa gawo ili, chifukwa chake, pakufunika kwatsopano yopanga njira. Mkangano pakati pa ochita nawo mpikisano nthawi zambiri suchitika. Mwachitsanzo, ngakhale atha kuletsa wina ndi mzake, madera Macrotermes bellicosus ndi Macrotermes subhyalinus musamasonyezana nkhanza wina ndi mnzake. Khalidwe lodzipha lomwe limapezeka mumtunduwu Coptotermes formosanus. Nthawi zina magulu awiri osiyana C. formosanus imatha kuwona zodyetsa zomwezo ndikuyamba kulimbana. Nthawi yomweyo, chimbudzi china chimapendekeka mwamphamvu kudutsa m'malo okumba ndikufera pomwepo, kutsekereza ngalandeyo ndikumalizitsa kuyanjana konse kosagwirizana ndi magulu awiriwa.
Mwa oimira gulu la kubereka, akazi otsogola (chiberekero chamtsogolo) amatha kupikisana wina ndi mnzake kuti akhale mfumukazi yayikulu ngati palibe mfumukazi yoyambira). Kulimbana pakati pa ana a mfumukazi kumapangitsa onse kufa, kusiyapo mfumukazi yokhayo, yemwe, ndi wamwamuna wamkulu (mfumu), amatenga gawo lalikulu la kupangika kwa dzikolo.
Nyerere ndi chiswe zimatha kupikisanirana wina ndi mnzake malo okhala malo okhala. Makamaka, nyerere zomwe zimadyera chiswe nthawi zambiri zimawononga mitundu ya Isoptera pamitengo.
Kulankhulana
Ma chala ambiri ndi akhungu, kotero kulumikizana kwawo kumachitika makamaka mothandizidwa ndi ma sign, chemistry, and pheromone. Njira zoyankhulirazi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizaponso poyambira, kuzindikira mabwalo, kumanga zisa, kuzindikira amuna, ndikamayendetsa ndege, kuzindikira ndi kumenyana ndi adani, komanso kuteteza zisa. Njira yofala kwambiri yolankhulirana ndi kukhala ndi chidwi ndi kulumikizana ndi tinyanga (tinyanga). Ma pheromones angapo amadziwika, kuphatikiza ma pheromones olumikizana (omwe amaperekedwa pamene ogwira nawo ntchito akukhudzidwa ndi trophallaxis kapena kudzikongoletsa) ndi ma pheromones okhudzana, kufufuza ma pheromones ndi amtundu wamitundu. Zovuta za pheromones ndi mankhwala ena oteteza zimasungidwa kuchokera ku gland yakutsogolo. Ma pheromones amasungidwa kuchokera ku chithaphwi cha kumbuyo, ndipo ma pheromones ogonana amapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu awiri glandular: gland yokhazikika ndi tergal. Mpheto zikapita kukafunafuna chakudya, zimadyetsa pansi m'nthaka m'mizu. Njira ikhoza kudziwika ndi ma fecal amana kapena mayendedwe obwereza. Ogwira ntchito amasiya ma pheromones pamayendedwewa omwe amapezeka ndi anthu amitundu ina omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zolakwika. Chinsinsi chimatha kuyanjananso kudzera mwa ma signature, makina, komanso kulumikizana. Zizindikirozi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizana ndi anthu panthawi ya alamu (kusokoneza kulumikizana) kapena kuyesa gwero lamphamvu.
Chitsamba chikamamanga zisa zawo, chimagwiritsa ntchito kulumikizana mosadziwika. Palibe chinsinsi chomwe chimayang'anira ntchito iliyonse yomanga. Ma chitu amodzi payekhapayekha amachitapo kanthu pamagulu ena, koma pagulu la gulu akuwonetsa ngati "kudziwa kophatikizana." Zinthu zopangira simenti kapena zinthu zina, monga mphete za dothi kapena zipilala, zimapangitsa chithaphwi kuyamba ntchito yomanga. Chinsinsi chimawonjezera zinthuzi pazinthu zomwe zilipo, ndipo khalidweli limathandizira pakumanga kwa ogwira ntchito ena.Zotsatira zake ndi njira yochita mwadongosolo momwe chidziwitso chomwe chimawongolera ntchito yokhala chiphokoso ndi chotsatira cha kusintha kwa chilengedwe, m'malo molumikizana mwachindunji ndi anthu.
Ma chala amatha kusiyanitsa nzika ndi alendo kudzera njira yolumikizirana ndi mankhwala komanso matumbo: michere yopanga ma hydrocarbons otulutsidwa kuchokera ku cuticle imalola kuvomerezeka kwa malo achilendo. Dera lililonse limakhala ndi fungo lake lapadera. Fungo ili ndi chifukwa cha majini komanso zachilengedwe, monga chakudya chamadyekedwe ndi kapangidwe ka mabakiteriya m'matumbo am'mimba.
Ziwawa
Zisa zachiwerewere zimatchedwa timiyala taphiri ndipo, monga lamulo, zimawoneka ngati mabwalo akuluakulu ataliatali pamwamba padziko lapansi. Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikuteteza chiswe kuchokera kwa adani, kuuma ndi kutentha.
Malo okwanira a termite omwe amakhala m'malo okhala ndi mvula yambiri komanso yosatha amakhala pachiwopsezo cha kukokoloka kwa kapangidwe kake chifukwa cha dongo lawo. Zisa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi makatoni (chomera chotafuna ndipo makamaka zamkati zamatabwa) zimatha kuteteza mvula ndipo zimatha kupirira mvula yambiri. Madera ena okhala ndi timiyala timagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangira pakuphwanya kapena kuphwanya chisa. Mwachitsanzo, koloni Mabakiteriya ngalande zopapatiza zikumangidwa, zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malo opangira mphamvu, popeza m'mimba mwake mulifupi ndi ochepa kuti atsekedwe ndi asitikali. Chipinda chotetezedwa kwambiri, chotchedwa "chipinda chachifumu", chili ndi mfumukazi ndi mfumu ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mzere wotsiriza wa chitetezo.
Mitundu ya genus Macrotermesatha kupanga zida zovuta kwambiri padziko lapansi pano, ndikupanga magulu akuluakulu. Madera amtunduwu ndi amodzi kwambiri padziko lapansi, amafikira mita 8 mpaka 9, ndipo ali ndimadutsa ambiri, nsonga ndi zitunda. Mtundu wina wa chiswe, Amitermes meridionalis, imatha kumanga zisa ndi kutalika kwa 3 mpaka 4 metres ndi kutalika kwa mita 2.5. Makina opanga zovala kwambiri omwe adalembedwapo anali a 12.8 metres ndipo adapezeka ku Equatorial Africa ku Democratic Republic of the Congo.
Ma chitu ena amapanga milu yokhala ndi mitundu yovuta kupangidwira mitundu ina. Mwachitsanzo, monga chimbudzi cha mtundu Zoyimira (Amitermes meridionalis ndi A. laurensis) Mangani "kampasi" kapena "maginito" oyenda kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera. Mwakuyesa, zawonetsedwa kuti kuwongolera kwa kampasi kumathandizira kuphunzitsira. Kuyang'ana kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera kumabweretsa kuti kutentha kwamkati mwa konkire kumakulirakulira m'mawa kwambiri, kupewa kupewa kutenthedwa ndi dzuwa ladzuwa. Kenako matenthedwe amakhalabe pamalo otsetsereka ofunikira (pazithunzi) kwa tsiku lonse mpaka madzulo.
Sakani ndi mutu
Mapeto: 1,017 Ndalama za nsanamira 94,694 RUB (Tsatanetsatane) Makonda: 1,002 Makonda adalandila: 1,467Kodi chiswe (nyerere zoyera) ndi ndani?
m'mawu 682 144%
Chinsinsi chake ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafanana kwambiri ndi nyerere. Chifukwa cha izi, amatchedwanso "nyerere zoyera."
Ma chala amapezeka makamaka m'malo otentha, koma amapezekanso m'malo otentha. Zakudya zomwe amadya zimakhala makamaka mapadi omwe amapezeka nkhuni, udzu ndi masamba a mitengo, kotero chonde chimatha kuwononga zachuma, kuwononga nyumba zamatabwa ndi mitundu yamitengo.
Zisa zachiwerewere ndizosiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala ngati zotchingira kapena dothi, kapena zipilala zokongola pansi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakopa anthu.
Pazonse, pali mitundu yochepera 3,000 ya ma chonde padziko lapansi, ku Russia mitundu iwiri yokha yomwe ikudziwika kuti imakhala m'chigawo cha Sochi ndi Vladivostok.
Kuluma kwachimake kumakhala kowawa kwambiri ndipo kumayambitsa kuyamwa kosalekeza komanso kutupa kwa minofu. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwengo zimatheka mwa anthu, kuyambira ochepa mpaka owopsa kwambiri ndi zotsatira zakupha, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi pulmonary edema.Zizindikiro za kuluma zitha kuphatikizira kummero pakapuma, chizungulire chachikulu, kupweteka kwam'mimba, kugwedezeka, komanso kusazindikira.
muzosankha 511 74%
Chinsinsi chake ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafanana kwambiri ndi nyerere. Chifukwa cha izi, amatchedwanso "nyerere zoyera."
Ma chala amapezeka makamaka m'malo otentha, koma amapezekanso m'malo otentha. Zakudya zomwe amadya zimakhala makamaka mapadi omwe amapezeka nkhuni, udzu ndi masamba a mitengo, kotero chonde chimatha kuwononga zachuma, kuwononga nyumba zamatabwa ndi mitundu yamitengo.
Zisa zachiwerewere ndizosiyanasiyana. Zitha kukhala ngati zotchingira kapena dothi, kapena zipilala zokongola pansi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri amakopa anthu.
Pazonse, pali mitundu yochepera 3,000 ya ma chonde padziko lapansi, ku Russia mitundu iwiri yokha yomwe ikudziwika kuti imakhala m'chigawo cha Sochi ndi Vladivostok.
Kuluma kwachimake kumakhala kowawa kwambiri ndipo kumayambitsa kuyamwa kosalekeza komanso kutupa kwa minofu. Kuphatikiza apo, ziwengo zimatheka mwa anthu, kuyambira ochepa mpaka owopsa kwambiri ndi zotsatira zakupha, zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi pulmonary edema. Zizindikiro za kuluma zitha kuphatikizira kummero pakapuma, chizungulire chachikulu, kupweteka kwam'mimba, kugwedezeka, komanso kusazindikira.
Chingwe, mwa kuyankhula kwina kumatchedwa nyerere zoyera, amakhala m'mabanja akuluakulu ndipo ngati nyerere wamba imagawana ntchito banja lonse, pali oteteza onse omwe amateteza nyumba komanso nyerere ogwira ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito ndikumanga nyumba, pali abambo omwe amabala ana ndi mitundu yambiri ya ogwira ntchito monga m'moyo wamunthu).
Chonde chimadyera pazomera, nthawi zambiri mitengo yakufa yomwe imakhala ndi cellulose, yomwe imakumbidwa mosavuta mu chithupi.
Anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chamtundu wa chakudya ndipo ndichakudya chabwino pakati pa anthu ambiri, popeza kuchuluka kwa malo okhala mbanja limodzi kumatha kufikira mamiliyoni angapo.
Popeza kuchuluka kwa chimbudzi ndi kwakukulu, mitundu ina ya mitengo yawo imatha kuwononga kapena kuwononga nyumba zakale zamatabwa, nkhalango, ndi mbewu zomwe anthu amalima.
Ma chitesa amatha kuvulaza komanso kukhala othandiza, iwo, limodzi ndi mphutsi, amathandizira pakuzungulira nthaka, amatha malo ouma pomwe mulibe mphutsi, kuikiratu ndikuthandizira kuchulukitsa.
Kuyesera kunakhazikitsidwa ndipo chiswe pamodzi ndi nyerere zimatha kukweza zokolola zofika ndi chitatu, izi ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha othandizira ochepa.
Sikuti chonde zonse ndizovulaza, zomwe ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi, 90% yotsalayo yomwe ingathandize munthu.
Zizindikiro
Mapositi: 3,344 Ndalama zamakalata 186016 RUB (Zambiri) Anakonda: 6,198 Makonda analandira: 8,508m'manyumba 2,944 254%
Kodi chinsinsi ndi ndani?
Chingwe, mwa kuyankhula kwina kumatchedwa nyerere zoyera, amakhala m'mabanja akuluakulu ndipo ngati nyerere wamba imagawana ntchito banja lonse, pali oteteza onse omwe amateteza nyumba komanso nyerere ogwira ntchito omwe amagwira ntchito ndikumanga nyumba, pali abambo omwe amabala ana ndi mitundu yambiri ya ogwira ntchito monga m'moyo wamunthu).
Chonde chimadyera pazomera, nthawi zambiri mitengo yakufa yomwe imakhala ndi cellulose, yomwe imakumbidwa mosavuta mu chithupi.
Anthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chamtundu wa chakudya ndipo ndichakudya chabwino pakati pa anthu ambiri, popeza kuchuluka kwa malo okhala mbanja limodzi kumatha kufikira mamiliyoni angapo.
Popeza kuchuluka kwa chimbudzi ndi kwakukulu, mitundu ina ya mitengo yawo imatha kuwononga kapena kuwononga nyumba zakale zamatabwa, nkhalango, ndi mbewu zomwe anthu amalima.
Ma chitesa amatha kuvulaza komanso kukhala othandiza, iwo, limodzi ndi mphutsi, amathandizira pakuzungulira nthaka, amatha malo ouma pomwe mulibe mphutsi, kuikiratu ndikuthandizira kuchulukitsa.
Kuyesera kunakhazikitsidwa ndipo chiswe pamodzi ndi nyerere zimatha kukweza zokolola zofika ndi chitatu, izi ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri chifukwa cha othandizira ochepa.
Sikuti chonde zonse ndizovulaza, zomwe ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo khumi, 90% yotsalayo yomwe ingathandize munthu.
Zotumizira: 262 Ndalama za nsanamira 8790 RUB (Tsatanetsatane) Anakonda: 128 Makonda adalandira: 282Chinsinsi chake ndi tizilombo tofanana ndi nyerere, chifukwa chake amatchedwa nyerere zoyera. Ma chitao ndi amtundu wa agogo, amakhala m'midzi yayikulu. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 3,000 ya tizilombo. Zidutswa zosiyanasiyana zokhala ndi kusiyana zimasiyana: Mtundu wa thupi, kupezeka kwa dera la thoracic, chophimba cha thupi ndi nembanimbo yotulutsa khungu, mutu waukulu wokhala ndi zida zamkamwa mwamphamvu. Mitundu yonse ya chimbudzi imadya pa cellulose.
Chinsinsi chake ndi tizilombo touluka kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, kutentha, kuwala, komanso chinyezi. Chinsinsi ndi tizilombo tokhala m'mabanja akuluakulu. Zisa zokhala mchira zitha kupezeka pansi, muzu wa mitengo, komanso mitengo ikuluikulu. Ngakhale m'malo otsetsereka a chimbudzi, mapangidwe a milu ya chimbudzi amatha kukhala osiyana.
Chingwe ndi tizilombo zovulaza, koma zimagwiranso ntchito mwachilengedwe, monga lamulo chitha kuwononga nkhuni zopanda moyo.
Mabanja achimuna agawidwa m'magulu atatu: ogwira ntchito, asitikali, gulu lobereka. Kuwona chinsinsi ndikovuta kwambiri, chifukwa ndiosakhalitsa usiku. Kusunthika kwawo kumachitika munjira zomwe adachita. M'nyengo yozizira, chiswe chimataya zochitika zawo. Chiwerengero cha chimbudzi chimatha kukhala kuyambira pa makumi angapo mpaka mamiliyoni a tizilombo taanthuwa.
m'masamba 145%
Chinsinsi chake ndi tizilombo ndipo chimawoneka ngati nyerere, chokha choyera.
Tizilombo tambiri timeneti timakonda kudya cellulose, yomwe, mwadzidzidzi, imapezeka nkhuni.
Izi ndizomwe amadziwika kuti amadya chilichonse chopangidwa ndi mtengo.
Amakonda kumanga malo awo amtundu, anthillions, chiswe kutali ndi anthu.
Chimalala pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula ku Antarctica.
Ma chala samadya anthu ndipo amawopa iwo, chifukwa amayesetsa kukhala kutali ndi iwo momwe angathere.
Zikuwoneka kuti pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa chiswe, koma ayi.
Pali mitundu yopitilira 3,000 ya chiswe.
Ena amati chiswe ndi abale apadera a nyerere, koma ayi.
Ndi abale pachifuwa.
Ma chingerezi amadziwika chifukwa choti ena mwa iwo omwe anamwalira kalekale, koma amapezeka nthawi zambiri.
Izi zimadziwika kwa ambiri pomwe mabwinja kapena kachilombo kameneka kamapezeka mu amber.
Malo okwanira a termite nawonso ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri nyumba, ngakhale poyerekeza ndi anthill. Ma termitniki nthawi zambiri amafanizira ndi simenti.
Ndipo ali, panjira, mtundu wosiyana.
Chiswe, mosiyana ndi nyerere, sizikhala pamtunda, motero amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Ayi, sizivulaza munthu. Koma zitha kuvulaza nyumba kapena nyumba, ngakhale malinga ndi ziwerengero zilipo pafupifupi gawo khumi la zowonongekazi, pomwe makumi asanu ndi anayi otsalawa amapindulitsa anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Mapeto: 15,124 Ndalama za nsanamira 608,102 RUB (Tsatanetsatane) Makonda: 47.483 Makonda adalandila: 49.034Idasinthidwa komaliza ndi olkavac, 10.16.2019 pa 22:33.
m'milandu 11,126 324%
Kodi chinsinsi ndi ndani?
Chinsinsi chake ndi tizilombo ndipo chimawoneka ngati nyerere, chokha choyera.
Tizilombo tambiri timeneti timakonda kudya cellulose, yomwe, mwadzidzidzi, imapezeka nkhuni.
Izi ndizomwe amadziwika kuti amadya chilichonse chopangidwa ndi mtengo.
Amakonda kumanga malo awo amtundu, anthillions, chiswe kutali ndi anthu.
Chimalala pafupifupi kulikonse, kupatula ku Antarctica.
Ma chala samadya anthu ndipo amawopa iwo, chifukwa amayesetsa kukhala kutali ndi iwo momwe angathere.
Zikuwoneka kuti pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa chiswe, koma ayi.
Pali mitundu yopitilira 3,000 ya chiswe.
Ena amati chiswe ndi abale apadera a nyerere, koma ayi.
Ndi abale pachifuwa.
Ma chingerezi amadziwika chifukwa choti ena mwa iwo omwe anamwalira kalekale, koma amapezeka nthawi zambiri.
Izi zimadziwika kwa ambiri pomwe mabwinja kapena kachilombo kameneka kamapezeka mu amber.
Malo okwanira a termite nawonso ndi amodzi mwamphamvu kwambiri nyumba, ngakhale poyerekeza ndi anthill. Ma termitniki nthawi zambiri amafanizira ndi simenti.
Ndipo ali, panjira, mtundu wosiyana.
Chiswe, mosiyana ndi nyerere, sizikhala pamtunda, motero amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Ayi, sizivulaza munthu. Koma zitha kuvulaza nyumba kapena nyumba, ngakhale malinga ndi ziwerengero zilipo pafupifupi gawo khumi la zowonongekazi, pomwe makumi asanu ndi anayi otsalawa amapindulitsa anthu m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Mawu akuti "nyere yoyera" angatanthauzire nyemba za nyerere, zomwe mumatha kuziwona mukaphwanya chisa cha nyerere ndipo okhalamo atagwira mazira ndi pupae ndikupita mobisa, kapena chimbudzi. Nyerere yoyera ndi dzina lomwe limakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chinsinsi. Monga mwa mayina ambiri odziwika, liwuli limawonekera chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a chiswe.
Mtengo wapakati womwe amakumana ndi eni nyumba nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zoyera. Mtundu wa chiswe umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera ndi zomwe amadya. Mitengo yakuda, monga mahogany, imapereka mtundu wa chimbudzi pakakhala kutha. Matabwa opepuka, monga paini, sangasinthe kwambiri mtundu wa chiswe.
Chithunzichi pamwambapa chikuwonetsa asitikali ndi antchito. Malo okhala ndi mitu yachikasu ndi lalanje ndi asitikali. Mukayang'anitsitsa, mudzaona mandibles akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo. Ogwira ntchito alibe mataya omveka bwino, ndipo mutu wawo umakhala utoto kwambiri mogwirizana ndi matupi awo. Chonde dziwani kuti chimbudzi chogwiritsa ntchito chimakhala ndi "mimba" zakuda zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadalira kwathunthu kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa nkhuni womwe munthu amudya.
Ma chitesa ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi nyerere pakuwoneka, mawonekedwe ndi zofunika pakudya. Ngakhale chiswe ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi nyerere mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake, zili ndi zinthu zina zapadera zomwe zimathandiza kuzizindikira.
- Mitundu yonse ya malovu amakhalamo cellulose, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti samangodya mitengo yamatabwa, komanso amathanso kudya mbewu, makatoni ndi mapepala. Ma chingerezi ndi owoneka bwino, nthawi zambiri oyera / zonona, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kuwoneka bwino.
- Ali ndi antennas mwachindunji poyerekeza ndi nyerere.
- Ma chala ali ndi chiuno chachikulu.
- Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda kutengera mitundu.
- Ali ndi tinyanga tokhala ndi mawondo.
- Maso awo amawoneka m'mbali za mutu.
- Amakhala ndi magawo atatu - mutu, chifuwa ndi Gaster.
- Poyerekeza ndi chiswe, nyerere zimakhala ndi chiuno chowonda, pomwe chifuwa chimakumana ndi m'mimba.
Zotumiza: 632 Ndalama za nsanamira 19258 RUB (Tsatanetsatane) Anakonda: 733 Makonda adalandira: 872Idasinthidwa komaliza ndi 9solovey pa 10/16/2019 nthawi ya 21:27.
m'masamba 419 138%
Mawu akuti "nyere yoyera" angatanthauzire nyemba za nyerere, zomwe mumatha kuziwona mukaphwanya chisa cha nyerere ndipo anthu ake atagwira mazira ndi pupae ndikupita mobisa, kapena chimbudzi. Nyerere zoyera ndi dzina lomwe limakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa chiswe.Monga mwa mayina ambiri odziwika, liwuli limawonekera chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a chiswe.
Mtengo wapakati womwe amakumana ndi eni nyumba nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi zoyera. Mtundu wa chiswe umatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera ndi zomwe amadya. Mitengo yakuda, monga mahogany, imapereka mtundu wa chimbudzi pakakhala kutha. Matabwa opepuka, monga paini, sangasinthe kwambiri mtundu wa chiswe.
Chithunzichi pamwambapa chikuwonetsa asitikali ndi antchito. Malo okhala ndi mitu yachikasu ndi lalanje ndi asitikali. Mukayang'anitsitsa, mudzaona mandibles akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chitetezo. Ogwira ntchito alibe mataya omveka bwino, ndipo mutu wawo umakhala utoto kwambiri mogwirizana ndi matupi awo. Chonde dziwani kuti chimbudzi chogwiritsa ntchito chimakhala ndi "mimba" zakuda zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimadalira kwathunthu kuchuluka ndi mtundu wa nkhuni womwe munthu amudya.
Ma chitesa ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi nyerere pakuwoneka, mawonekedwe ndi zofunika pakudya. Ngakhale chiswe ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi nyerere mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake, zili ndi zinthu zina zapadera zomwe zimathandiza kuzizindikira.
- Mitundu yonse ya malovu amakhalamo cellulose, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti samangodya mitengo yamatabwa, komanso amathanso kudya mbewu, makatoni ndi mapepala. Ma chingerezi ndi owoneka bwino, nthawi zambiri oyera / zonona, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kuwoneka bwino.
- Ali ndi antennas mwachindunji poyerekeza ndi nyerere.
- Ma chala ali ndi chiuno chachikulu.
- Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zakuda kutengera mitundu.
- Ali ndi tinyanga tokhala ndi mawondo.
- Maso awo amawoneka m'mbali za mutu.
- Amakhala ndi magawo atatu - mutu, chifuwa ndi Gaster.
- Poyerekeza ndi chiswe, nyerere zimakhala ndi chiuno chowonda, pomwe chifuwa chimakumana ndi m'mimba.
Onani zomwe "TERMS" zimatanthauzidwe zina:
- (., kuchokera lat. termes). Tizilombo touluka kuchokera ku orthoptera, komwe nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa nyerere zoyera, kumakhala kumayiko otentha, kukonza nyumba zotalika kutalika kwake. Mtanthauzira mawu ena akunja ophatikizidwa mchilankhulo cha Russia. Chudinov AN ... Mtanthauzira mawu achilendo aku Russia
Kuzindikira kwa tizilombo ta gulu. Madera, ogawidwa m'miyala, amakhala ndi mapiko komanso anthu opanda mapiko. Pansi panthaka ndi pansi (mpaka 15 m) zisa zamangidwa (malo otetezedwa). CHABWINO. Mitundu 2600, makamaka m'malo otentha, Russia mitundu 2: imodzi m'chigawo cha Sochi ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Isoptera), chizindikiritso cha tizilombo. Pafupi ndi agogo ndi kupemphera mantis, naib, gulu loyambirira pakati pa tizilombo pagulu. Anthu okhala ndi mapiko ali ndi awiriawiri mapiko ofanana, omwe amathyoka atatha kuthyoka ndi kukhwima. Anthu opanda ndege ... ... Mtanthauziramawu wa Biology encyclopedic
- (Termitidae) banja la tizilombo ta Orthoptera, Orthoptera, ku gulu la Corrodentia. Mutu wa T. ndi waukulu komanso waulere, tinyanga tapangidwa tating'ono 13 23, tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, maso ndi awiri, ziwalo zamkamwa ndizotukuka kwambiri ndikuthandizira ... ... Brockhaus ndi Ephron Encyclopedia
MITU YA NKHANI - (Termitidae) - tizilombo tokhala pagulu, ndi amtundu wa chindapusa (Isoptera) wokhala ndi mitundu 1900. Amatchedwanso nyerere zoyera, chifukwa, monga tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, timakhala m'magulu akuluakulu ndikukonza zisa zazikulu, kuphatikiza apo, ... Moyo wa tizilombo
Ov, ambiri (unit chiswe, a, m.). [kuchokera lat. termes (termitis) kachilomboka kachilomboka] Kupezeka kwa tizirombo toyambitsa matenda ochokera kumayiko otentha omwe akukhala zisa zazikuluzikulu zosiyanasiyana (kuzungulira padziko lapansi) ndi tizirombo ta nkhuni. Chinsinsi, o, o. T. ... ... Dictionaryedic
Chinsinsi - Chinsinsi. TITITITES, gulu la tizilombo tambiri.Kunja amafanana ndi nyerere zazikulu. Madera, ogawidwa m'miyala, okhala ndi mapiko (achimuna ndi amuna) komanso opanda mapiko ("antchito" ndi "asitikali"). Kutalika mpaka 20 mm, "mfumukazi" (zazikazi) mpaka 140 mm. Pangani ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Chinsinsi chambiri chimatchedwa "nyerere zoyera." Ma chingereza adalandira dzinali chifukwa chakuti, monga nyerere, amatsogolera njira yamoyo “yodziwika”, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapanga nyumba zopangika, monga ma nyerere, amadziwika ndi polymorphism (mwadzidzidzi, chinsinsi chawatcha polymorphism kuposa anteat), ndipo chachikulu gawo lokhalabe ndi moyo pachikhalidwe chambiri, monga nyerere, amasewera ndi anthu omwe sanakwanitse. Koma kufanana kumeneku, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi zochitika zofananira, kumachepetsa kufanana kwa chiswe ndi nyerere. Ma chiswe ndi chopinga cha tizilombo osakwanira, ndipo nthumwi zoyimira antchito sikuti zimangopezeka kwina (Hymenoptera), komanso dipatimenti ina ya tizilombo - Holometabola.
Chinsinsi sichiri chodziwika bwino kwa okhala munthawi yotentha: chinthu chawo chachikulu ndi malo otentha komanso malo okhala, makamaka otentha. Zowona, mitundu payokha ndi yofala komanso yofalikira ndipo imafikira, mwachitsanzo, kumwera kwa Russian SSR, ndi m'mizinda yayikulu, yokhazikika ndi nyumba zamatenthedwe, chiswe chingapezekenso kumpoto: kuli malo ambiri ku Hamburg, ndipo tili ndi malo ku Dnepropetrovsk. Koma ambiri, achinsinsi okhala okhala otentha.
Ponseponse, pafupifupi mitundu 2500 yamtambo imadziwika.
Chingwe ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Makulidwe a anthu amtundu umodzi ngakhale m'modzi amodzi amasiyana kwambiri (mu Bellicositermes natalensis-chinsinsi chowononga South Africa - ogonana amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 1, 5 cm, ogwira ntchito - 0, 5-0, 8 cm, asitikali mpaka 1, 5 cm.
Mwachilengedwe, mu banja la mazana angapo mpaka mazana a zikwizikwi ngakhale mamiliyoni aanthu, pamakhala mkazi yemwe amayikira dzira (“mfumukazi”) ndi wamwamuna akumuphatikiza ("mfumu"). Awa ndi anthu okhwima mwakugonana, akugwetsa mapiko. Kuphatikiza apo, munthawi zina (musanagwire nyama) mumakhala amuna ndi akazi ambiri okhala ndi mapiko ambiri, amene nyengo yabwino ndi nthawi, amasiya chisa kuti akakhazikitse magulu atsopanowo.
Anthu okhala ndi mapiko amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa awiriawiri ophatikizika bwino, mapiko ofikira okhala ndi mapiko, mapiko ndiotalika kwambiri kuti, akagwedezeka kumbuyo kwawo, amatuluka mpaka kumapeto kwam'mimba. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka mapikowo, kachulidwe kameneka kanapatsidwa dzina (Isoptera - "mapiko ofanana"). Magawo a chifuwa ndi m'mimba mumtambo wokhala ndi mapiko ndimomwe amathandizira kwambiri.
Ambiri mwa anthu okhala kumalo achisangalalo ndi anthu ogwira ntchito (Gome 26). Ogwira ntchito amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Pankhaniyi, chiswe ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi nyerere, momwe, monga ma hymenoptera ena amagulu, ogwira ntchito nthawi zonse amakhala achikazi. Ogwira ntchito akufanana ndi mphutsi - makamaka, kukula kwa ntchito zanthawi yochoka dzira mwachindunji. Ogwira ntchito ali ndi mawonekedwe ofewa, osasinthika, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi malo awo okhala m'misasa, mumlengalenga momwe mumadzaza madzi. Pankhani imeneyi, pali gawo limodzi lokhalo pakati pa chinsinsi. Ena chimbudzi kum'mwera kwa Africa (Ma Butotermes) ali ndi antchito omwe amakhala poyera, zovala zawo zimakhala zofiirira kapena zakuda. Koma, monga lamulo, chophimba cha chimbudzi chimakhala chofewa komanso chochepa thupi, ndipo ngakhale mutu wamutu umawonekera mu bellicositermes natalensis bowa wopanga ndi ziwalo zonse zamkati zamtunduwu zimawonekera kudzera pazophimba.
Ogwira ntchito amadziwika ndi mutu wozungulira, dera lopanda bwino la thoracic. Kumapeto chakumapeto kwa m'mimba - mphamvu 2-5-yokhala ndi cerci - chizindikiritso cha mitundu yobisika. Maso a ogwira ntchito amapangidwira, ndipo nthawi zambiri kulibe.
Asitikali ndi gulu lapadera la antchito apadera, omwe amakhala ndi mutu wodziwika bwino komanso kuluma kwamphamvu. Nsagwada izi zimakhazikitsidwa motsutsana ndi adani - chiswe cha mitundu ina, ndipo koposa zonse, motsutsana ndi nyerere.M'masirikali ena "opanda phokoso", ngalande ya tezi imadutsa mkati mwa mutu momwe mumalowerera madzi amakankhira kwa mdani, kulumikiza kayendedwe ka kachilomboka.
Ma chala amadalira kwambiri zakudya zam'mera. Chinsinsi chimatha kudzidyetsa kokha kwa anthu ogwira ntchito. Chifukwa chakutukuka kwakukulu kwa mandibles ndi kufalikira kofooka kwa mbali zotsalira za zida zapakamwa, zomwe sizimadyetsa: zimadyetsedwa ndi anthu ogwira ntchito mwina ndi makamwa ochokera pakamwa kapena ndi chimbudzi mwachindunji kuchokera kwa anus - akadali ndi michere yokwanira kwa asitikali. Anthu ogonana pambuyo poyambira kolimba amadyetsedwa ndi zipsera zamisempha ya ogwira ntchito kapena mphutsi. Mphutsi zazing'ono kwambiri zimapatsidwanso ntchito ndi antchito, kuwapatsa zodzaza ndi tiziwalo tosisita kapena thungulume yama bowa.
Chakudya choyambirira kwambiri chomwe chimadyedwa ndi chiswe m'nkhalango zotentha - zotsalira za nyama ndi nyama zomwe zikuwonongeka munthaka, humus Zosiyanasiyana zotsalira m'nthaka - nkhuni zowola, masamba, manyowa, khungu la nyama - zimadyedwa ndi chimbudzi, koma chakudyacho sichimamwa nthawi yomweyo, komanso chimbudzi chamadya chamadya a humus ndiye wogwira ntchito wina kapena msirikali amadya. Chifukwa chake, chakudya chomwechi chimadutsa m'matumbo angapo mpaka chimakololedwa kwathunthu.
M'malo ambiri owoneka ovuta, bowa amadyera zisa ("minda ya bowa", mkuyu. 139), womwe umamera pamitengo ndi mitengo yambiri, makamaka oimira bowa wamba. Koma nthawi zina bowa amaikidwa mu zisa za chiswe zomwe sizipezeka munthaka kapena m'matupi a chiswe (termitomyces). Bowa amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka podyetsa mphutsi zazing'ono.
Ma chala ambiri amadya pamatabwa, nthawi zina amadya nkhuni youma, ngakhale fota yoyera. Kupukusa kwa fiber mu chimbudzi kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi ma flagellates ochokera ku Hypermastigina (Trichonympha etc.), omwe amapezeka pafupipafupi m'matumbo, omwe amawononga cellulose; chimbudzi sichimatulutsa cellulase yawo. Ma chala amagwiritsa ntchito matumbo awo opatsirana matumbo monga gwero la mapuloteni. Ndizosangalatsa kuti chiswe mu matumbo ali ndi magege omwewa omwe amapezeka mumagulu owononga nkhuni (Cryptocercus), omwe atha kukhala umboni wotsimikizira kuti malingaliro akuti chigwa chiri pafupi ndi maphemwe, omwe amatha kuchepa poyerekeza zizindikilo zambiri za bungwe la tizilombo ta malamulowa. Kuphatikiza apo, mabakiteriya ophiphiritsa omwe amatha kukonza nayitrogeni omwe amapezeka mu tizilombo izi zimapangitsa kuti nayitrogeni azikhala ndi mapuloteni.
Ma chonde omwe amadya nkhuni ndi CHIKWANGWANI nthawi zina amakhala opanda tsankho chifukwa cha chakudya chotere, koma nthawi zina amakhala osankhidwa kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, pali ena ku Trinervitermes ku South Africa omwe amadya zouma zouma bwino kumene.
Moyo wa banja la chinsinsi umayamba ndi chilimwe. Nthawi zina pachaka (munthawi yotentha komanso nthawi yachilimwe komanso kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe), anthu okhala ndi mapiko amawonekera zisa za chiswe, zomwe zimakhalabe mu chisa kufikira nthawi ina: m'malo ouma - kufikira mvula itayandikira, m'malo otentha - mpaka kutentha ndi chinyezi zikhazikike. Munthawi yabwino kuthawira mu chisa, ngati chatsekedwa kwathunthu, mabowo amapangidwa kudzera pomwe zimbudzi zamapiko zimatuluka. Nthawi zambiri mbawala zam'madzi zimazungulira mlengalenga. Wamphongo wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amakumana mlengalenga, iwo amakhala pansi ndikugwirana, ndipo mapiko awo amaphulika mpaka pansi. Pambuyo pa chilimwe Chinsinsi cha Turkestan mu the Hungry Steppe, zimachitika kuti mu dothi lonse lautali wosanjikiza mapiko osweka amadzisonkhanitsa. Panthawi yokwawa komanso mutaponya mapiko, mbalamezo zimakhala zopanda chitetezo komanso zopanda chitetezo ndipo zimawabavula mambiri, tizilombo tambiri, akangaude, milozo timadyera pansi mofunitsitsa.
Mabanja omwe atsala amayamba kukonza chisa.Ndizosangalatsa kuti, ngakhale atakhala kuti mulu wa chithaphwi mtsogolo, chiyambi cha koloni yatsopanoyo chimayikidwapo pokumba bowo pansi (mkuyu. 140). Pakakumbidwa dzenje, m'chipinda chocheperako, chachikazi chimayikira mazira ochepa, pomwe mphutsi zimafanana ndi chimphepo zopanda mapiko. Makolo amadyetsa mphutsi zazing'ono, ndipo mphutsi zambiri zikatuluka ndikukula, chakudya chimatumizidwa kwa iwo. Ana achichepere omwe asintha kukhala antchito amayamba ntchito yomanga chisa ndi kupeza chakudya ndikudyetsa abambo ndi amayi awo. Poyamba, anthu ogwirira ntchito okhawo amapanga mazira, kenako ogwira ntchito komanso asitikali, ndipo mapiko amawoneka m zisa zazikulu zokha.
Midziyo ikamakula, njirayo imasintha. Minofu yake yamapiko, ndi minofu ya miyendo, ngakhale minofu yamkamwa, atrophy, ndipo "pali kusintha". Koma m'mimba kusefukira ndi mazira kukukula pang'onopang'ono. Yaikazi imasunthika, imakhuta kwambiri ndi anthu omwe amagwira ntchito akumdyetsa, imayikira mazira nthawi zonse, ndipo ogwira ntchito amawadyetsa mphutsi, kusandutsanso antchito atsopano. Zinthu izi zimakhala ndi ma telegons (apo ayi, ma pheromones) omwe amakhudza kukula kwa mphutsi. Pokhapokha madera akayamba kukula kapena mzimayi atafooka, anthu omwe ali ndi mapiko amayamba kuonekeranso: mwachidziwikire, pamilandu iyi, ena mwa mphutsi sadziwika posachedwa kukula kwa telegoei.
Chonde cha mkazi ndi chodabwitsa. At chigwa cha guiana (Microtermes arboreus) wamkazi amayikira mazira 1680 patsiku, ndipo Chitetezo cha Surinamese (Nasutitermes surinamensis) wamkazi anaikira mazira 3,000 mu maola 28. Kutalika kwa nthawi yaikazi kumakhala kwa zaka zambiri, komanso chonde chokwanira - m'mamiliyoni amaikira mazira. Mkazi akamwalira, cholowa m'malo chachikazi chimayamba kumera mchisa. Amadyetsedwa kuchokera ku mphutsi, pomwe zoyambira zamapiko zimayamba kuwonekera. "M'malo" zotere sizipanga ndege, koma pitilizani kubereka. M'mawonekedwe, amakhala ochulukirachulukira ngati mayi pakapita nthawi, koma zimakhala zosavuta kuzizindikira - alibe zotsalira zamapiko otayidwa.
Ma chala amamanga zisa zawo m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
M'mayiko otentha okhala ndi nyengo yotentha, pomwe nyengo yonyowa ndi yowuma mosiyanasiyana, chonde nthawi zina chimamanga nyumba zazitali kwambiri - chimbudzi, monga nyumba zazitali ndi udzu. Mosiyana ndi milu yathu yosungunuka, ma buluku amaimilira zinthu zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zimapangidwa ndi dongo lolimba ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala zolimba kwambiri kotero kuti sizingathe kudontha! Malo otetemerako (tebulo 27) ndi denga padenga la chisa; mkati mwa nyumbazi mumayikidwa zipinda zonse ziwiri ndi "achinyamata minda" ya bowa. Chowonadi ndichakuti onse mphutsi ndi chiswe chogwira ntchito, ndipo, chidziwitso, "mfumukazi" yodziyikira mazira imazindikira kwambiri kuchepa kwa chinyontho mumlengalenga. Koma amazindikira kukoka madzi. Chifukwa chake, amamanga zisa zotere, makoma awo omwe ndi opanda madzi, omwe mkati mwake mumapangidwa microclimate yawo. M'malo otseguka, nyumba za chimbudzi nthawi zambiri zimayang'aniridwa ndikumangidwa kuti zisatenthe ndi dzuwa lotentha - chitunda cha chimbudzi chimakhala chopapatiza ndipo chimapezeka pafupifupi kuti nkhwangwa yake imakwezedwa kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera (Gome la 27). Nthawi zina zimakhala zokhala ngati mafoni, zimatupa kwamadzi m'mbali mwa makoma, ndipo nthawi zina zimapangidwa ndi denga lokutira - lofanana ndi bowa. Nthawi zambiri amakhala otsika kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafikira magawo omwe, mwachitsanzo, ku India nyama zazikulu, osati ma buffaloes okha, koma malo ogona m'mabwalo owonongeka. njovu.
M'nkhalango zenizeni za malo otentha, momwe mumagwa mvula tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo mpweya umadzaza ndi chinyezi, mitundu yambiri ya chimbudzi imapanga zisa osati pansi, koma pamitengo, nthawi zina imayimitsidwa, yokhala ndi denga lokha.
M'malo owuma, momwe mikhalidwe ili yosiyana, mwachitsanzo, ku Central Asia, Mtundu wa Trans-Caspian (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus) amapanga zisa zomwe zimafalikira pamchenga mpaka akuya mamita 12, ndipo zimachitika kuti kukhalapo kwa chimbudzi mu chisa kumatha kuwonekera pansi.
Kulumikizana ndi magwero achinyezi ndikofunikira; m'malo ouma amakhala pomwe amatha kufikira zigawo zokhala ndi madzi kapena pansi. Koma kulumikizana mwachindunji ndi madzi kuti tizilombo timene tili ndi zovundikiridwa ndizobera.
Ndizovuta kwa ife ngakhale kulingalira gawo lomwe ma chala amachita pa moyo wam'malo otentha, m'moyo wa okhala m'maiko otentha.
Munkhalango zotentha, chigwa ndizomwe zimawononga kwambiri zinyalala zonse za mitengo. Kupangidwe kwa dothi m'malo otentha, kusakanikirana kwa magawo ake, kufalikira kwa zinthu munkhalango yamvula ndi njira zotchulidwa ndi ntchito ya chimbudzi. Nyama zina zakutchire za m'nkhalango zotentha nthawi zambiri kulibe, koma chithaphwi chikuwoneka. Kupatula zochepa, chonde chimangodya nkhuni zakufa zokha komanso m'nkhalango zowetera kwambiri kuti chizindikire chonde. Koma zofuna za anthu zikagundana ndi chimbudzi, ntchito yawo yabwino imazemba zomwe zatiwonongera.
Mitengo yonse yamatabwa imakhala ndi ntchito zowonongeka za chiswe. Nyumba yamatabwa imangotenga zaka zochepa. Koma maziko a miyala samapulumutsa nyumba zomangira nyumba kuchokera kuchiswe. Tizilombo timeneti timakhala topepuka komanso timene timapepuka timamanga nyumba zodzikongoletsa pamiyala yamiyala, ndikuzipukutira kuchokera ku dongo kuti zitha kulumikizana ndi dothi. Chonde chimapoperedwa mkati mwazidutswa zoterezi ndi madzi omwe amatulutsa kuti ikhale ndi chinyezi chofunikira m'makalata.
Muzipinda zoterezi, chigwa chimalowa pansi pamatanda ndikuwanyamula, chifukwa chomwe matenga amawonongeka, pansi pamagwa, etc. M'nyumba yomwe yakhala yopanda miyezi ingapo, mipando nthawi zambiri imagwera osagwirizana ndi kukhudzidwa kowala - chimbudzi chimatha kukuta mayendedwe awo m'matabwa. Pangotsala mbale yochepa thupi pamtunda yomwe imateteza ku mpweya wotseguka, womwe chimalimba sichimalekerera, ndi zolumikizira mkati mwa matabwa, zothandizira zinthu zopepuka. Ku South America, munthu samapeza buku lomwe limapulumuka, lofalitsidwa zaka zoposa 50 zapitazo. Ku Africa, India, Southeast Asia, pali nthawi zambiri pamene ma chala asamukira midzi yonse ngakhale mizinda - zimayambitsa zowopsa. Nthawi zina chiswe chimathandizira kuthamangitsa kufa kwa mitengo ya zipatso.
Ku India, kuchotsedwa kwachaka kwawonongera pachaka kumakhala pafupifupi 280 miliyoni.
M'dziko lathu, malo osungirako chakudya ndiofala kwambiri ku Central Asia: ku Karakum, Kyzyl Kum, ku Hungry Steppe, kuli anthu ambiri omwe amapanga zisa pansi panthaka Mtundu wa Trans-Caspian (Anacanthotermes ahngerianus) ndi Chinsinsi cha Turkestan (A. turkestanicus). Malo okhala Trans-Caspian chimbudzi amadziwika ndi chopukutira pang'ono, chozungulira mozungulira, ndi utoto wa dothi, wosiyana pang'ono ndi ozungulira. Ndipo chiswe cha Turkestan chimatha kupezeka muzithunzi zadothi zosungidwa pamitengo yathunthu ndi zomata za zitsamba zowuma.
M'mizinda ndi m'malo ena, malo amenewa amawonongeratu nyumba. Amawononga adobe (dongo losaphika ndi njerwa za udzu), komwe kumakhala kosavuta komanso kosavuta kumanga m'malo ouma. Amawononganso nyumba zamatabwa, ngakhale nthawi zambiri m'malo mwachilengedwe samakhala wopanda dothi. Chifukwa chake, padachitika ngozi yotseka kwa imodzi mwa mafakitale ku Ferghana, ndipo chivomerezi champhamvu ku Ashgabat chidapezeka kuti matabwa a nyumba zambiri adawonongeka mozama ndi chimbudzi.
M'malo omwe kuli malo okhala, malo asanakhazikitsidwe nyumba, nthaka idakonzedweratu, nyumbayo imamangidwa pamiyala yokhazikika, matabwa am'nyumba amamangidwa ndi zida zotsutsana ndi thermite, malo ogona matabwa amathandizidwa ndi konkriti yolimbitsa, kuwunika pafupipafupi kumachitika pamaziko a nyumba, kuwononga malo ogwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Kotero ndi izi - takyr, chipululu cha dongo. Kulikonse komwe ungayang'ane, dongo lofiirira lotuwa, lomwe limakutidwa ndi kutentha, kupita kumtunda. Chitsamba chodabwitsachi chiri, chitsamba chilipo. Nthawi zina kumangoyenderera mwachangu, kachilombo ka kachikumbu komwe kamagona. Zikuwoneka kuti palibenso moyo mu takir. Koma moyo m'chipululu nthawi zambiri umabisala. Simudzamuwona nthawi yomweyo. Ulendo wathu anatumizidwa kukaphunzira za moyo wobisika ndipo anatumizidwa kumwera kwa Turkmenistan. Ndipo ichi ndicholinga - mapiri ang'onoang'ono osalala, ngati amodzi mpaka kum'mwera chakum'mawa. Awa ndi malo okwera - malo okhala ma Transites aku Caspian.
Palibe chomwe chingachitike, muyenera kusokoneza mtendere wa eni. Sizotheka mwachangu kuphwanya denga la cholimba ndi spatula. Zowonjezeranso: dongo lonyowa linapita. Mkati - labyrinth ya mayendedwe ndi zowonjezera zambiri - makamera. Mofananamo ndi nyerere, tizilombo timayesera kukwawa kutali ndi kuwala, kubisala m'mapanga awo. Amangokwawa kenakake pang'onopang'ono, osati ngati nyerere. Ndagwira imodzi: m'mimba ndi yayitali, yoyera yokha, mutu chikasu. Mwa tizilombo, abale apafupi kwambiri a chimbudzi sichoncho, koma ayi konse monga iwo.
Mukamagwira kachilombo kakang'ono aka ndi zala ziwiri, mumangodzilemekeza. Anaonekera pa Earth mamiliyoni 400 zapitazo, kale kuposa ma dinosaurs oyipa. Ma dinosaurs okha ndi omwe adamwalira kalekale, ndipo chigwa chatsala mpaka nthawi yathu ino. Kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri, tizilombo tosinthiratu. M'masiku amenewo, Dziko Lapansi lidali lotentha komanso lanyontho: motero, mwina, malo ambiri okhala pano amakhala malo otentha, ndipo owerengeka okha ndi omwe amakhala m'malo "ozizira" ngati Turkmenistan.
Kulola kupita nawo ku ukapolo. Tsopano simupeza pakati pa abale omwewo. Komabe, si malo onse omwe ali ofanana. Ambiri mwa okhala pachimake ndi ofanana ndi omwe adangotulutsidwa. Awa ndi antchito achabe. Mitu yawo, nsagwada, miyendo kuvala zipolopolo zolimba kuti izikhala yosavuta kugwira ntchito. Nsagwada ndizosakhwima, zotsekemera, zolimba: "wogwira ntchito" amaluma machesi. Chifuwa ndi m'mimba ndizofewa, khungu limakhala loonda kwambiri, lotuluka, kotero kuti mutha kuwona zamkati.
Zomwe "ogwira ntchito" amachita pachimake ndizodziwikiratu mayina awo. Amagwira ntchito. Ndi zina. Ogwira ntchito ku Trans-Caspian chimbudzi akumanga mbali zam'mphepete mwa nyumba yawo yopangira. Pangani malo osungiramo zinthu zakale ndi malo osungirako pansi panthaka zaka makumi angapo kuchokera ku chiswe kupita ku zitsamba zouma, komwe tizilombo timene timapita kukadya. Ntchito yomanga si ntchito yosavuta. Dongo louma silikuumba, koma m'chipululu mulibe madzi. Ndipo ogwira ntchito amatulutsa madzi, kukumba pansi - chitsime mpaka 15 mita. Amatunga madzi pachitsime m'chiwonjezero chapadera cha esophagus, mu tsekwe. Ataswa dongo louma ndi nsagwada, chonde amawathira ndi madzi kuchokera ku goiter, ndikuwaphika ngati pakufunika ndikusambitsa ndi mutu wake. Chifukwa chake, chidutswa chidutswa ndi zomangamanga zikumangidwa. Ma chitesa amangogwira ntchito usiku komanso pamasiku amitambo: sakonda dzuwa. Malo ogwirira ntchito amakhalanso chakudya. Kuphatikiza pa iwo, ochepa adzadya udzu wouma, nkhuni, manyowa. Ma chala amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali mumtsuko wamagalasi momwe amaikapo pepala. Chakudya choterocho chimawakwanira. (Mwambiri, chiswe chitha kudya chilichonse, kodi chingafune, mwachitsanzo, zovala zamakono?
Achibale a ma Transites a Cas-Caspian amapeza chakudya mosavuta. Amakhala pamitengo yamtengo. Njoka zamtunduwu zimasuntha mumtengo, nthawi yomweyo ndipo zimadya nkhomaliro. Malo okhala ndi chipululu amayenera kunyamula zitsamba zoswedwa ndi udzu wowuma kutali. Koma si zokhazo! Ogwira ntchito akuyenera kuyeretsa anthu okhala mu chisa, kudyetsa, kusamalira mazira ndi mphutsi, kuchotsa zinyalala m'zipinda zapadera, ndipo pokamenya adani, tengani nawo momwe mungathere kuteteza chisa.
Ndimaganizira za moyo wovuta wa anthu ogwira ntchito chofufumitsa, adatha kukwawa ndipo ndida zokhazo za asitikali achinsinsi zomwe zidatseguka potseguka ndima. Anaika chikhadabo chake - m'modzi anagwira. Ndimachikoka. Ha, mutu wawukulu bwanji!
Msirikaliyu ali ndi minofu yamphamvu yomwe imakhala yolimba, nsagwada, ngati nkhono zaku Turkey. Nsagwada zoterezi sizoyenera kugwira ntchito. Ichi ndi chida.Ngakhale chiswe ndi mitengo yamtendere, ali ndi adani ambiri, ndipo asirikali akufunika kuti atetezedwe. Mutu wa msirikali wokhala ndi nsagwada zowopsa pafupifupi atseka pang'ono pang'ono panjira yokhotakhota, ndiye yekhayo amene angaletse kulimbana kwa gulu la nyerere zodyedwa - adani akuluakulu a chiswe. Koma mchipinda chokulirapo kapena potseguka, pamtunda, asirikali amavutikira mosavuta. Nyerere zothamanga zimazungulira kuzungulira kumbuyo ndikukhadzula kamimba kakang'ono, kosatetezeka. Koma msirikali womwalirayo sanasiye kuyeretsa nsagwada pachibwano chake, kuluma nyerere zomwe zasowa.
Nditakhala m'chipinda chachikulu cha chithaphwi chaching'ono ndinapeza mtembo wakuuma masentimita khumi woopsa -. M'mphepete mwake panali asitikali asanu ndi atatu omwe anaumirira m'manja mwamphamvu, nawuma. Palibe mabala ena omwe amawoneka m'thupi la scolopendra. Wachifwamba uyu, yemwe nthawi zambiri anali kukwera m'miyala yaying'ono, zikuoneka kuti sanafe ngakhale kunkhondo, koma chifukwa cha njala, chifukwa sakanatha kutuluka m'chipindacho podutsa njira zazifupi komanso asitikali adagwidwa nawo.
Poyamba zikuwoneka kuti chiswe chonse chimangochita zomwe zimangoyenda mobwerezabwereza pamaphunziro ndi makamera. Koma ngati mumakumba chinsalu, mutha kuona anthu okhalamo. M'nyumba ngati iyi mupeza mphutsi zoyera khumi ndi ziwiri, msodzi m'modzi kapena awiri omwe ali pano, antchito asanu kapena asanu ndi mmodzi omwe akusintha nthawi zonse. Nthawi zina mulu wa mazira achimake omata palimodzi umagonekanso pansi - masilinda ang'onoang'ono achikasu.
Mukuyenera kukumba kwanthawi yayitali musanapeze chipinda chofunikira kwambiri cha chimbudzi, komwe mfumukazi yayikulu imakhala. Yang'anani mosamalitsa - iye yekha si wamkulu kwambiri, ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi wamkulu kwambiri. Kuzungulira mfumukazi yayikuluyo, antchito amayendayenda mozungulira. Amtsuka ndikumunyambita, kumubweretsera chakudya. Kenako mfumu ikumaseka. Iye ndi theka kukula kwa mkazi wake, kotero banja lachifumu limawoneka loseketsa kwambiri. Kutali, asirikali amayenda.
Mfumukazi yachifumu yakhala ikukonzedwa kwa moyo wake wonse: sangathe kuchoka kunyumba yake yachifumu - mimba yake siyikukayenda panjira yopapatiza. Ogwira ntchito ndi asirikali ndi mphutsi kwenikweni: abambo ndi akazi ophatikizika. Sadzakhala akulu. Wopanga chakudya amatula. Mukamadwala kwambiri, banja limatha. Amfumu ndi mfumukazi ndi amuna ndi akazi achikale omwe adakhazikitsa opanga zovala, onse ogwira ntchito ndi asitikali ndi ana awo kwa zaka zambiri. Nthawi zina, mkazi amaikira mazira miliyoni miliyoni moyo wake wonse. Ngati banja lachifumu lifa, olowa mmalo amadzala mphutsi, koma olowa m'malo amakhala achichepere kuposa mfumukazi yeniyeni. Pali m'malo ambiri, mpaka awiriawiri.
Pafupi kugwa, amuna ndi akazi achichepere - mafumu ndi mtsogolo amtsogolo - amawoneka mosavuta m'nyumba ya Transcaspian chiswe. Ndizokongola kwambiri kuposa anthu ena okhala pachisa, ndipo zakhala zokutira ndi mapiko osutira bwino. Zikuwoneka kuti akalonga ndi Mafumu awa akufunika mapiko okha kuti azikongoletsa - kuti awulukire mobisa? Ndipo mapiko iwowo, monga momwe amatchulidwira nthawi zambiri, amawoneka ngati opanda ntchito m'miyala yayitali: amayendayenda osayenda m'njira. Koma m'gulu lachiwerewere, komanso mwachilengedwe, zochepa zimakhalapo pachabe. Chilichonse chimayamba kumveka mukapita kukaona chimwala chofanizira chakumapeto. Okhalamo ake asuka - nthawi yakusokosera, ndiye kuti, kuchotsedwa kwa achimuna achimuna ndi achikazi kuchokera kwanyumba yawo kwachinthu chofunikira kwambiri: kukhazikitsidwa kwa chithaphwi chatsopano. Chaka chokha cha chaka pakati pa antchito otentha chimachitika Lachisanu m'mwezi wa Epulo kunja kusanachitike kutentha.
Chikondwererochi chimayamba motere: ogwira ntchito amapanga mabowo angapo padenga la chimbudzi, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo nthawi yoyamba kungoyala. Kenako awiri kapena atatu antchito ndi asirikali abwera. Adani a chiswe, makamaka nyerere, samatulutsa ndi kuukira tizilombo tomwe tafikira pamwambapa. Chifukwa chake, achinsinsi ayenera kuphatikiza tchuthi ndi nkhondo.
Pakapita kanthawi, mbalame zamapiko zimatuluka. Amathamangira mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, amalira ndi kupita. Ma chala amawoneka opusa, pazifukwa zina mapiko atha.Amalumpha mopusa, ndikuwomba ndi mapiko ang'onoang'ono, koma, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti sangachite bwino kuchoka, adanyamuka.
Ngakhale chiswe chaching'ono chili ndi mapiko anayi ataliatali, ndiwotchi zoyipa: chimangoyendetsedwa ndi mphepo kulikonse. Kuuluka kokha m'moyo sichimatenga nthawi yayitali. Kutopa kapena kupunthwa pa chopinga, iwo amagwa pansi ndikuyamba kuthyoka mapiko, akumamatira kutetezedwe kwa dothi kapena mbewu. Nthawi yomweyo, chimbudzi sichimavulala konse: mapiko amatuluka pamodzi ndi msoko wapadera. Kenako yenda wapansi. Atapeza malo abwino a chisa, amakumba mwakuya, ndikupanga kamera yoyamba ndikatseka pakhomo. Choyamba, banja lachifumu limachita zonse lokha: munthawi yovutayi, zikutheka kuti akalonga ndi Mafumu amatha kukumba, kumanga, ndi kukulitsa mphutsi. Pokhapokha zovuta zonse zimasamutsidwa kwa ogwira ntchito.
Zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zimabisa moyo wa chiswe. Chifukwa chiyani mphutsi zina zimakhalabe zopanda nzeru ndikupanga antchito ndi asitikali, koma enanso amakula ndi kukhala amuna amuna ndi akazi? Chifukwa chiyani mphutsi imodzi imapatsa msirikali wina wogwira ntchito? Asayansi ambiri kuzungulira padziko lonse lapansi amagwiritsa ntchito miyambo ya chimbudzi.
Kufufuza za moyo wa tizilombo izi ndikofunikira kunkhalango, zaulimi ndi mafakitale onse. Chingwe chimavulaza mwakuwononga nyumba zamatabwa, makamaka m'maiko otentha, momwe tizilombo nthawi zambiri timadya timabati kuchokera mkati. Nyumba idadyedwa ndi iwo itha kuwoneka kunja konse, koma tsiku lina idzagumuka ngati fumbi pamwamba pamitu ya anthu.
Chinsinsi chimatha kudyetsedwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa. Amawononga zida zamtengo wapatali, amadya kutchinjiriza, amawononga magawo azida. Ichi ndichifukwa chake maulendo atumizidwa kumayiko ambiri, malo ogwirira ntchito, ntchito yake ndikuti mupeze zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kumayiko akum'mwera, kumene chimbudzi ndizambiri, ndizotheka kupeza zinthu zotereziza nkhuni ndi zinthu zopangidwira kotero kuti athe kukhala osakwanira kwa tizilombo.
MITU YA NKHANI (Isoptera), kuphatikiza kwa herbivorous tizilombo. Ngakhale chithaphwi chinkatchedwa nyerere zoyera, ndizotalikirana kwambiri ndi nyerere zenizeni. Izi ndi nyama zoyambirira kwambiri. Bungwe lawo lotukuka kwambiri limatengera ntchito zosiyanasiyana za magulu atatu akuluakulu - opanga, asitikali ndi ogwira ntchito. Malo ambiri otentha amapezeka m'malo otentha, ngakhale amapezekanso m'malo otentha. Zakudya zawo zazikulu ndi cellulose, yomwe imakhala m'matanda, udzu ndi masamba, motero chonde chimatha kuwononga zachuma, kuwononga nyumba zamatabwa ndi mitundu yamitengo. Mavuto omwe adadza nawo ndiwofunikira madera otentha komanso otentha, ngakhale amawonedwa kumwera kwa Canada, m'chigawo chapakati cha France, ku Korea ndi Japan.
Makhalidwe ndi akapolo.
Chikhalidwe chimasiyana ndi tizilombo tina pakuphatikizika kwa zizindikiro zingapo. Metamorphosis awo ndi osakwanira, i.e. munthu wamkulu (wamkulu) amakula kuchokera ku mphutsi (nymph) pambuyo pazolimba zingapo. Tizilombo tina tomwe timakhala pagulu, metamorphosis imakwaniritsidwa: mphutsi zimasanduka chrysalis asanakhale munthu wamkulu. Mapiko omwe amapezeka mwa anthu owabereka amakhala ofanana, lalitali, ali ndi msoko pansi, pomwe amang'ambika pomwepo chilimwe. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zapadera za amuna ndi akazi. Anthu okhala ndi mapiko ali ndi maso awiri ovuta (oyang'ana), pamwambapa omwe ali ndi maso osavuta, komanso odulira pang'ono. Asitikali okhala ndi mawonekedwe a kapangidwe kawo amasinthidwa kuti ateteze gulu la nzika kwa adani. Adani ake akuluakulu ndi nyerere. Nthawi zambiri, asitikali amakhala ndi mitu yayikulu yomwe ikudulira zamphamvu, koma mwa mitundu ina ma mandibles awo amachepetsedwa ndipo chida chimakula pamutu, pomwe chinsinsi cha zankhondo zapadera (otchedwa "nosy") chimalalidwa kwa mdani. Mu gulu limodzi, pamatha kukhala asilikari a mitundu iwiri kapena itatu, yosiyanitsidwa ndi zida zoteteza.Mwa asitikali ndi antchito achimphona, gonads, mapiko ndi maso ndi opangika kapenanso kulibe. Amisili ndi amuna ndi akazi omwe sagwira ntchito. Ogwira ntchito omwe alipo mwa mitundu yotukuka yokha ya chiswe yomwe ili ndi chisinthiko chokhala ndi zokongoletsa zazifupi. M'mabanja akale, ntchito yopanga chakudya ndi zomanga chisa imachitidwa ndi anthu akunja ofanana ndi nymphs. Dzinalo "Nyerere yoyera" limalumikizidwa ndi utoto wamtambo zogwirira ntchito, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zopepuka kapena zoyera. Kuyambira akuti nyerere zonse zachiberekero zakunja zimasiyana pakakhala kuti palibe wopendekera wopatulira chifuwa pamimba.
Maziko a koloni.
Zigawo zatsopano zimakhazikitsidwa ndi zazimuna zazimuna ndi zazikazi. M'malo otentha, nthawi zambiri zimachitika kumayambiriro kwa mvula. Amatuluka mu chisa cha makolo kudzera potuluka ndi antchito kapena ma nymphs. Popeza adayenda kuchokera kumamita angapo mpaka mazana angapo, amatsika, amaponya mapiko ndi awiriawiri. Yaikazi imakopa chachimuna ndi chinsinsi chosasinthika cha m'mimba, pambuyo pake amamutsatira, limodzi kukumba dzenje, ndikusindikiza pakhomo lakelo ndi kulowa mkatimo. Masiku angapo pambuyo pake, mazira oyamba amaikidwa. Makolo amadyetsa ma nymphs omwe amabisala kwa iwo, ndipo iwo omwe akuumba kangapo amakhala antchito kapena asitikali. Anthu okhala ndi mapiko mu koloniyo azitha kuwoneka pokhapokha "zipse", i.e. azikhala ndi anthu ambiri, nthawi zambiri pakatha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Ogwira ntchito anzawo amagwiranso ntchito yopanga chakudya ndi zomanga zisa.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi.
Chakudya chachikulu cha pafupifupi chinsinsi chonse ndi cellulose kapena zotumphukira zake. Ma chala nthawi zambiri amadya nthambi zakufa ndi zigawo za mitengo, nthawi zina amangowononga matupi awo amoyo, ngakhale pali umboni kuti mitundu ina yakale yotentha imawononga zitsamba zamitengo ndi mitengo. Oimira a subfamily Hodotermitinae kuvutitsa mbewu ku Africa ndi Asia. Mitundu ingapo imadyera chimanga, kutola mphukira zawo zouma m'zipinda zosungiramo zisa zawo kapena pansi pa mapiri achimapiri. Kwa chiswe china, masamba akufa amakhala chakudya, ndipo kwa ochepa - humus a dothi lotentha. Oimira a subfamily Macrotermitinae zimasokoneza otchedwa minda ya bowa, ndikudzaza chimbudzi chawo kapena zinyalala za manyowa ndi bowa mycelium, ndikudya.
Symbiotic protozoa.
M'matumbo am'mbuyo mwa chimbudzi kuchokera kumabanja anayi achikale (Mastotermitidae, Kalotermitidae, Hodotermitidae ndi Rhinotermitidae) okhala flagellar protozoa (Protozoa). Ma enzymes awo amasandutsa cellulose kukhala mashubu osungunuka, omwe amamwetsedwa pakati pamatumbo a tizilombo. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 500 ya protozoa yomwe imatsogolera njira yolumikizirana, ndipo, zikuwoneka kuti, adasinthika muubwenzi wapamtima ndi ambuye awo ndipo mbali zonse ziwiri sizingakhalepo popanda wina ndi mnzake. Banja lachitukuko chotsogola kwambiri, Termitidae, yomwe imagwirizanitsa pafupifupi magawo atatu a mitundu yonse yazamoyo, ilibe zizindikiro zosavuta. Kupenda kwachilengedwe kwa cellulose ndi zomwe zimachokera kwa tizilombozi sizimamveka bwinobwino.
Jacks
chithaphwi chimasiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana kuyambira kumizeremizere mumtengo kapena dothi kupita kumtunda, kudutsa polumikizana ndi maupangiri ndi zipinda za nyumba (chithaphwi cha mchenga) padziko lapansi. Nthawi zambiri m'chipinda chachifumu - mumakhala anthu achiwerewere - mfumu ndi mfumukazi, ndipo zingapo zing'onozing'ono pali mazira ndikupanga nymphs. Nthawi zina storges a chakudya amakonzedwa muzipinda zina, ndipo zisa za Macrotermitinae zazikulu zazikulu zimasungidwa m'minda yamalonda. M'malo otentha a mvula nthawi ina mumakhala miyala yokhala ndi ma ambulera kapena, ngati ili pamiyala yamtengo, yokutidwa ndi visor opangidwa kuti aziteteza kumadzi. Zisa zamkaka zamtunduwu Apicotermes ku Africa ali ndi pulogalamu yovuta yolumikizira mpweya, malingana ndi momwe zimakhalira kuti athe kuweruza mgwilizano wachilengedwe cha mitundu ya gulu lino.
Mawonekedwe amtundu wa chimphona amawonetsa machitidwe a iwo omwe amapanga.Chisa chimamangidwa ndi ogwira ntchito kuchokera kumtunda, matabwa, malovu awo ndi zimbudzi. Kufanana kwa zisa za magulu osiyanasiyana amtunduwu womwewo kumalongosoledwa ndi gulu la majini a anthu obala, i.e. chibadwa chofanana. Kutsitsa komanso kuphunzira ku chiswe sikumapezeka. Mtundu wa zisa zenizeni nthawi zambiri ndizodziwikiratu, ndipo kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtundu womwewo, munthu angazindikire mawonekedwe amtundu wa chiswe. Chifukwa chake, kulima kwa "minda ya bowa" ndizodziwika kwa onse oimira gulu lonselo, kuphatikiza mitundu 10 ya mitundu ndi mitundu 277, ngakhale kusiyana pakati pa "minda" yawo kunawonekera pakusinthidwa kwachilengedwe kwa taxa.
Malangizo a kapangidwe kake.
Zikuwoneka kuti kuchuluka kwa anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana kumawongoleredwa m'njira inayake. Khola loti kubereka ndilofunikira makamaka pakukhazikitsa madera atsopano ndi kuyikira mazira. Nthawi zambiri, anthu onse a koloni, momwe mungakhale tizilombo toyambitsa 3 miliyoni mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chitukuko, ndi ana a mfumu imodzi ndi mfumukazi imodzi. Anthu okhala ndi mapiko a amuna ndi akazi awiriwa amawonekera munthawi inayake kukakhala kotentha. Pazitsulo zakale, mfumukazi ndizochepa kwambiri, ndipo mazira ake amangokulitsidwa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa thupi, komabe, mu taxa yopitilira patsogolo kwa taxa, pamimba lomwe linayamba kubereka zazikazi ndi lalikulu ndipo limadzaza mazira. Kutalika kwa mfumukazi zamitundu yotentha ndi 2-10 cm, ndipo amadzikira mazira pafupifupi 8000 patsiku. M'mitundu yotukuka, anthu akuluakulu amakhala makamaka ogwira ntchito, ndipo ndi anthu ochepa okha omwe ndi1515% omwe amakhala asitikali.
M'mayiko oyesera, kuchotsedwa kwa kubereka kwa m'modzi kapena onse awiriwo nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kukula kwa "olamulira" awo kuchokera kwa nymphs - popanda mapiko kapena kokha ndi primordia wawo. Kuchotsa asirikali kumathandizanso kutembenuza kwa nymphs zosayenerana nawo. Malamulo a kuphatikiza kolonayo amafotokozedwa ndi omwe amatchedwa "Chiphunzitso cha zoletsa." Amaganiza kuti anthu obereketsa komanso asitikali amabisalira zina mwa zinthu zina (telegon), zomwenso ndi abale awo. Kusinthana kwa ma telegons pakati pawo ("kudyetsa", kapena trophallaxis), komwe kumafikira nymphs, kumachepetsa kukula kwa masitayilo omvera. Ndi kuyesa kwachangu kwa asirikali kapena opanga (kapena kukalamba kwa tsar's), kuchuluka kwa ma telegons sikufika pachimake, ndipo nymphs zimasandulika iwo omwe zinthu zawo zoletsa zikusowa.