Maluwa am'nyanja amatha kupezeka munyanja iliyonse komanso pakuya kulikonse. Pali mitundu yodziwika yomwe imakhala pansi pakuya mamita 10,000. Mitundu yambiri (70%) imakhala pamalo okuya kwambiri mpaka mamitala 200. Maluwa ndi ochulukirapo makamaka pamitunda yotentha pamiyala ya coral.
Thupi la kakombo limakhala ndi chotchedwa "chikho", chomwe chimakhazikitsidwa pansi. Kuyambira kapu kupita ku cheza kukwera. Ntchito yayikulu ya malaya awa ndi kutulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono kuchokera m'madzi ndikuwasamutsa kukamwa komwe kuli pakati pa chikho.
Maluwa apanyanja. Chithunzi cha maluwa a kunyanja
Kutalika kwa ma ray kumatha kufika mita 1. Zonse, nyamayi imakhala ndi zisanu, koma ray iliyonse imatha kukhala nthambi mwamphamvu, ndikupanga "miyendo yambiri yabodza" yambiri.
Mokwanira pali magulu awiri azikombole zam'nyanja - osokonekera ndi zopanda pake. Zofala kwambiri ndizomera zopanda mapiko zomwe zimakhala m'madzi osaya (mpaka 200 m.) Nyanja zotentha. Amatha kusuntha, kuyambira pansi, ndikukhazikika pamiyendo yamadzi, kuti matupi awo azizungulira. Mitundu yokhazikika imakhala moyo wongokhala, koma imapezeka konseko, mpaka 10 km. Pamwamba pa nyanja.
Maluwa apanyanja. Chithunzi cha maluwa a kunyanja
Maluwa apanyanja adawonekera padzikoli zaka pafupifupi 488 miliyoni zapitazo. Munthawi ya Paleozoic, panali mitundu yoposa 5,000 ya maluwa am'nyanja, omwe ambiri anatha. Nthawi imeneyo inali m'badwo wagolide wa ma echinoderm onse, ndipo maluwa makamaka panyanja. Foss za nthawi zambiri zomwe zimapezeka mu nyama, ndipo mitundu ina ya miyala yamiyala imapangidwa pafupifupi ndi mitundu yonseyo. Maluwa okha omwe anawonekera Padziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka 250 miliyoni zapitazo "adapulumuka" mpaka lero.
Maluwa am'nyanja ndi opatsa mphamvu.
Maluwa apanyanja. Chithunzi cha maluwa a kunyanja
Maluwa apanyanja
Maluwa apanyanja | |||
---|---|---|---|
Kakombo wanyanja Ptilometra australis | |||
Gulu la asayansi | |||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Giredi: | Maluwa apanyanja |
- Articulata
- Gulu la Comatulida
- Dongosolo la Koretocrinida
- † Gulu Lankhondo Encrinida
- Order Hyocrinida
- Dongosolo Isocrinida
- Adalamulira Millericrinida
- † Camerata
- † Infraclass Eucamerata
- † Pentacrinoidea
- † Infraclass Inadunata
Maluwa apanyanja, kapena crinoids (lat. Crinoidea), - imodzi mwamagulu a echinoderms. Pafupifupi mitundu 700 imadziwika padziko lapansi, mitundu isanu ku Russia.
Biology
Nyama zapansi pansi zokhala ndi thupi longa kapu, pakati pake pakamwa, ndipo whisk kuchokera ku nthambi za manja (manja) amapita mmwamba. Pansi pa calyx yamaluwa oyenda panyanja, omwe amalumikizana mpaka masamba 1 mita, amakula pansi ndi zoyambira zam'mbali (zingwe), mu osayimika - amayendedwe okhaokha. Kumapeto kwa cirrus, kumatha kukhala ndi denticles, kapena "zibaba", zomwe maluwa osakhazikika amamangiriridwa pansi.
Maluwa am'nyanja ndi echinoderms yekhayo omwe adasunga mawonekedwe a makolo a echinoderm: milomo yawo imakhala yotembenukira kumtunda, ndipo mbali ya dorsal imatembenukira kumtunda.
Monga ma echinoderm onse, kapangidwe kake ka maluwa a kunyanja kumakhala kolingana ndi mitsinje isanu yoyang'ana mizere isanu. Manja 5, komabe, amatha kugawidwa mobwerezabwereza, ndikupereka kuchokera ku "mpaka manja" onyenga ", okhala ndi nthambi zammbali zingapo (ma pinnulas) Khola lotayirira la kunyanja limapanga maukonde ochepetsa matumbo ndi chosakanizira. Manja a mbali yawo yamkati (pakamwa) ali ndi malo obisalako am'madzi otengera pakamwa, pomwe masamba omwe amapezeka kuchokera kumadzi amasamutsira pakamwa. M'mphepete mwa calyx, pamtunda wamtambo wozungulira (papille) ndi anus.
Pali mafupa akunja, endoskeleton ya manja ndipo phesi limakhala ndimagawo ocheperako. Nthambi zamagulu amanjenje, ma ambulacral ndi kubereka zimalowa mkati mwa manja ndi phesi. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe akunja ndi mawonekedwe a dorsal-m'mimba axis ya thupi, maluwa am'nyanja amasiyana ndi ma echinoderm ena mu kachitidwe kosavuta ka ambulacral - palibe ma ampoules omwe amawongolera miyendo ndi mbale ya madrepor.
Chisinthiko
Zomera zam'madzi zam'madzi zimachokera ku Lower Ordovician. Zikuoneka kuti iwo anachokera ku ma echinoderms oyamba kwambiri a kalasi la Eocrinoidea. Middle Paleozoic inafika pachimake, pomwe panali mitundu yopitilira 5000, koma podzafika kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Permian, ambiri aiwo anali atafa. Subclass Articulata, yomwe imaphatikizapo maluwa amakono onse am'nyanja, amadziwika kuchokera ku Triassic.
Zotsalira zakale zamiyala yam'nyanja ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri. Mitundu ina ya miyala yamiyala yochokera ku Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic pafupifupi ili yonse. Zidutswa zokhala ndi zotsalira za ma crinoids, zofanizira magiya, zimatchedwa asitikali.
Chisinthiko
Amadziwika kuti anthu am'madziwa amakhala m'masiku a Lower Ordovician. Malinga ndi asayansi, makolo awo amatha kukhala ooneka ngati mapangidwe akale a gulu la Eocrinoidea.
Nthawi ya kutukuka kwawo kwakukulu idachitika ku Middle Paleozoic, pomwe panali mitundu yoposa khumi, yomwe inali mitundu yopitilira 5,000. Zowona, ambiri a iwo adamwalira kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Permian.
Ponena za subclass Articulata, momwe kakombo wamakono wapanyanja, adakhalako m'masiku a Triassic. Zotsalira za crinoids zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi zofala zambiri, chifukwa miyala yambiri yamiyala yam'mapiri a Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic pafupifupi imakhala yonse.
Gulu lamaluwa am'nyanja amagawidwa kukhala stalked ndi stemling. Yoyamba mwa iwo, makamaka mitundu yakuya yakuya, imalumikizidwa ndi gawo lapansi mothandizidwa ndi tsinde, kutalika kwake komwe kungafikire mamita awiri. Nthawi zambiri, nyamazo zimalumikizana kamodzi kokha pamtundu wina wa chinthu cham'madzi kapena mwala. Akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale amadziwa mitundu ya zinthu zakale zomwe tsinde lake limakula mpaka 20 metres.
Mosiyana ndi iwo, kakombo wosawoneka panyanja amatha nthawi iliyonse kuyamba kusambira kwaulere, atadzipatula kumtunda. Njira zoyendetsera nyama zimadalira mtundu wawo: ena amasambira, akugwedeza manja awo ngati zipsepse, ena amakwawa pansi, ndipo enanso amayenda pamiyendo yamafupi.
Habitat ndi adani achilengedwe
Gulu lamaluwa am'madzi am'nyanja amawoneka kuti ndiofala kwambiri. Oimira awo amatha kupezeka ku nyanja zotentha komanso ku Antarctica wozizira. Asayansi amakono amadziwa mitundu yoposa mazana asanu ya nyama izi. Chochititsa chidwi, mawonekedwe awo sanasinthe kwambiri, adakhalabe ofanana ndi makolo awo, omwe adakhala zaka 300 miliyoni zapitazo.
Adani oopsa kwambiri a maluwa amaoneka ngati nkhola za banja la Melanellidae. Amakwawa ndi maluwa osalimba, kumakumba mafupa awo ndi khungu ndi kudya nyama yofewa. Nthawi zambiri, maluwa amakula ndi crustaceans yaying'ono, yomwe imatha kukhazikika pakati pa cirrus kapena m'mimba.
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Maluwa apanyanja kapena ma crinoids ndi gulu lalikulu kwambiri la crinoids. Thupi lawo limakhala ndi kapu, yomwe imakhala mkati, machitidwe a antennae kapena tsinde, omwe amamangiriridwa ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu zam'madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, crinoid imapangidwa bwino ndi ma ray asanu kapena manja, opangidwa kuti azitenga tizinthu tating'onoting'ono. Chikho chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndipo chimakhala ndi mikanda iwiri iwiri ya ma plates akulu. Pamwamba pake pamakutidwa ndi tambala (kapu), pomwe malo okhala ma ambulacral amapezeka, woyamba kupitirira kumiyala, kenako kumenyedwa.
Monga tanena kale, ziwalo zamkati zimapezeka mu chikho - mbali yakumtunda ndikutsegula pakamwa. Imapita mwachindunji m'mimba yokumba, yomwe imakhala imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zikufanana ndi chiuno. Pakhomo patsekera ndi chotsegula. M'mimba mwake mumapezeka gawo limodzi la thupi ndipo limalumikizidwa kukhoma la thupi ndi mesenteric membranes.
Mphepo zokhala ndi nthambi kapena zosakhwima zimapitilira kumtunda kuchokera pa calyx. Pamodzi, amapanga korona. Dongosolo la ambulacral ndi ngalande yapakhungu yomwe imakhala pafupi ndi m'mimba. Kuchokera pamenepo mayendedwe asanu owala amawalowetsa m'mbali mwake, ndipo m'mphepete mwake muli miyendo yazovunda, momwe mulibe magawo oyamwa ndi ma ampoules. Miyendo yodabwitsayi imagwira ntchito zogaya, zamanjenje ndi kupuma.
Chigoba chamaluwa am'nyanja
Manja a nyama izi amakhala ndi mafupa othandizira opangidwa bwino, omwe amakhala ndi ma vertebrae kapena ma mbale a brachial. Zowonjezera kwambiri zimaphatikizidwa mwachindunji ndi mbale zamagetsi zomwe zimakhala pamphepete mwa kapu. Mitsempha yonse yolumikizana imalumikizana wina ndi mnzake ndi minofu, yomwe imawonjezera kusinthasintha kwapadera ndi kakombo wam'nyanja ndikuyilola kuti isunthire momasuka.
Kulongosola koteroko kwa ma brachial plates kumaonekera kwambiri kuchokera kunja kwa malowedwe. Muli malo owoneka bwino pakati pa vertebrae. Komabe, kulumikizana koteroko sikumawonedwa kulikonse - nthawi zina ma brachial plates amamangidwa popanda minofu. Potere, malire pakati pawo amawoneka ngati timikwingwirima tating'ono.
Kuphatikizika kumeneku kumatchedwa syzygal. Zimalola maluwa am'nyanja m'mikhalidwe yovuta (mwachitsanzo, kuwukira kwa adani, kuwonjezeka kwambiri kwa kutentha, kusowa kwa mpweya) popanda kuyesayesa kusiya mawonekedwe awowo. Asayansi adachita kafukufuku wina wokhudzana ndi mawonekedwe a kakombo wanyanja nthawi zina. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pafupifupi 75-90% yamilandu, zinyama zimaswa mozungulira nthawi yayitali kumankhwala osokoneza bongo ndipo kawirikawiri - kumankhwala otupa.
Kudzichulukitsa kwachilengedwe kapena kusweka kwa manja mumaluwa am'nyanja ndizofala zambiri. Chodabwitsachi ndichakuti ma ray omwe atayika amabwezeretsedwa mwachangu. Kwanthawi yayitali, dzanja lobwezeretsanso la kakombo limatha kutsimikiza ndi kukula kwake kakang'ono ndi utoto wake.
Moyo
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 80 yamakungwa a sea echinoderm. Zinyama zachilendozi zimakonda kukhala pansi. Mutha kukumana nawo pamtunda wosiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku 200 mpaka kupitirira 9,000 metres.
Ma crinoids osasunthika, ndipo osachepera 540 a iwo, amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'madzi osaya a nyanja zotentha. Ndizowala komanso zokongola kwambiri. Pafupifupi 65% ya maluwa osafupika amakhala mosazama kopitilira 200 metres. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zolengedwa izi zimatha kuchoka pansi ndikumayenda osati pansi, komanso kutuluka, ndikugwedeza manja awo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya maluwa am'madzi am'madzi omwe amakhala mozama kwambiri amakonda kudya usiku. Masana, amabisala pakati pamatanthwe komanso pansi pa miyala. Pafupifupi ma crinoids onse ndi ma fterrator amangochitika omwe amasungunula michere kuyimitsidwa ndimadzi. Monga nsomba yam'madzi, kakomboyu amadya masamba ochepa a crustaceans, mphutsi zamtundu wa m'mimba, detritus ndi protozoa, mwachitsanzo, foraminifers (carcinomas amodzi) ndi diatoms.
Poyerekeza ndi ena echinoderms, momwe amadyetsedwera akuwoneka kuti ndi akale. Lily yokhala ndi corolla yotseguka imakhazikitsa netiweki yonse yomwe imathandizira kujambula ndi pulankton. Manja omwe ali mkatimo muli ma ambulacral cioary cioary omwe amapita kukamwa. Amakhala ndi maselo amitsempha omwe amatsegula ntchofu, zomwe zimakutidwa ndi tinthu tomwe timapezeka m'madzi ndikusintha kukhala chakudya. Kupyola m'masamba, zakudya zonse zotulutsidwa m'madzi zimalowa mkamwa. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumadalira nthambi zazitali komanso kutalika kwake.
KWA ZONSE NDI ZOKHUDZA ALIYENSE
Maluwa am'nyanja ndi amodzi mwa oimira zokongola kwambiri zam'nyanja zam'madzi. Zamoyo zowala izi zikufanana ndi magulu a matanthwe okhala ndi matanthwe, ngakhale zili zowetchera ndipo sizosiyana ndi kudya plankton ndi crustaceans ang'ono.
Nthawi zingapo, nyanja zidadzaza ndi achibale a nyenyezi zam'madzi am'madzi amnyanja - maluwa am'nyanja.
Zamoyo izi zidakhala ndi dzina loti ndizokondana ndi maluwa, koma zoona zake zikombo zam'nyanja sizikugwirizana ndi mbewu. Maluwa am'nyanja (kapena Crinoidea) ndi gulu la echinoderms lokhudzana ndi urchins zam'madzi ndi starfish. Monga ma echinoderm onse, maluwa am'nyanja ali ndi ulalo wowoneka bwino wamitundu isanu, mawonekedwe azomera zambiri (nthawi zambiri nyama zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana).
Maluwa am'nyanja amatha kupezeka munyanja iliyonse komanso pakuya kulikonse. Pali mitundu yodziwika yomwe imakhala pansi pakuya mamita 10,000. Mitundu yambiri (70%) imakhala pamalo okuya kwambiri mpaka mamitala 200. Maluwa ndi ochulukirapo makamaka pamitunda yotentha pamiyala ya coral.
Thupi la kakombo limakhala ndi chotchedwa "chikho", chomwe chimakhazikitsidwa pansi. Kuyambira kapu kupita ku cheza kukwera. Ntchito yayikulu ya malaya awa ndi kutulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono kuchokera m'madzi ndikuwasamutsa kukamwa komwe kuli pakati pa chikho.
Nyanja ili ndi zolengedwa zachilendo zomwe sizikanakhalapo pokhapokha munyanja yakuya. Maluwa apanyanja (Crinoidea), odziwika bwino monga "nyenyezi zowala" kapena "ma crinoids", samawoneka ngati tchire tating'ono, komanso amayenda m'madzi mothandizidwa ndi mayendedwe osalala a mawonekedwe awo.
"Manja" osinthika ndikofunikira pama crinoids osati pakuyenda kokha: mothandizidwa ndi echinoderms amatha kugwirira ntchito mosokoneza. Kutalika kwa ma ray kumatha kufika mita 1. Zonse, nyamayi imakhala ndi zisanu, koma ray iliyonse imatha kukhala nthambi mwamphamvu, ndikupanga "miyendo yambiri yabodza" yambiri. Wokhala ndi nthambi zambiri zamitundu ina (pinnulas).
Malonda ndi zosefera zongokhala zomwe zimasefa kuyimitsidwa kwamadzi kuchokera kumadzi. Kusamutsa kamwa pakamwa, kakombo ka nyanjayo imagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwapadera mkati, mkamwa: imakhala ndi ma mucous-ciliary ambulacral grooves, omwe madzi okhala ndi plankton amalowa molunjika mkamwa.
Pazonse pali magulu awiri azikombole zam'nyanja - oyenda pansi komanso osagwedezeka. Zofala kwambiri ndizomera zopanda mapiko zomwe zimakhala m'madzi osaya (mpaka 200 m.) Nyanja zotentha. Amatha kusuntha, kuyambira pansi, ndikukhazikika pamiyendo yamadzi, kuti matupi awo azizungulira. Mitundu yokhazikika imakhala moyo wongokhala, koma imapezeka konseko, mpaka 10 km. Pamwamba pa nyanja.
Maluwa apanyanja adawonekera padzikoli zaka pafupifupi 488 miliyoni zapitazo. Munthawi ya Paleozoic, panali mitundu yoposa 5,000 ya maluwa am'nyanja, omwe ambiri anatha. Nthawi imeneyo inali m'badwo wagolide wa ma echinoderm onse, ndipo maluwa makamaka panyanja. Foss za nthawi zambiri zomwe zimapezeka mu nyama, ndipo mitundu ina ya miyala yamiyala imapangidwa pafupifupi ndi mitundu yonseyo. Maluwa okha omwe anawonekera Padziko lapansi pafupifupi zaka 250 miliyoni zapitazo "adapulumuka" mpaka lero.
Dicotyledons, masewera a masewera amapanga pini. Kukula ndi mphutsi zoyandama (lobar). Mphutsi, yolumikizira gawo lapansi, imasandulika kukhala ngati phula laling'ono ngati kakombo wamkulu. Mumaluwa osakhazikika, tsinde limafa pomwe limakula ndikukhala wamkulu.
Maluwa am'nyanja ndi echinoderms yekhayo omwe adasunga mawonekedwe a makolo a echinoderm: milomo yawo imakhala yotembenukira kumtunda, ndipo mbali ya dorsal imatembenukira kumtunda.
Pali mafupa akunja, endoskeleton ya manja ndipo phesi limakhala ndimagawo ocheperako. Nthambi zamagulu amanjenje, ma ambulacral ndi kubereka zimalowa mkati mwa manja ndi phesi. Kuphatikiza pa mawonekedwe akunja ndi mawonekedwe a dorsal-m'mimba axis ya thupi, maluwa am'nyanja amasiyana ndi ma echinoderm ena mu kachitidwe kosavuta ka ambulacral - palibe ma ampoules omwe amawongolera miyendo ndi mbale ya madrepor.
Zomera zam'madzi zam'madzi zimachokera ku Lower Ordovician. Zikuoneka kuti iwo anachokera ku ma echinoderms oyamba kwambiri a kalasi la Eocrinoidea. Middle Paleozoic inafika pachimake, pomwe panali mitundu yoposa 11 ndi mitundu yopitilira 5000, koma podzafika kumapeto kwa nyengo ya a Repian, ambiri aiwo anali atafa. Subclass Articulata, yomwe imaphatikizapo maluwa amakono onse am'nyanja, amadziwika kuchokera ku Triassic.
Zotsalira zakale zamiyala yam'nyanja ndi zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri.Mitundu ina ya miyala yamiyala yochokera ku Paleozoic ndi Mesozoic pafupifupi ili yonse. Zidutswa zokhala ndi zotsalira za ma crinoids, zofanizira magiya, zimatchedwa asitikali.
Zidutswa zakale za maluwa am'nyanja - asitikali, ma asteris ndi ma disc okhala ndi bowo pakati, nthawi zina olumikizidwa pazipilara - adakopa chidwi cha anthu. A Briteni adatcha zigawo za polygonal za akhungu opanga nyenyezi ngati "nyenyezi zamiyala" ndikupanga malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi zolengedwa zakuthambo. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa iwo ndi kwa wolemba zachilengedwe Wachingelezi a John Ray mu 1673.
Mu 1677, mnzake wachilengedwe, Robert Plit (1640-1666), adavomereza kuti mikanda ya nyama izi idapangidwa ndi rosary ya St. Cuthbert, Bishop wa Lindisfarne. M'mphepete mwa Northumberland, zinthu zakalezi zimatchedwa "kolona ya St. Cuthbert." Nthawi zina asitikali ofanana ndi magiya amafotokozedwa mu nyuzipepala kuti "mbali za makina achilendo" omwe amapangidwa ndi alendo zaka mamiliyoni mazana asanafike munthu.
Kufotokozera kwa Crinoids
Utoto wamakungwa a maluwa am'nyanja ndi wa Paleozoic ndi chiyambi cha Mesozoic.
Maluwa onse akale am'madzi anali amangokhala. Pakati pa maluwa amakono am'nyanja, mitundu yambiri ili ndi mwayi wosiyana ndi gawo lapansi ndikusambira.
Maluwa am'nyanja ndi ofanana ndi maluwa omwe kapu yake imazunguliridwa ndi cheza cholimba. Kumbali yake yakumwambako kuli pakamwa ndi anus. Pali maluwa okongoletsa ndi maluwa osakhazikika. M'mbuyomu, mtembowo umayikidwa pa phesi lalitali lomwe limamangidwa ndi gawo lapansi. Maluwa ambiri amakono alibe thunthu; amasambira kapena kumamatira kumtunda wokhala ndi tinyanga tating'onoting'ono tambiri (100) tomwe tili pamtengo wozunzirapo. M'maluwa onse am'nyanja, mosiyana ndi ma echinoderm ena, mbali yamlomo imayang'anidwira kumtunda, ndipo mbali ya abori imayang'aniridwa chotsika pansi.
Mukamayang'ana kapu yamadzi am'nyanja kuchokera pamtengo wam'madzi, ndizosavuta kuwona kuti ulalang'ano wama radial umawonetsedwa bwino m'magulu a maluwa am'nyanja. Pakati pali pakamwa, pomwe pomwe maambulera amapita ku miyala, kapena "manja". Ma gululi amawoneka kuti akupitilira "manja". Malamba ali ndi "manja" asanu, koma lirilonse limapangidwa malo achokamo. "Manja" amalumikizidwa, atakhala mbali zonse ziwiri ndi zapadera - ma pinnulas, omwe amaphatikizanso magawo. Ma gululi okhala ndi ma ambulacular amakula kutalika konse kwa "mikono" ndi nthambi kulowa. Miyendo yambiri ya ma ambuural popanda makapu oyamwa amatuluka kuchokera ku ma ambulacral, akuchita ntchito zingapo: kupuma, tactile, ndi pakamwa. Gawo la miyendo ya ambulacral kuzungulira pakamwa limasinthidwa kukhala ma tentpent-mkamwa, omwe, limodzi ndi mateche oyamba, akukhudzidwa pakudya. Maluwa amadya mosakhalitsa: tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokhala ngati planktonic ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, tomwe timayambitsa pakamwa ndikutseguka ndi miyendo yodziyimira komanso kumenya kwa cilia ya epithelium ya mizere ya ambulacular.
Kufanizira kwadongosolo kumasweka kokha ndi malo a anus, omwe amawaika patradally mbali ya pakamwa pa tubercle yapadera. Izi, zikuwoneka kuti, zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi moyo wophatikizidwa komanso kupezeka kwa phesi m'maluwa akale am'madzi.
Pakapangidwe kakombo ka maluwa am'nyanja, ndizosangalatsa kuti chimanga chokhala ngati mbiya chokhala ngati mabatani chokhala ndimakhola oyenda pansi chimakhala pansi pambuyo masiku 2-3, chimataya cilia, ndikupanga calyx ndi tsinde, lomwe limakula mpaka gawo lapansi. Maluwa osasunthika ndi osakhazikika amadutsa momwe amakulirakulira, komwe kumawonetsera mawonekedwe ofanana ndi maluwa ena anyanja aku Paleozoic.
Kapangidwe ndi kalongosoledwe ka maluwa a mnyanja
Thupi la munthu wokhala pansi pa echinoderm ali ndi gawo lopangika pakati, lotchedwa "kapu" ndikutambasulira mozungulira, mwa "manja", wokutidwa ndi nthambi zapafupipafupi - ma pinnulas.
Maluwa am'nyanja mwina ndi okhawo amakono a echinoderm omwe adasunga mawonekedwe a makolo awo: gawo la pakamwa limatembenukira kumtunda, ndipo mbali yakumbuyo ya nyamayo imagwiritsika pansi. Phula logawanika lomwe limagwira ntchito yolumikizira limasiya kiyala ya kakombo. Magulu a machitidwe, wozungulira, wosiyana ndi tsinde, cholinga chawo ndi chofanana ndi tsinde lalikulu. Malekezero a cirrus amakhala ndi zovala, kapena "zibwano," zomwe kakombo amatha kumamatira kwathunthu.
Nyanja Lily (Crinoidea).
Monga ma echinoderm onse okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a mizere isanu, nyanjayi ili ndi mikono isanu, koma imatha kupatukana, ndikupereka kuchokera kumanja mpaka mazana awiri "mikono yabodza" yokhala ndi zida zazikulu zammbali, ndikupanga "network" yolumikizana.
Chihemacho chimazungulilidwanso ndi chihema chomwe chimakhala ndi zikopa za m'maso. Yotsirizirayi ili pakatikati pa "m'mimba" pamtambo wa calyx, ndipo anus ili pafupi.
Nyanja yake ndi nyama zapansi.
Chikhalidwe
Zidutswa zakale za maluwa am'nyanja - asitikali, ma asteris ndi ma disc okhala ndi bowo pakati, nthawi zina olumikizidwa pazipilara - adakopa chidwi cha anthu. A Briteni adatcha zigawo za polygonal za akhungu opanga nyenyezi ngati "nyenyezi zamiyala" ndikupanga malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi zolengedwa zakuthambo. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa iwo ndi kwa wolemba zachilengedwe Wachingelezi a John Ray mu 1673. Mu 1677, mnzake wachilengedwe, Robert Plit (1640-1666), adavomereza kuti mikanda ya nyama izi idapangidwa ndi rosary ya St. Cuthbert, Bishop wa Lindisfarne. M'mphepete mwa Northumberland, zinthu zakalezi zimatchedwa "kolona ya St. Cuthbert." Nthawi zina asitikali ofanana ndi magiya amafotokozedwa mu nyuzipepala kuti "mbali za makina achilendo" omwe amapangidwa ndi alendo zaka mamiliyoni mazana asanafike munthu.
Chidwi cha maluwa a kunyanja kwa anthu
Zolemba zakale za zigawo za maluwa am'nyanja, zotchedwa asitikali, komanso nyenyezi ndi ma disc omwe ali ndi dzenje mkati, zakopa chidwi cha anthu kwanthawi yayitali. Kulumikizana konsekonse kwa zigawo za polygonal mu mawonekedwe a nyenyezi okhala ndi zinthu zakuthambo kulengezedwa koyamba ndi a Britain. Pali malingaliro oti asitikali omwe anali opanga magiya amawonedwa ngati "gawo la makina achilendo" omwe alendo adapanga mazana mamiliyoni a zaka zapitazo.
Trochites - zolumikizana zolumikizana zamitengo ya crinoids
Nkhani yoyamba yolembedwa pamaluwa am'nyanja kwa Mngelezi wazachilengedwe a John Ray mu 1673. Mu 1677, mnzake wa Robert Plit adanenanso kuti mikanda ya St. Cuthbert, Bishop Lindisfarne, idapangidwa kuchokera kumagawo a nyama izi. Mwa njira, pagombe la Northumberland, zinthu zakalezi zimatchedwa "kolona ya St. Cuthbert."
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