Moyo ku Tundra wozizira umafunikira maluso opulumuka komanso kusintha mitundu yonse, omwe posakhalitsa amakhazikika m'zigawo izi.
Nyama zonse za Tundra ndizogwirizana ndi zina zakunja, mwachitsanzo, mtundu wowala nthawi yozizira, chophimba cha ubweya kapena chikopa, nthenga zazing'ono ndi makutu, thupi la squat.
Mitundu yambiri imasamukira nyengo yozizira kupita kunkhalango-tundra, taiga, kapena kum'mwera kwambiri, popeza kulibe chakudya chotsalira chifukwa cha chisanu chambiri.
Tiyeni tiwone mwatsatanetsatane nyama zolimba mtima izi, okhala ku Tundras ya ku Eurasia ndi America.
Chikazilo
Chimodzi mwa nyama zotchuka kwambiri m'derali ndi Reindeer.
Tundra agulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ang'ono kukula, ochulukirapo squat. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Reindeer, yomwe imangokhala mchira wamtchire, ndi yayikulu kuposa tundra. Njira yakuya ya moyo idawapangitsa kuti ataye chisomo champhamvu, ufulu wawo umatikumbutsa zofunikira, izi ndizofunikira pamsewu wapaulendo pa chipale chofewa.
Utoto ukhoza kukhala wosiyanasiyana kwambiri - nthawi yotentha kuchokera pa khofi wonyezimira mpaka phulusa, nthawi yozizira imakhala yokongola, nthawi zina pafupifupi yoyera konse.
Ma Reindeers ali ndi zosiyana zingapo kubanja lonse:
- Ubweya wautali.
"Nyanga ndi zazikulu, koma osati zolemera." Izi ndizomveka chifukwa chakuti mu reindeer ndiwofowoka.
- Akazi a nyama izi ali ndi nyanga zamphamvu zofananira zazimuna. Koma pali akazi opanda nyanga, amatchedwa opanda nyanga.
- Makutu ang'ono ndi maso, chifukwa cha malo ozizira.
- Mapangidwe abulu akulu, makamaka nyengo yakubala.
Reindeer ndi mitundu yoberekera ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito pafamuyo. Anthu oterewa amadziwika ndi kukula kwawo kakang'ono komanso kudandaula.
Dziko lanyama la tundra
Dziko lankhanza la tundra ndi lokongola, lolemera komanso lokongola. Ku Russia, malo achilengedwewa amatenga gawo kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula mpaka ku Chukotka. Kunja kwa dziko lathu, ili kumpoto kwa Europe ndi North America.
Moyo m'chipululu muno wopanda nkhalango, wokhala ndi malo oundana, mphepo yamphamvu imawoneka ngati yosatheka. Koma ngakhale pano dziko lapansi limapuma modabwitsa komanso mosiyanasiyana. Mayina A Tundra Animal adakhala chizindikiro cha mphamvu, mantha, kuzindikira, kulimba, kukongola: nkhandwe, walrus, peregrine falcon, owl, swan.
Chipale chofunda
Nyama ina yodziwika kwambiri yakumpoto, nkhosa yamphongo, imasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi lowonda la squat, makutu ang'ono ndi maso opindika. Palinso mikangano, kuphatikiza nkhosazo monga mtundu wake kapena mtundu wawo kapena mtundu wina.
Nkhosa za chipale chofewa zimapewa malo okhala ndi chivundikiro chisanu.
Chakudya chachikulu chimakhala ndi zitsamba ndi bowa, kuphatikizapo zakale, momwe mphutsi za tizilombo tambiri timavulala. Chifukwa chake, nyama zimalipirira kusowa kwa mapuloteni mthupi.
Nkhosa zobadwa mwatsopano ndi mitundu yakale ya zinyama. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za nyamazi ndi zaka pafupifupi 100,000.
Amayi
Nkhandwe ya Arctic
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Nthawi zambiri nyamayi imadziwika kuti nkhandwe. Ichi ndi nyama yolusa yomwe imakhala m'mabanja nthawi yayitali, kenako yokhayokha. Chovala choyera cha nyamayi ndi chosangalatsa kwambiri pamayiko oundana a tundra. Mbidzi ya ku Arctic ndi nyama yodabwitsa yomwe imadya zonse zomera komanso nyama.
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Nyama yamphamvu yosinthidwa ndi moyo kuzizira nthawi yayitali. Ili ndi chovala chambiri komanso nyanga zazikulu zamatamba, zomwe agwape amasintha chaka chilichonse. Amakhala m'malo oweta ndipo amayendayenda tundra. M'nyengo yozizira, zakudya za agwape nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi mphalapala, chakudya chochepa chotere chimapangitsa nyamayi kuyang'ana madzi am'nyanja kuti ibwezere m'malo osungirako mchere. Deer amakonda udzu, zipatso ndi bowa.
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Kudyetsa
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Makoswe ang'ono otchuka a tundra omwe amadyetsa nyama zambiri zolusa. Makoswewo amakonda masamba, mbewu ndi mizu ya mitengo. Nyamayi sikhala mozizira nyengo yachisanu, chifukwa chake imabisala chakudya mwachilimwe, ndikuzikumba nthawi yozizira. Ngati palibe chakudya chokwanira, makoswe amayenera kukonzekera kusamukira kudera lina. Ma lemoni amakhala ochulukirapo.
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Nyama yapadera yofanana ndi ng'ombe ndi nkhosa zonse. Ku Russia, nyama izi zimakhala m'malo otetezedwa ndipo zimatetezedwa. Nyama imakhala ndi chovala chachitali komanso chaching'ono. Ng'ombe za musk zimawoneka bwino usiku ndipo zimatha kupeza chakudya mkati mwakuwala. Amakhala m khola, adani akuluakulu a nyamayo ndi nkhandwe ndi chimbalangondo.
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Gopher
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Nyama yaying'ono yolusa yam'miyendo yakufupi, yomwe imakhala ndi zibwano zakuthwa. Akatswiri ambiri azakudya amakonda kudya. Pakutero, matumba a masaya amawathandiza bwino. Mutha kuzindikira mzotheka ndi mzungu wina mothandizidwa ndi nyama zomwe zimalankhulana.
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Gulu la nkhandwe wamba, yodziwika ndi tsitsi loyera kapena loyera. Amakhala m'matumba, amatha kuyenda mtunda wautali kukafunafuna chakudya. Mimbulu yaku Polar imatha kuthamangitsa nyama mwachangu mpaka 60 km pa ola limodzi. Nthawi zambiri amasaka ng'ombe za musk ndi hares.
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Ndi ya nyama zodya nyama, ngakhale kuti poyang'ana pang'ono ndi nyama yokongola komanso yabwino. Ili ndi thupi lalitali komanso miyendo yayifupi, nthawi yozizira imakhala ndi mtundu woyera. Ermine amadya makoswe ndipo amathanso kudya mazira, nsomba, komanso ngakhale mavu. Nyamayi idalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, chifukwa yakhala yofunikira kwa asaka ubweya.
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Wamkulu pakati pa abale ake. M'nyengo yozizira, hare M'nyengo yotentha, wamkazi amatha kubweretsa malita awiri.
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Moyo wabata ku Arctic ya chimbalangondo chokhala ndi polar umatsimikiziridwa ndi ubweya wake, womwe umakhala ndi undercoat yolimba yomwe imatha kusunga kutentha kwa nthawi yayitali, komanso kupewa ma radiation a dzuwa. Chifukwa cha mafuta ake okhala ndi masentimita 11, amatha kupulumutsa mphamvu zambiri.
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Reindeer
Nyama yolimbayi imatha kutchedwa kuti imodzi mwa nzika zazikulu za tundra. Popanda izi, zingakhale zovuta kwambiri kwa anthu akumaloko. Reindeer ndi nyama zomwe zimayamwa pa artiodactyl.
Kuchokera mawonekedwe a nyamayo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa thupi lake lokwera komanso khosi ndi miyendo yayifupi yopanda mawonekedwe. Kapangidwe kameneka kamapangitsa kuti nyamayo isakhale yonyansa, koma makamaka yachilendo. Ndizazikulu komanso zochepa. Oyamba amakhala ku Far North. Yachiwiri imatha kuwonekera ku taiga Siberia.
Chodziwika ndi izo ndi nyanga, zomwe zimabadwa zazikazi ndi zazikazi zazikazi. Nyama yamtunduwu imayenda kudutsa tundra kutengera nyengo nyengo ndi nthawi ya chaka.
Ambiri a iwo adakhala ziweto ndipo ndi luso lofunikira kwa anthu akumaloko. Deer amakhala ndi adani pamaso pa nkhandwe, mimbulu, nkhandwe za arctic ndi zimbalangondo. Deer amakhala zaka pafupifupi 28.
Polima Wolf
Maonekedwe oyera ngati awa pamaonekedwe ake siosiyana ndi abale ake, kupatula utoto wa malaya owala ndi zowonjezera zowala. Kuphatikiza apo, nkhandwe yoluma imakhala ndi mchira wowuma bwino wofanana ndi nkhandwe.
Mothandizidwa ndi utotowu, mmbulu umadzibisalira m'chipale chofewa ndipo umatha kuyandikira pafupi ndi omwe akuvutika nawo. Nkhandweyi ndi yochititsa chidwi kwambiri, ndipo zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono kuposa zazimuna.
Mbidzi ya polar ili ndi mano amphamvu 42 omwe amalimbikitsa mantha ngakhale kwa mlenje wolimba mtima kwambiri. Ndi mano awa, nyamayi imatha kumata ngakhale mafupa akulu kwambiri popanda mavuto. Monga enawo nyama za tundra, mmbulu wapakhomo unaphunzira kukhala m'mavuto otere.
Mawu oti mapazi a mmbulu wadyetsedwa ndi koyenera pankhaniyi. Pokhala ndi miyendo yolimba, nyamayo imatha kuyenda mtunda wautali posaka chakudya kapena kufunafuna nyama.
Mimbulu imasankha chakudya. Komanso, atha kukhala popanda masiku 14. Nyama yamtunduwu idakali mabingu kwa onse okhala mu tundra. Sakhala moyo wautali, osapitilira zaka 7.
Mbuto zamkati
Mboka ya polar (arctic fox) - yogawidwa m'chigawo chonse cha Arctic. Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono zazikazi, kuphatikiza ma voles ndi mandimu, komanso mbalame ndi mazira. Ankhandwe a ku Arctic amapeza mwayi ndipo nthawi zina amadya nyama yakufa. Nthawi zambiri amatsata zimbalangondo kuti zizipeza zotsalira za adani. Ankhandwe a Polar amadyanso zakudya zam'mera, monga zipatso.
Monga nkhandwe zina zambiri, nkhandwe za ku Arctic zimapanga mabowo. Amatha kukhala kumapiri kapena m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, ndipo, monga lamulo, ali ndi zolowera zingapo komanso zotuluka. Ankhandwe a Polar amatha kupezeka ku Arctic kapena Alpine tundra.
Mbawala za ku Arctic zimatha kuzolowera moyo kuzizira kwambiri. Amakhala ndi ubweya kumapazi awo, kumawatenthetsa, ubweya wakuda komanso wokutira kuzungulira thupi, makutu amfupi, kukula kwa thupi lalitali, ndi mchira waukulu, wosalala womwe nkhandwe zimadziphimba.
Nkhandwe ya Arctic
Nyama yokongola iyi imamva kunyumba ku tundra. Nkhandwe za ku Arctic nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kupeza chakudya chawo, nthawi zina chimazizira nyengo yozizira. Komabe amakhala omasuka pa kufalikira kwa tundra.
Nyama ndiyoyimilira yaying'ono kwambiri pabanja la canine. Ankhandwe a ku Arctic amakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri pamoyo wawo. Koma ali ndi kuthekera kwambiri kuzoloŵerana ndi moyo wotere. Pazinthu zakunja, nkhandwe imakhala ndi zofananira zambiri ndi nkhandwe.
Ubweya wa nyama ndiwofunda kwambiri kotero kuti nkhandwe za ku Arctic sizimawopa chisanu cha -50 madigiri. Pofuna kudyetsa nyama, nthawi zina zimagunda mtunda wautali wamakilomita masauzande. Mtundu wa nyama umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi zosiyanasiyana za chaka. M'nyengo yozizira, nkhandwe ya Arctic ndi yoyera, ndikubwera kwa masika, pang'onopang'ono imakhala imvi.
Kunyumba, nyama zimatha kupanga makulidwe akuwala. Mwa nyama, nkhandwe za ku arctic zimawopa mimbulu, agalu achizungu, nkhandwe, ndi mimbulu. Ambiri aiwo adaonongedwa ndi munthu monga khungu la nkhandwe limakhala lamtengo wapatali. Nyama sizikhala zaka zopitilira 10.
Killer whale
Killer whale ndi wadyera komanso woimira wamkulu kwambiri wabanja la dolphin, yemwe adakwanitsa kukhala nyengo yotentha ya tundra. Ichi ndi nyama yanzeru komanso yosinthika. Nyama za mtundu wa Killer zimakhala munyanja zonse za padziko lapansi. Zinkawoneka kuchokera kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Arctic kumwera kwa Nyanja Yakumwera. Amakonda madzi ozizira. Ngati chakudya chimasowa, wakupha amapezeka akusambira kupita kumadera ena ndi chakudya chokwanira. Zakudya zawo zimaphatikizapo: zisindikizo, mikango yamchere, zinsomba zazing'ono, ma dolphin, nsomba, shaki, squid, octopus, akamba am'nyanja, mbalame zam'nyanja, ma sea otters, oyang'anira mitsinje ndi nyama zina. Zakudya zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri zimathandiza kuti pakhale mafuta ambiri, omwe amathandiza kupulumuka m'madzi ozizira pagombe la tundra.
Kutalika kwakuthupi kwamphongo wamwamuna wamkulu ndi mamiliyoni 8, ndipo akazi - 7 metres. Kulemera kwa amuna ndi pafupifupi makilogalamu 7200, ndipo zazikazi ndizocheperako.
Nyama zapha wakola ndi zinyama zachikhalidwe kwambiri, magulu awo alipo mpaka 50. Amagawirana chakudya ndipo amasiya paketi yawo yoposa maola ochepa.
Hare wa Arctic
Mbali yolowera iyi imadziwika kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa abale ake. Pali kusiyana pakati pa ma hares. Kutalika kwa makutu a mchenga kumakhala kufupikirapo kwambiri kuposa kumene kwa ena onsewo; izi zimathandiza kuti thupi lake lizitenthedwanso.
Kutsogolo kwawo kuli ndi zibowo zakuthwa komanso zokutira, zomwe amakumba matalala. Pansi pa chipale chofewa, nyamayo imapeza chakudya, ngakhale itakhala yakuya mokwanira chifukwa cha kununkhira kwake kwabwino. Adani akuluakulu a nyamayi ndi nkhandwe, mimbulu, nkhandwe za arctic, lynxes, kadzidzi zoyera. Azungu a ku Arctic sakhala zaka zosaposa 5.
Mbalame
Partridge
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Kunja, amafanana ndi nkhuku ndi nkhunda. M'chaka, chachikazi chimadzalowa m'malo atatuwo, ndi chachinayi. Izi zimathandizira kubisala moyenera. Partridge imawuluka bwino, imadyera makamaka pazakudya zam'mera. Nyengo yachisanu isanayambe, mbalameyi imayesa kudya mphutsi ndi tizilombo tambiri kuti tisunge mafuta ambiri nthawi yozizira.
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Kutchire, kukhala ndi moyo kwa kadzidzi kudzafika zaka 9, ndipo ali ku ukapolo, anthu ena amalemba mbiri ndikukhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 28. Kwa nthawi yayitali anthu amakhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi ndikokulira, koma posachedwapa kunapezeka kuti kuchuluka kwawo ndikocheperako kuposa momwe amayembekezera. Pakadali pano, kadzidzi zoyera zimaphatikizidwa mndandanda wazinyama zotetezedwa.
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Atsekwe ofiira ofiira amatha kukwaniritsa kuthamanga kwambiri pakuuluka, chifukwa cha kukupiza kwamapiko awo. Popeza ndi mbalame yotha kuyenda kwambiri komanso yaphokoso, amapanga magulu owerengeka, omwe amatambalala mu mzere umodzi, kapena kusokera limodzi mulu. Kuthengo, mbalamezi zimadziwika mosavuta ndi mtundu wawo wowoneka bwino komanso nkhwangwa.
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Pinki wonyezimira
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Choyimira ichi chikuwoneka bwino chifukwa cha nthenga zake zofewa za pinki, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi utoto wabuluu wamthenga wamutu. Ngakhale kuti ndi zazing'ono, mbalamezi zimapulumuka tundra. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chikufika zaka 12. Zalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
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Girfalcon
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Ili ndi dzina lapakati - falcon yoyera. Mwakukula kwake, imafanana ndi peregrine falcon. Zowonjezerazo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zoyera ndi tint imvi. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti imatha kuthamanga mpaka mita 100 pamphindi, komanso imayang'ana kwambiri. Pakadali pano, amtunduwu adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, chifukwa chofunikira thandizo ndi chisamaliro.
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Woyimira moyenerera, wokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 91 komanso wolemera mpaka kilogalamu 6. Amasiyana ndi ma loons ena pakamwa pake. Chiwerengero cha mbalamezi ndi chotsika kwambiri m'malo onse okhala. Amalembedwa mu Red Book of the Russian Federation, komanso amatetezedwa m'malo ambiri a Arctic.
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Yellowfoot
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Amatembenukira banja lakale. Mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 20 sentimita. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ake amchenga. Monga nthumwi yokhayo ya mtundu wa mabokosi amchenga aku Canada ndimtundu wachilendo kwambiri. Adafalikira ku tundra waku North America. Amakhala pachilimwe ku Argentina kapena Uruguay.
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Mkango wanyanja
Mkango wanyanja ndi nyama yam'madzi yokhala ndi makutu ang'ono, yayitali komanso yazitali yakutsogolo, kuthekera kuyenda pamiyendo inayi, ndi tsitsi lalifupi, lalifupi. Mafulati akutsogolo - galimoto yayikulu m'madzi. Madera awo amachokera ku subarctic mpaka kumadzi otentha am'nyanja, kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa hemispheres, kupatula gawo lakumpoto kwa Atlantic Ocean. Chiyembekezero chokhala ndi moyo zaka 20-30. Mkango wamphongo wamphongo umalemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 300 ndi kutalika kwa mamitala 2.4, pomwe chachikazi chimalemera makilogalamu 100 ndipo thupi limakhala lalitali mamita 1.8. Mikango yam'nyanja imadya chakudya chochuluka, pafupifupi 5-8% ya kulemera kwawo kwamthupi pakudya.Zakudya zake zimakhala: nsomba (mwachitsanzo, capelin, cod, hering, mackerel, pollock, basass sea, salmon, gerbil, etc.), bivalves, cephalopods (mwachitsanzo squid ndi octopus) ndi gastropods. Pansi pa khungu la nyama pamakhala mafuta ambiri, ndipo limodzi ndi tsitsi lakuda, limateteza nyamayo ku nyengo yovuta ya tundra.
Nyama zotere zimatha kumiza mwakuya pansi pamadzi (mpaka 400 metres), ndipo chifukwa cha njira zambiri zachilengedwe (kuthamanga kwa mtima, kusinthana kwa gasi, kuchuluka kwa chimbudzi cha chakudya ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi), thupi la nyamayo limapirira kuthana kwambiri komwe kumabwera chifukwa chobatizika.
Njira yokhazikika pamtunda imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupuma, kusungunula komanso kubereka. Mikango yam'nyanja imatha kupitilira pamtunda padzuwa.
Weasel
Dzinali siligwirizana kwenikweni ndi nyama iyi. Weasel ndi wocheperako koma wodya nyama, yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi wakhama komanso wakhama. Chovala chanyama ndi chofiirira.
M'nyengo yozizira, zovala za Weasel zimavala chovala ngati ubweya woyera ngati chipale chofewa. Zovala zakuthwa zimatha kuwoneka pamiyendo yayifupi ya nyama, mothandizidwa nayo pomwe nyamayo imayenda pamitengo yopanda mavuto ndikuphwanya mizere ya mbewa. Pakuyenda, weasel amagwiritsa kulumpha. Amayesedwa pansi, mpaka miyendo iwiri ya kumbuyo.
Mwa chikondi, ndikofunikira kuti azikhala ndi chakudya chochuluka pafupi naye. Sadzakhala kudera komwe kulibe anthu oti azikasakira. Ili ndi chidwi chofuna kudya ndipo m'masiku ochepa ikhoza kuwononga anthu onse okhala ndi makoswe.
M'nyengo yozizira, nyamayi imasuntha mu matalala a chipale chofewa. Ndipo pazomera zazikuluzikulu, zitha kusawoneka pamtunda kwa nthawi yayitali. Zovala siziyenera kukumana ndi mimbulu, nkhandwe, ma badger, martens ndi mbalame zodya nyama. Nyama imakhala pafupifupi zaka 8.
Pomaliza
Nyama za Tundra ndi nthumwi zapadera zamitundu yawo. Ngakhale kuti chikhalidwe cha tundra ndi chankhanza kwambiri, nyama zokwanira zimakhalamo. Aliyense wa iwo adasinthasintha mwanjira yake kuti azizizira ndi chisanu. Mu chilengedwechi, mitundu ya nyama ndiyochepa, koma imadziwika ndi ambiri.
Chimbalangondo
Nyama iyi imadziwika kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri pakati pa abale ake. Thupi lake limakhala lodetsa nkhawa komanso lamanjenje. Nyengo zonse, nyamayi imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni loyera. Khungu limakhala ndi ubweya ndi undercoat, yomwe imasunga zimbalangondo kuchokera kuzisanu kwambiri, komanso imapangitsa kuti ikhale nthawi yayitali kukhala m'madzi oundana.
Zitha kumawoneka ngati kuti chimbalangondo cha polar ndichipongwe komanso chosawoneka bwino. Koma kumvetsetsa kumabwera mukadzaona momwe pang'ono chimphona ichi chimasambira komanso kulowa pansi.
Poyendetsa mtunda wautali kufunafuna chakudya, chimbalangondo chimasaka mwaluso. Ndizowopsa kwa anthu. Kumana ndi chimbalangondo polar kumalonjeza mavuto akulu.
Chidani chotere mu nyama mwina chimachokera ku chikumbumtima chake. Kupatula apo, ndi anthu omwe amayambitsa kuponyera kwakukulu mu chiwerengero cha zimbalangondo chifukwa cha kuwombera kopanda. Pakati pa anthu ena a tundra, chimbalangondo chiribe mdani. Kutalika kwa nyama yachilengedwe kumafika zaka 30. Ali mu ukapolo, amatha kukula mpaka zaka 15.
Musk ng'ombe
Nyama iyi idadziwika zaka 10 miliyoni zapitazo. Poyamba, adawoneka ku Asia. Koma kusintha kwa nyengo nyengo kunapangitsa kuti nyama ziziyenda kufupi ndi Kumpoto.
Mwachilengedwe, akucheperachepera chifukwa ndiwo nkhani yakusaka kwa anthu okhala komweko. M'magawo onse am'mimba yokhala ndi musk ng'ombe, anthu apeza ndipo akugwiritsa ntchito moyenera.
Monga nyama zina zambiri za tundra, ali ndi chovala cholimba chomwe chimawathandiza kuthawa kuzizira kwambiri. Chochititsa chidwi ndi ziboda, mothandizidwa ndi yomwe ng'ombe zamkati zimayenda mosavuta pamawu amtambo ndi miyala.
Izi herbivore ndizovuta kuti zilowerere mu tundra. Amasinthana kudya zipatso, bowa, ndere. Ng'ombe za musk ndizoweta ng'ombe. Akazi ndi amuna ambiri amakhala m'manja mwa amayi awo. Mdani wa ng'ombe ya musk amawerengedwa kuti ndi Wolverine, chimbalangondo, nkhandwe. Nyama zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 14, koma zimakhalanso pakati pa azaka 25.
Wolverine
Pali nyama yodya nyama ya marten, yomwe ndi mabingu a nyama zambiri za tundra. Izi sizikutanthauza kuti nyamayi ili ndi maonekedwe abwino. Kulemera kwake sikupitirira 30 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi mchira nthawi zambiri kumapitirira mita.
Ngati mukuyang'ana kutali, nyama imafanana ndi chimbalangondo kapena chikwangwani chokhala ndi miyendo yolumikizira. Nyamayi imakhala ndi mano owopsa osam'pulumutsa.
izo chinyama cha tundra cha ku Russia amakonda kukhala yekha moyo wake wonse. Amuna amakumana ndi akazi pokhapokha pa nthawi yobala.
Ma Wolverines ali ndi ubweya wamtengo wapatali, motero, ndiye mutu wa kusaka kwa anthu akumaloko. Nthawi zina anthu ankaweta nyama ndikupanga chiweto.
Koma ambiri amatsutsa kuti ngakhale patadutsa mibadwo ingapo, Wolverines amakhalabe opanda nyama komanso nyama zokonda ufulu. Nthawi yawo yokhala kutchire imafika mpaka zaka 10. Ali mu ukapolo, amatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 7.
Kudyetsa
Nyamayi ndi ya makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Pali nthano zambiri zokhudzana ndi makoswe ang'onoang'ono awa pakati pa anthu wamba. Amanenanso kuti amadzipha ambiri.
Kukambirana koteroko kunali kusamuka kwa nyamazi pofunafuna chakudya. Njira izi zimayambira ambiri ndipo zimawavuta kuziletsa. Mitsinje ikuluikulu yomwe ikupita, momwe nyama zambiri zidzafera, sizikhala cholepheretsa makoswe. Omwe adapulumuka amayesera kubwezeretsa anthu mwachangu.
Pali anthu omwe amati chodabwitsa ndi mandimu chifukwa cha zopunduka zawo ngati ma ziboda ndi mtundu wa malaya oyera. Amati, akuti mwezi wonse wathunthu, amasintha ngati nkhosa zamphongo ndipo amamwa magazi a mimbulu.
Kwa anthu amatsenga, kulira kwa maliridwe kumamveka ngati chenjezo la tsoka lalikulu. Izi ndi nyama zogwira ntchito. Amawonetsa zochitika zawo usana ndi usiku. Makoswe amadya zakudya zamasamba. Ziphuphu zimadya nkhandwe za ku arctic ndi nyama zina ndi mbalame za tundra. Samakhala nthawi yayitali - zosaposa zaka 2.
Agalu ogwidwa
Anthu achilengedwe a tundra anali kugwiritsa ntchito mankhusu a ku Siberia ndi Eskimo ngati agalu ometa. Mizu ya agalu amenewa amachokera kwa mimbulu. Agalu ndi ankhalwe komanso opanda moyo. Koma ali ndi khalidwe limodzi labwino - amakhala okhulupilika kwa mbuye wawo nthawi zonse.
Agalu olimbidwa amatha kuyenda bwino m'malo, ngakhale mkuntho wamphamvu. Malinga ndi zina mwazizindikiro zawo, amatha kupeza njira yopita kunyumba.
Kupirira komanso kutopa m'magazi awo. Sawopa kuzizira komanso chakudya chosakwanira. Mpaka lero, ma huskie ndi othandizira anthu.
Wofufuza waku America
Mtunduwu ndi wa makoswe ochokera ku mtundu wagologolo. Nyama iyi ndi chitsanzo chimodzi momwe nyama za tundra adasinthira kukhala m'malo ovuta. M'dzinja, amakhala moyo wabwino.
M'nyengo yozizira, kuti asavutike ndi chakudya komanso kuti asazizire, akatswiriwo amangobisala. Komanso gologoloyu amatha kutengedwa kuti ndi wakufa chifukwa matenthedwe ake amasintha ndipo magazi ake samazungulira.
Zachidziwikire, nyama zimakonda kubisala nthawi yayitali, koma zimakhalabe ndi moyo. Zowopsa kwa gopher zimakumana ndi skuas, kadzidzi wa polar, mimbulu ndi nyama zina zolusa za tundra. Makoswe samakhala osaposa zaka zitatu.
Chisindikizo
Cholengedwachi chomwe chili ndi thupi labwino ndi cha chisindikizo. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo nsomba ndi ma crustaceans. Kwa nthawi yayitali yayesedwa kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri posodza, motero chikucheperachepera chaka chilichonse. Pakadali pano, chisindikizo wokhala ku tundra, wolembedwa mu Red Book.
Chipinacho ndi amodzi mwa oimira mitundu ikuluikulu. Nyama yayikuluyi ili ndi khungu losalala komanso ma fangasi opangidwa bwino, ndevu, zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi ena onse okhala m'misamba ya tundra. Ali ndi maso ang'ono.
Ponena za miyendo, adapangidwa kuti izitha kusunthira pansi kuposa kusambira. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti sakwawa, ngati abale awo ambiri, koma amayenda pamtunda.
Mothandizidwa ndi ma tini, mapini opukutira ndikosavuta kutuluka m'madzi oundana. Monga chidindo, ma walruse amaonedwa kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kuwedza, chifukwa chake tsoka lotere limawagwera. Nyama yamtunduwu imakhala ndi fungo lokhazikika, imamva kuyandikira kwa munthu pasadakhale ndipo mwina itatembenuza bwatolo.
Onse okhala m'gululi amakhala ndi malingaliro omwe samaperekedwanso kwa anthu ena - ma alrus nthawi zonse amayima kumbuyo kwa wina ndi mnzake, ndipo ngati m'modzi wa iwo akumana ndi mavuto, ena onse amapita nthawi yomweyo kuti apulumutse. Sikuti munthu amangomuopa. Adani awo ndi chimbalangondo chomwe chili ndi polar ndi chinsomba chachikulu. Chiyembekezo cha moyo wa Walrus ndi zaka pafupifupi 45.
Chisindikizo
Zisindikizo zaammamm ndi walrus. Amakhala moyo wawo wonse pa ayezi. Pamenepo amapuma, kuswana ndikuwonongera nthawi. Pofunafuna chakudya, amatha kuyenda makilomita mazana ambiri kuchokera komwe amakhala.
Anthu adatulukira kuti zisindikizo zimatha kulira, izi zimangochitika kwa iwo popanda misozi. Mpaka posachedwa, malingaliro a chisindikizo amaonedwa ngati chinthu chabwino kwambiri mwa anthu wamba. Tsopano nyama zam'mimbazo zimatengedwa ndikutetezedwa ndi anthu chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kwa anthu ake.
Zisindikizo zilibe adani. Kupatula kupha kwa anamgumi ndi nkhandwe za arctic, zomwe nthawi zina zimasokoneza ana obadwa kumene a anyaniwa. Zisindikizo zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 30. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala zaka 5 zokha.
Nsomba zochokera ku banja la nsomba zimawonedwa kuti ndi zamalonda zamtengo wapatali, chifukwa, monga zimakhalira nthawi zambiri, zoterezi zachepa kwambiri posachedwa.
Mu nyama yake mumapezeka michere yambiri komanso zinthu zina. Zakudya za nsomba zimaphatikizapo plankton, nsomba zazing'ono, nyongolotsi ndi crustaceans yaying'ono. Kutalika kwa moyo wa nsomba yofunikayi ndi zaka 10.
Salimoni
Salmon ya Atlantic iyi, komanso nzika zambiri zamadzi mu tundra, ndizothandiza kwambiri. Nyama yake ndi yokoma kwambiri komanso wathanzi. Nsomba zimatha kukula mpaka kukula.
Kutalika kwa thupi lake nthawi zina kumakula mpaka 1.5 m, ndipo munthu wamkulu amalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 45. Kukula kodabwitsa koteroko ndi kukoma kwa nyama kumakopa chidwi cha asodzi akhama.
Nsomba zimadyera pa zipolopolo, crustaceans ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Pazaka zapakati pa 5-6 zokha, nsomba zimayamba kukhwima. Nthawi zina, nsomba zimadyedwa mwangozi. Ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 15.
Partridge
Ngakhale kuti mbalameyi ndi yaying'ono komanso yokongola, mbalameyi imachita chidwi kwambiri. Kutalika kwake sikoposa 40 cm, ndipo mbalameyo imalemera osaposa 1 kg. Pa khosi lalifupi la mbalameyo, mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi maso ochepa omwewo ndi wosasiyananso ndi thupi.
Ngakhale kuti miyendo ya mbalameyi ndiyifupi, imakhala ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa zomwe zimathandiza kuti zizitha komanso kugwira bwino zolemba ngati chipale chofewa, komanso kukumba mu chisanu kuti mupumule kaye.
Zambiri mwa mbalame zimasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi ya chaka. M'nyengo yozizira, imakhala yoyera. M'chaka chonsecho, mbalameyi imakhala ndi zofiirira zofiirira zoyera ndi zakuda. Ngakhale kuti phala ndi mbalame, imakonda kukhala njira yokhazikika pamtunda, imachoka nthawi yochepa chifukwa zimamuvuta.
Cholengedwa chimakhala pagululo, chimadyetsa nsikidzi, akangaude, mphutsi, ntchentche, mphutsi za tizilombo. Panthawi yomwe chakudya chotere sichikwanira chifukwa cha nyengo yadzuwa, zipatso zimawoneka m'zakudya za phula.
Adani akuluakulu a omwe ali ndi mbewa ndi asaka. Ayeneranso kusamala ndi nkhandwe za arctic, girfalcons, skuas. Kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalame m'chilengedwe sikosapitilira zaka 4. Muukapolo, komabe, panali zochitika pomwe amakhala zaka 20.
Tundra swan
Mbalame yodabwitsa ndi yaying'ono kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ina yonse. Tundra swan ndi theka kwa iwo, koma ndiyofanana, yoyera komanso yabwino. Mbalame zikucheperachepera zachilengedwe chifukwa cha kuwedza kwa nsomba.
Anthuwo amayamikira nyama yokoma ya suw ndi nyama yawo yokongola ya fluff. Malonda okopa oterowo amatha kukhala achisoni kwa mbalame. Mwina posachedwa mbalamezi zidzatenga malo mndandanda wa mbalame zomwe zatsala pang'ono kulembedwa mu Red Book.
Loon
Madzi am'madzi amaonekera kwambiri pakati pa anzawo onse. Makulidwe awo ndi ofanana ndi kukula kwa tsekwe kapena bakha lalikulu. Zouluka zouluka m'mlengalenga zimasiyana ndi abale awo onse okhala ndi mapiko ndi miyendo yaying'ono, ngati mchira, wam'mbuyo.
Kuuluka kwawo kumadziwika ndi mutu wosanjidwa ndi khosi pansi, zomwe zimadziwikanso ndi mbalame zokha. Amuna ndi akazi alibe kusiyana kwakukulu. Mbalame ndizabwino kwambiri kukhala m'madzi kuposa pamtunda, kotero mumatha kuwaona m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma osowa.
Amakhala ndi zosangalatsa komanso nthawi yovuta. Zovala sizimawoneka ngati zikuyenda, koma zimakwawa pamimba zawo. Madzi mu mbalame amagwirizanitsidwa ngakhale ndi nthawi yogona. Pamtunda iwo okha.
Chamoyo chamtunduwu chimatha kulira ndikulira mofuula, zomwe sizimadziwika kuti ndi mbalame. Ma loon ndi mitala, amasunga kukhulupirika kwa anzawo kwa moyo wawo wonse, omwe, mwa njira, amakhala pafupifupi ana 20.
Kadzidzi owala
Wokongola mochenjera wokhala ndi mtundu wa kadzidzi wamkulu, wokhala ndi mutu wozungulira komanso maula oyera. Izi zimathandiza kuti mbalamezi zizitha kuyenda mosavuta m'chipale chofewa. Pakatikati pake, kadzidzi wowotchera ndi nyama yolusa. Zakudya zake zimaphatikizapo mbewa ndi maimu, mavu, mbalame, makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi zina kaloti ndi nsomba zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mbalame yokhala ndi mbewa kumasaka, nthawi zina imatha kugwira mbalame zikuuluka. Kadzidzi imameza owerengeka osasinthika, imakoka gawo lawolawo ndikulikung'amba ndi ming'alu yaying'ono mothandizidwa ndi zibwano.
Pa nthawi yakuswana, kadzidzi wama polar amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi mkokomo wawofuwofu komanso wosokosera. Nthawi zina, mbalame ikakhala yosangalala kwambiri, imatha kubowola. Nthawi yonseyi mbalame yokhala ndi tsitsi imeneyi imakonda kungokhala chete osagonanso. Ma polar akadzidzi a nkhandwe za arctic, nkhandwe ndi skuas zimawopa. Amakhala pafupifupi zaka 9.
Skuas
Skuas ndi charadriiformes. Ena amati ndi nkhokwe. Mbalame zimakhala ndi mlomo waukulu wokutidwa ndi khungu. Nsonga yake ndi yosalala, ndipo maziko amayunguliridwa. Pamwamba, mulomo wawerama. Mapikowo ali ndi kutalika kwakukulu ndi malembedwe akuthwa.
Mchirawo ndi wozungulira, wokhala ndi nthenga 12. Mbalame ndizosambira zaluso, zomwe sizinganenedwe kuti zimatha kulowa pansi, chifukwa chake zimakonda kusaka nsomba zikusambira pafupi kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, amakonda makoswe ang'onoang'ono ndi ma bollusks. Mbalame izi zilibe mdani mwachilengedwe. Amakhala zaka 20.
Girfalcon
Mbalameyi ndi falcon ndipo imawerengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwamtunduwu. Kulemera kwa akazi kumatha kufika 2 kg. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka kawiri. Ma gyrfalcons ndi a brownish odera onyansa oyera. Sakonda kuwuluka mlengalenga. Yambirani mwachangu, ndikuwuluka mapiko.
Mbalameyi ili ndi zofanana zambiri ndi ma peregrine falcons. Chochititsa chidwi ndi mchira, gyrfalcon ndi yayitali. Pakatikati, kumapeto kwa gyrfalcon yokhala ndi zolemba zambiri kumveka. Kudyetsa mbalame ndi zinyama ndi mbalame zazing'ono.
Njira zophera munthu woponderezedwa ndi nkhanza. Gyrfalcon imadula khosi lachiberekero kapena kuluma khosi lake. Makhalidwe osaka nyama a gyrfalcons akhala akuwakonda kwa nthawi yayitali ndi anthu, motero osaka ambiri amaweta mbalameyi ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yothandiza panthawi yosaka. Ophatikizidwa amakhala pafupifupi zaka 20.
Peregrine Falcon
Woyimira wina wa abodza ndi wokhala ku tundra. Zonama zili m'gulu la mbalame zomwe zimathamanga kwambiri padzikoli. Mbalame yokhayo yomwe falcon imatha kudzipereka ndikuuluka mothamanga.
Mbalame zokhala ndi mbee zimakonda kusaka njiwa, mbalame, abakha, zinyama.Kuchulukana kwa mbalamezi masiku ano kumadziwika kuti ndizosowa. Kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo kunayamba nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse itatha.
Mbalame zamphamvu, zogwira ntchito, zokhala ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Utoto wa nthenga za falcon umawongoleredwa ndi imvi ndi mikwaso yakuda. Nthenga zakuda zimawoneka bwino pamapikisano a mapiko.
Izi zimadyera mbalame zazing'ono zosiyanasiyana, agologolo, mileme, mahares, agologolo pansi, lemmings, ndi voles minda. Ma Falcons amatha kupezeka kuti ali ndi banja la zaka zana, amakhala zaka 100 kapena kupitirira.
Météo Tundra
Dera la tundra limafanana ndi dera la subarctic nyengo. Apa, kutentha kwa Januware kumatsika mpaka -40º, ndipo kutentha kocheperako kumakhala kotsikirako. Koma sizili choncho kulikonse. Mwachitsanzo, pagombe la Scandinavia peninsula, komwe kutentha kwa ku Norway kumadutsa, kutentha kwa Januware sikumangotsika pansi -20º. Koma nyengo yachisanu kudutsa tundra imakhala nthawi yayitali kwambiri.
Chilimwe pano chikufanana ndi nyengo yathu yophukira. M'mwezi wotentha kwambiri, matenthedwe samakonda kupitirira + 10º. Ngakhale mu Julayi, kutentha ndi matalala kumatha kuonedwa. Ndipo chilimwe chotere chimatha kuchokera kumphamvu mwezi umodzi ndi theka.
Chofunikira chachikulu cha nyengo ya tundra ndi chinyezi chambiri. Osati chifukwa choti pamakhala mpweya wambiri, koma chifukwa cha kutentha pang'ono ndipo, monga chotulukapo, madzi ochepa. Zotsatira zake, pali madambo ambiri ndi nyanja. Palinso mphepo zamphamvu, makamaka pagombe la Arctic Ocean.
M'nyengo yozizira, kupitilira pa Arctic Circle, dzuwa silipita patali masiku angapo motsatizana. M'chilimwe, nthawi ya polar imayamba. Ndipo kum'mwera dzuwa limawalira kwambiri kotero kuti mbandakucha wamadzulo limasinthidwa ndi m'mawa ndipo palibe mdima weniweni. Zodabwitsazi zimatchedwa "usiku woyera."
Zomera ndi maluwa a tundra
Zomera za tundra ndizachilendo kwambiri. Kummwera kwa dera lotentha, kuli mitengo yobiriwira: polow willow, birch. Ndikosavuta kuzilakwitsa ngati mitengo, chifukwa kukula kwa mitengo yake sikofika m'mimba mwake, ndipo kutalika kwake kumakhala kutalika kwa 20-30 cm.
Zomera zazikulu za tundra ndi mosses ndi lichens. Amazindikira maonekedwe a tundra. Pali chinyezi chokwanira kwa iwo, ndipo ndi odziletsa kutentha. Zowona, iwo amakula pang'onopang'ono.
Chomera chodziwika bwino cha tundra ndi reindeer moss, kapena dees moss, chomwe sichiri moss, koma lichen. Uku ndiye gwero la chakudya chodyanso, ndichifukwa chake lidatchuka.
Pali zitsamba zambiri mu tundra kuti nthawi yozizira pansi pa chipale chofewa popanda kuponyera masamba awo akuda owuma. Izi zimawathandiza kuti azitha kuyambitsa udzu utayamba kutuluka mu chisanu. Choyambirira, ndi cranberries, cranberries, blueberries ndi mtambo.
Mwa zitsamba za herbaceous amatchedwa sedge, udzu wa thonje ndi polar poppy. Kwa chilimwe chochepa cha Arctic, amatha kudutsa nyengo yonse yazomera.
Masamba pano nthawi zambiri amapanga mitundu yokwawa komanso yosanja ngati pilo. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito bwino kutentha kwamoto ndikuzisunga, mudziteteze ku mphepo zamphamvu zomwe zimaphwanya zimayambira.
Dziko la tundra silili ndi mitundu yambiri, koma ndilokwanira mokwanira. Ndi nyama ziti zomwe zimakhala mu tundra nthawi zonse? Anthu okhala komweko amakhala ku tundra kuphatikiza mbewe, mbewa, nkhandwe, mimbulu, ndi mbalame - kadzidzi komanso polala yoyera. Nyama zosowa kwambiri ndi ng'ombe yamchere.
Mbalame za Tundra
Zinyama za tundra zimayimiridwanso ndi mbalame. Chowoneka bwino kwambiri ndi bakha wamkulu wam'nyanja. Ndiwotchuka chifukwa cha kutentha kwake, komwe kumayika chisa ndikuphimba mazira. Imeneyi imayamwa kwambiri, motero imasonkhanitsidwa. Kuchokera ku chisa chimodzi, komwe anapiye adachokamo, mutha kupeza magalamu 15-20 a fluff weniweni.
Gaga sakhala kuuluka kukazizira, koma amayandama kutali ndi gombe - komwe nyanja sinakhale oundana.
Partridge ndi wokhala kwathunthu wa tundra. Dzinali limaonetsa kuti nthawi yozizira zipatso zake zimakhala zoyera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mbalameyo izioneka yosaoneka moyang'anizana ndi chisanu. Amadyetsa zakudya zam'mera, ndipo anapiyewa nawonso satetezeka.
Kadzidzi ya polar imagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri pa mandimu. Ndipo nthawi yotentha, zimakhala zowopsa kwa mbalame, chifukwa anapiye ake ndiwowonjezera pamadyedwe ake.
Waterfowl Chilimwe Paradiso
M'chilimwe, malo opanda tundra amakhala ndi madzi. Awa ndi madzi osungunuka a chipale chofewa, nyanja ndi madambo ambiri, ndi mitsinje. Chifukwa chake, nyama ya tundra imadzalanso ndi madzi ambiri. Amapeza algae ndi mphutsi zam'madzi, ndipo samakana tizilombo tokha.
Atsekwe, abakha, ma logi, oyenda panyanja, osambira - iyi si mndandanda wathunthu wa mbalame zomwe zimadyetsa ndi kugwirana kumpoto kwakutali. Ndipo m'dzinja amatenga anapiye awo kumwera, kumadera otentha.
Tundra Animal Welfare
Dziko lanyama ndi zomera za tundra ndizosalimba, chifukwa kubwezeretsedwa kwawo m'malo ovuta sizitengera zaka makumi, koma makumi. Chifukwa chake, amafunika kutetezedwa.
Buku Lofiyira la Russia limakhazikitsa cholinga chawo ngati chitetezo cha zomera ndi ziphuphu. Nyama za tundra zomwe zalembedwamo.
- Putorana snow ram,
- Chukchi chipale chofewa,
- chimbalangondo,
- tsekwe loyera
- tsitsi loyera,
- tsekwe loyera
- tsekwe yaying'ono
- atsekwe oyera
- Goose Goose,
- Black Pacific Goose,
- kanthu kakang'ono
- American Swan
- pinki
- Crane ya Siberia, kapena Korona Woyera.
Malo osungidwa adapangidwa kuti ateteze nyama zamtchire: Kandalaksha, Lapland, Taimyr ndi ena.
Beluga whale
Beluga whale - nthumwi yoyera ya banja la zinsomba (Monodontidae). Nyama iyi imasinthidwa bwino kukhala m'madzi ozizira chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapanga thupi komanso thupi. Pakati pawo - mtundu woyera ndi kusowa kwa dorsal fin. Nyanja ya Beluga imakhala ndi chipolopolo kutsogolo kwa mutu, momwe mumakhala gawo lalikulu komanso lopunduka la echolocation. Amuna amakula mpaka 5,5 metres kutalika ndi kulemera pafupifupi 1600 kg. Belugas amakhala ndi thupi lodzaza ndi makutu olimba.
Izi ndi nyama zachikhalidwe zomwe zimakhala m'magulu a anthu pafupifupi 10, koma nthawi yotentha amatha kusankhana m'magulu a ma belugas mazana kapena masauzande. Amasambira pang'onopang'ono, koma ndimatha kulowa pansi pa 700 metres. Zakudyazo zimatengera malo komanso nthawi yake. Belugas ndi nyama zosamukira ndipo magulu ambiri amakhala nthawi yozizira pafupi ndi Arctic cap, madzi oundana akasungunuka nthawi yotentha, amasamukira kumapiri otentha ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Magulu ena amangokhala osayenda mtunda wautali chaka chonse.
Elk ndi Reindeer
Elk ndi reindeer - oimira banja la agwape (Cervidae). Nyama zazimuna zimakhala ndi nyanga zokhala ndi nthambi, ndipo zolengedwa zam'mimba zimapezeka muzogonana zonse ziwiri. Mitundu yonseyi ndi yofalikira m'malo osiyanasiyana a nyengo, kuphatikizapo tundra. Amadya zamasamba (makungwa, masamba, udzu, masamba, mphukira, moss, bowa).
Chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka tsitsi komanso tsitsi lochindikala, komanso tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta mafuta onunkhira, matendawa amasinthidwa kuti azikhala nyengo yozizira ya tundra. Amatha kuyenda pa chipale chofewa ndikukweza miyendo yawo m'mwamba m'mene akuyenda. Mukasuntha, gwiritsani ntchito sitepe kapena chingwe (galloping ndikosowa kwambiri).
Chipale chofundira cha chipale chofewa choposa 70 cm, chimadutsa m'malo opanda chipale chofewa.
Hare wa Arctic
Arctic hare kapena polar hare, ndi mtundu wa mavu omwe amasinthidwa kuti azikhala munthawi ya mapiri ndi kumapiri. Ili ndi makutu ndi miyendo, mphuno yaying'ono, mafuta osungirako omwe amapanga 20% ya kulemera kwa thupi, komanso ubweya wosalala. Kuti asunge kutentha ndi kugona, ma haar a polar amakumba maenje pansi kapena pansi pa chipale chofewa. Amawoneka ngati akalulu, koma ali ndi khutu lalifupi, lalitali kwambiri, ndipo, mosiyana ndi akalulu, amatha kukhala mozama kwambiri. Amatha kuyenda ndi ma hares ena; nthawi zina amakhala m'magulu a anthu 10 kapena kuposerapo, koma nthawi zambiri amapezeka okha, kupatula nyengo yakuswana. Arctic hare imatha kuthamanga mpaka makilomita 60 pa ola limodzi.
Belyak ndi mmodzi mwa oimira wamkulu wa kalulu. Pa avareji, anthu amalemera kuyambira 2.2 mpaka 5.5 makilogalamu (ngakhale ali ndi maheya akulu mpaka 7 makilogalamu), ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi 43-70 cm, osawerengera mchira kutalika kwa 4.5-10 cm.
Azungu a ku Arctic amadya zamasamba, 95% yazakudya zawo zimakhala ndi msondodzi, zina zonse zimaphatikizapo moss, lichens, sedge, bark, algae. Nthawi zina amadya nyama ndi nsomba.
Chimbalangondo
Chimbalangondo cha polar kapena polar ndi chimodzi mwazinyama zazikulu kwambiri zapamtunda. Amuna amalemera makilogalamu 370-700, kutalika kufota kuchokera pa 240 mpaka 300 cm.achikazi ndi ocheperako amuna, ndi kulemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 160-320. Zikuwoneka kuti zimbalangondo zokhala ndi ma polar zimakhala ndi tsitsi loyera, komabe tsitsi lawo ndi lowonekera komanso khungu lawo ndi lakuda. Ubweya ndi khungu zimasinthidwa kuti zizitenga kuwala kwa dzuwa ndikusunga kutentha kwambiri kwa thupi. Monga nyama zina zambiri za ku Arctic ndi tundra, zimbalangondo zokhala ndi ma polar zimakhala ndi makutu amfupi, omwe amachepetsa kutentha.
Zimbalangondo za polar nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi ndi ayezi, kumene chakudya chomwe amakonda kwambiri. Zimbalangondo zimakhala ndi mabowo momwe zimagona ndi pomwe zazikazi zimabereka ana amuna. Zidyerazi sizilowa m'malo obisalamo, popeza ino ndi nthawi yosaka, komabe, anthu ena ndi azimayi oyembekezera, makamaka, amagona mozizira, momwe kugunda kwamtima kumachepa kwambiri.
Melville Island Wolf ndi Tundra Wolf
Akalulu aku Melville chilumba ndi tundra ndi gulu la nkhandwe imvi yomwe imakhala ku tundra. Chovala cha mimbulu ya tundra ndi chakuda kuposa polar. M'mabuku onse awiri, mawonekedwe a tsitsi ndiwotalika, owonda komanso ofewa. Tundra subspecies imapezeka kumtunda waukulu, pomwe mimbulu ya ku Arctic imakhala pachisanu, chifukwa imatha kudzipatula chifukwa cha nyama yomwe ingagwere, chifukwa cha chovala choyera. Mimbuluyi imasaka m'matumba a anthu 5-10. Mimbulu ya ku Arctic imadyera pa musk ng'ombe, caribou ndi ma arctic hares. Kuphatikiza apo, amadya mandimu, mbalame, ndi akatswiri. Mimbulu yaku Polar ndiyokulirapo pang'ono kuposa mimbulu ya tundra ndipo imakhala ndi makutu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amawalola kuti azitha kutenthedwanso.
Kapangidwe ka mawotchi, monga kupezeka kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono pakati pa zala, kumawathandiza kuti azitha kuyendayenda m'chipale chofewa. Amakhala ngati chala, kotero kuti kulemera kwa thupi kumakhala bwino. Zovala zowuma zimathandizira kukhala osasunthika pamalo oterera, ndipo dongosolo loyendetsa magazi limateteza miyendo ku hypothermia. Ubweya wa mimbuluyi umakhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo opangira, omwe amathandiza kupulumuka nyengo yovuta ya tundra.
Ermine
Ermine ndi wadyera pang'ono, woimira banja lofera. Kutalika kwa thupi, kukumbukira mutu ndi 16-31 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 90-445 gramu. Kuyerekeza zogonana kumatchulidwa, amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa akazi. Amakhala ndi thupi lalitali, loonda, lopindika, miyendo yochepa komanso mchira wautali. Mwa anthu omwe akukhala mu tundra, ubweya ndiwopepuka komanso wopepuka kuposa abale ochokera kumadera ena otentha.
Amakhala ndimaso abwino kwambiri, fungo ndi kumva, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posaka. Ermines ndiwowoneka bwino ndipo amakwera mitengo bwino. Komanso ndi osambira abwino kwambiri, amatha kudutsa mitsinje yayitali. Mu chisanu amasuntha pogwiritsa ntchito kudumpha pamiyendo yawo yakumbuyo mpaka 50 cm.
Awa ndi maphikidwe, chakudya chawo chimakhala ndi: akalulu, makoswe ang'ono (mwachitsanzo, mbewa zam'munda), mavu, mbalame, tizilombo, nsomba, repitili, amphibians ndi invertebrates. Chakudya chikasowa, amadya zovalazo (mitembo yakufa ya nyama).
Choyera choyera kapena polar
Kadzidzi ya polar ndi mbalame yoyera yoyera yochokera kubanja ladzidzi. Zolaula zoyera zimawathandiza kubisala m'malo ozizira. Amuna okha ndi oyera okhaokha, okhala ndi mawanga amtundu wachikazi ndi ana awo pamthupi ndi mapiko. Mtundu wa nthenga za abambo umakhala woyera ndi zaka. Zachikazi sizikhala zoyera konse, koma amuna okhwima nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera. Nthenga zawo ndi zazitali komanso zakuda (ngakhale zibowo zimakutidwa ndi nthenga), ndipo ndizoyenera nyengo yozizira.
Zoyenera zoyera ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu kwambiri za kadzidzi zomwe zimakhala ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi masentimita 71 ndi kulemera kwa 3 kg. Amakhala moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya kadzidzi, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zochuluka zawo zimagwa masana.
Zovala za polar ndizabwino, zimakhala ndi maso okongola komanso kumva, zomwe zimawalola kupeza nyama zobisidwa munthaka kapena pansi pa chipale chofewa. Amakonda nyama zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi maimimu, omwe amadya kwambiri. Kadzidzi wamkulu amadya mandimu opitilira 1,500 pachaka, ndipo amathandizira chakudyachi ndi nsomba, makoswe, akalulu ndi mbalame.
Kadzidzi yoyera imakonda kukhalabe pamalo ake ozizira kwa chaka chathunthu, koma monga mukudziwa, imatha kusuntha.
Grasshopper
Wakutchire ndi kachilombo komwe kamatha kudumpha, kuyenda ndikuuluka. Zitsamba zobera zimagawidwa pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansi, kuyambira malo otentha ndi zipululu mpaka tundra ndi mapiri a Alpine. Samakhala m'mabowo, koma amakonda kukhala pamizunda yotseguka. Mu tundra, amadya zowola zomwe azipeza. Grasshopper amadyanso tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tomwe timakhala m'dera loipali la dziko lapansi.
Udzudzu
Pali mitundu yopitilira 3,000 ya udzudzu womwe umapezeka kuzungulira padziko lapansi kupatula Antarctica. Pa gawo la tundra, mutha kupeza mitundu khumi ndi iwiri yamagazi awa, omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri nthawi yotentha.
M'madera ozizira, amakhala otakataka kwa milungu ingapo pachaka, chifukwa cha chitukuko cha ma thermokarst, madamu a mawonekedwe amadzi. Panthawi imeneyi, zimaswana zochuluka kwambiri ndipo zimadya magazi a nyama yokhazikika. Udzudzu umatha kulekerera kutentha ndi matalala.
Tundra nkhandwe
Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, mimbulu ya tundra yatsimikizira kupirira kwakukulu ndi moyo wawo. Sabata amatha kuchita popanda chakudya, kugonjetsedwa mpaka 20 km patsiku. Amatha kudya nyama zomwe zimadya mpaka makilogalamu 10-15 panthawi imodzi, limodzi ndi khungu, ubweya ndi mafupa.
Akasaka aku Universal akuyang'ana nyama mwa gulu lalikulu, pomwe magawo onse a omenya ndi owukira amapatsidwa. Kununkhira kwabwino, masomphenya ndi kumva zimawalola kusaka abakha, atsekwe, kuwononga zisa za mbalame, kugwira nkhandwe ndi maula.
Koma uku ndi nyama yaying'ono. Mimbulu imakondwera ngati itagunda nguluwe kapena munthu wofooka. Kusamala kwachilengedwe, kulimba mtima ndi kuchenjera kwake ndizodabwitsa: gululo limadutsa mumsewu wamatalala kudutsa njira, ngati nyama yokhayokha yomwe yatsala ikadutsa.
Zithunzi tundra wolf
Kalulu
Woimira wamkulu wa kalulu - kutalika kwa thupi kumafika pafupifupi masentimita makumi asanu ndi limodzi, omwe amapezeka mu tundra yaku Western Siberia. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi magawo ofupikitsa ndi makutu amafupia ndi ma tulo otambalala, komanso kusintha kowonekera kwambiri kutengera nthawi ya chaka.
Azungu ndi nyama zayekha zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala mdera linalake ndikuziteteza. Koma magulu osamukira panthaka nawonso amakhala achilengedwe.
Zomwe zimapangidwira ndizopatsa thanzi, komanso bowa ndi zipatso. Chifukwa chosowa mchere m'thupi, nthawi zambiri mumakhala zitseko zomwe mkandawo umakata ndi mafupa kapena nyanga zotayika za zitsamba zazikulu.
Punochka
Chipale chofewa kapena chipale chofewa chimakhala mbalame yaying'ono ya tundra, yosapitilira masentimita 16. Maonekedwe a akazi ndi amuna ndi osiyana, omaliza amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yosiyanasiyana, yomwe imasintha ndikayamba nyengo yachisanu. Ngakhale mulomo, m'malo mwakuda, umasanduka chikaso.
Zakudya za mbalamezi zimatanthauzanso nthawi ya chaka: nthawi yotentha zimakhala tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, nthawi yozizira - chimanga ndi mbewu.
Monga kadzidzi, chisa chamadimba pansi, pafupifupi pamakhala anapiye asanu mu ana amodzi.
Zowonadi, zophophonya za Tundra zosatha sizimangokhala kwa oimira pamwambapa. Komanso nyama zochokera ku Arctic Mzere wozizira ku Tundra, ndipo nyama zochokera kum'mwera zimayendayenda mchilimwe.
Ndipo mitundu ina mwina siyinapezeke ndi asayansi ..
Buluu (oyera) Arctic nkhandwe
Ubweya wokongola komanso wosanjikiza zambiri, mpaka 30 cm, umapulumutsa nyama ku frostbite. Maso amatulutsa utoto wapadera kuti uteteze ku khungu la chipale chofewa.
Mbawala za ku Arctic zimangoyendayenda pofunafuna chakudya. Amakopeka ndi malo awo obadwira munthawi yachakudya chokha. Kukhazikitsa dzenje lanu mu tundra ndi ntchito yovuta ya nyengo. Chifukwa chake, mibadwo yambiri ya mbawala zam'mapiri imagwiritsa ntchito zokumbira kumapiri ndi dothi lofewa.Amadyetsa chilichonse chomwe tundra imapereka: nsomba, zovunda, zotsalira za mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo.
Ankhandwe a ku Arctic amagwira m'magulu ndi kuthandizana. Samalani ana ngati makolo amwalira. Adani awo achilengedwe ndi kadzidzi wa polar, chiwombankhanga chagolide, mimbulu ndi zimbalangondo.
Buluu (oyera) Arctic nkhandwe
White Owl
Mbalameyi ndi ya anthu osatha a tundra. Ndiwokongola kwambiri: maula oyera ndi opepuka komanso osavuta kukhudza. Maso okongola achikasu okhala ndi masomphenya akuthwa nthawi zonse amayang'ana zodyedwa. Mbalameyo sakonda mitengo, imakhala pamiyala yayitali, m'mphepete, pazithunzi zowunikira ziphuphu.
Kuwonongeka kwa kadzidzi yoyera pakudya kokha zolaula. Zotsalazo zimapita kwa osaka mwayi pang'ono. Posoŵa chakudya, imatha kukhala ndi njala kwa nthawi yayitali. Owl nesting zimatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya. Kuchuluka kumakhudza ana akuluakulu. Opanda kanthu amasiya mbalame zopanda ana.
Ma Loons
Mbalame zakale kwambiri zomwe zidakhalapobe mpaka pano. Malo omwe amalonjeza amakhala ochepa, ndipo mbalame sizingafanane ndi kusintha. Amakumbukira madera awo kwazaka zambiri.
Moyo wawo umalumikizana ndi matupi amadzi; pamtunda amasuntha. Mlomo wosongoka, thupi lalitali ndi mapiko afupiafupi amasiyanitsa loon ndi abakha. Zosiyanasiyana nsomba chifukwa cha ngozi.
Loon Mbalame
Mwana Oatmeal
Osamukira. Imakhazikika m'nkhalangozi za tundra shrub, birch, yocheperako, yomwe imabisala mitengo. Kuzindikiridwa ndi zingwe zofiira ndi zomera zakuda m'mphepete mwa mutu. Kuimba kwa oatmeal ndikokwera komanso kofatsa. Masamba okongoletsa asintha pachaka. Amawulukira ku China kukazizira.
Mu chithunzi, mbalame ya oatmeal
Sterkh (crane yoyera)
Mbalame yayitali yokhala ndi mlomo wofiyira wautali komanso miyendo yayitali. Zisamba za Crane zitha kuwoneka m'malo otentha. Kuteteza mbalame ndi ntchito yovuta chifukwa chotsimikiza kwawo zinthu zina: malo am'madzi okhala ndi dothi losalala. Liwu la crane loyera ndilitali komanso lopatsa chidwi.
Peregrine Falcon
Falcon wamkulu amakonda malo otseguka, kotero m'malo otseguka a tundra ali ndi malo ochulukirapo okonzera nesting, mpaka 10 km kwa oyandikana nawo. Mbawala zamtchire sizisaka m'madera awo, mbalame zina zimakhala pansi pafupi nawo, zimapeza chitetezo kuchokera kwa mbalame zomwe zimadya, zomwe perecine falcons zimathamangitsa. Malingaliro okhathamiritsa a abodza amakhala moyo wonse.
Mbalame zimakhala ndi njira yawo yosaka. Amabisama kuti agwire nyama ndipo amagwira miyendo yawo. Kutsiriza ndi mulomo pokhapokha ngati pakufunika kutero. Amadyako nyama pamiyala, m'mphepete, pachitsa, koma osati pansi.
Peregrine falcon
Mbedza
Amakhala m'malo otsika a tundra, pomwe nyanja ndi ma puddles ambiri amadziunjikira. Amadyetsa tizilombo, anyani, mphutsi, ndi nyama zazing'ono. Monga zoseweretsa za mawotchi, kukula kwa mpheta, kosanjidwa mosalekeza ndi ma paws. Mosiyana ndi mbalame zina, sizimachita manyazi ndipo zimaloledwa kuyandikira kwambiri.
Kusamalira ana kudzera mwa makulitsidwe kupuma ndi kwamphongo. Pambuyo pakuikira mazira, mbalameyo imawuluka. Wamphongo, atakwaniritsa udindo wake monga kholo, amasiya tundra ndi gulu la abale. Kukula ntchentche zazing'ono m'malo awo ozizira pazokha.
Mbedza
Kamenushka
Imodzi mwa mbalame zomwe zimatha nthawi yozizira m'chipululu chopanda tundra. Bakha owala amasungidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, madzi osaya, mumtengo. M'chilimwe, amasamukira ku nesting pamitsinje yachangu ya phiri tundra.
Mbalame zazing'ono
Tundra Horned Lark
Pakati pa oyamba kuwuluka tundra. Chifukwa cha zojambula zoyambirira komanso nyanga ziwiri zakuda, kunyentchera ndikosavuta kuzindikira pakati pa mbalame. Kukula kwa mpheta yayikuluikulu. Amakonda kusambira. Yendani awiriawiri kapena ochepa. Zovuta mu tundra pamapiri. Kuyimba ndikosangalatsa komanso kaphokoso.
Tundra Horned Lark
Nyama zomwe zimakhala mu tundra, ambiri, koma mwa iwo mulibiretu zopanda pake. Koma kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyamwa magazi. Udzudzu wokha ndi mitundu 12.
Kuphatikiza pa iwo, nyama zimavutika ndi ma gadget, midges, ntchentche zakuda. Miyoyo ya zamoyo zonse zimadalirana, kukhalabe ndi gawo labwino modabwitsa chilengedwe cha tundra.