Achinyamata | |||||
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![]() Lalbird | |||||
Gulu la asayansi | |||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Makanda |
Dongosolo: | Achinyamata |
Achinyamata (lat. Passeri) - gawo lokhazikika la mbalame zodutsa. Amadziwika ndi kutalika kocheperako kwa nthenga khumi, zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zazifupi kuposa nthenga zina, nthawi zina zimakhala zazifupi kapenanso kusapezeka kwathunthu, komanso khola lorenx lokwanira, pakupanga komwe onse a trachea ndi bronchi amatenga nawo gawo, ndipo amakhala ndi mbali yayikulu ndi awiriawiri a minofu yolumikizidwa malekezero a mphete zong'ambika. Metatarsus amaphimbidwa kutsogolo ndi zikopa zazikulu zophatikizika.
Kufotokozera
Oimba ali osiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana pamapangidwe awo matupi ndi maonekedwe, kukula kwake, kapangidwe kake kamlomo, mapiko ndi mchira, ndi momwe amakhalira.
Ambiri a iwo amakhala m'nkhalango. Amadyetsa njere, komanso tizilombo tating'ono kapena tating'ono tina tating'onoting'ono tambiri; tatsamba tanyimbo, ochepa kwambiri omwe amadya njere, monga kumeza, kapena, m'malo mwake, ndi mbalame zokongola kwambiri. Pakamadyeredwe, nthawi zonse amakhala m'magulu awiriawiri, nthawi zina, monga mbendera kapena kumeza, magulu onse amayamba kumanga zisa. Nthawi zina pachaka, gulu lalikulu kapena laling'ono limakonda kupanga.
Mazira ambiri amaphatikizidwa nthawi zambiri. Clutch imakhala ndi mazira anayi. Achichepere amabadwa opanda thandizo ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala amaliseche, amakhala nthawi yayitali mchisa ndipo amadyedwa ndi akazi ndi amuna pamodzi. Oimba ambiri ndi mbalame zosamukira, zina zimayendayenda nthawi yozizira. Zimawuluka bwino, koma kuthawa kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwakanthawi.
Nthawi zambiri amadumphira pansi podumphadumpha. Kupatula zochepa, oimba amapindulitsa anthu pothetsa unyinji wa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Sizogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya, koma nthawi zambiri zimasungidwa m'matumba kuti azisangalala ndi momwe kuimba kwawo kapena kukongola kwake kumapatsa munthu. Ndi ochepa kwambiri omwe amapewa kuyandikira kwaumunthu ndipo sakhazikika pafupi ndi malo okhala. Pafupifupi theka la mitundu yonse yodziwika ya nyimbo imakhala ya mpheta za nyimbo.
Kugawidwa m'malo onse osungira nyama. Zotsalira za ma chores zimadziwika kuyambira Eocene. Mu 2019, asayansi aku Russia ochokera ku Novosibirsk State University, St. Petersburg State University, Institute of Cytology and Genetics of Russian Academy of Sciences ndi Siberian Ecological Center adanenanso kuti mabanja osachepera asanu ndi anayi omwe ali m'magulu osiyana siyana amapezeka m'magulu a majeremusi oyimba Passeri, chromosome yowonjezera imapezeka yomwe ilibe m'maselo amtundu wina. Nthawi yomweyo, zidapezeka kuti mitundu ya mbalame yomwe yakhalapo Padziko lapansi kupitirira 35 Ma, palibe chromosome yowonjezera.
Makamaka ndi kapangidwe ka mulomo, gulu la oimba limagawika m'magulu anayi:
- Milomo yokhala ndi mano (Dentirostres) - mulomo umakhala wowoneka bwino kwambiri, mulomo uli kumapeto kwake kooneka ndi mano kapena owoneka pang'ono. Amadyetsa makamaka tizilombo, ndipo ena amatsutsana ndi tating'onoting'ono tating'ono. Izi zikuphatikiza mabanja otsatirawa: Corvidae (Corvidae), mbalame za paradiso (Paradisaeidae), nyenyezi (Sturnidae), corpius (Icteridae), titmouse (Paridae), Oriole (Oriolidae), magpie (Laniidae), flycatcher (Muscicapidae, turidae), Slavkovye (Sylviidae), ngolo, (Motacillidae) ndi ena ambiri.
- Conebeak (Conirostres) - mulomo ndi wolimba, wamfupi, wopatsa. Nthawi zambiri - oimba pagulu. Amadyetsa kwambiri njere ndi zipatso, nthawi zina tizilombo. Izi zikuphatikizapo banja lalikulu, labwino kwambiri la Finch (Fringillidae), komanso lark (Alaudidae) ndi Weaver (Ploceidae).
- Opendekera Makamu (Tenuirostres) - mulomo ndi wautali, wowonda, wowonda kapena wowonda, zala, makamaka kumbuyo, ndizitali. Amadyetsa tizilombo, ena ndimadzuwa maluwa. Izi zikuphatikiza mabanja a achiedary (Certhiidae), kuyamwa uchi (Meliphagidae), nectarniferous (Nectariniidae) ndi ena ambiri.
- Shiroklyuvye (Latirostres) - mulomo ndi wamfupi, wosalala, wopambana komanso wokhala ndi pakamwa patali. Mapikowo ndi aatali, lakuthwa. Ntchentche yabwino. Oimba pagulu. Amadyetsa tizilombo. Izi zikuphatikiza ndi banja lamezi (Hirundinidae).
Kodi zimapangidwa bwanji?
Mosiyana ndi mbalame wamba, oimba ali ndi syrinx - chipangizo chovuta kwambiri cha m'munsi cham'munsi, chomwe chili ndi awiriawiri mafupa. Chiwalochi chili pachifuwa, kumapeto kwa trachea, pafupi kwambiri ndi mtima. Syrinx imakhala ndi gwero lomvekera mosiyanasiyana mu bronchus iliyonse. Vocalization nthawi zambiri imachitika pakumapuma mpweya mwa kukhazikika m'mizeremizere ndi mbali zam'mphepete mwa bronchus. Khomalo ndi mulu wa zotakasika zotayirira, zomwe, zikafika pakayambitsa mlengalenga, zimayambitsa mabingu omwe amapanga mawu. Minofu iliyonse imayendetsedwa ndi ubongo, yomwe imalola mbalame kuti izitha kugwiritsa ntchito mawu.
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Chiwerengero chachikulu cha zovala za nyimbo ndizocheperako kapena zapakatikati, chamtundu wocheperako komanso maula owala. Mlomo mulibe sera. Mwa oyimira osateteza, nthawi zambiri imakhala yopyapyala, yopindika. Kudya kwa mapira - kwamphongo, kwamphamvu.
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Onani zomwe "Songbirds" ali mudikishonale lina:
Nyimbo - (Oscines) gawo lapansi la mbalame zodutsa. Amadziwika ndi kutalika kocheperako kwa nthenga khumi, zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala zazifupi kuposa nthenga zina, nthawi zina zimakhala zazifupi kapenanso kusapezeka kwathunthu, komanso larynx yokhazikika bwino, ... ... F.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus ndi I.A. Efron
Achinyamata - onani zovala ... ... A.A. Encyclopedic Dictionary Brockhaus ndi I.A. Efron
Achinyamata - Lyrebird ... Wikipedia
Nyimbo zanyimbo -? Kuimba mbalame zotchedwa parrots Nyimbo za mitundu yayitali Zosiyanasiyana ... Wikipedia
Achinyamata - (songbirds, Oscines), gawo lina la mbalame za Passeriformes (onani SPARROW BIRDS), akuphatikiza theka la mbalame zamakono zamitundu pafupifupi 4,000. Pa gawo la Russia pali mitundu 300 ya malowa yomwe ikugwirizana ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary
Zachikango -? Mimus Mockingbirds ... Wikipedia
Huts - Chinyumba cha satin chachikazi ... Wikipedia
MISONKHANO YA SINGLE - zovala (Oscines), gawo lama passerines. Ma ancestral mitundu ya P. century amadziwika kuchokera Upper Eocene, komanso amakono. kubadwa kwa mwana kuchokera ku Upper Oligocene. Mabanja amasiyana kunja kokha. morphological Zizindikiro, anatomical. kapangidwe ka zaka zonse za P.. chimodzimodzi. Za ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary
Nyimbo Shrikes -? Kuyimba shrikes Golide wokhala ndi mutu n ... Wikipedia
Mbalame zithunzi thrush ndi Nightingale
Nyimbo zimakonda kukhazikika m'malo akutali ndi anthu, koma tsopano zimapezeka ngakhale m'mapaki amizinda. Utoto wake ndiwopatsa chidwi, koma kuyimbako ndi kodabwitsa.
Zomera zimapangidwa kuchokera ku udzu, nthambi, mbewa. Zakonzedwa panthambi. Kudula kumatenga milungu isanu, ndipo anapiyewo amakula msanga: sabata lachiwiri akuphunzira kale kuwuluka.
Chithunzi cha mbalame yolusa. Ndi banja lamtundu wakuda. Nyimbo iyi ndi yayikulu pang'ono kuposa mpheta. Utoto wake umakhala wofiyira-maolivi, wonyezimira pachifuwa, pamimba pamimba. Maso amdima ngati mikanda.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya nightingale mwachilengedwe: kum'mawa wamba ndi kumwera. Amapezeka kum'mawa kwa Europe komanso kumadzulo kwa Siberia. Ndipo Nightingale ikhoza kukumana kumadzulo ndi kumpoto kwa Africa, ku Asia.
Nightingale ndiye wofiyira. Uku ndi nyimbo yosuntha. Zima nyengo yozizira imapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa ndi kumwera kwa Iran. Amabwereranso kwawo chakumapeto kwa Epulo, pamene tizilombo tambiri touluka. Tizilombo timakhota m'nkhalango zowirira tchire, m'nkhalango za m'nkhalango, m'minda ndi m'mapaki.
Chithunzi cha mbalame Goldfinch ndi Oriole
Goldfinch - mbalame yaying'ono, koma yowala kwambiri komanso yokongola. Mitundu yowoneka bwino ya woimbayo ndi yovuta kusokoneza ndi mbalame zina, nthawi zonse imakopa chidwi.
Nyimboyi Goldfinch ili ndi thupi laling'ono, lolemera pafupifupi 20-25 magalamu. Mitundu yotsatirayi imakhazikika mu zovala: mawonekedwe ofiira owala ndi mphete kuzungulira mulomo, kumbuyo kwa bulauni, mikwingwirima ya chikasu pamapiko, madontho oyera pamchira ndi mapiko.
Goldfinch ndi woimba wodabwitsa, kuyimba kwake kosiyanasiyana kumakhala ndi mitundu 20 yamapepala a sonorous.
Chithunzi cha Indianoleyomwe ili ndi liwu lapadera. Amatha kuyimba munjira zosiyanasiyana: Kulira kokhawekha, malirime, kulira kwamawu ndi zina zambiri.
Chisa chimakhala ngati basiketi yozungulira. Kwa iyo, timitengo ta udzu, mabatani a bast ndi birch amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mkati momwe anagonekeramo masamba owuma, masamba owuma, tsitsi la nyama ndi ma cobwebs.
Kwa kuimba kwa Oriole, kupezeka kwa madzi pafupi ndi malo ake ndikofunikira, chifukwa amakonda kusambira. Mwanjira imeneyi, Achinyamata akufanana ndi m'meza kuti agwe m'madzi kuti akwere.
Kodi mbalame zimayimba bwanji ndipo bwanji?
Mbalame iliyonse imamveka mawu, koma mwa oimba okha ndi omwe ali olumikizidwa mogwirizana mu trill ndi mamba. Pojambula mawu, pamakhala kuyimba ndi zizindikilo zamawu, kusiyanitsidwa ndi nkhani, kutalika ndi kusinthasintha kwa mawu. Kuyimba ndi mawu sikufotokozera mwachidule, ndipo nyimboyo imakhala yotalikirapo, yomveka bwino ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwirizana ndi kukhwima.
Momwe zimapangidwira
Mbalame (mosiyana ndi zinyama) sizikhala ndi mawu. Chamoyo cha mbalame ndi syrinx, yomwe ndi fupa lapadera kwambiri. Mphepo ikamadutsa, makoma ake ndi tragus zimanjenjemera, ndikupanga mawu. Mbalameyo imawongolera pafupipafupi / voliyumu posintha makulidwe ndi kukulitsa mawuwo m'matumba amlengalenga.
Choonadi. Kuuluka, nyimbo ndiyokwera kwambiri: ikuwulutsa mapiko ake, mbalameyo imakankhira mpweya kudzera mu trachea, bronchi ndi mapapu. Nyimbo ya Yula kumwamba imafalikira kupitirira 3 km, ndipo padziko lapansi kumveka phokoso kwambiri.
Zipangizo zamagulu a akazi onsewa zimapangidwa chimodzimodzi, koma minyewa ya m'munsi mwa akazi imakhala yofooka kuposa yaimuna. Ichi ndichifukwa chake amuna amayimba bwino mu mbalame.
Chifukwa chiyani mbalame zimayimba
Modabwitsa, mbalame zimayimba chifukwa ... sizingathandize koma kuyimba. Zachidziwikire, mimbulu yotsekemera kwambiri komanso yosakhazikika imamvekedwa nthawi yakuswana, yomwe ikufotokozedwa ndi opaleshoni ya mahomoni yomwe imafunikira chotulutsa champhamvu.
Koma ... bwanji nanga mbalame zaulere (achikulire ndi ang'ono) zimapitiliza kuyimba mukugwa, ndipo nthawi zina nthawi yozizira? Kodi ndi chifukwa chiyani mbalame yausiku, zaryanka, wren ndi mbalame zina zimayamba kuyimba mwadzidzidzi, ikudabwitsidwa ndi kuoneka mwadzidzidzi kwa wolusa? Chifukwa chiyani mbalame zomwe zimamangidwa mumakola zimayimba ndi mawu athunthu osatengera nyengoyo (mopitilira apo, zimayimba molimba komanso kuposa abale awo omasuka)?
Mwa njira, kuyimbira mating sikumayimba kwenikweni. Imakhala yosavuta nthawi zonse panjira ya nyimbo komanso yofooka.
Akatswiri a Ornithologists atsimikiza kuti ikuyimba komwe kumapereka mphamvu yowonjezereka yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa ndi mbalame, yomwe imawonjezeka nthawi yakukhwima, koma osazimika pomaliza pake.
Achinyamata
Amasiyana ndi mbalame zina zomwe zimapangidwa m'munsi mwa larynx. Pafupifupi onse oimba apanga magawo 7-7 a minofu yamawu, chifukwa chomwe mbalame sizimangoyimba bwino, komanso zimadzilemekeza. Zowona, onomatopoeia samapangidwa m'mitundu yonse.
Motsatira dongosolo la Passeriformes, oimbawo amapanga gulu lalikulu kwambiri la mitundu (pafupifupi 4,000) yamtunduwu. Kuphatikiza apo, pali magulu ena atatu mu gulu:
- milomo yayikulu
- kukuwa (ankhanza)
- kuyimba.
Oyimba sakonda wina ndi mnzake kapangidwe ka thupi ndi kukula kwake, komanso momwe amakhalira. Ambiri mwa anthuwa amakhala m'nkhalango ndipo amawoneka ngati osamukasamuka, ena onse amakhala chabe kapena oyenda. Pansi nthawi zambiri amadumpha.
Poganizira chipangizo cha mulomo, mawonekedwe a choroid agawidwa m'magulu anayi:
- cholipiritsa
- opaka dzino
- kwakukulu
- zoperewera.
Zofunika. Chisokonezo chachikulu mu msonkho umawonedwa munthawi ya oyimba. Kutengera ndi njirayi, akatswiri a zamankhwala amasiyanitsa mitundu 781 mpaka 1017, yolumikizidwa m'mabanja 44-56.
Malinga ndi imodzi mwazigawikazo, mabanja otsatirawa amadziwika kuti ndi oimba: zigamba, malawi, masamba, zandewu, maulalo, ma curls, thimelias, kumeza, ngolo, bulbule (-to-toed), magpie, red-front, cyanifolia, dolphin, mfumu, tit, ntchentche, nuthatch, woyamwa maluwa, wamaso oyera, oatmeal, nseru, wokongola, wokonda uchi, tanagra, mtengo, wameza tanagra, duwa, duwa la Hawaii tsy, Weaver, reel, tropial, weel wovala, orioles, gouii, kumeza, fumbi, nyumbayo, nyenyezi, drongovye, malpie agpie, mbalame zitoliro, akhwangwala ndi mbalame za paradiso.
Oimba otentha amatentha kwambiri komanso amakulira kuposa omwe amabadwira m'malo otentha, omwe amayamba chifukwa chakufunika koletsa phokoso la tizilombo kuti amveke m'nkhalango zowirira. Oimba mbali ya ku Europe ya Russian Federation ndi ochepa: chotupa chachikulu chimatchedwa blackbird, chaching'ono - ladle ndi mfumu.
Nightingale
Virtuoso wa kuyimba payekha, wopatsidwa ulemu mu ndakatulo ndi prose. Pakati pa Russia, akuwonekera kumayambiriro kwa Meyi, akuimba molimba osati usiku, komanso kuwala kwa dzuwa. Nightingale wamba, membala wabanja la mbalamezi, amakonda mthunzi ndi chinyezi, ndichifukwa chake amakhala m'malo ambiri m'nkhalango.
Woyimba nkhalango "perekani" malo okhala, kuphatikizapo zizolowezi zooneka bwino komanso zochititsa chidwi. Kuyambitsa nyimbo, akuimirira miyendo yake pambali, kukweza mchira wake ndikutsitsa mapiko ake. Mbalameyo inawerama mokweza, ndikupeta mchira wake ndikupereka kaphokoso kopanda phokoso (kofanana ndi "trrr") kapena whiston whist whist.
M'nyimbo ya usiku, ma whists, ma whistles, ndikusewera mosinthana, ndipo chilichonse chomwe chimatchedwa bondo (iwo amawerengera pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri), chimabwerezedwa kangapo. Nightingale amaphunzira kuyimba ndi abale ake akale moyo wake wonse: chifukwa chake usiku wa Kursk amaimba mosiyana ndi a Arkhangelsk, ndipo mausiku a ku Moscow samayimba ngati a Tula.
Polyphonic wonyoza
Mbalame yofatsa 25c cm, yokhala ndi maonekedwe owoneka bwino otuwa ndi mchira wakuda wakuda wokhala ndi nthenga zoyera (zakunja). Mockingbird amadziwika kuti ndi talente ya onomatopoeic yopanda chidwi komanso kujambula bwino nyimbo za 50-200.
Mitunduyi imayambira kumwera kwa Canada, kudutsa ku USA kupita ku Mexico ndi Nyanja ya Pacific, koma mbalame zambiri zimakhala mdera lochokera ku Florida kupita ku Texas. Mockingbird adasinthasintha malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza omwe amalimidwa, komanso nkhalango, zipululu, minda komanso malo otseguka.
Mbidzi yoseketsa yamphongo nthawi zambiri imayimba masana, ikubweretsa mwaluso mawu a nyama zina (kuphatikiza mbalame) ndi mawu aliwonse akumva, mwachitsanzo, imapanga phokoso ndi kulira kwa magalimoto. Nyimbo ya Mockingbird nthawi zonse imakhala yovuta, yayitali komanso yaphokoso kwambiri.
Amadyetsa njere, zipatso ndi ma invertebrates, kumayang'ana pansi. Mockingbird si mbalame yamanyazi: molimba mtima komanso mwachangu nkudzuka kuti ateteze chisa chake, nthawi zambiri akuitanitsa anansi kuti athamangitse mdani limodzi.
M'munda Lark
Mbalame ina, kwa zaka mazana ambiri, achangu akhama ndi olemba ndakatulo. Mbalame ya nondescript motley kukula kwa mpheta yam'madzi - 40 g yokha yolemetsa pamasentimita 18 a thupi lowonda. Zachikazi ndizabwino kwambiri kuposa abambo ndipo pafupifupi sizigwira ntchito: pomwe wamphongo akuimba yekha, bwenzi lake likuyang'ana chakudya kapena kumudikirira pansi.
Lark imayambira nyimbo mlengalenga, mozungulira ikukwera mpaka kukasungunuka kumwamba. Pofika pamalo okwera kwambiri (100-150 mamita pamwamba pa nthaka), kumtunda kumayendanso kumbuyo, popanda kuzungulira, koma mapiko ake osatopa.
Lark ikatsika, nyimbo yake imakhala yotsika kwambiri, ndipo mawu okuluza amayamba kuwonekera kwambiri. Pafupifupi mamita pafupifupi awiri kuchokera pansi, mbalawo imasiya kuyimba ndipo ikafunafuna pansi mapiko ake ikufalikira.
Nyimbo ya lark, ikulira pamtunda kuyambira m'mawa mpaka m'bandakucha, ngakhale pali zolemba zochepa, zimamveka kwambiri. Chinsinsi chake chimaphatikizidwa ndi luso la mawu omwe amasokosera ndi mabelu (ofanana ndi mabelu).
Wren
Nyani zazing'ono (10 g kutalika kwa 10 cm) koma mbalame zofiirira zofiirira zomwe zimakhala ku Eurasia, America ndi North Africa.Chifukwa cha zuluula zotayirira, wren amawoneka ngati mpira wopepuka komanso mchira wake wamfupi.
Wren mosazungulira pakati pa nthambi zitsamba, kudumphira pakati pa mitengo yakufa kapena kuthamanga udzu. Imabwereranso kumalo osungira chisa m'mawa, pamene thawed patches amapezeka mu nkhalango, ndipo matalala amagwa m'malo otseguka.
M'matawuni a Moscow, kuimba kwa wren kumatha kumveka kale mu Epulo. Nyimboyi sikuti imangokhala yaphokoso, komanso yaphokoso, yopangidwa ndi sonorous, koma yosiyana ndi inzake, imatulutsa mwachangu. Wren amalimbitsa nyimbo yake, akukwera chitsa, mulu wa burashi kapena kusuntha pakati pa nthambi. Akamaliza kusewera, mwamunayo amalumpha kuchoka pamadzi kuti atuluke msipu.
Nyimbo
Ili ndi mutu wosatchulika wa "nkhwangwa ya m'nkhalangoyi," chifukwa imakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zosiyanasiyana ndipo imakonda kuyimba mokweza mawu. Nyimbo yamtundu wamtunduwu imachokera m'mabanja akuda ndipo amadziwika bwino ndi anthu a ku Asia Minor, Europe ndi Siberia.
Iyi ndi mbalame yotuwa kwambiri yakuda mpaka 70 g komanso kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 21.5-25. Mbalame zimawoneka m'malo opezekera m'mbuyomu kuposa pakati pa Epulo, ndikukhala pamakona oyenera kubereka.
Kuimba kumakokomeza kuyimba mpaka kutacha, koma kwambiri madzulo ndi m'bandakucha. Nyimbo zokometsera, zokhala zopanda phokoso komanso zosiyanasiyanazi zimakhala zazitali kwambiri: nyimboyi imaphatikizapo whistles komanso zithunzithunzi za laconic zosiyanasiyana. Kutupa akubwereza nyimbo iliyonse bondo katatu.
Kuyimba zovala zakuda, ndikukhala pamwamba pamtengo. Nthawi zambiri amatengera mbalame zina, komabe nyimbo yawo yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi yokongola kwambiri.
Wamba nyenyezi
Mbalame yakale kwambiri yosamukasamuka yomwe imafika pakatikati pa Russia ndi zigamba zoyambirira, nthawi zambiri mu Marichi. Nyenyezi zimakonda kukhala ndi chikhalidwe, komanso zimapezeka m'matanthwe, m'nkhalangoyi, m'nkhalango zowirira komanso pansi.
Nyimbo ya nyenyeziyo imamveka kwambiri komanso ngati kasupe. Wamphongo amadzipereka pakukopa kwathunthu, koma mwachidwi kotero kuti ngakhale kukokoloka ndi mawu ena omveka omwe amaphatikizidwamo sikukuwonongerani vuto lakelo.
Zosangalatsa. Kumayambiriro koyambira, ndi nyenyezi zomwe zimayimba mokweza komanso mwaluso kuposa mbalame zonse zoyandikana, makamaka zokhazikika komanso zosasunthika, makamaka popeza mitundu yotsalayi yosamukayo sinabwerere ku nkhalango.
Starlings amakhalanso oneka, kuphatikiza phokoso la kupuma m'matayala awo - kuwuma kwa chule, kulira kwa agalu ndi kuwuwa, kutulutsa gudumu la ngolo ndipo, motsutsana ndi mbalame zina.
Nyenyezi mwachilengedwe imangolira munyimbo zake osati abale okha, komanso imamveka zambiri panthawi yachisanu / ndege, osapunthwa komanso osayima kwa mphindi imodzi. Oyambitsa nyenyezi, okhala nthawi yayitali ku ukapolo, amatsanzira bwino liwu la munthu, akumatchulanso mawu amodzi ndi ziganizo zazitali.
Nkhani yokhala ndi mutu wachikasu
Chovala chaching'ono, chosapitirira 10 cm, chofala ku nkhalango ku Europe ndi Asia. Chovala chokhala ndi mutu wachikasu chikuwoneka ngati mpira yaying'ono, yamafuta azitona okhala ndi mapiko owongoka, pomwe mpira wocheperawo umabzalidwa - ndiye mutu wokhala ndi maso akuda komanso mzere wamtambo wonyezimira wowoneka bwino womwe umakongoletsa korona.
Amuna amfumu yokhala ndi mutu wachikasu amayimba mu Epulo komanso kumayambiriro kwa Meyi - awa ndi nyimbo zaphokoso zomwe zimamveka kuchokera kumitengo yayikulu ya spruce.
Mtengo wamtunduwu umakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zowoneka ngati zipatso (nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowala zipatso), komanso zimapezekanso m'nkhalango zosakanizika komanso zosasunthika, zimasunthira nthawi yozizira, nthawi yoyenda pansi komanso ikasokonekera. Mafumu amayenda limodzi ndi titmouse, omwe zizolowezi zawo zimayandikira kwambiri.
Mbonizi palimodzi zimangokwera singano, ndikugundika ndi zodabwitsa za nsonga za nthambi zoonda ndikutenga modabwitsa. M'chilimwe, amapeza chakudya kumtunda kwa chisoti, kumatsika pafupifupi pansi nthawi yozizira / yophukira kapena kutolera chakudya choyenera chipale chofewa.
Mbalame zamtchire (zokhala ndi kutalika kwa 23 mpaka 40 cm), zimangokhala ku New Zealand. Banja la guiyi lili ndi mitundu itatu, iliyonse imayimira mtundu wa monotypic. Mbalame zonse zimadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa ma catkin (zophuka zowala) kumunsi kwa mulomo. Mapiko awo ndi ozungulira, miyendo ndi mchira zazitali.
Gui yolumayo ili ndi nthenga zakuda, pomwe mchira wake umatha, utoto utoto, kusiyanasiyana. Ali ndi ndolo zachikasu komanso mlomo. Omaliza, mwa njira, ndiosiyana kwambiri mwa akazi ndi amuna: mwa akazi ndiwotalika ndi wopindika, mwa amuna ndi ofupika komanso owongoka.
Mlomo wautali komanso wowonda, wowongoka pang'ono umakhazikikanso ndi mtundu wina kuchokera ku banja la guiyi, chishina chofiyira. Mbiri yakuda imapangidwanso mumtundu wake, koma imaphatikizidwa kale ndi mgoza wokutira kumapiko ndi kumbuyo, komwe imapanga "chishalo".
Kokako (mtundu wina) ndi utoto utoto, wokhala ndi timiyala ta azitona pa mchira / mapiko, ndipo ali ndi mulomo wofupikitsa wokhala ndi mbewa pamlomo. Kokako, ngati chisumbu-tumphuka, siziwuluka bwino, monga lamulo, mosawerengeka, ndikuwotcha mamitala angapo, ndipo amapezeka m'nkhalango zowirira za beech (notophagus).
Zosangalatsa. Amuna a mitundu iwiri yomaliza ali ndi mawu okongola komanso olimba, otchedwa "chitoliro". Mwachilengedwe, nthawi zambiri amawonetsa nyimbo zakuimba ndi nyimbo za duet.
Kokako ndi saddleback amakhalanso okhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chomwecho mu Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN - onsewa ali pangozi.
Kovina wamba wamba
Mbalame yaying'ono yolimba, yopanda kutalika kuposa 12-15 masentimita 10 mpaka 15. Diso lofiiralo limadziwika mosavuta ndi mtundu womwe umaoneka. Amuna pamwamba ali ndi bulauni-imvi ndi pinki-ofiira pamimba, korona ndi mchira wapamwamba nawonso amatsimikiziridwa ofiira. Akazi ndi mbalame zazikazi amavala korona wokha, koma matupi awo amapakidwa oyera.
Dansi wamba wapampopi amakonda kukhala mu taiga, tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra ku Europe, North America ndi Asia. Pa taiga, imakhala chisa m'timtunda tating'ono kapena m'nkhalangozi za birch, ngati tikulankhula za shrub tundra.
Choonadi. Kovina kwa bomba kumakhala kochepa, nthawi zambiri nthawi yakukhwima. Nyimboyi si nyimbo kwambiri, chifukwa imakhala ndimapulogalamu owuma ngati "trerrrrr" komanso mayitidwe pafupipafupi "che-che-che".
M'mapiri a Alpine ndi subalpine mapiri ophatikizidwa ndizofala kwambiri, ndipo ku Eurasian tundra / taiga - phulusa phulusa. Kovina konse kwamapaini kumasungidwa muluwu ndikuwanyamula mosalekeza pa ntchentche, ndikupanga mawu ngati "che-che", "cheny", "che-che-che", "chevy", "cheeei" kapena "chuv".
Yellow Wagtail, kapena Pliska
Wocheperako pang'ono kuposa ngolo yoyera, koma imodzi yocheperako, komabe, imawoneka yokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha mtundu wokongola - maula obiriwira obiriwira achikuda ophatikizika ndi mapiko akuda ndi mkondo wakuda, womwe nthenga zake zachitsulo (zopendekera kwambiri) ndi zoyera. Kugonana kwamisala kumadziwonetsera mtundu wamtundu wakuda pamutu ndipo kumawoneka pachifuwa cha akazi. Munthu wamkulu pliska amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 17. Ndi kutalika kwa cm cm.
Zidole zachikasu zachikasu kumadzulo kwa Alaska, ku Asia (kupatula madera akumwera, kum'mwera chakum'mawa komanso kumpoto kwambiri), komanso kumpoto kwa Africa (Nile Delta, Tunisia, kumpoto kwa Algeria) ndi ku Europe. Pakati pakatikati pa dziko lathu, magaleta achikasu amabwerako nthawi ina pakati pa Epulo, nthawi yomweyo amagawidwa pamabowo ochepa komanso ngakhale malo okumbikakumbika (kumene zitsamba zosowa nthawi zina zimawonedwa) kapena m'mabampu a hummocky peat.
Mitengo yayifupi yoyamba ya matabwayi imamveka patangotha nthawi yozizira kuchokera nthawi yozizira: yamphongo imakwera pachitsime cholimba ndikutsegula mulomo wake, ndikuyimba.
Pliska amafufuza chakudya pang'onopang'ono pakati pa udzu kapena kugwira masamba, koma amatero kuuluka, mosiyana ndi ngolo yoyera, nthawi zambiri. Zosadabwitsa kuti chakudya chamasana chanjala chachikaso nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono.
"Zowonjezera" chromosome
Osati kale kwambiri, malingaliro akuti adawoneka kuti chifukwa cha chromosome iyi, mbalame za nyimbo zidatha kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Kupezeka kwa ma chromosome owonjezereka m'maselo a majeremusi a nyimbo kumatsimikiziridwa ndi akatswiri a sayansi kuchokera ku Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk ndi St.
Asayansi anayerekezera DNA ya mitundu 16 ya mbalame zovomerezeka (zochokera m'mabanja 9, kuphatikiza ng'ombe zamphongo, masinki, zipatso ndi maows) ndi mitundu isanu ndi inayi kuchokera kumalamulo ena, omwe amaphatikiza zimbudzi, nkhuku, atsekwe, abakha ndi abodza.
Choonadi. Zidapezeka kuti mitundu yosayimba, ndiyakale kwambiri (yokhala ndi zaka zoposa 35 miliyoni Padziko Lapansi), imakhala ndi chromosome imodzi kuposa kuyimba komwe kumapezeka pa dziko lapansi pambuyo pake.
Mwa njira, kwanthawi yoyamba kuti chromosome "yowonjezera" idapezekanso mu 1998 mu zebra amadina, koma adati izi ndi machitidwe ake. Pambuyo pake (2014), chromosome yowonjezera idapezeka ku Japan Amadina, zomwe zidapangitsa olondera mbalame kuganiza za izi.
Akatswiri a sayansi ya zaku Russia apanga kuti chromosome yowonjezera idapangidwa zaka zoposa mamiliyoni 30 zapitazo, ndipo kusinthika kwake kunali kosiyana ndi oyimba onse. Ngakhale gawo la chromosome ili pakupanga nyimbo zopitilira silingamveke bwino, asayansi akukhulupirira kuti idakulitsa mphamvu za mbalame, kuzilola kuti zizikhala pafupifupi konsekonse.
Mawu a mbalame
Ngakhale oimba abwino kwambiri, monga a nightingale kapena a blackbird, ndi oimba nyimbo, ena amakhala ndi mawu akuthwa, opanda mawu kapena osamveka konse. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame imadziwika ndi ma voliyumu osiyanasiyana komanso kutulutsa mawu, zomwe mtundu uliwonse umaphatikizana ndi nyimbo yake. Mbalame zina zimangokhala ndi zolemba zochepa, pomwe zina zimayang'anira ma oct. Mbalame zomwe kuyimba kumakhala ndi phokoso laling'ono, mwachitsanzo mpheta zomwe zimakula ngakhale ali mu ukapolo, zimayamba kuimba monga zimayembekezeredwa zikafika zaka zina. Oimba aluso anzeru, monga ma nightingales, ayenera kuphunzira luso limeneli kuchokera kwa abale awo achikulire.
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Chochititsa chidwi chakhazikitsidwa, chomwe chikusonyeza kuti mbalame zofananira zofananira, kuyimbako ndikosiyana kwambiri, ndipo mwa mawonekedwe abwino zitha kufanana. Mchitidwewu umateteza mbalame pamasewera akukhwima ku mating ndi oimira amtundu wina.
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