Nyama yaying'ono kwambiri yamtundu wa llama imadziwika kuti ndi vicuna. Nyama ndi za banja la a Camelidae ndipo nthawi zambiri zimapezeka ku South America. Ma Vicunas ndi othandizira komanso kunja amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yofanana ndi alpaca, guanaco komanso ngamila. Kuyambira omaliza, zolengedwa zoyamwitsa zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kusapezeka kwa hump yokhala ndi kukula komanso kukula. Zamoyo za anthu am'banja la Camelids ndizovuta kwambiri - zimakhala pamalo okwera mpaka 5.5 km. Nyama imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake ochepa, chisomo komanso mawonekedwe.
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Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a vicuna
Nyama zimakula mpaka 1.5m kutalika, kutalika kwake ndi 50 kg. Vicunas yasokoneza tsitsi lomwe limakhala lofewa kukhudza komanso lakuda. Ndiwotchinga tsitsi lomwe limapulumutsa nyamayo nyengo, kuphatikizira mphepo ndi mvula, kuzizira komanso nyengo ina yoyipa.
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Ma Vicunas ali ndi mutu wamfupi, makutu aatali, komanso khosi lolimba, kuwalola kuwona adani kutali. Pamimba, mwachizolowezi, mtundu wa malaya ndi woyera, pomwe kumbuyo kumakhala kofiirira. Mano akuthwa mawonekedwe a incisors ndiye chinthu chachikulu chosiyanitsa ndi vicuneas kuchokera kwa mitundu ina. Ndi chithandizo chawo, nyamayi imadula msipu mosavuta ndikudya.
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Ziweto zazitsamba zimakonda kukhala m'magulu a anthu 5-15. Paketi iliyonse pamakhala mtsogoleri wachimuna yemwe amayang'anira chitetezo cha “banja” ndipo amayang'anira. "Ntchito zake" zimaphatikizapo kuchenjeza panthawi yake gulu la zoopsa zomwe zikubwera popereka chizindikiro. Mtsogoleri wachimuna atha kuchotsedwa papaketi, ndikumupatsa moyo wosungulumwa.
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Nyama za Artiodactyl zimapuma usiku ndikuyenda tsiku lokonzekera masana. Mwambiri, vicuna amakhala odekha komanso amtendere, koma nthawi zina machitidwe awo amakhala osapindulitsa.
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Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Kubereka
Popeza vicunas amakhala m'malo ovuta, omwe angapeze zakudya zawo. Artiodactyls amadya udzu, masamba, nthambi, mphukira ndikutafuna masamba. Nyama sizimakonda kudya mizu, koma timakonda zilombo za mbewu zakuthengo.
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Nyama zaulere ndizocheperako komanso ndizochedwa kuthengo. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ochita masewera akhala akuyesera kuti apangike kwathunthu. Chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha kuzimiririka pamaso pa dziko lathuli, nyama zidalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
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Nthawi yowerengera imayamba kasupe. Mimba imakhalapo kwa miyezi 11, kenako makolo amabadwa. Makanda ali pafupi ndi amayi awo kwa miyezi pafupifupi 12 ndipo amadyera pafupi naye. Pakapita nthawi yakukula, zolengedwa zachilengedwe zimakhalabe m'gululo kwa zaka ziwiri, kenako ndikupita kumoyo wachikulire ndi waulere.
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Mawonekedwe a vicuna
Vicuna ndiosiyana ndi mtundu wake ndipo padziko lapansi mulibe mitundu yake. Nyama ndizofanana ndi ma guanacos (ndipo amatha kuyanjana nawo), llamas ndi ngamila. Koma kusiyana kwake kudakali mwa kapangidwe ka nsagwada ndi mano a nyama.
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Alpacas amakhulupirira kuti adachokera ku vicunias. Lero kale mtundu wina wa banja la a Camelids. Ndizosangalatsa kuti ngakhale katswiri wodziwa ntchito sangathe kusiyanitsa wamwamuna wa Vicuna ndi wamkazi, popeza mtundu wamtundu wa kugonana sufanana ndi nyama yamtunduwu. Anthu onse amawoneka chimodzimodzi.
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Zosangalatsa
Zaka zambiri zapitazo, anthu ankasonkhanitsa magulu akuluakulu achiwonetsero kuti adule tsitsi la nyama. Pambuyo pake, zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa zimamasulidwa, ndipo zovala zopangira anthu olemekezeka zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zomwe zidapezeka. Aliyense amene anayesera kuwononga vicuna anagonjetsedwa. Masiku ano, ubweya umadziwika kuti ndi wocheperako komanso wotsika mtengo kwambiri. Pofuna kuti asatulutsenso zoweta, aboma adachitapo kanthu kuti atetezedwe.
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Malinga ndi kafukufuku, vicunas adawonedwa ku Andes m'zaka za zana la 12. BC.
Kufalitsa
Vicuna ndi nyama yomwe imapezeka kumadzulo kokha kwa South America - kumapiri a Andes. Agawidwa m'madera a Peru, Chile, Bolivia, Ecuador ndi Argentina. Oimira awa a nyama zamkati amakhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri - pamtunda wa 3.5 mpaka 5.5 km. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chili ku Peru. Chinyama chakuthengo, chomwe chithunzi chake tidalemba m'nkhaniyi, ndiye chizindikiro cha dzikolo. Chithunzi chake chikhoza kuwoneka pamoto wa mikono ya Peru.
Vicuna amafunika nyengo yozizira ndi youma komanso malo okhala ndi dziwe zopezeka. Nyamayi imakhala m'zipululu yokutidwa ndi mitengo yayifupi komanso yolimba, komanso m'minda yopanda mapiri.
Zokhudza thupi
Vicuna ndi nyama yokhala ndi zodabwitsa zaku thupi: ma incisors apansi amakutidwa ndi enamel kokha mbali imodzi, ndipo amakula mosalekeza, ngati makoswe. Zimawola pamene nyama idula zitsamba zolimba za mbewuzo.
Mtima wa vicuna ndi wokulirapo kuposa zinyama zina zofanana, zonse zikomo chifukwa chosinthira kukula kwakukulu. M'magazi mumakhala kuchuluka kwa mpweya ndi hemoglobin. Kuphatikiza apo, maselo ofiira am'magazi (maselo ofiira am'magazi) omwe ali pafupi ndi owumbirawa ndi mawonekedwe, m'malo mwa mawonekedwe a disc, omwe ndi mawonekedwe a anthu okhala m'zipululu.
Malaya ndi utoto
Chovala chofewa komanso chakudyacho chimaphimba thupi lonse la ngamila yong'ambika. Khosi ndi mutu zimapaka utoto wofiirira, ndi ubweya woyera wonyezimira, mpaka 30 cm, womwe umapangira bib, umakongoletsa chifuwa. Gawo lakumunsi la thupi, komanso mbali zamkati mwa miyendoyo ndi loyera, ndipo kumbuyo ndi kunjaku kwa miyendoyo ndi kofiirira.
Moyo
Vicuna ndi nyama yazitsamba yokhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono a 5 mpaka 15. Gululi limayendetsedwa ndi mtsogoleri wachimuna yemwe amasilira “banja” lake. Amangoyendayenda, kuyesera kukwera pang'ono paphiripo. Izi zimamulola kuti azitha kuwona zomwe zikuzungulira ndipo, ngati zingachitike ngozi, atumize chizindikiro kwa abale ake. Achibale awonetsa kugonjera mtsogoleriyo, akumugoneka khosi kumbuyo.
Nyama zotchera khutu komanso zamanyazi kwambiri paphiri zimathamanga mpaka 47 km / h. Poyerekeza ndi ena osapembedza, vicuñas amasuntha kwambiri. Pakakhala zoopsa, amapanga mluzu wofuula, ndikuchenjeza gulu. Malowa omwe amakhala ndi vicunas amagawidwa kukhala malo odyetserako ziweto komanso malo ogona.
Amuna achikulire omwe samatsogolera gulu amakhala kwayekha kapena kukhazikitsa gulu lawolawo loyenera. Kuphatikiza pa kuweta ziweto, m'mapiri mutha kukumana ndi magulu a anyamata achichepere omwe amalimbikitsidwa ndikudikirira nthawi yomwe adzakwaniritse kuletsa achikazi kuchokera kwa mtsogoleri wokalamba motero amapanga gulu lawo.
Vicunas omwe adagwidwa ukapolo nthawi zambiri amakana kumwa madzi ndi chakudya, sikuti amakumana ndi munthu. Ichi ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chomwe kwazaka zambiri nyama iyi sinatetezedwe, ngakhale masiku ano izi zikuyesedwa.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Mpaka pakati pa zaka za zana la 20, munthu anali mdani wamkulu wa vicunas. Koma nyamazo zitalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, zinthu zinasintha kwambiri: njira yamoyo ya nyama izi inakula kwambiri. Masiku ano, mwachilengedwe, akukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 15-20.
Nthawi yakukhwima ikupezeka masika. Mayi wamkazi amatenga miyezi 11. Mkazi aliyense pa msambo wobala mwana amabereka mwana chaka chilichonse. Ndiosavuta kuwerengera kuti nthawi yatsopano iliyonse ikayamba msambo imayamba kwa iye mwezi umodzi atabereka. Mpaka chaka chimodzi, mbalame zamphongo zimadyetsa pafupi ndi amayi awo, zidakali m'bulu kwa chaka chimodzi ndi theka mpaka ziwiri, ndipo zitatha izi zimapita "mkate wopandaule".
Mtengo wa ubweya wa vicuna
Mwa mitundu yonse yachilengedwe ya ubweya, ubweya wa vicuna umaonedwa kuti ndi wofunika kwambiri komanso wokwera mtengo padziko lapansi. Izi ndichifukwa cha machitidwe ake apadera, ndi kuperewera, ndi chiwerengero chochepa cha nyama. Ubweya wa vicuna (chithunzi chomwe mungamuwone pansipa) umakhala ndi ulusi wochepa thupi komanso wofewa mpaka 30 cm.Ulifupi wamba (m'mimba mwake wa ubweya) wa ubweya wa vicuna ndi ma micons a 10-15, ndipo ulusi wake wotsika umangofika ma microns 6,5 okha. Mutha kuyerekezera chizindikirocho ndi alpaca fineness - 22-27 maikolofoni, yak - 19-21 ma microns, cashmere 15-19 micons. Ubweya wa Chinchilla nawonso umakhala wotsika kwa iye.
Pafupifupi theka la voliyumu yonse ya ubweya imakololedwa ku Peru, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Bolivia, Argentina ndi Chile. Ma voliyumu opanga ndi ochepa. Mwalamulo, chinyama chovomerezeka chimaloledwa kuti sizimatulutsa kamodzi pachaka ziwiri zilizonse, pomwe ndizotheka kulandira zosaposa magalamu 400-500 a ubweya kwa munthu aliyense.
Kilo imodzi ya ubweya wopangidwa ndi munthu umatha $ 1000. Malita a nsalu za ubweya wa vicuna olemera magalamu 300 amatenga $ 3000. Mwachitsanzo, chovala cha munthu chingawononge ndalama zosachepera $ 20,000. Nayi nyama yamtengo wapatali - vicuna. Chovala cha ubweya kuchokera ku ubweya wake chikhoza kukhala chodula kwambiri, kuwonjezera pa kugulitsa nyumba, kumene. Pazinthu zapadera zoterezi, ubweyawo umakhala wopangidwa ndi manja. Popeza ndizoletsedwa kupha nyama izi, ubweya umatulutsidwa kuchokera ku ubweya.
Ubweya wa Vicuna uli ndi mthunzi wosowa wa sinamoni - kuchokera kumdima mpaka pakuwala. Chifukwa chazipadera, sizipaka utoto.
Kutolere kwaubweya
Njira yokhayo yovomerezeka yopezera ubweya wa vicuna masiku ano ndi mtundu wakale: gululi limayendetsedwa kumalo osungirako komwe wochita zifuyo amawunika nyama ndikuzithandiza ngati kuli kofunikira. Nyama zathanzi zimadulidwa.
Ku Peru, zilolezo zapadera zakhazikitsidwa kwa onse omwe amagulitsa ndikupanga zinthu kuchokera ku ubweya wa nyama izi. Zikalata zoterezi zimatsimikizira kuti ubweya umapezeka kuchokera kwa anthu omwe amakhala nawo pafupi. Popanda chilolezo chotere, kugulitsa kulikonse ndikosaloledwa. Kuyika kwapadera kwa zopangira kuchokera ku vicunias kuvomerezedwa (Vicua ndiye dziko lomwe anachokera).
Zovala zopangidwa ndi ubweya ndi ubweya wa vicuna
Ndiyenera kunena kuti makampani akuluakulu okha omwe amapanga zovala kuchokera ku vicuna. Malingana ndi lingaliro labwino la akatswiri awo, kuti mupange mpango umodzi, mumafunikira ubweya wokonzedwa kuchokera ku nyama yoposa imodzi, thukuta - ubweya zisanu, ndi malaya - kuchokera ku 30 vicunas.
Loro Piana ndi kampani yodziwika bwino yomwe imagwira ntchito ndi ubweya wa zolengedwa zokongola izi. Amapanga zovala zapamwamba.
Falke ndi kampani yotchuka masokosi, mtengo wake womwe ndi wofanana ndi mtengo wamagalimoto ogwiritsa ntchito - $ 1,200. Zazodzaza ndi bokosi lamatabwa lamiyala losayina. Zoterezi zimatha kukhala mphatso kwa munthu amene ali ndi chilichonse.
Vicuna mawonekedwe ndi malo okhala
Vicuna (maina ena - vigoni, vicuna, vigon) - wowoneka bwino wochokera ku banja la ngamila kuchokera ku mtundu wa llamas. Kunja lama vicuna amatikumbutsa zambiri za guanaco kapena alpaca, ndipo imafanana ndi ngamira yokhayo, chifukwa ilibe ma humps, ndipo ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kukula kwake.
Mosiyana ndi ngamila, imapezeka ku South America kokha, kumadzulo kwake - kumapiri a Andes (m'gawo la mayiko amakono a Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia ndi Argentina). Vicunas amakhala pamtunda wamakilomita 3.5 mpaka 5.5, m'malo ovuta kwambiri.
Nyamayi ndiyabwino komanso yocheperako. Kutalika kwake kuli pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka, kutalika kwake kufota kuli pafupifupi mita, ndipo kulemera kwakukulu ndi 50 kg. Chovalacho chimasokonekera pang'ono, koma chofewa komanso chokhwima, kungofuna kupulumutsa nyamayo kuzizira, mphepo, mvula ndi nyengo ina yoyipa. Chifukwa chake, ma alpacas, llamas, guanacos, vicunas ndi ofanana kwambiri.
Khalidwe ndi moyo wa vicuna
Vicuna ndi nyama yazitsamba. Amasungidwa m'magulu awiri a anthu 5 mpaka 15, osaganizira zanyama zazing'ono zomwe zimawonekera. Gulu lililonse limayang'aniridwa ndi mtsogoleri m'modzi. Gulu lililonse limadziwa malo ake.
Mnyamatayo amateteza banja lake mwachangu, nthawi zonse amakhala akuyenda ndipo amayesetsa kukwera phirilo kuti awone zomwe zili mozungulira ndikupereka chizindikiro munthawi ngati atazindikira zizindikiro zowopsa.
Khalidwe lanyama lotereli limaphatikizidwa mwabadwa, ngakhale kuti kwamakono amakono mndandanda wazomwe wachilengedwe, omwe ndi adani achilengedwe osadziwika. Kuphatikiza pa gulu la magulu ndi anyamata, magulu a anyamata achichepere amayenda kumapiri, omwe akupeza luso komanso mphamvu, ndipo akufunafuna nthawi yoyenera kukhumudwitsa achikazi kuchokera kwa "mtsogoleri wa fuko" wina wakale ndikupanga gulu lawo.
Pambuyo pake, adzatetezeranso gawo lawo. Ndipo atsogoleri omwe anali atawachotsedwawo amakhala ndi moyo wachisungu. Vicunas amakhala ndi moyo wokangalika masana, ndipo amapumula usiku. Masana, vicuns pang'onopang'ono, kuyesa kuyenderana wina ndi mnzake, kuyendayenda m'mapiri pofunafuna chakudya, ndipo mutatha kudya, besani padzuwa.
Ngakhale kutentha kwapamwamba ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe abata (nyama zimayandikira kwa munthu ndi malo okhala, zambiri zimatha kupezeka pa ukonde chithunzi vicuna,, amadziwika ndi machitidwe oyipa.
Akakhala kundende, nthawi zambiri amakana kumwa ndi kudya chakudya, komanso samacheza ndi munthu. Ndi chifukwa ichi kwazaka zambiri nyama izi sizinathe kulima, ngakhale kuyesera kukupangabe.
Mawonekedwe
Kutalika kwa vicuna ndi 150 cm, kukula m'mapewa kuli pafupifupi mita, ndipo misa ndi 50 kg. Utsi - kumbuyo ndi kofiirira, kopepuka pansi - kowoneka bwino kwambiri kuposa mitundu ina, ndikukulira ngati chingwe cholimbitsa, kuteteza kuzizira. Mbali ya anatomical ndi mano otsika pansi, omwe, ngati makoswe, amakula nthawi zonse. Ma artiodactyl ena ofanana sapezeka.
Mizere yogwirizana
Poyamba anthu amaganiza kuti vicunas samabisidwa komanso kuti ma llamas ndi alpacas amachokera ku guanaco. Masiku ano, zotsatira zoyesa za DNA zapezeka zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti alpacas akanatha kuchokera ku vicunias. Popeza alpacas, llamas, guanacos, ndi vicuñas amatha kuyanjana ndipo nthawi zambiri amasakanikirana, ndizovuta kudziwa motsimikiza kuti zoweta zamasiku ano zili bwanji.
Vicuna nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa pansi pa dzina la sayansi Vicugna vicugna, ndiye kuti, monga mtundu wosiyana, wotsutsana ndi lamasi ndi ngamila. Izi zimatengera mawonekedwe a nsagwada ndi mano a vicunias. Komabe, mfundo yoti vicunas ndi ma guanacos amatha kukwatirana ikuwonetsa ubale wapamtima, ndichifukwa chake kugwiritsa ntchito mtundu wina wosiyana Vicugna ndiye mutu wa kutsutsana kwa sayansi.
Vicuna ndi mamuna
Amadziwika kuti ma Inca akale amaphatikiza ma nyama a ng'ombe ambiri ndikumeta ubweya wawo wamtengo wapatali, womwe unkangogwiritsidwa ntchito pazovala za anthu apamwamba, kenako ndikumasulidwa. Anthu a ku Spain sanapitirize mwambowu.
"M'mbuyomu, Aspanya asadagonjetse ufumuwu, padali nkhosa zambiri ndi Guanacos ndi Viqunias onse m'magulu onsewo, koma mwachangu anthu aku Spain adaziwonongeratu ndipo padali ochepa a iwo pafupifupi konse. ”
Adawombera zambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri adawupha poyambira madzi awo. Poyamba, izi zinkapangidwa kuti pakhale busa lalikulu la ziweto, pambuyo pake chifukwa cha ubweya wa vicuna, womwe umadziwika kuti ndi ubweya wocheperapo komanso wotsika mtengo padziko lapansi. Pa nthawi ya a Inca, pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni amakhala ku Andes. Mu 1965, chiwerengero chawo chinatsikira mpaka 6,000. Atakhazikitsa njira zodzitetezera, anthu otsogola, adakula kwambiri ndipo lero alipo 200,000.
Kuchulukitsa
Dzina lachi Latin - Vicugna vicugna
Chizungu - Vicugna
Order - artiodactyls (Artiodactyla)
Suborder - Callopods (Tylopoda)
Banja - Ngamila (Camelidae)
Ndodo - Vicunna (Vicugna)
Vicuna amakhala payokha payokha potengera kapangidwe kake ka chibwano ndi mano.
Onani ndi mamuna
Vicuna amadziwika kuti ndi wopatulika ku Andes kuyambira nthawi zakale. A Highlanders adakhulupirira kuti idapatsidwa kwa iwo ndi milungu kuti athe kupulumuka muanjala ndi kuzizira kwa malo ovutawa. Mu nthawi ya a Inca, vicuna adaperekedwera mulungu wa dzuwa Inti.A Inca anamutcha ubweya wake "rune wagolide" kapena "rune wa milungu", adaganiza za machiritso ake ndikuletsa kupha nyama izi. Vicunas adagwidwa panthawi yakusaka kwachifumu, kudulidwa ndikutulutsidwa kuthengo, pomwe kuchuluka kwanyama m'chilengedwe kudakhazikika. Zovala zimapangidwa kuchokera ku ubweya wofewa, wokongola wa anthu apamwamba. Anthu a ku Spain, atafika ku South America, anayamba kuwombera anthu ambiri. Izi zimachitika makamaka ndi cholinga chotenga ubweya wotsika mtengo kwambiri komanso wosowa kwambiri padziko lapansi, ngakhale kuti nyama ya vicuna idawonedwa ngati chakudya chabwino.
Chiwerengero cha zinyama chidayamba kugwa mwachangu: ngati m'nthawi ya Incas, mpaka zaka za zana la 16, oposa 2 miliyoni akukhala ku Andes, ndiye pofika 1965 kunalibe anthu opitilira 6,000 omwe adatsala. Zinthu zinayamba kusintha chakumapeto kwa zaka 60 zapitazi. Mu 1967, malo oyamba otetezera madera, Pampa Galeras, adapangidwa ku Peru, mu 1970. United States (wogulitsa wamkulu wa ubweya) analetsa kugulitsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi ubweya wa vicuna, ndipo patatha zaka 5, bungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi loteteza nyama zosowa za nyama CITES, lomwe lili pansi pa chitsogozo cha UN, lafutitsanso dziko lonse lapansi.
Pakadali pano, anthu aku Andean abwerera ku chizolowezi chakale chogwiritsa ntchito vicunias - chaku. Izi sizongokhala ngati “kusaka” nyama zodyera, chifukwa chomwe agwidwa ndikucheka, komanso chikondwerero chomwe chitha kufunsa milungu kuti iwonetsetse dzikolo ndi nyama. Kutembenukira mmalingaliro a anthu kudachitika makamaka ku Peru, pamalaya, mbendera ndi zolemba zomwe nyama yabwinoyi ikuwonetsedwa. Akuluakulu aku Peruvia adayambiranso kulemekeza miyambo yawo komanso zopanga zawo pakupanga chikondwerero cha pachaka cha Vicuna ku Pampa Galeras mchaka cha 1993 ndikupatsa anthu amderali chisamaliro chokhacho, komanso kupatsanso madera ufulu wopeza kuchokera pogulitsa ubweya.
Chuck amachitika kuyambira Meyi mpaka Okutobala. Chingwe chokhala ndi moyo cha anthu mazana asanu kapena opitilira pang'onopang'ono chimayamba kulowa m'mphepete mwa miyendo yamiyendo yothamanga. Ntchito ya anthu, akufuula ndikuwomba m'manja, kuti abweretse gululi paddock yakanthawi, yomwe idapangidwa mwapadera kuti ipange ubweya.
Zowonjezerazo zitatsekedwa bwino paddock, mbadwa za Incas yakale "zilowe" - gulu laling'ono la anthu ovala zovala zamtundu wamtundu umodzi limasonkhana pamwala, womwe umayikidwa pakatikati pa paddock. Apa, omwe atenga nawo mbali pamwambo wamwambo womwe umatchedwa "Tinkachu" - amapemphera kwa milungu ndikupempha chilolezo chogwiritsa ntchito mphatso zachilengedwe. Kenako, omwe atenga nawo mbali pamwambowu ayenera kukhazikitsa khutu la wamphongo ndi wamwamuna ndi kusakaniza magazi a nyama. Izi zimayimira ukwati wa nyama ndipo, malinga ndi zikhulupiriro za a Inca, zimatsimikizira kuti zidzaberekanso.
Pambuyo pamwambowo, onse omwe agwidwa amayang'aniridwa, kulembedwa, ndikupatsidwa chisamaliro chofunikira chazinyama. Zinyama zokhazokha zokha zomwe zimakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali osachepera 3 cm, zimadulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina amagetsi (kufulumizitsa njirayi ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika munyama) kumbuyo ndi mbali, kusiya tsitsi osachepera 0,5 cm pamthupi. Zinyama zazing'ono mpaka chaka chimodzi, zazikazi zazikazi zapakati komanso zofooka sizikhudzidwa. Pambuyo pometa tsitsi ndikuwunika kwa reseunas onse amasonkhanitsa cholembera chachikulu ndikumasulidwa nthawi yomweyo, kuti nyama zikhale ndi mwayi wobwezeretsa zomwe zidali m'maguluwo.
Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa nyama zachilengedwe ndi anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni awiri, kuphatikiza apo, pali pulogalamu yapadziko lonse yosungitsa nyama izi, momwe malo athu ogulitsira amatenga nawo gawo (gulu loweta la vicunias limasungidwa kumalo osungira nyama). Kutha kwa nyamazo sikukuwopsezedwanso, ndipo vicuna ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha momwe ndondomeko yolondola ya boma limodzi ndi anthu apadziko lonse lapansi idabweretserani mgwirizano pakati pa anthu ndi nyama mmbali.
Vicuna amadziwikanso chifukwa chokhala ndi alpaca pedigree - chiweto, chomwe ndi chovala chofananira chilichonse. Chibale ichi chakhala chikukayikiridwa kwa zaka zambiri, koma chifukwa cha kafukufuku wamakono, asayansi tsopano amagwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa alpacas ochokera ku Vicuna.
Maonekedwe a nyama zowongolera
Thupi la vicuna ndi lalitali pafupifupi 1.5 mita. Kutalika, nyamayo imakula kukhala mita. Unyinji wa vicuna wamba ndi makilogalamu 50. Mutu umayikidwa pachikomo chachitali koma chokongola kwambiri. Nyama ili ndi makutu aatali.
Ubweya wa Vicuna umakhala ndimtoto wofiirira, nthawi zina wokhala ndi ma toni akuda. M'mimba mwayera. Pakhosi ndi pachifuwa cha thupi, tsitsi limapanga china chake ngati pendenti, chomwe chili pafupifupi masentimita 30.
Vicuna ali ndi mano owonda kwambiri (mano), choncho safunika kudya masamba okhala ndi mizu - amadula masamba ndikuwaswa.
Kukula kwa vicuna ndikokulirapo pang'ono kuposa galu wamtali. Osati konse ngamila zazikulu.
Kodi vicuna amadya chiyani?
Zakudya zoyamwitsa za m'mapiri izi ndizochepa kwambiri. Inde, m'mapiri, kutali kwambiri, sizomera zobiriwira zambiri zomwe zimamera. Chifukwa chake, vicunas amakakamizidwa kuti azikhutira ndi zakudya zilizonse zomwe zimabwera m'njira yawo. Ambiri a vicuna amakonda kudya chimanga. Amafuna kutafuna chakudya, monga momwe oimira ena onse amatsenga amachitira.
Asanayambe kusema, vicunas ali ngati zoseweretsa zofewa komanso zofewa.
Kubadwa kwa ngamira yodumphaduka
Nthawi yakukhwima kwa ngamila zazing'onoting'ono zoterezi zimayamba nthawi yachilimwe. Wamkazi wothira mbewa amakoka ana ake kwa miyezi pafupifupi 11. Ma wikis ang'ono ndi okongola komanso okongola! Mwana wakhanda wobadwa kale, amatha kuyimirira (pambuyo pa theka la ola) ndikutsatira amayi ake. Popeza alibe nthawi yochira bwino kubadwa kwam'badwo umodzi, wamkazi amayambanso kuchita nawo masewera akukhwima. Izi zimachitika pakadutsa masabata awiri kapena atatu atabadwa mwana woyamba. Vicunas imabweretsa kubadwa kwathu chaka chilichonse. Kukula kwachichepere kumakhala pafupi ndi kwa mkazi mpaka zaka chimodzi.
Amayi Vicuna ndi mwana. Chisoni cha Vicuna.
Mu chilengedwe, vicunas amakhala zaka 15 - 20.
Mtengo wa anthu
Monga taonera kale, vicunas amachokera ku ubweya wodula. Amakhulupirira kuti wamtengo wapatali kuposa chikhotho chake - ayi. Chifukwa chake, pali kuchotsedwa kosalamulirika kwa zolengedwa zokongola izi. Nthawi zina anthu saganiza za momwe angawonongere dziko lapansi kuti apindule. Ndikofunika kukumbukira nthawi zonse kuti mgwirizano ndi chilengedwe ndi njira yofunikira kwambiri yopezeka ndi zinthu zonse kuphatikizapo anthufe!
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamitundu iwiri ya ngamila zakutchire ku South America zomwe zimakhala kumapiri a Andes, ina - guanaco. Vicuna - Wachibale wa llama ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi kholo lamtchire la alpaca, lomwe lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kale.
Vicuna ndiwachifundo, wachisomo komanso wocheperako poyerekeza ndi guanaco. Chofunikira kusiyanitsa ndi mitundu ya morphology ndikokula kwabwino kwa vicuna incisors. Komanso, mano otsika a Andean okongola amakula moyo wonse ndipo amatha kupunthwa okha chifukwa cholumikizana pafupipafupi ndi udzu wolimba.
Mtundu wa Vicuna wokondweretsa m'maso. Chovala chotalika cha nyamayo ndi chofiirira komanso beige kumbuyo, ndikusintha kukhala mtundu wamkaka pamimba. Pa chifuwa ndi mmero - "malaya-kutsogolo" oyera oyera, chokongoletsera chachikulu cha artiodactyl. Mutu ndi waufupi pang'ono kuposa uja wa guanaco, ndipo makutu, mosiyana, ndiwakutali komanso ndi mafoni. Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira pa 150 mpaka 160 cm, mapewa - 75-85 masentimita (afika mita). Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu ndi 35-65 kg.
Ma callosities sangathe kudzitama ndi ziboda zotchulidwa, ndipo apa nthambi za vicuna zimatha ndi mawonekedwe a zibwano. Kukula kumeneku kumapangitsa kuti nyamayo idumphe pamiyala, ndikuwatsimikizira "mwamphamvu" ndi nthaka yamiyala.
Mwini wa khosi lalitali ndi maso otseguka ndi mizere ya eyelashes fluffy, vicuna mu chithunzi Zikuwoneka bwino. Koma kukongola kwamanyazi sikuloleza anthu kuti abwere kwa iye, chifukwa chake amachotsa chozizwitsa ichi ndi makamera omwe ali ndi chiwonjezero chachikulu kuchokera patali.
Vicuna - nyama yaikazi ya mndandanda wa artiodactyls, gawo loyitanitsa ma callosipers, banja la ngamila. Mpaka posachedwa, akatswiri a zanyama amakhulupirira kuti llama ndi alpaca ndi mbadwa za guanaco. Koma atafufuza mozama pa DNA adawonetsa kuti alpaca amachokera ku vicuna.
Ngakhale kukambirana kumachitika pankhaniyi, chifukwa mitundu yonse yomwe yatchulidwa kwambiri imatha kukwatirana mwachilengedwe. Pali mtundu umodzi wokha wa nyama zam'mapiri, zomwe zimagawidwa m'magulu awiri, Vicugna Vicugna Vicugna ndi Vicugna Vicugna Mensalis.
Utali wamoyo
Adani akuluakulu a artiodactyls m'mapiri athengo ndi Andean nkhandwe zodyera ndi nkhandwe yolusa. Mu chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe, vicunas amakhala pafupifupi zaka 20 (ena - mpaka 25). Kubwezerako sichingavomerezeke, koma m'malo ena osamalira zachilengedwe aphunzira momwe angasungire "anthu okwera" owopsa.
Pachifukwachi, malo ofikira amafunikira. Mwachitsanzo, ku Zoo ya Moscow adapanga kanyumba kam'madzi paphiri. Mkati mwa 2000s, zazikazi zitatu ndi wamwamuna zimabwera kuno. Anachulukana bwino, choncho kuchuluka kwa ziweto kudakula mpaka khumi ndi awiri, ana angapo adasamukira kumalo osungira nyama.
Choopsa chachikulu kwa nyama zosowa nthawi zonse chinali anthu. Kucokela nthawi yomwe dziko la Spain lidalandidwa ndi South America mpaka 1964, kusaka kwa vicunias sikunali kuyendetsedwa. Vuto ndilo chovala chawo chamtengo wapatali. Izi zidabweretsa zowopsa: mu makumi asanu ndi amodzi, anthu okwanira mamiliyoni awiri adachepetsedwa kukhala anthu 6,000. Mtundu walembedwa kuti uli pangozi.
Mu 1964, a Sericio Forestal, mogwirizana ndi United States Peace Corps, World Wildlife Fund ndi National Agrarian University ya La Molina, adapanga malo osungirako zachilengedwe (malo osungirako zachilengedwe) a Vicunas Pampa Galeras ku Peruvia Ay Ayucucho, tsopano kuli malo osungirako zachilengedwe ku Ecuador ndi Chile.
Mu theka lachiwiri la makumi asanu ndi limodzi, pulogalamu yophunzitsira othandizira othandizira zinyama idayamba. Mayiko angapo aletsa kutumiza kwa zovala za vicuna. Chifukwa cha izi, ku Peru kokha kuchuluka kwa vicunas kwawonjezeka nthawi zambiri.
Chaka chilichonse ku Pampa Galeras chaku (kudyetsa, kutchera miseche ndi kumeta ubweya) kumachitika pofuna kutolera ubweya komanso kupewa kupha anthu. Onse akulu achikulire athanzi okhala ndi chivundikiro cha ubweya cha masentimita atatu ndi pamwamba ameta. Izi ndi zomwe National Council of South American Camels (CONACS) ikuchita.