Caucasus ili ku Eurasia, ndipo ili ndi dera lalikulu. Awa ndi malo amapiri okhala ndi malire achilengedwe:
- Kumadzulo kumatsukidwa ndi madzi a Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda.
- Kum'mawa, dera lawolowera nyanja yayikulu yopanda madzi - Nyanja ya Caspian.
- Malire akumpoto ndi kukhumudwa kwa Kumo-Manych, komwe kumachokera kunyanja ya Caspian kupita ku Kerch Strait ndi Azov.
- Kumwera, Caucasus ili ndi malire wamba ndi Armenia, Georgia ndi Azerbaijan. Mzere wogawanawo umayenda m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Armenian Volcanic ndi Mtsinje wa Araks.
Pakati penipeni pa Caucasus, Main kapena Dividing Range ndi Side Ridge amaonekera. Mu gawo ili la dera lino kuli mapiri atali kwambiri - "zikwi mazana asanu" otchuka. Amasiyana m'mapiri ngati nsonga, zitunda zokumbika ndi m'matanthwe oyala.
Chith. 1. Gawani mzere.
Caucasus ili ndi chiwonetsero chachikulu kwambiri osati ku Russia kokha komanso ku Europe - Mount Elbrus (5642 m). Phiri lomwe latsala pang'ono kupalasa ndi limodzi mwamapiri asanu ndi awiri padziko lapansi. Kwa zaka zambiri, idakopa osewera, okwera, okacheza komanso aliyense amene akufuna kusangalala ndi mapiri osakumbukika.
Zochitika zanyengo
Caucasus ili pamphepete mwa maboma awiri achilengedwe: kutentha komanso kotentha. Mapiri ataliatali ali ndi gawo lalikulu pakupanga nyengo m'derali. Mapiri masauzande asanu amateteza malo otsetsereka kumphepo zamphamvu, ndipo mapiri akumwera amatenga chimphepo chamkuntho. Zotsatira zake, chipale chofewa chimatha kupezeka m'chigawo cha Russia cha Caucasus nthawi yomweyo, pomwe nyengo yotentha komanso yowuma imalamulira ku Caucasus.
Dera lakutali, lomwe limatchulidwa kwambiri m'mapiri atali kwambiri, liyenera kuyang'aniridwa mwapadera:
- Zomera zam'mlengalenga zimamera zigwa
- Pamwambapa, nkhalango zotambalala ndi zosefukira zimayamba kulanda.
- Kukwera kumapiri, nkhalango zimasinthidwa ndi mitengo ya mapiri,
- Pambuyo pa mosses ndi mosses,
- nsonga za mapiri a Caucasus eni ake zimakutidwa ndi ayezi ndi matalala pachaka chonse.
Chith. 2. Mapiri a Alpine a Caucasus.
Chikhalidwe cha Caucasus
Chifukwa cha malo ake komanso kupulumutsidwa kwawo, Caucasus ili ndi chilengedwe. Apa, pafupi ndi china chilichonse, pali nkhalango zowirira za nkhanu zowirira ndi nkhalango zambiri zotambalala, malo otsetsereka a kumapiri ndi madambo otsetsereka.
Phiri lakumpoto limadziwika ndi nyengo yozizira, ndipo malo opendekera m'mapiriwo amadziwika ndi kusintha kwakukulu pamagawo achilengedwe. Chipale chimakwirira malo otsetsereka a kumpoto kwa mapiri a Caucasus kale pamtunda wa 2800 m.
Zinyama za Caucasus zikufunika kwambiri kutetezedwa ndi anthu. Oimira ambiri anyani am'deralo ali pafupi kutha, ndipo nyama zina - akambuku, mbewa, njati - zasowa kwathunthu.
Anthu a Caucasus
Kuderali kuli mitundu yosiyanasiyana yambirimbiri yamafuko, omwe alipo oposa makumi asanu. Anthu aku North Caucasus ndiowonekera kwambiri. Ma Lak, Avars, Dargins, Lezgins, Chechens, ndi anthu ena ambiri akhala m'malo ocheperako kwa zaka zambiri. Ndizachilendo kuti aliyense wa iwo adatha kukhalabe ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana komanso "kusungunuka" mu cauldron wamba wa anthu aku Caucasian.
Chith. 3. Anthu a Caucasus.
Azerbaijan, Armenians, ndi Georgians amakhala ku Transcaucasia. Komabe, kupezeka kwa mayiko awa sikunachite zambiri, ndipo anthu ambiri achi Ossetians, Abkhazians, Kurds, Mountain Jewish, ndi Tatians amakhala kuno.
Chipembedzo chodziwika bwino cha anthu a Caucasus ndi Chisilamu, choimiridwa ndi nthambi za Sunni ndi Shiite. Malo achiwiri ndi a Chikristu cha Orthodox, chomwe chimadziwika kuti ndi a Georgians, Armenians, Ossetians.
Mpumulo
Kupatula komweko idakhala chifukwa chogawa dera lachigawo 8 m'mawuniyi. Chikhalidwe cha Caucasus chidzafotokozedwa malinga ndi gawoli. Ngakhale ku Upper Praterozoic, ndege yomwe ili pamalo omwe akuwonetsedwa ija idadutsa gawo la masinthidwe amakupita kwa inzake. Zotsatira zakukwera, kumtunda ndi chigwa, zomwe tikukambirana, magulu awiri akuluakulu - nsanja ya Scythian ndi malo atatu apafupi ndi Asia - adakhala malire (pakati pawo pali Great Caucasus yokhala ndi nsonga ziwiri, motsogozedwa ndi momwe mgawo wogawanikirawo wagawikidwira magawo atatu). Dera loyandikira kwambiri la Transcaucasian kwa ife lidaphatikizidwabe m'dongosolo lofananalo. Armenia (ndi Ocheperako Caucasus). Pakati pa magulu omwe akhazikitsidwa kum'mwera chakumadzulo ndi kumpoto chakum'mawa kuli Colchis Lowland (malire a Greater ndi Ochepa a Caucasus, gawo la Riono-Kurinsky Depression). Koma sikuti amadula mtanda. Ndiye kuti, kumwera chakum'mawa, "mzere" umadutsa mkati mwakuya kwakukhumudwa komwe kumvekedwe. Zikuwonetsabe kuti kumapeto chakumadzulo kwa dziko latsopanoli ndi malo omwe amadutsa mulingo wamadzi. Awa ndi malo otsetsereka a Azov-Kuban (amadziwika ndi kutalika kuyambira 100 mpaka 0 mita). Ma hydrography ake amasinthidwa kwambiri ndi ngalande zojambula ndi maukonde ojambula. Komabe, pali malo akuya kwambiri opezeka m'ndimeyi. Tikulankhula za kachidutswa kakang'ono ka Dagestan.Chilengedwe cha Caucasus chimasintha nkhope yake kuchokera kumpoto-kumadzulo kupita kumwera chakum'mawa kwa ma kilomita 1,160, koma kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kumwera dera lokongola limapitilira 600 km.
Zachilengedwe
Malo omwe kumpoto kwa North Caucasus anathandizira kuti pakhale nkhokwe yachilengedwe yapadera komanso nyengo yofunda komanso yotentha. Pali mitsinje yambiri m'derali: mapiri ndi chigwa, kuya komanso osaya, osangalatsa komanso opanda phokoso. Dzikoli limatchuka chifukwa cha dothi lachonde, pomwe zipatso ndi zipatso, zipatso za malalanje, minda ya mpesa, minda ya mpunga ndi tiyi, komanso maluwa osiyanasiyana, amakula bwino.
Koma chochitika chachikulu pamalopo, ndizachidziwikire kuti ndi mapiri a North Caucasus omwe ali ndi kutalika kwa ma kilomita 1,100. Mitengo yayitali kwambiri ya Caucasus: Mount Elbrus - 5642 metres ndi Kazbek - 5032 metres.
Akasupe ambiri okhala ndi michere apezeka m'dziko lopatsa ili; m'malo awa malo otsegulira atsegulidwa padziko lonse lapansi m'mizinda ya North Caucasus: Kislovodsk, Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki, Zheleznovodsk. Kasupe wochiritsa amalo okaikirako amasiyana siyana pakupanga kwawo ndi kutentha, koma ndiwothandiza kwambiri. Chifukwa cha malo omwe kumpoto kwa North Caucasus, malo osungirako zachilengedwe ali pano, momwe masamba ndi zinyama zosowa zimasungidwa.
Mwa malo, North Caucasus ndi mgwirizano wamapululu ndi mapiri, madontho louma komanso mapiri owuma. Derbent, Arkhyz, Pyatigorsk, Essentuki - mayina awa a mizindayi ya North Caucasus adziwa kalekale alendo omwe amayamikirawa dera lawo chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake okongola komanso kuchereza alendo kwawo. Kuphatikiza apo, derali lili ndi njira yopita kunyanja zitatu: Yakuda, Azov ndi Caspian. Zachilengedwe m'derali zimayimiriridwa ndi mafuta ndi gasi, mphamvu yayikulu yamafuta, malo osungiramo zitsulo, mafuta a uranium, mitundu yamatabwa yofunika, nsomba ndi nsomba zam'nyanja.
Kuphatikizika kwa mafuko
North Caucasus ndi yosiyana kwambiri pamitundu yawo. Mayiko ambiri amakhala kuno.
Anthu otchuka ku North Caucasus:
Ngati mutakwera sitima kuzungulira Caucasus, mutha kuyankhula ndi oimira mayiko osiyanasiyana, chifukwa anthu ochezeka komanso achikondi amakhala pano.
Republics aphatikizidwa mu mtundu wa North Caucasus:
- Adygea
- Dagestan
- Ingushetia
- Kabardino-Balkaria,
- Karachay-Cherkessia,
- North Ossetia,
- Chechnya
Kudera lake kuli anthu makumi anayi ndi awiri omwe amalankhula mitundu yoposa zana. Pafupifupi anthu miliyoni 9,7 amakhala m'malo okhala ku North Caucasus.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mayiko
Abkhazians ndiye nzika zakumadzulo kwa dera lino. Ambiri a iwo amati ndi Chikristu, koma kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 15, chifukwa cha kufalikira kwa maderali, Asilamu adawonekera. Kuyambira kale, ntchito yawo yakhala yopanga zopota, kukumbira, kusema.
Azungu ndi anthu oyamba okhala kum'mawa. Malo okhala kumpoto kwa Caucasus, komanso madera otsika a mitsinje ya Terek ndi Sunzha, ndi malo awo okhala. Umu ndi malo amakono a Karachay-Cherkessia.
A Kabardinians amagawana gawo ndi a Balkars, onsewa ndi a Circassians, omwe anali odziwika kwa nthawi yayitali pazodzikongoletsera ndi zida zakuda.
AchiSvans ndi mtundu wakumpoto wa ma Georgians, okhala ndi chilankhulo komanso chikhalidwe chawo. Malo awo okhala ndi gawo lotsetsereka la Georgia pamtunda wa 2500 metres.
Ossetians - m'modzi mwa anthu akale kwambiri ku North Caucasus, ali ndi Iranian. Ufumu wakale wa Ossetians Alania - Chikhristu momwe zidalili kale zachitika kwazaka zambiri.
Ingush ndi Chechens ndi anthu apafupi. Amadzinenera kuti ndi Asilamu, kupatula a Chechens aku Georgia.
A Lezgins omwe amakhala kum'mawa chakum'mawa, a Lezgins, monga mbadwa za anthu akale kwambiri ku Southern Dagestan, ali ndi cholowa chamtundu wachikhalidwe.
Chofunikira kwambiri pamoyo wamayiko onsewa ndi malo omwe North Caucasus ili. Kukhazikika m'malire a Ottoman, Russian Russia ndi Byzantium - adapangidwira gulu lakale lankhondo, lomwe chikhalidwe chake chidawonekera pambiri ndi zina za anthu aku Caucasian.
Azov-Kuban chigwa
Madera akumunsi a Kuban akuwonetsedwa kale ndi dzina lomwe lakutali. Kuban yokha kuchokera ku gwero mpaka pakamwa ili ndi mtunda wa makilomita 870. Pakati pa njira zamadzi zomwe zimadyetsa, zomwe zimayenda motsimikizika pa chidutswa cha malo a Krasnodar ndi Old Kuban, Kirpili, Sosyka, madera otsika a Ei, Beisug ndi Chelbas, ndi mitsinje yakumwera kwa kamwa ya Don. Madzi ambiri omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa amathirira malo olimapo. Derali lilinso ndi ma bays - Yeisk, Taganrog, Taman. Udindo wamadzi amachitika ndi madambo - Vityazevsky, Kyzyltashsky, Kurchansky, Akhtanizovsky (pamadzi kumapeto kwa Ogasiti-koyambirira kwa Seputembala, muyenera kusilira ma lotus).
Elbrus
Mtengo wokwera kwambiri pakati pa mapiri a North Caucasus. Elbrus ndi chimango cha chipale chofeŵa, chomwe tsopano chili m'malo yopumulirako. Malinga ndi nthano, zinali kuti kumtundu wa titanium Prometheus adamangidwa pathanthwe chifukwa chotsimikiza kupereka moto kwa anthu. M'malo otsetsereka a Elbrus, komwe kumayambira mitsinje yamapiri, komwe, kuphatikiza, kumayenda mpaka Kuban - mtsinje waukulu kumpoto kwa Caucasus. M'matumbo a phirili, anthu owira akuwotcha, omwe amatentha, omwe kutentha kumakhala ndi mchere komanso mpweya woipa. Kutentha kwawo kumafika + 52 ndi + 60 0 С.
Ciscaucasia
Mtundu wa North Caucasus waika malo otsika kapena otsika kwa mitsinje yambiri m'derali. Kuban onse, Eya, Beisug ndi Chelbas amatuluka pano. Kum'mawa kwa iwo kunyamula madzi awo Belaya, Laba, Terek (wokhala ndi njira ndi manja ambiri) ndi Kuma (komwe kwawo kudabisidwa m'mphepete mwa mapiri osiyanasiyana). Ambiri ali olumikizidwa. Mitsinje yowuma imafika kumapazi, minda ndi minda ya Ciscaucasia: Baksan, Bolshoi ndi Malyi Zelenchuk, Urup, Teberda, Malka ndi Podkumok. Malo omwe adatchulidwa alibe nyanja yayikulu. Koma pachifuwa chake mwadzaza malo osungira - Krasnodar, Kuban, Shapsug, Kryukov, Varnavinsky. Amathandizanso kuthilira mu gawo la "nkhokwe" za Russian Federation. Kumpoto kwenikweni kuli Mtsinje wa Manych wokhala ndi Nyanja ya Manyich-Gudilo, yomwe ikuwuma chifukwa cha kutentha.
Caucasus akumadzulo
Gawo lachitatu la "chikhulupiriro" cha Great Caucasus, lomwe m'malo ena limadutsa mbali yake ya kumwera, limadziwika ndi chinyezi kwambiri. Mitambo yam'munsi siyidutsa m'mphepete mwa zitunda, madzi akuchulukirachulukira, chivundikiro chamitengo chambiri, mvula yosaya. Malo amenewo ndi omwe amatulutsa "ma waterf" ena. Amatchuka chifukwa cha Belaya, Mzymta, Urup, Bolshoy Zelenchuk, Psheha mitsinje, Mezmay ndi mitsinje ya Kurdzhips, mitsinje yambiri yamadzi yopambana ya Greater Gelendzhik, Tufall ndi Sochi. Pa peninsula ya Abrau pali nyanja ya dzina lomweli lomwe limadziwika kwambiri pakati pa alendo okaona spa ndi okonda champagne. Ang'ono, monga mbale zina zonse zamadzi aku Western Caucasus. Komwe kuli madzi ambiri, pamenepo, maluwa ambiri. Ndipo tsopano ponena za malo a nkhokwe ya Caucasus. Pa gawo lake pali nyanja zam'mapiri. Oyera kwambiri komanso wozizira kwambiri. Kasungidwe kakang'ono ka Karakel kabisala m'chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Teberda. Ku Western Abkhazia, nyanja yowoneka bwino ya Ritsa, mitsinje ya Bzyb (Pitsunda) ndi Kodor (kumwera kwenikweni kwa Sukhum) ndiyodziwika pakati pa matupi amadzi. Komanso ndi oyera ndipo ali ndi njira zokulirapo.
Central Caucasus
Chikhalidwe cha Caucasus adakonza kuti chisiyirepo "zoyerekeza" zake zonse - nsonga zazikulu kwambiri za mapiri awa, komanso mitsinje yovuta kwambiri. Ndizosavuta kulingalira kuti ma gorges m'chigawo chino ndi akuya kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, lingalirani za Baksan, Cherek-Kulamsky, Cherek, Chegem, Urukh, Fiagdon, Gizeldon, ndi zigwa za Genaldon. Mitengo yamiyala yamiyala imakuta thambo. Ndipo m'malo ena amazibisa. Ngakhale patsiku lotentha kwambiri dzuwa limakhala lamdima monga nthawi yamadzulo komanso pang'ono. Pokambirana za mbale zachilengedwe, tikuwonetsa Nyanja zazing'ono zisanu ndi ziwiri. Ali ku Kabarda.
Caucasus Wakum'mawa
Zizindikiro zazikulu zamadzi m'derali ndi Terek, Sunzha, Kuma, Sulak, Koisu ndi Samur, zikuyenda kudutsa m'mizinda komanso kumidzi chakum'mawa kwa North Ossetia, komanso kudzera ku Ingushetia, Chechnya ndi Dagestan. Kuzindikirika kwa matupi amadzi ndikochulukirapo (mawonekedwe a geological pano ndi ofanana ndi pepala lopukutika - onse ayenera kudutsidwa, kapena m'malo mwake amayenda). Madzi amayenda mu Nyanja ya Caspian. Odziwika bwino ndi Kuma ndi Terek. Yoyamba pamtunda wina ndi malire pakati pa Europe ndi Asia, yotalika makilomita 802. Yachiwiri "idasokonekera" m'makilomita 623. Pokhala ndi beseni lalikulu, limadyetsa mazana a ngalande, kukhala malire a mapiri osiyanasiyana a Ossetia ndi Chechnya. M'mapiri a Dagestan ndi Chechnya pali nyanja zambirimbiri zomwe zili pamalo okwera kwambiri.
Colchis Lowland
Mtundu wa Caucasus mowolowa manja udadalitsa mitsinjeyo, pomwepo idapita ku maulamuliro awiri amakono - Abkhazia ndi Georgia. Kumadzulo, kumayamba ndi kuyimitsirana kwachonde kwa mabedi awiri amtsinje - Ingura (Abkhazia) ndi Rioni (Georgia). Mitsinje yonse ya Colchis ndi ya beseni lamapeto. Kupitilira apo, ku Georgia kokha, mafunde a Ingur (apa amatchedwa Inguri) ndi Rioni adagawaniza malo akumwera kwa Greater Caucasus kuchokera kumapiri akumpoto a Maly. Komanso, kutalika kwa njira ya Rioni ndi makilomita 327. Gwero lake likupezeka kale ku Mount Pasismt. Mtsinje uwu umadalira m'milandu ngati Tskheniskali, Tikhuri ndi Kvirila. Pali ena ambiri. Zotsatira zake, mbale yamadzi yamadzi ndi 13,400 mita lalikulu. km "Rioni" amatanthauzira ngati "mtsinje waukulu." Ma hydronym amapangidwa kuchokera ku mawu "ri" ndi "en", otengedwa kuchokera ku chilankhulo cha Svans. Pa dziwe pali mizinda ya Georgia ya Poti ndi Kutaisi. M'matawuni oyambilira mupeza nyanja yamadzi am'madzi yotchedwa Poliostomi (yokhala ndi emarombe). Lowland amadziwika kuti ndi wamkulu kwambiri ku Caucasus. Kummwera chakum'mawa kwa dera lomwe likufotokozedwa "mlatho" wochepa chabe wamapiri umadutsa, ndikulekanitsa Colchis ndi "mzere" wina wachilengedwe - chigwa cha Kura. M'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda, Colchis ndi gawo la kumwera kwa Kobuleti.
Chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Kura
"Mitsempha" yamadzi ndi yayitali kwambiri ku Caucasus (1364 km). Amitundu omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwake (Kurdish Turks, Georgians ndi Azzerani) ali ndi Mabaibulo awo a hydronym. Kura, Mktvari ndi Kur. Mu Chijojiya, izi zikutanthauza "madzi abwino." Mu zilankhulo za mitundu ina iwiri yomwe idatchulidwa - "chosungira" kapena "malo osungira" okha. Gwero lazosungiramo madziwo libisidwa ku Armenia Highlands (gawo la Turkey, Kurds). Mtsinje umayenda mu Nyanja ya Caspian, m'chigawo cha Azen Yenikand. Mtsinje wamadzi uli ndi nthambi zingapo zazikulu (Bolshaya Liakhvi, Alazani, Ksani, Araks, Veri ndi Aragvi), ndikupanga beseni lalikulu (188,000 sq. Km.). M'mphepete mwa Kura pali zolembedwa zakale zodzala ndi miyala yomangidwa. Tbilisi, Mtskheta, Borjomi, Gori, Rustavi, Mengechevir, Sabirabad ndi Shirvan. Kwa akatswiri owoneka bwino, beseni la Kura ndi malo osiyana ndi nyengo. Chifukwa chiyani? Zindikirani m'gawo la Flora ndi Fauna.
Ocheperako Caucasus ndi Madera Am'mawa aku Armeniani
Dera lakutali lomwe laperekedwa pamutuwu lalumidwa ndi Rioni, Kura, Likhvi Ridge, ndi Asia Minor Highlands, ndipo kumwera ndi kummawa ndi mapiri amtunda waukulu wa Iranian Highlands ndi Lankaran Lowland waku Azerbaijan. Mukati mwa dera lokha (lomwe ndi la Turkey, Georgia, Armenia ndi Azerbaijan), Araks (ofika kumunsi) komanso Vorotan. Palinso ma mbale am'madzi - Nyanja ya Sevan (yayikulu), malo akumwera a Mingachevir, ndi malo osungira a Terter River. Mwa njira, ku Armenieni, dzina la chinthu cha hydrological limamveka ngati Tartarus (siwu ndiye malire akumwera a ufumu wakale wa makolo athu a ku Indo-European a Tartaria?). Middle ndi Lower Araks ndi njira yodzaza ndi mitsinje yomwe Mizinda ya Meghri (Armenia) ndi Saatli (Azerbaijan) imayima. Vorotan ndiye mtsinje wachiwiri kwambiri (pambuyo pa Araks) ku Armenia. Kutalika kwake ndi ma kilomita 178, ndipo dziwe ndi lalikulu 5050. km Imayenda pamakachisi akale, kudutsa Blue Canyon, komanso kudutsa malo omwe kuli otchedwa Nagorno-Karabakh.
Magombe amchenga am'matauni ya Anapa (Russia)
Mkhalidwe wa gombe la Caucasus wabala malo ambiri achonde, okhalapo komanso matope. Ena ali okonzekera kudzitamandira pafupi ndi 0.3 - 1-mtunda wozungulira wa mchenga wagolidi wowoneka bwino ndi osaya mpaka 15 makilomita. Mchenga nthawi zonse unkasangalatsa makolo a ana! Chifukwa pamphepete mwa nyanja pamakhala dothi komanso losaya. Poganizira izi, Anapa (monga Crimea Evpatoria) amaonedwa kuti ndi kwawo. Mwanjira yayikulu, tikulankhula za gombe lopitilira, kuchokera kumalire ndi Taman Peninsula kupita ku bafa la "kampu" yaku Anapa. Mulinso ma braids omwe amalekanitsa nyanja ndi mitsinje ya Kiziltash ndi Vityazevsky. Ndipo amakondedwa ndi mafunde amphepo.
Caucasus State Reserve (Russia)
Kwambiri, mawonekedwe a chikhalidwe cha Caucasus adadziwonetsa mwaokha mawonekedwe. Lamba wodziwika kwambiri (m'mapiri awa) lamba wodziwika bwino amapatulira gawo. GZ "Caucasian" ili pamayiko a Krasnodar Territory, Republic of Adygea ndipo pang'ono amatenga malo a KCR. Imakhala mozungulira pamtunda wotentha monga Achishkho, Aishkha, Pseashkho, Fisht, Oshten, Psheho-Su ndi ena angapo. Kumpoto komwe kumawapeza iwo kuli malo otchuka a Adyghe Lagonaki, "bedi lalikulu la maluwa a Julayi a Adygea". Nthawi zina, izi ndi ... tundra. Malo omwe awonetsedwa akuwoneka bwino kuchokera kumphepete mwa Azish Range. Ndipo khomo lolowamo lidzatsegulidwa kwa iwo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito msewu waukulu wa A-159, wowongolera akuyenda m'mudzimo. Guzeripl ("portal" kumalo otetezedwa ndi chilengedwe). Zingwe za 8 ndizololedwa pamadambo a mapiri. Malo osungirako malo osungirako malo amapezekanso ndi Malo Otchuka a Sochi.
Dera la Elbrus ndi Kabardino-Balkarian malo okwera mapiri (Russia)
Kwa ambiri, chikhalidwe cha North Caucasus chimalumikizidwa ndendende ndi mfundoyi - "denga la Caucasus." Kukambiranako kuli pafupi mamitala 5642 pamwamba pamadzi. Kuyang'ana kosavuta kwambiri ndikukwera kwa Elbrus kumachitika kuchokera ku Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. Kudera la Elbrus, mudzatumizidwa ndi mseu wa A-158, kuyambira kum'mwera kuchokera msewu wawukulu wa R-217 (m'dera la Kabardian tawuni ya Baksan). M'mudzi "Magalimoto a chingwe" a Elbrus ndi Terskol ndi malo okhala. Phirili ndilotchuka chifukwa likuwoneka kuchokera ku CBD, KCR, Georgia, Abkhazia, Stavropol.
Dombay (Russia)
Ambiri aife tili okondwa kuti chilengedwe cha ku Caucasan chapanganso malowa. Kuphatikiza pa nsanja ya Dombay-Ulgen (4046 m.), Yomwe imayenderedwa ndi aku Austrian ndi ma funiculars angapo apakhomo, malo osungirako mapiri amakupatsani mwayi wokaona malo oundana, mtsinje wamadzi ndi ... msuzi wouluka. Ntchito (monga ku Teberd) siili kwambiri. Ngakhale hotelo ndizokongola.
Barkhan Sary-Kum (Russia)
Pomaliza, munthu sangathe kulephera kutchulanso malo omwe chilengedwe cha Caucasus chimafanana kwenikweni ndi Central Asia komanso North Africa. Dune wamkulu kwambiri padziko lapansi sakhala konse ku Sahara kapena Karakum. Ili pamtunda wa makilomita 37 kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Makhachkala, "likulu" la Dagestan. Asayansi amakangana pa chiyambi chake. Apa timapanga zolemba. Chipululu chilipo m'dziko ili komanso pamalire ndi Kalmykia.
Shirvan National Park (Azzerani)
Kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe cha Caucasus kumaonekeranso ndi chitsanzo cha dera lamapiri la Caspian, m'chigawo cha Azaza chipululu, pafupi ndi mzinda wapakati pa Shirvan. Pali mapiri akuluakulu am'mapiri, Nyanja zamtundu wotchedwa Shor-gel ndi Chala-gel, gulu lalikulu kwambiri la mapira, "poyambira" msewu wopita kumafuta oyaka. Chizindikiro chachikulu cha malo otetezedwa, anthu amatcha tulips masauzande.
Mtanda Wodutsa (Georgia)
"Njerwa" inanso yamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya chilengedwe cha Caucasus ndiyo idayikidwa kwambiri "pakuwoloka" kudutsa Greater Caucasus. "Msewu waukulu kwambiri pakati pa Central ndi Eastern Caucasus", "ngale ya msewu wankhondo wa ku Georgia", "msewu waukulu waku Georgia" - malowa ali ndi mayina ambiri odziwika ndi "mayina". Chipale chikuyimira chaka chonse. Zikuwoneka bwino komwe mitsinje ingapo imachokera ndikujambulidwa moyang'ana kumbuyo kwa madzi oundana. Chinthucho chikuwonetsedwa ndi zolozera, stele, siyani. Tsopano tiuzeni kutalika kwa malo owolokerawa. Chimodzimodzi ndi 2379 m. Mutu ukupindika!
Nyanja Sevan (Armenia)
Pa mapu a dzikolo akuwonetsedwa ndi mzere pamwambapa, dziwe ndi chinthu choyamba chomwe chimagwira. Chifukwa chake, chimakhala chokopa chachikulu. Timalingalira kuti boma, moona, silili ndi mbale zina zamadzi ... Sevan ndiye nyanja yayikulu kwambiri ku Caucasus, ndipo alendo ochokera kumayiko ena amakumbukira phantasmagoria kuchokera ku tchire la buckthorn yam'madzi komanso ma Cherries omwe amawoneka ofanana. Gombe lonse la Sevan, kwenikweni, lili ndi malo ochereza alendo, ozunguliridwa ndi msewu wabwino kwambiri. Munjanji muli ndende za alendo ndi alendo. Pali mapaki. Monga kapena ayi, kukopa kwachilengedwe kwakhala kutembenukira ku hotelo komanso mecca yokopa alendo. Autobahn yolunjika kuchokera ku Yerevan "ibwera" kuno.
Malangizo kwa alendo
Chifukwa chake, apa tapereka kwa owerenga mawonekedwe a chikhalidwe cha Caucasus. Ndipo pankhani iyi ndikufuna kupereka upangiri wina. Ndikosavuta kuwerenga magawo azisungirako zachilengedwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, mutakhala nawo pagulu la alendo olipira. Sizikudziwika komwe kukwera phiri kapena kuyenda kwaulere masiku ambiri popanda kuwongolera kungakutsogolereni. Koma mikwingwirima yopanda phokoso komanso yosalala, yodzaza ndi anthu ambiri, mayendedwe ndi ntchito zina, ndi yabwino kwambiri kungoyendera alendo "olusa". Tiyeni tigwere pamsewu! Kupatula kungokhala okhawo a North Caucasus Federal District monga Chechnya, Ingushetia ndi Dagestan. Ndichanguchangu kupeza kalozera wamagalimoto akunyumba yaying'ono kuposa mayendedwe abwino oyenda.
Zabwino pakuwerengera pawokha matauni ndi midzi (komanso mathirakiti oyandikana) atagona njirazi. M-4 ("Don") adzatsogolera inu kupita ku Black Sea molunjika kuchokera ku Zlatoglavoy. M-217 "Caucasus" akukoloweka malo otsetsereka kuchokera kumpoto, kenako kuchokera kummawa. A-147 amatsatira nyanja, kuchokera ku Dzhubga, kudutsa Big Sochi, komanso kudzera pamtunda wopita ku Abkhazia. A-149 (Adler - Rosa Khutor) achoka pamenepo, ndikuyenda molunjika ku Mzymta kupita kumapiri a Krasnaya Polyana. A-159 akuwonetsa kukongola kwa South Adygea yonse. A-161 ("Asitikali achi Georgia") amachokera ku Vladikavkaz kupita ku Tbilisi. A-155 ("Miluk Sukhumskaya") amathamangitsa kum'mwera kwa Stavropol kudutsa KCR yonse kupita ku Dombay. Ndikofunikanso kunena za A-156 (mumapita ku Psebay kuchokera ku chigwa cha Teberda). A-164 ("Wankhondo Ossetian") atero North Ossetia waku South. A-165 imagwirizanitsa mwachangu okhala ku Cherkessk ndi ma sanatoriums ndi magwero a Pyatigorsk. Msewu waukulu kuchokera ku Samur poyang'ana ku Baku umadziwika kuti Seaside Highway of Azerbaijan. Ma motor-AN-81 - AN-82 ndiwoowongolera kwambiri ku Armenia (Yerevan, Lake Sevan). Msewu wa Poti-Tbilisi, womwe umadzala ndi maondo, umathandizanso (umalumikiza Colchis ndi gawo la Georgia ku chigwa cha Kura). Chonde dziwani kuti m'mitsempha ya asphalt yokha ndi pomwe pamakhala ma hitchhikers komanso usiku ndi chitetezo.
Pomaliza, machenjezo ochepa ndi oyenera. Chisangalalo chomwe chilengedwe cha Caucasus chimatitsogolera sichiyenera kuyambitsa ngozi. Pewani "odzilamulira nokha" (osakhala ngati gawo laulendo wothandizidwa ndi aphunzitsi) kuyenda m'malo okwezeka a lamba lamapiri ofotokozedwawo. Mwachitsanzo, Dividing Range (makamaka Bezengi Wall), Bambaki massif (gawo losasintha la nyengo ya Caucasian GZ), komanso mapiri omwe ndi ovuta kudutsa, musakhululukire zolakwa. Awo omwe ali kumalire a Russia Chechnya ndi Dagestan ndi dziko la Georgia.
Gawo lomaliza la magawo omwe atchulidwa pano ndikuwopsa ndi kukhalapo kwa ngodya komwe zigawenga zimabisala. Ndipo ngati tafika kale pofika nthawi yandale, yesetsani kukhala kutali ndi Nagorno-Karabakh - unyinji wa magawo omwe akukangana pakati pa Azerbaijan ndi Armenia. Ndipo, zoona, simuyenera kupita ku Georgia kudzera ku Abkhazia kapena South Ossetia. Kapena kukongoletsa ndi masitampu akumalire a mayiko awa pasipoti musanalowe mu "ufumu" wa zoseweretsa, vinyo wabwino, barbeue, khachapuri ndi tchizi.
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, chikhalidwe cha Caucasus chidakopa mitundu yakale ndi anthu, komanso oyenda okhaokha - olemba ndi olemba ndakatulo, ojambula komanso anzeru achipembedzo. Ndi omwe adalemba nthano zoyambirira zokongola zomwe malembawo adawalemba. Apa kusamvana kwa ma kontinenti akale, biocenoses, magulu ankhondo a anthu anachitika. Osati kupita kumwera kwa Don, Manych ndi Kuma kumatanthauza kusowa kwambiri m'moyo wanu.
Maonekedwe a North Caucasus
Ku gawo la North Caucasus kuli malo a Krasnodar ndi Stavropol, Dera la Rostov ndi Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia ndi Dagestan, Chechnya ndi Ingushetia. Mapiri akuluakulu, mapiri opanda malire, zipululu zocheperako, nkhalango zimapangitsa dera lino kukhala lokondweretsa kwa zokopa alendo.
Dongosolo lonse la mapiri ndi North Caucasus. Mtundu wake umasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Malo omwe gawo lake lagawika magawo atatu:
Malire akumpoto kwa chigawocho amafalikira pakati pa mitsinje ya Kuban ndi Terek. Pali malo oyambira. Kummwera kumayambira dera lanyumba, lomwe limatha ndi zitunda zingapo.
Nyengo imakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mapiri komanso kuyandikira kwa nyanja - Wakuda, Azov, ndi Caspian. Madzi abwino omwe amapezeka ku North Caucasus amakhala ndi bromine, radium, iodini, ndi potaziyamu.
Mapiri a North Caucasus
Kuchokera kumadera ozizira okhala kumpoto mpaka kumadera otentha kummwera, chikhalidwe cha Russia chikufalikira. Caucasus ndiye mapiri ataliatali a dzikolo. Adapanganso nthawi yopukutira kumapiri.
Dongosolo la mapiri a Caucasus amadziwika kuti ndi mapiri ang'onoang'ono, monga Apennines, Carpathians, Alps, Pyrenees, Himalayas. Kupanga kwa Alpine ndi nthawi yomaliza ya tectogenesis. Zinayambitsa mapiri ambiri. Amatchedwa Alps, pomwe njirayi idawonekera kwambiri.
Dera la North Caucasus likuyimiriridwa ndi mapiri a Elbrus, Kazbek, Rocky and Pasture Range, Cross Pass. Ndipo ili ndi gawo laling'ono chabe, lodziwika bwino la malo otsetsereka ndi zitunda.
Mitu yayitali kwambiri kumpoto kwa Caucasus ndi Kazbek, malo okwera kwambiri omwe ali pafupifupi mita 5033. Ndipo mapiri otentha a Elbrus - 5642 m.
Chifukwa cha kutukuka kwachilengedwe, gawo ndi mapiri a Caucasus ali ndi minda yambiri ya gasi ndi mafuta. Pali kuchotsera kwa mchere - zefu, mkuwa, tungsten, ma polymetallic ores.
Zomwe zimachitika ku North Caucasus
Kudzikundikira kwa akasupe am'madzi, osiyanasiyana pakupanga kwawo kutentha ndi kutentha, amapezeka m'gawo lino. Kuthandiza kwachilendo kwamadzi kunabweretsa funso lopanga madera ena. Essentuki, Mineralnye Vody, Zheleznovodsk, Pyatigorsk, Kislovodsk amadziwika kwambiri chifukwa cha magwero awo komanso ma sanatoriums.
Chikhalidwe cha North Caucasus chimagawidwa kukhala madambo komanso chinyezi. Gwero lalikulu la mvula ndi nyanja ya Atlantic. Ndiye chifukwa chake madera akumapiri a kumadzulo ndi lonyowa. Pomwe dera lakummawa limakumana ndi namondwe wakuda (fumbi), mphepo zowuma, chilala.
Mawonekedwe a North Caucasus ali mu mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mpweya. Munthawi zonse, mtsinje wowuma wa Arctic, wonyowa - wa Atlantic, wotentha - waku Mediterranean ungadutse gawo. Ma air air, m'malo mwa wina ndi mzake, amakhala ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana.
Pa gawo la North Caucasus palinso mphepo yakomweko - foehn. Mphepo yozizira yamapiri, ikugwa, pang'onopang'ono imatentha. Mtsinje wotentha ufikira padziko lapansi. Izi zimapanga chowumitsa mphepo.
Nthawi zambiri, mafunde ozizira amalowa pansi pa Caucasus ndikumazungulira kuchokera kum'mawa mpaka kumadzulo. Kenako chimphepo champhamvu chimalamulira chigawochi, zomwe zimasokoneza maluwa.
Nyengo
North Caucasus ili kumalire kwenikweni a madera ozizira komanso otentha. Izi zimapatsa nyengo yofewa komanso kutentha. Zima nyengo yayifupi, yomwe imakhala pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, chilimwe chachitali - mpaka miyezi 5.5. Kuchuluka kwa kuwala kwa dzuwa m'derali kumachitika chifukwa cha mtunda womwewo kuchokera ku equator ndi mtengo. Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe cha Caucasus ndi chosiyana ndi mitundu yowala.
Kuli mvula yambiri kumapiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti mafunde am'mlengalenga, akukhala m'malo otsetsereka ndikukwera m'mwamba, amatsitsimuka, amapereka chinyezi. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yamapiri imasiyana ndi mapiri komanso mapiri. M'nyengo yozizira, chipale chofewa chimasonkhana mpaka masentimita 5. Pamalo otsetsereka, kumpoto kwa ayezi wamuyaya kumayamba.
Pamtunda wa 4000 m, ngakhale nyengo yotentha kwambiri, ndiye kuti palibe kutentha. M'nyengo yozizira, ma avatar amatha kuchitika chifukwa chamawu kapena mawu osasangalatsa.
Mitsinje yamapiri, yamkuntho ndi yozizira, imachokera pakasungunuka kwa ma snows ndi madzi oundana. Chifukwa chake, kusefukira kwamadzi kumakhala kwakukulu mu kasupe ndipo pafupifupi kowuma kumapeto, kutentha kumakhala kochepa. Chipale chofewa chimatha nthawi yozizira, ndipo mitsinje yamphepo yamkuntho imakhala yopanda.
Mitsinje iwiri ikuluikulu kumpoto kwa Caucasus - Terek ndi Kuban - imapatsa zigawo zingapo. Chifukwa cha iwo, nthaka yachonde ya chernozem ili ndi mbewu zambiri.
Mitengo ya zipatso, minda ya mpesa, minda ya tiyi, masamba a mabulosi bwino imadutsa m'dera louma. Izi ndi zomwe mawonekedwe a Caucasus. Kuzizira kwamapiri kumapereka chisangalalo pakupezeka kumapiri komanso kumapiri kwa phirili, chernozem imadutsa pamiyala yamatumba.
Madzi amchere
Muyenera kudziwa kuti mawonekedwe a North Caucasus ndi zinthu zovuta kuzimvetsa. Izi zikuphatikiza mtunda wochokera kunyanja, nyanja zamchere. Chikhalidwe cha mtunda. Mtunda kuchokera ku equator ndi mtengo. Mayendedwe amlengalenga, kuchuluka kwa mpweya.
Zinachitika kuti chikhalidwe cha Caucasus ndi chosiyanasiyana. Pali malo achonde komanso malo ouma. Madambo a mapiri ndi nkhalango za paini. Mapazi owuma ndi mitsinje yathunthu. Kulemera kwachilengedwe, kupezeka kwa madzi amchere kumapangitsa dera lino kukhala lokongola kwa mafakitale ndi zokopa alendo.
Kafotokozedwe kamtundu wa Caucasus ndizodabwitsa chifukwa njira zoposa 70 zopezekazi zimapezeka mdera lake. Awa ndi madzi ozizira, otentha, amadzi otentha. Amasiyana mu kapangidwe kake, kamene kamathandiza kupewa ndi kuchiza matenda:
- m'mimba,
- khungu
- madongosolo ozungulira
- dongosolo lamanjenje.
Madzi otchuka kwambiri a hydrogen sulfide ali mumzinda wa Sochi. Zitsulo zachitsulo - ku Zheleznovodsk. Hydrogen sulfide, radon - ku Pyatigorsk. Mpweya wa kaboni - ku Kislovodsk, Essentuki.
Zomera
Zomera zomwe zili pachilumbachi ndizosiyanasiyana monga chikhalidwe cha ku Russia.Caucasus agawika m'mapiri, kumapiri, kumapiri. Kutengera izi, zofunda zam'maderawa zimasinthanso. Amayamba chifukwa cha nyengo, nthaka, mpweya.
Mapiri a mapiri - nsapato zazitali, malo owuma. Mitengo ya Rhododendron imapereka kukongola kwa zitsamba. Mmenemo mungapeze juniper, chitsamba cholukidwa, chomwe chimasinthidwa kukhala moyo wamawonekedwe achisanu. Mitengo yotambalala, komwe mitengo ya oak, beech, chestnut, ndi Hornbeam imakula mwachangu.
Zomera zokhala ndi dambo zimasinthana ndi madera ouma. Amadzala ndi malo owerengeka - ma poppies, ma irises, tulips, minda yamiyala yoyera ndi thundu.
Aronia akuimiridwa ndi minda yayikulu ya mabulosi, minda ya mpesa. Chikhalidwe cha Caucasus ndichabwino pamitengo yazipatso, zitsamba - mapeyala, maula a chitumbuwa, hawthorn, minga, dogwood.
Fauna
Mapondedwewa amakhala ndi nyama monga gopher, jerboa, hare, bulauni, stepep Ferret, nkhandwe, nkhandwe. Amakhala achuma ku Russia. Caucasus, madera ake omwe ndi chipululu, ndi abwino kuti pakhale hedgehog, chisa cha gerbil ndi masana, dothi lamkati ndi nkhandwe. Saigas (steppe antelopes) amapezeka. Mbidzi za Roe, zimbalangondo zofiirira, ndi njati zimakhala m'nkhalango.
Chikhalidwe cha Caucasus chimadziwika ndi mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazodzikongoletsera. Nyengo yanyontho ndi yotentha ndi nyengo yabwino kwambiri yopulumutsira, kubereka. Ili ndi njoka yophulika ndi wopikisana naye, njoka ndi abuluzi.
M'matchera mabango mungapeze nguluwe zakuthengo, mphaka wamphongo, ankhandwe. Pali mbalame zam'madzi, komanso chiwombankhanga, kite, kestrel, lark, bustard, harrier, crane.
Madera
Mtundu wa Caucasus uli ndi mafuta ambiri ndi mpweya. Chuma monga malasha ndi makala a bulauni, mkuwa ndi manganese ores, asbestos, mchere wamwala ndiwofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale.
Kafukufuku wa dothi awonetsa kuti zitsulo zonse zofunika pa chuma cha dziko zimapezeka ku North Caucasus. Izi ndi madongosolo:
Posachedwa, chitukuko cha miyala yomanga yatchuka kwambiri. Makina olimba kwambiri okhala ndi phala lolimba ndi zotayira zimayamikiridwa kwambiri. Pomanga nyumba zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Neogene limestone. North Caucasus ndiyotchuka chifukwa chamtundu wake wa granite, marble, basalt. Mipira yagolide ndi siliva yazindikirika.
Pomaliza
Zofunikira zazikulu zamtundu wa North Caucasus ndizosiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza kwamapiri okongola ndi madera obiriwira opanda zipatso, mapiri a mapiri okhala ndi zipululu zouma. Mvula yamphamvu kumadera akumadzulo imadutsa pamphepo zowuma za zigawo zakummawa.
Mphepo zamkuntho, mafunde otentha ndi ozizira amapanga mawonekedwe a North Caucasus. Mitsinje yochokera ku Nyanja ya Atlantic komanso Nyanja ya Mediterranean imanyowa. Ma air owuma ochokera ku Central Asia ndi Iran akuzunguliridwa ndi mphepo yotentha.
Mpweya oyera, wowonekera bwino wokhala ndi kuwala kosasunthika umapereka moyo wautali kwa okhala m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Kutentha, nthawi yochepa, gawo lalitali kwambiri lachitopa limakopa oyenda. Machiritso am'madzi, madipoziti azinthu zachilengedwe amachititsa kuti malowa akhale okongola chifukwa cha ntchito zamankhwala komanso mafakitale.
Malo ophatikizika a Multilevel, mitsinje yambiri - kukongola kwachilengedwe kwa derali kukukongola. Zokongola zakale komanso zikhalidwe zimapereka mphamvu ku gawo lachonde ili.
Chikhalidwe cha North Caucasus
North Caucasus ili ndi zachilengedwe zachilengedwe, zomwe sizofanana ndi dziko lapansi. Pali mapiri ataliitali okhala ndi madzi oundana pamtunda ndi m'nkhalango wokhala ndi mitengo yabwino kwambiri, mitengo yolumikizana yomwe ili m'malo otsetsereka ndi mitengo yotsetsereka, komanso mitsinje yamapiri othamanga. Potseguka pamenepo pali mapesi ndi nthenga zauwisi ndipo amatsitsimuka ndi mawonekedwe a malo ozizira. Pali madera angapo a nyengo ino. Kutengera ndi malo osiyanasiyanawa, palinso chilengedwe chapadera.
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Zomera
Zomera padziko lino pafupifupi mitundu 6,000. Zomera zambiri zimamera pokhapokha, ndiye kuti, ndizophulika. Awa ndi malo ovala chipale chofewa ku Bortkevich ndi ma bract poppy, ma buluu a Caucasus. Pakati pa mitengo ndi zitsamba pali mitengo yamatchire, minga, yamatcheri amtchire, maula, chitumbuwa, nyanja yam'madzi, Hornbeam, ndi pine yokokedwa. Palinso minda ya rasipiberi beech, pinki daisi, mapiri a elcampane. Komanso, mitundu yamtengo wapatali yazomera zamankhwala imamera m'dera la North Caucasus: madder a utoto ndi chowawa cha Taurida.
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Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mitundu yazomera komanso zachilengedwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.
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Air wamba
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Vodokras
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Dzira lachikasu
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Madzi oyera oyera
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Ma paka pa Broadleaf
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Hornwort
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Urut
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Altai officinalis
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Asphodelina Mlandu
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Woonda asphodelin
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Nkhosa yamphongo (nkhosa yamphongo)
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Colchicum yophukira
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Belladonna (belladonna wamba)
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Mchenga wa Immortelle
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Mawotchi okhala ndi masamba atatu
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Ndalama zachinyengo
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Verbena officinalis
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Veronica melissolist
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Veronica agawika
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Veronica filiform
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Veronica Cock Ridge
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Buttercup Anemone
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Kondani udzu
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Megat geranium
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Wamba wamba
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Maguwa adonis (adonis)
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Grushanka kozungulira
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Elecampane wamtali
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Dioscorea Caucasian
p, blockquote 66,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 67,0,0,0,0 ->
Dryad Caucasian
p, blockquote 68,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 69,0,0,0,0 ->
Chiyambi chofala
p, blockquote 70,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 71,0,0,0,0 ->
Wort wa St.
p, blockquote 72,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 73,0,0,0,0 ->
Centaury wamba
p, blockquote 74,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 75,0,1,0,0 ->
Iris kapena kasatik
p, blockquote 76,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 77,0,0,0,0 ->
Katran Steven
p, blockquote 78,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 79,0,0,0,0 ->
Kermek Chitata
p, blockquote 80,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 81,0,0,0,0 ->
Kuzungulira kuli ngati mkango
p, blockquote 82,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 83,0,0,0,0 ->
Dongosolo clover
p, blockquote 84,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 85,0,0,0,0 ->
Nthenga
p, blockquote 86,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 87,0,0,0,0 ->
Belu lalikulu
p, blockquote 88,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 89,0,0,0,0 ->
Saffron
p, blockquote 90,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 91,0,0,0,0 ->
Ikhale nyuwa ya chigwa
p, blockquote 92,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 93,0,0,0,0 ->
Cinquefoil ndiwowongoka
p, blockquote 94,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 95,0,0,0,0 ->
Chithandizo cha mankhwala
p, blockquote 96,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 97,0,0,0,0 ->
Fakitale yayikulu wokhala ndi maluwa
p, blockquote 98,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 99,0,0,0,0 ->
Kubzala filakisi
p, blockquote 100,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 101,0,0,0,0 ->
Acid buttercup
p, blockquote 102,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 103,0,0,0,0 ->
Bract poppy
p, blockquote 104,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 105,0,0,0,0 ->
Lungwort
p, blockquote 106,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 107,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Sempervivum madenga
p, blockquote 108,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 109,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Pe pe
p, blockquote 110,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 111,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasus chisanu
p, blockquote 112,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 113,0,0,0,0 ->
Matchulidwe a ku Siberia
p, blockquote 114,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 115,0,0,0,0 ->
Repeshka wamba
p, blockquote 116,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 117,0,0,0,0 ->
Spiny Tatarnik
p, blockquote 118,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 119,0,0,0,0 ->
Timoteo udzu
p, blockquote 120,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 121,0,0,0,0 ->
Chokwawa chambiri
p, blockquote 122,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 123,0,0,0,0 ->
Felipea ofiira
p, blockquote 124,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 125,0,0,0,0 ->
Mahatchi
p, blockquote 126,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 127,0,0,0,0 ->
Chicory
p, blockquote 128,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 129,0,0,0,0 ->
Hellebore
p, blockquote 130,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 131,0,0,0,0 ->
Black muzu mankhwala
p, blockquote 132,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 133,0,0,0,0 ->
Chistyak masika
p, blockquote 134,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 135,0,0,0,0 ->
Gawo lolowera
p, blockquote 136,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 137,0,0,0,0 ->
Orchis
p, blockquote 138,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 139,0,0,0,0 ->
Orchis magenta
p, blockquote 140,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 141,0,0,0,0 ->
Orchis amawona
p, blockquote 142,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 143,0,0,0,0 ->
Nyama
Kutengera chomera, nyama zamtunda nazonso zidapangidwa, koma chinthu cha anthropogenic chimavulaza nthawi zonse. Ngakhale pakadali pano pali nkhawa za kutha kwa mitundu yazinyama. Anthu ena sasunga nthawi kapena kuyesetsa kubwezeretsa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, dokowe wakuda ndi mbuzi yaku Hungary anali atatsala pang'ono kutha.
p, blockquote 144,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Chamois ndi mbuzi zakutchire, lynx ndi agwape, agwape ndi abulu amakhala kumadera a North Caucasus. Mu steppe pali ma jerboas ndi hare-hare, hedgehogs ndi hamsters. Mwa olusa, nkhandwe, weasel, nkhandwe, abakha akusaka pano. Amphaka amtchire ndi mart, ma badger ndi nkhumba zakuthengo zimakhala m'nkhalango za Caucasus. M'mapaki mutha kupeza agologolo omwe saopa anthu ndipo amawachotsera m'manja.
p, blockquote 145,0,0,0,0 ->
Badger wamba
p, blockquote 146,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 147,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Earth Hare (jerboa wamkulu)
p, blockquote 148,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 149,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Roe nswala
p, blockquote 150,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 151,1,0,0,0 ->
Boar
p, blockquote 152,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 153,0,0,0,0 ->
Matigari achi Caucasus
p, blockquote 154,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 155,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 156,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 157,0,0,0,0 ->
Wodziwika bwino waku Caucasian
p, blockquote 158,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 159,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian bezoar mbuzi
p, blockquote 160,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 161,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian red deiss
p, blockquote 162,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 163,0,0,0,0 ->
Njati za Caucasus
p, blockquote 164,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 165,0,0,0,0 ->
Ulendo waku Caucasian
p, blockquote 166,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 167,0,0,0,0 ->
Korsak (steppe nkhandwe)
p, blockquote 168,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 169,0,0,0,0 ->
Chikopa
p, blockquote 170,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 171,0,0,0,0 ->
Pine marten
p, blockquote 172,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 173,0,0,0,0 ->
Malo ogona m'nkhalango
p, blockquote 174,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 175,0,0,0,0 ->
Gopher wachichepere
p, blockquote 176,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 177,0,0,0,0 ->
Chikumbu cha ku Asia
p, blockquote 178,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 179,0,0,0,0 ->
Milozo yamizere
p, blockquote 180,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 181,0,0,0,0 ->
Lonjezo labwino
p, blockquote 182,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 183,0,0,0,0 ->
Lynx
p, blockquote 184,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 185,0,0,0,0 ->
Saiga (saiga)
p, blockquote 186,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 187,0,0,0,0 ->
Chamois
p, blockquote 188,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 189,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Vole chipale
p, blockquote 190,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 191,0,0,0,0 ->
Crested porcupine
p, blockquote 192,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 193,0,0,0,0 ->
Wanjala
p, blockquote 194,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 195,0,0,0,0 ->
Mapfupa amadzi
Alendo ali ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa: phiri lathyathyathya limasweka modzidzimutsa, ndipo mtsinje umagwa kuchokera pamwamba pake pang'onopang'ono ndi chipolopolo chowopsa, chikuwuluka pafupi ndi miyala yokongola. Mtsinje wowongoka uwu padzuwa umasewera ndi mitundu yonse ya utawaleza.
M'mphepete mwa mapiri a North Ossetia-Alania, kuli chigwa cha Midagrabinsky Waterfalls. Alendo ali ndi mawonekedwe odabwitsa - mitsinje yamadzi 14 ikutsika m'matanthwe, ikuyenda kuchokera kumwamba. Mwa zina mwa North Caucasus, Great Zaigelan amadziwika ndi alendo, zomwe zimatanthawuza "kugwa" m'chinenerochi. Uwu ndi mtsinje wapamwamba kwambiri ku Europe. Imanyamula madzi ake kuchokera pansi pa madzi oundana ochulukirapo kuyambira pamtunda wamtali pafupifupi 650-700, ndipo pang'ono pang'ono imatsegulanso ngozi ina yamadzi - Small Zeigelan. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakutali pamlingo, Big Zeigelan amadziwika kuti ndi mathithi khumi apamwamba kwambiri padziko lapansi. M'nyengo yozizira, kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana wa Midagrabin kuyima, kusefukira kwamadzi kumasintha kukhala mizati ya ayezi yomwe imakopa owonjezera - okwera ayezi.
Mbalame
Pali mitundu yambiri ya mbalame m'derali: chiwombankhanga ndi mitundu yotchedwa moon, ma kites ndi hetera, zinziri ndi mphaka. Pafupi ndi mitsinje mumakhala abakha, ma pheas, ma ngolo. Pali mbalame zosamukira, ndipo pali zina zomwe zimakhala kuno chaka chonse.
p, blockquote 196,0,0,0,0 ->
Alpine swirl
p, blockquote 197,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 198,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Zomera za Griffon
p, blockquote 199,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 200,0,0,0,0 ->
Chiwombankhanga chagolide
p, blockquote 201,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 202,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 203,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 204,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 205,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 206,0,0,0,0 ->
Bedi lofiirira kapena lakuda
p, blockquote 207,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 208,0,0,0,0 ->
Woodcock
p, blockquote 209,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 210,0,0,0,0 ->
Kuyambiranso
p, blockquote 211,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 212,0,0,0,0 ->
Ngolo zamapiri
p, blockquote 213,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 214,0,0,0,0 ->
Bustard kapena Dudak
p, blockquote 215,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 216,0,0,0,0 ->
Woodpecker wobiriwira
p, blockquote 217,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 218,0,0,0,0 ->
European Tuvik (Wapafupi ndi miyendo)
p, blockquote 219,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 220,0,0,0,0 ->
Wachikasu
p, blockquote 221,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 222,0,0,0,0 ->
Zaryanka
p, blockquote 223,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 224,0,0,0,0 ->
Wodya njuchi wobiriwira
p, blockquote 225,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 226,0,0,0,0 ->
Amadyera njoka
p, blockquote 227,0,0,1,0 ->
p, blockquote 228,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 229,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 230,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasus wakuda
p, blockquote 231,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 232,0,0,0,0 ->
Ularasi wa ku Caucasian
p, blockquote 233,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 234,0,0,0,0 ->
Caucasian pheasant
p, blockquote 235,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 236,0,0,0,0 ->
Partridge
p, blockquote 237,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 238,0,0,0,0 ->
Caspian Ular
p, blockquote 239,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 240,0,0,0,0 ->
Klest-elovik
p, blockquote 241,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 242,0,0,0,0 ->
Linnet
p, blockquote 243,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 244,0,0,0,0 ->
Korostel (wonyoza)
p, blockquote 245,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 246,0,0,0,0 ->
Chingwe chodzala ndi manja
p, blockquote 247,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 248,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 249,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 250,0,0,0,0 ->
Kurgannik
p, blockquote 251,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 252,0,0,0,0 ->
Dongosolo la dambo
p, blockquote 253,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 254,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 255,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 256,0,0,0,0 ->
Muscovite kapena wakuda tit
p, blockquote 257,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 258,0,0,0,0 ->
Redstart wamba
p, blockquote 259,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 260,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Greenfinch wamba
p, blockquote 261,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 262,0,0,0,0 ->
Commonoleole
p, blockquote 263,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 264,0,0,0,0 ->
Zomera zodziwika bwino
p, blockquote 265,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 266,0,0,0,0 ->
Kingfisher
p, blockquote 267,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 268,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Chitsiru
p, blockquote 269,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 270,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Mkuwa
p, blockquote 271,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 272,0,0,0,0 ->
Steppe mphungu
p, blockquote 273,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 274,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 275,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 276,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 277,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 278,0,0,0,0 ->
Wamba wa Pischa
p, blockquote 279,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 280,0,0,0,0 ->
Mwezi wamunda
p, blockquote 281,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 282,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Partridge
p, blockquote 283,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 284,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 285,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 286,0,0,0,0 ->
Jay
p, blockquote 287,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 288,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Stenolaz (wofiira-mapiko a stenolaz)
p, blockquote 289,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 290,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 291,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 292,0,0,0,0 ->
Owl
p, blockquote 293,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 294,0,0,0,0 ->
Flamingo
p, blockquote 295,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 296,0,0,0,0 ->
Dokowe wakuda
p, blockquote 297,0,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 298,0,0,0,0 ->
Mtundu wakuda
p, blockquote 299,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 300,0,0,0,0 ->
Goldfinch
p, blockquote 301,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 302,0,0,0,0 -> p, blockquote 303,0,0,0,0,1 ->
Zachilengedwe ku North Caucasus ndizopadera komanso zopanda mwayi. Zimachita chidwi ndi mitundu komanso ukulu. Mtengo wokhawo womwe umayenera kusungidwa, makamaka kuchokera kwa anthu omwe achita kale zovulaza kwachilengedwe.
Njovu zakufa
Njovu zapadera zakum'mwera zakale zidapezeka ku Stavropol. Chifupa chonse cha njovu zam'madzi, ndizomwe zimapezeka mwa mitundu yayikulu yaikazi, ndizomwe zimapezeka kwambiri. Pali ziwonetsero zisanu zofananira padziko lapansi, m'malo osungirako zinthu zakale a Paris, Tbilisi, ndi St. Koma ku Stavropol kokha ndi zinthu zakale zakale zomwe zidapezeka. Njovu zakum'mwera izi zidakhala zaka 1-1.8 miliyoni zapitazo, njovu idakumbidwa zaka 40 pambuyo pake kuposa njovu: idapezeka mu 2007, ndipo njovu idakhala chiwonetsero ku Stavropol Museum-Reserve kwa zaka zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri.
Zomera za North Caucasus
Kulemera kwa zomera za kumpoto kwa Caucasus ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe, omwe, adapangitsa kuti pakhale madera osiyanasiyana azigawo m'dera lachigawochi. Madera "ophatikizika" adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakupanga zomera zamitundu mitundu komanso maonekedwe: mitundu yopitilira sikisi miliyoni imamera m'dera laling'ono (1.5% ya gawo la Russian Federation).
Kupadera kwazomera za North Caucasus kuli poti dera lomwe limatchulidwali limaphwanyidwa pano: ma gorges ndi matanthwe amakutidwa ndi zitsamba zopanda zitsamba, ndipo mapiri amphongo amamera m'malo okwera, koma, mosemphana ndi malamulowo, mu "ndodo" zanyengo zoyambira zimasintha kwambiri, chifukwa chake mbewu Kukula motalikirapo kuyenera "kukwera" kumalo okwera, zachilendo kwa iwo nthawi zambiri.
Dzikoli la North Caucasus limadziwika ndi kukula, ndiye kuti, mitundu ina yazomera imangopezeka m'derali. Nthawi yomweyo, unyinji wa mbewu zomwe zimatengedwa kuchokera kumadera ena zimakula m'deralo, zomwe zimathandizira mwachangu ndikuphatikiza ndi zomera zamtchire: mitengo yazipatso ndi zitsamba, mitengo yamtengo wapatali, mbewu zamankhwala zodzikongoletsera.
Mwa mawonekedwe ake achilengedwe, North Caucasus ili pafupi kwambiri ndi Asia, chifukwa chake, oimira madera otentha akutenga mizu pano.
Zinyama Zakutchire cha North Caucasus
Zachilengedwe komanso nyengo zomwe zimapangitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mitengo yaku North Caucasian zidakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa anthu am'deralo ndi nyama ndi mbalame pamlingo womwewo. Man adathandizanso, ziyenera kunenedwa, osati zabwino. Chifukwa cha moyo wake, mitundu yambiri ya nyama inali pafupi kutha, kuchuluka kwake komwe kukubwezeretsedwa movutikira komanso mtengo. Mbuzi zaku Hungary ndi dokowe wakuda zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Nyama zakutchire zomwe zimangokhala ku North Caucasus ndi nkhumba zakuthengo, mbuzi za kumapiri, chamois, komanso ma invertebrates (zikuluzikulu) zoposa chikwi. Mwa owononga, amapezeka lynx, yomwe imadyetsa, kuukira agwape ndi agwape, ndi zimbalangondo zolusa, zazing'ono kwambiri kuposa zofiirira, zomwe zimakhala pakati pakati pa Russia, zimapezekanso. Amachita mwamtendere mwamtendere ndikudya zipatso zakhwima za peyala yamtchire, zodzitetezera.
Ma batire, ma mbewa osakhala nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje momwe amasaka nsomba. Banja la mbalame limayimilidwa ndi mitundu pafupifupi 200: turkey ya m'mapiri, grouse wakuda waku Caucasus, lark, alpsine wakuda wakuda.
Dune lapadera
Dzuwa lalikulu kwambiri la Sunekum lili ku Dagestan, kuwonjezera pamenepo, ndiye lalikulu kwambiri ku Europe. Amakwera mpaka kufika pamamita 250 ndipo ali ndi mainchesi pafupifupi 3000 metres, ndipo dera lonselo lonse lili pafupifupi mahekitala 600. Sarykum ndi ndulu yapadera, chifukwa sikhala m'chipululu, koma pafupi ndi chithunzi chokongola cha Kapchugai Gorge, ndipo Mtsinje wa Shura-Ozen unadulidwa pakati. Еще одна специфичность Сарыкума в том, что он недвижим и устойчив.
Сердце Чечни
Мечеть "Сердце Чечни", построенную в Грозном в рекордный срок – в течение двух лет, по праву называют архитектурным чудом 21-ого века. Располагается она на площади, превышающей 5000 квадратных метров, и может принять одновременно до 20 тысяч прихожан. В мечети применена техника росписи из 16-ого века, а сама она сооружена в османском стиле. Белоснежный мрамор, оригинальный купол, высокие минареты, восхитительная золотая роспись, 36 шикарных люстр с чеченским узором. Архитектура святого места, шикарный парк, разноцветные фонтаны – все это вызывает восторг у ее посетителей независимо от вероисповедания или национальности. Храм потрясает своим величием. "Сердце Чечни" непременно нужно посмотреть в темноте, когда подсвечивается вся мечеть.
Голубые озера
Природа Северного Кавказа не перестает удивлять туристов. Пятерка восхитительных карстовых озер притаилась среди ущелья в Кабардино-Балкарии. В них хранятся тайны природы, на которые ученые до сих пор ищут ответы. Например, Нижнее озеро не снабжается речными водами, хотя каждый день оно тратит до 70 миллионов литров воды, а его объем и глубина при таком расходе совсем не уменьшаются. Dzinalo lina - Tserik-Kel - ndi amodzi mwa nyanja zakuya ku Europe. Masana, imatha kusintha mtundu mpaka nthawi 16 - kuchokera ku azure kupita ku emerald, koma ili ndi kutentha kwamadzi kosakhazikika: osati kuposa + 9 0 С chaka chonse.
Zowonera
North Caucasus ndi amodzi mwa malo ochepa ku Russia komwe akatchi amasungidwa - zitsanzo zokongola za chikhalidwe choyambirira cham'mapiri. Anapezeka m'magawo ngati North Caucasus monga Ossetia, Dagestan, Ingushetia, Chechnya ndi Kabardino-Balkaria. Zomangira izi zinali ndi ntchito yogona komanso zoteteza, ndichifukwa chake amatchedwa olondera komanso oyang'anira. Chifukwa cha ziwopsezo za mdani, zochulukazo pomanga sizinapulumutsidwe. Ambiri mwa nsanjazo anali am'banja, banja lililonse potsatira zomwe limayambira limawona kuti ndi nkhani yabwino kumanga nsanja yawo. Malinga ndi miyambo yakale, nsanja yamtunduwu idayenera kumangidwa osakwanitsa chaka chimodzi, apo ayi banja lonselo limawoneka kuti ndilopanda ntchito. Nsanja yotereyi idamangidwa, monga lamulo, osati kutali ndi mudzi, m'malo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino. Alonda ali ndi ulemu kwa banjali, umodzi ndi kupanda mantha kwa omwe ali pamwamba pa North Caucasus.