Kulamula abulu amtchire (lat. Equus asinus, banja la equidae) zinachitika kalekale kwambiri, zaka pafupifupi 6,000 zapitazo, ku Egypt ndi ku Ethiopia wakale. Mwa mitundu iwiri yomwe ilipo - kulan (lat. Equus hemionus) ndi bulu waku Africa (lat. Equus asinus) - anali womaliza amene adayamba kukhazikitsa njira zamakono abulu (lat. Equus asinus asinus) Bulu wamtchire waku Africa akuimiridwa mwachilengedwe ndi mitundu iwiri: bulu wa steppe (wogawidwa kuchokera kumapazi a kumtunda kwa mtsinje wa Nile kupita kugombe la Nyanja Yofiyira) ndi bulu waku Somaliya (malo omwe amapezeka ndi Somali Peninsula of Africa).

Kukhazikika kwa nyama izi sikusiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yazakudya, chifukwa chake abulu amadziwika chifukwa chosadya. Amadyetsa zitsamba za herbaceous, zitsamba, kuphatikizapo prickly, mitengo yopitilira, mizu. Zofunikira zawo zamadzi ndizochepa. Abulu amtchire amatha kugwiritsa ntchito madzi amchere komanso owawa, ndikupita kukathirira nthawi zina, masiku atatu aliwonse. Nthawi yokhala ndi moyo ya nyamayi imakhala pafupifupi zaka 25 - 35, nthawi zina obama omwe amakhala zaka zoposa 45 kapena kupitilira zimachitika.

Nyama zimalowa zaka zawo zobala zipatso zokhala ndi zaka zinayi kapena zisanu. Kukula kwa abulu, kutengera mtunduwo, kumasiyana kuchokera pa 0.9 m mpaka 1.63 m. Kutentha kwa thupi la nyama yathanzi kumakhala pa pafupifupi + 37 ° - 38 ° C, kugunda kwa mtima kumachitika kuyambira pa 45 mpaka 55 kumenyedwa pamphindi. Abulu achikazi amakhala ndi pakati pa miyezi 12 mpaka 14. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi nkhandwe imodzi, mwapadera, ziwiri. Makanda amadya mkaka kwa miyezi isanu ndi itatu mpaka isanu ndi inayi, ndipo kuyambira wazaka ziwiri pang'onopang'ono amayamba kuzolowera kugwira ntchito. Abulu amatenga matenda ofanana ndi mahatchi, koma samadwala. Vuto lawo silikhala labwino chifukwa nyengo yotentha, yozizira komanso yonyowa, chifukwa chake kulera abulu kumadera otere kumakhala kovuta kwambiri.

Kuthamanga kwa abulu amtchire kunachitika kale kwambiri kuposa akavalo. Izi ndi ziweto zoyambirira zomwe timadziwa. Anagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yokakamiza, pa ntchito yaulimi, kulembedwa ndi kunyamula nyama, mkaka, nyama, ndi zikopa zolimba. Pa nkhondo zakale za ku Sumeriya, abulu amamangiriridwa magaleta ankhondo, ndipo mfumu ya Perisiya Darius I adagwiritsa ntchito nyamazi, mpaka panthawiyo osadziwika kwa Asikuti ndikupangitsa mantha ndi kubangula kwawo, kuwopseza gulu lankhondo ndi akavalo. Mpaka pano, zithunzi zokhala ndi khomo za abulu zasungidwa m'manda a afara. Munali mothandizidwa ndi nyama zolimbazi ndi zolimba izi zomwe mapiramidi aku Egypt adakhazikitsidwa.

Abulu anali ofunika pakuwoloka mitunda yayitali, chifukwa chake anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito ngati nyama kunyamula katundu kumadera oyandikana nawo. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apadera, kuuma ndi kulimba kwa ziboda, abulu safuna kukhazikika, amasinthika poyenda pamiyala italiitali, kuthana ndi malo otsetsereka kumapiri ndipo amatha kuyenda molimba mtima limodzi ndi katundu m'mphepete mwa mapiri komanso owopsa. Koma ziboda izi sizoyenera kuthamanga mwachangu, motero kuthamanga kwa abulu kumakhala kotsika kwambiri kuposa kavalo. Abulu nawonso alibe kwambiri zotchingira madzi, chifukwa sadziwa kusambira.

Kulimba, kupirira, kusasamala, nzeru komanso kusamala abulu anathandizira kufalikira kwawo kumayiko a Middle East ndi Middle East, ndipo patapita nthawi pang'ono ku Caucasus ndi kumwera kwa Europe. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa nyamazi kumadera omwe kuli kotentha komanso kotentha, komwe kulibe msipu wabwino ndi madzi, zidakhala zabwino kwambiri kuposa mahatchi, chifukwa chake abulu anali ofunikira kwambiri pakupanga malo atsopano. Masiku ano chiwerengero cha abulu padziko lapansi chikufika pa 50 miliyoni.Nyama zambirimbiri ndizochulukirapo ku Africa, China, South America, India, Mexico, USA, ndi abulu abwino obereka amakulira ku Spain, France, USA. Kuphatikiza apo, zofala komanso zogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. nyuru (oloka pakati pa bulu ndi mare) ndi hinnie (mtanda pakati pa kavalo ndi bulu).

Abulu amalonjeza nyama zambiri pamafamu ang'onoang'ono. Amatha kuweta m'malo otentha komanso kotentha, komwe kumakhala kouma komanso kotentha. Ngakhale zipinda zing'onozing'ono zokhala ndi magetsi owerengeka komanso miyala yosagwirizana ndi miyala ndiyabwino kugwirizira abulu. Mkhalidwe waukulu ndikupatsa nyamayo kutentha ndi kuuma. Panthawi yozizira kwambiri, abulu amafunika kutetezedwa ndi kuzizira, mvula ndi mphepo, chifukwa chake nyengo yozizira imasinthidwa kupita kumalo otetezedwa (kothiridwa) popanda zojambula komanso ndi denga lodalirika. Zinyalala za udzu ndi udzu zidziteteza kuti zisakokoloke, ndipo nthawi yausiku buluyo amatha kuphimbidwa ndi zinthu zotenthetsera (burlap, udzu kapena rug rug, etc.). Pamtunda wochepera kuposa -15 ° C abulu amatha kutengedwa ngati akuyenda pang'ono.

Tanki yamadzi iyenera kukhala yodzaza nthawi zonse. Ndikofunika kuti isatayike - chinyezi chambiri m'chipindacho chimatha kuwononga ziboda za abulu. Ndikofunika kuti dengu la chakudya silinali pansi, koma m'malo mwake. Abulu amafunikira zakudya zakumunda zomwe zimakhala ndi fiber. Simungathe kuwaletsa ndi njere ndi chimanga, apo ayi amachedwa kulemera kwambiri.

Kusasamala kwa nyama muzakudya komanso m'malo obisalamo ndikofunikira kwambiri pakusankha pakati pa kavalo ndi bulu. Kuphatikiza apo, abulu amakhala olimba, amagwira ntchito molimbika komanso sakonda matenda. Amatha kunyamula katundu wambiri pamtunda wautali ngakhale kutentha kwambiri ndi malo opanda miyala. Abulu ndi anzeru kwambiri komanso othamangira msanga, sangathe kulangidwa kwambiri, koma kumvetsetsa ndi kuleza mtima nkoyenera. Ngati nyama yatopa, ndikofunikira kuti ipumule. Pakangopita nthawi yochepa, buluyo amapitiliza yekha kapena kumaliza ntchito yomwe yayamba.

Mukamasankha nyama yolera komanso kubereka, ndikofunikira kudziwa cholinga chofunikirachi. Abulu ndi ogwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito paulendo wonyamula katundu, ntchito kumunda, kupeza nyama zazing'ono, zokopa alendo, kubwereka. Chimodzi mwazinthu zawo zodabwitsa: abulu, ngati agalu, amatha kuyang'anira ndi kuteteza gulu kuti lisagwidwe ndi nyama zazing'ono.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapezedwa ndi abulu okula ndi mkaka wa bulu. Ngakhale mu ulamuliro wa Cleopatra, amadziwika kuti anali chida chabwino kwambiri chokongoletsera. Nthano ndi nthano zimasunga umboni wa kukongola kosayerekezeka kwa Mfumukazi ya ku Egypt, ndipo Cleopatra adatha kubwezeretsa unyamata ndikusunga kutsitsimuka kwa khungu lake mothandizidwa ndi osamba mkaka wa bulu. Zakumwa zochiritsa izi ndizothandiza kwambiri kwa ana, kuyambira kuyambira ukhanda, komanso akuluakulu. Sichotsika mkaka ku mkaka wa ng'ombe (60 kcal), yokhala ndi mavitamini A, B, C, E, zovuta zamafuta a polyunsaturated mafuta acids (omega-3 ndi omega-6), antibacterial zinthu (kuphatikizapo lysozyme), mchere.

Katswiri wakale wachi Greek komanso mchiritsi Hippocrates adagwiritsa ntchito mkaka wa bulu ngati njira yothandizira matenda opatsirana, kuledzera komanso pochizira chiwindi. Masiku ano, mitundu yogwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa imapezeka palonse. Bulu watsopano mkaka umalimbikitsidwa chifukwa cha kutukusira kwa kupumira kwam'mapapo ndi mapapu, chifukwa cha mafupa, matenda am'mimba (kuphatikizapo zochizira zilonda zam'mimba), chifuwa ndi khansa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kunja ngati vuto la khungu. Iwo alibe alibe contraindication, kupatula milandu ya munthu tsankho kwa mankhwala. Masiku ano, m'maiko ena a ku Europe (mwachitsanzo, France) abulu amaleredwa pamafamu apadera a abulu makamaka kuti apeze mkaka wamankhwala.Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga tchizi chabwino kwambiri.

Nyama ya bulu imakhalanso yamtengo wapatali monga chopatsa thanzi komanso chopatsa thanzi. Ndizolimba komanso zowonda, zimakonda ngati nyama ya kavalo, koma lokoma kwambiri. Kupita kukapanga masoseji. Khungu la abulu limadziwika ndi kulimba kwambiri komanso kulimba. M'masiku akale, ankagwiritsa ntchito kupanga zikopa. Masiku ano, zopangidwa ndi zikopa za zikopa za bulu ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ndipo ku China, gelatin yochotsedwa ku zikopa za bulu imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku cosmetology ndi mankhwala achikhalidwe.

Ngakhale masiku ano, ndikupanga nanotekinoloje komanso kubwera kwa maloboti, chidwi mwa nyama zodabwitsazi sichinathe. Abulu amapitilizabe kutumikila munthu, kumuthandiza mbali zambili za moyo wake. Ku Central Asia, Kazakhstan, Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, Africa ndi Australia, madera akumwera kwa USA ndi Europe, abulu akadamangidwapo nyama pa zachuma (m'minda ya mpesa, minda ya fodya ndi tiyi, m'minda ya zipatso ndi zina.) .

Chiwerengero cha abulu okwanira pafupifupi mazana atatu, koma ambiri mwa iwo ndi osiyana. Ntchito yamitundu yomwe idachitika ku USA m'zaka za zana la 19 idapangitsa kuti zitheke kwambiri - abulu aakaziKufikira patali kufota (kwa amuna) a masentimita 160 - 170. Yachiwiri, mtundu wosakonda wotchuka wa bulu udabadwa ku Spain wakale ndipo adatchedwa dzina Chikatalani. Nyama izi ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa abulu anyama zazitali kukula kwake (kutalika kwake kumakhala 140 - 150 cm), koma ali ndi mbiri chifukwa chokhala achangu kwambiri, chifukwa chake oimira aberekawa nthawi zambiri amatenga nawo mbali pa mpikisano wa abulu. Mwina mtundu wakale kwambiri wa abulu obadwa kum'mwera kwa France ndi Zovuta. Abulu a Poitou amasiyanitsidwa ndi tsitsi lalitali, lopindika m'mizere, ndipo amakula ngati nyama zokongoletsera. Abulu ang'ono kwambiri (mpaka 62 - 90 cm kufota) adaweta ku Italy zaka pafupifupi 100 zapitazo ndipo ndi a mtundu wocheperako wa Mediterranean. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama zapakhomo za ana, okalamba kapena olumala.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Abulu amakhudzana ndi equine. Makolo awo adawonekera koyambirira kwa Paleogene: ndi ma barilambds ndipo amawoneka ngati ma dinosaurs kuposa abulu ndi mahatchi - nyama yanenepa wopitilira mamitala awiri, inali ndi mwendo wamfupi-wamiyendo isanu, yomwe komabe inkawoneka pang'ono ngati chobowera. Eogippus adachokera kwa iwo - nyama zomwe zimakhala m'nkhalango kukula kwa galu wocheperako, kuchuluka kwa zala zawo mkati kumachepera mpaka anayi kumiyendo yakutsogolo ndi atatu miyendo yakutsogolo. Amakhala ku North America, ndipo kunawoneka mesogippus - anali ndi kale zala zitatu kumiyendo yonse. Malinga ndi zizindikiro zina, nawonso ali pafupi pang'ono ndi kufanana kwamakono.

Kanema: Bulu

Nthawi yonseyi, chisinthiko sichinachedwe, ndipo kusintha kwakukulu kunachitika ku Miocene, pomwe zinthu zinasintha ndipo makolo a equine adasinthira kuti adye masamba owuma. Kenako panaoneka merigippus - nyamayi ndi yayitali kwambiri kuposa makolo oyandikira, pafupifupi 100-120 cm.Yalinso ndi zala zitatu, koma inkangodalira imodzi yokha - ziboda zimawoneka, ndipo mano ake anasintha. Kenako kunabwera pliogippus - nyama yoyamba kuchita zakutizakuti. Chifukwa cha kusintha kwa malo okhala, pamapeto pake adasamukira kunkhalango kupita kumalo otseguka, adakula, adasinthika ndikukhala nthawi yayitali komanso yayitali.

Olima yamakono adayamba kuisintha zaka 4.5 miliyoni zapitazo. Oimira oyambilira amtunduwo anali ndi mimutu ndipo anali ndi mutu wamfupi, ngati bulu. Kukula kwawo kunali kofanana ndi mahatchi. Malongosoledwe asayansi abulu adapangidwa ndi Karl Linnaeus mu 1758, adalandira dzina loti Equus asinus. Ali ndi magulu awiri: Asomaliya ndi Nubian - oyamba amakula komanso amdima. Amakhulupilira kuti abulu ogonjetsedwa adachokera kukudutsana ndi oimira awa.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi bulu amawoneka bwanji?

Kapangidwe ka bulu wamtchire ndi ofanana ndi kavalo. Pokhapokha pokhapokha - 100-150 masentimita, ali ndi ma vertebrae asanu osafunikira m'malo asanu ndi mmodzi, mutu wake umakulirapo, ndipo kutentha kwake kwa thupi kumachepa pang'ono. Chovala cha bulu nthawi zambiri chimakhala chofiirira chakuda. Nthawi zambiri, anthu amtundu woyera amapezeka. Chizindikiro chake ndichopepuka kuposa thupi, monganso m'mimba. Pa nsonga ya mchira ndi burashi. Mng'aluwo ndi waufupi ndipo amayima molunjika, mphonje imakhala yaying'ono, ndipo makutu ndi yayitali. Pali mikwingwirima nthawi zonse pamiyendo - pamaziko awa, bulu wamtchire amatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi oweta; omaliza satero.

Ziboda za abulu ndizofunikira: mawonekedwe ake ndiabwino poyenda pamadutsa oyenda, mosiyana ndi oyenera, chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito popyola mapiri. Koma kulumpha mwachangu komanso kwanthawi yayitali, ziboda zoterezi zimakhala zoyipa kwambiri kuposa mahatchi, ngakhale abulu amatha kuthamanga mofananikira m'malo afupiafupi. Zomwe zimachokera kudera louma limadzipangitsa kumverera ngati nyama zapakhomo: nyengo yanyontho ndi yovuta ku ziboda, ming'alu nthawi zambiri imakhalapo, ndipo chifukwa cha kuyambitsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuvunda kumachitika ndipo ziboda zimayamba kupweteka. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuyang'anira iwo nthawi zonse.

Chosangalatsa: Ku Egypt kale, kuchuluka kwa abulu munthu amayeza chuma chake. Ena anali ndi zolinga chikwi! Zinali abulu zomwe zidapereka mphamvu yayikulu pakuchita malonda chifukwa chakutha kunyamula katundu wolemera pamtunda wautali.

Kodi bulu amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Bulu Wamtchire

Nyengo zathu zisanafike, zomwe zidalipo kale, abulu wamtchire amakhala pafupifupi kumpoto kwa Africa ndi Middle East, koma atasinthidwa mitundu yawo idayamba kuchepa. Izi zidachitika chifukwa cha zinthu zingapo: kusungidwa kosalekeza, kusakanikirana kwa nyama zamtchire ndi nyama zapakhomo, kukunjikana kuchokera kumadera azigogo chifukwa cha chitukuko cha anthu.

Pofika masiku ano, abulu amtchire amangokhala m'malo osafikika kwambiri okhala otentha komanso kotentha. Nyamazi amazisintha bwino kuti zizigwirizana, ndipo malowa ndi ochepa, zomwe zimaloleza abulu kuti akhale ndi moyo. Ngakhale kutsika kwa ziwerengero zawo ndi kuchepa kwamtunduwo kudapitilira, ndipo sikunayime ngakhale m'zaka za zana la 21, zikuchitika kale pang'onopang'ono kwambiri kuposa kale.

Pofika chaka cha 2019, malo awo akuphatikiza madera omwe ali:

Zikuyenera kutsimikiziridwa: abulu samapezeka kudera lonse la maiko amenewa, komanso alibe gawo lalikulu, koma kumadera akutali a malo ochepa. Pali umboni kuti chiwerengero chachikulu cha abulu aku Somalia, omwe adachepetsedwa kwambiri, pamapeto pake adachotsedwa pankhondo yachiweniweni mdziko muno. Ofufuzawo sanatsimikizirebe ngati zili choncho.

Ndi maiko ena omwe atchulidwa, zinthu sizili bwino kwambiri: alipo abulu ochepa kuthengo, kotero kusiyanasiyana kwa majini kumawonjezeredwa pamavuto omwe adapangitsa kuti ziwerengero zawo zichepetse kale. Chokha chokha ndi Eritrea, yomwe idakalipo ndi abulu amtchire. Chifukwa chake, molingana ndi zonena za asayansi, m'zaka makumi zikubwerazi, mawonekedwe awo ndi chikhalidwe chawo zidzachepetsedwa ku Eritrea kokha.

Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kusiyanitsa kuchokera ku abulu olusa abulu: kale ankaweta ndikusintha nyama, kenako nkukhala osasamalidwa ndikuzika mizu kuthengo. Pali ambiri a iwo mdziko lapansi: amadziwika ku Europe, Asia, ndi North America. Ku Australia, achulukana kwambiri, ndipo alipo pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni a iwo - koma sadzakhalabe abulu enieni obwerera.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe bulu wamtchire amakhala. Tiwone zomwe amadya.

Kodi bulu amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Bulu Wanyama

Pazakudya, nyama izi ndizochulukirapo kuposa china chilichonse. Bulu wamtchire amadya pafupifupi chilichonse chomera chomwe chimangopezeka m'dera lomwe akukhalamo.

Chakudyacho chimaphatikizapo:

• udzu,
• masamba a shrub
• Nthambi ndi masamba,
• ngakhale pricly acacia.

Muyenera kudya pafupifupi masamba aliwonse omwe mungathe kupeza, chifukwa alibe chisankho. Nthawi zambiri amayenera kuyang'ana kwa nthawi yayitali m'malo ovutikako omwe amakhala: zipululu ndi malo ouma, pomwe timabowo tosakhazikika timapezeka makilomita angapo. Mafuta onse ndi mitsinje ya mitsinje imakhala anthu, ndipo abulu amtchire amawopa kubwera pafupi ndi malo. Zotsatira zake, amayenera kuzungulira zakudya zopanda zakudya zokhala ndi michere yambiri, ndipo nthawi zina samadya kwa nthawi yayitali - ndipo amatha kulekerera ndi kukana.

Bulu limatha kufa ndi njala masiku ambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo silitaya mphamvu - kukakamizidwa kubadwa kumachepera, komanso kwachilengedwe, m'njira zambiri zimayamikiridwa chifukwa chake. Amathanso kuchita popanda kukhala ndi madzi kwa nthawi yayitali - amangofunika kuledzera masiku atatu onse. Nyama zina zakutchire ku Africa, monga ma anelopes kapena mbidzi, ngakhale zimakhala m'madambo, zimayenera kuledzera tsiku lililonse. Nthawi yomweyo, abulu amatha kumwa madzi owawa pamadzi am'chipululu - ambiri osapembedza sangathe izi.

Chosangalatsa: Chinyama chimatha kutaya gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a chinyezi chake mthupi ndipo osafooka. Nditapeza gwero, ndikumwa, nthawi yomweyo limangowerengera ndipo silimva zotsalazo.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: chachikazi cha Bulu

Nthawi yochitira zinthu imalamulidwa mwachilengedwe - pakakhala kutentha masana, chifukwa chake abulu amtchire amapuma, ndikupeza malo mumthunzi ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, kuzizirala. Amachoka pogona ndikuyamba kufunafuna chakudya chamadzulo, akuchita izi usiku wonse. Ngati sizinali zotheka kudya, amatha kupitiriza ndi kutuluka kwa m'bandakucha. Mulimonsemo, izi sizikhala motalikirapo: posachedwa pamatentha, ndipo amayenerabe kufunafuna pobisalira kuti asatayike chinyontho chambiri chifukwa cha dzuwa lotentha.

Bulu limatha zonsezi pokhapokha ngati gawo la ng'ombe. Nthawi zambiri, akuyenda usiku pambuyo popita njira imodzi, abulu amtchire amayenda mtunda wautali. Amachita izi pofunafuna malo ochulukirapo okhala malo, koma chitukuko chimachepetsa maulendo awo: atapunthwa m'malo opangidwa ndi anthu, amabwerera kumayiko awo. Nthawi yomweyo amasuntha pang'onopang'ono kuti asatenthe kwambiri komanso kuti asawononge mphamvu zambiri.

Kufunika kopulumutsa mphamvu kuli kwakuya m'maganizo awo mwakuti ngakhale mbadwa za nyama zokhala ndi nthawi yayitali zimayenda mosangalatsa, ndipo ndizovuta kulimbikitsa bulu kuti liwonjezere liwiro, ngakhale litakhala ndi chakudya komanso kuthiriridwa bwino nyengo yofunda. Ali ndi maso komanso makutu abwino, m'mbuyomu anali ofunika kulimbana ndi zilombo: abulu amawazindikira osaka kutali ndipo amatha kuwathawa. Nthawi zochepa chabe zomwe adabwera atayamba kuthamanga - mpaka 70 km / h.

Pakalipano palibe nyama zomwe zodya zilombo kuposa izi, koma akhala osamala kwambiri. Anthu okhala okha ndi malo amodzi: bulu aliyense amakhala m'dera lalikulu ma kilomita 8-10 ndikuwona malire ake ndi ndowe. Koma ngakhale wachibale ataphwanya malamulowa, nthawi zambiri mwiniwakeyo samawonetsa ukali - mulimonse, mpaka wotsutsa asankhe kukwatirana ndi mkazi wake.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Awiri abulu

Abulu amtchire amakhala mosiyanasiyana ndipo gulu la anthu angapo. Nyama zokhazokha nthawi zambiri zimasonkhana m'magulu pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Nthawi zonse pamakhala mtsogoleri pagulu - wamkulu komanso wamphamvu, bulu wa zaka zapakati. Ndi iye, nthawi zambiri pamakhala akazi ambiri - pakhoza kukhala pafupifupi angapo, ndi nyama zazing'ono. Zazikazi zimatha kutha msinkhu pofika zaka zitatu, ndipo amuna azaka zinayi. Amatha kukwatirana nthawi iliyonse pachaka, koma nthawi zambiri amachita izi mchaka. Pakukhwima, amuna amakhala okwiya, anthu osakwatira ("othandizira") amatha kuukira atsogoleri amaweta m'malo mwaiwo - pokhapokha atha kukwatirana ndi gulu la akazi.

Koma ndewu sizankhanza kwambiri: m'ndondomeko yawo, otsutsa nthawi zambiri samalandira mabala ophedwa, ndipo otayika amadzikhalira kuti akakhale ndi moyo yekhayekha ndikuyesera mwayi wake nthawi yotsatira akadzakula. Mimba imatenga nthawi yoposa chaka, pambuyo pake mwana mmodzi kapena awiri abadwa. Amayi amadyetsa ana a bulu amkaka kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, kenako amayamba kudya okha. Ng'ombe imatha kukhalabe mpaka unyamata ikafika, kenako amphwayi amasiya - kuti akhale ndi yawo kapena kuti ayendeyende payekha.

Chosangalatsa: Ichi ndi nyama yokweza kwambiri, kulira kwake panthawi yakukhwima kumatha kumveka kuchokera patali mtunda wopitilira 3 km.

Adani achilengedwe abulu

Chithunzi: Kodi bulu amawoneka bwanji?

M'mbuyomu, abulu ankasakidwa ndi mikango ndi amphaka ena akuluakulu. Komabe, kudera lomwe akukhala, mikango kapena nyama zina zazikuluzikulu sizipezeka. Malo awa ndi osauka kwambiri, chifukwa cha izi, amakhala m'midzi yopanga pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, mwachilengedwe, buluyo ali ndi adani ochepa. Ndizosowa, koma ndikuthanso kukumana ndi abulu amtchire ndi nyama zolusa: amatha kuzindikira kapena kumva mdaniyo patali kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zonse amakhala atcheru, chifukwa zimavuta kuwadabwitsa. Pozindikira kuti akumusaka, bulu wamtchire amathawa mwachangu, motero ngakhale mikango zimavutika kupitilizana naye.

Koma kwa nthawi yayitali sangathe kuthamanga, chifukwa chake, ngati kulibe malo okhala, amayenera kukumana ndi adani. Zikakhala zoterezi, abulu amalimbana kwambiri ndipo amatha kupweteketsa owononga. Ngati nyama yolusa ikuyang'ana pagulu lonse, ndiye kuti nkosavuta kwa iye kupeza zazing'ono zochulukirapo, koma nyama zazikulu zimayesetsa kuteteza gulu lawo. Mdani wamkulu wa abulu wamtchire ndi munthu. Zinali chifukwa cha anthu kuti kuchuluka kwawo kunachepetsedwa. Zomwe zidachitika sizinali kungolowa malo ochulukirapo komanso ogontha, komanso kusaka: nyama za abulu ndizovomerezeka, kuwonjezera apo, anthu aku Africa akuwona kuti kuchira.

Chosangalatsa: Kuchita chibwibwi kumaonedwa ngati kusowa kwa abulu, koma makamaka chifukwa chakhalidwe lawo ndikuti ngakhale anthu wamba ali ndi lingaliro lodzisungira - losiyana ndi akavalo. Chifukwa bulu sangayendetsedwe kuti aphedwe, akumva bwino komwe kuli mphamvu yake. Chifukwa chake bulu wotopayo waima kuti apumule, ndipo sadzatuluka m'malo mwake.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Bulu Wakuda

Mitundu yakhala ikuwonekera m'Bukhu Lakale ngati ili pafupi kutha, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kwachepa. Pali kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana: malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa chiyembekezo, abulu amtchire amatha kupitirira 500 pazonse zomwe amakhala. Asayansi ena amati kuchuluka kwa anthu 200 kulondola kwambiri. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwachiwiri, anthu onse kupatula Eritrean adamwalira, ndipo abulu olusa, omwe nthawi zina amawonedwa ku Ethiopia, Sudan, ndi zina zambiri, sakhala olusa kwa nthawi yayitali, koma ma hybrids awo ndi obera.

Choyamba, kuchepa kwa anthu kudayamba chifukwa choti anthu amakhala m'malo onse othirira komanso malo odyetserako ziweto m'malo omwe abulu amakhala. Ngakhale abulu amasinthidwa kuzolowera kwambiri, ndizovuta kwambiri kukhala m'madera omwe akukhala, ndipo sanathe kudyetsa unyinji wa nyama izi. Vuto lina pakusunga nyamazo: abulu ochulukirapo.

Amakhala pafupi ndi mtundu wamtchire weniweni, ndipo wophatikizana ndi iwo, chifukwa chomwe mitunduyo imasiyidwa - mbadwa zawo sizingatchulidwenso ngati abulu amtchire. Kuyesera kuti achulukane m'chipululu cha Israeli - kufikira tsopano zakhala zikuchita bwino, nyama zakhala zikulowamo. Pali mwayi woti anthu awo ayamba kukula, makamaka popeza gawo ili ndi gawo lawo mbiri.

Woyang'anira bulu

Chithunzi: Bulu kuchokera ku Buku Lofiira

Monga mtundu wolembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, bulu wamtchire ayenera kutetezedwa ndi maulamuliro a mayiko omwe akukhalamo. Koma anali wopanda chidwi: M'mayiko ambiriwa saganiza zoteteza nyama zachilengedwe.Ndi njira ziti zachitetezo zomwe zingakhalire mdziko ngati la Somalia, komwe kwazaka zambiri malamulo sakhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito?

M'mbuyomu, anthu ambiri ankakhala komweko, koma adatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa chifukwa chosowa njira zoteteza. Zomwezi sizosiyana kwenikweni m'maiko oyandikana: palibe malo otetezedwa omwe amapangidwira malo okhala abulu, ndipo amatha kusaka. Amatetezedwa ku Israeli kokha, komwe adakhazikika m'malo osungirako nyama, komanso malo osungira nyama. Abulu amtchire adaberekedwako kuti asunge mitundu - amaswana bwino muukapolo.

Chosangalatsa: Ku Africa, nyama izi zimaphunzitsidwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mozembetsa. Amadzaza katundu ndipo amaloledwa kudutsa mumapiri osawoneka bwino kupita kudziko loyandikana. Katundu wawo eni ake soletsedwa, nthawi zambiri amangotsika mtengo kuposa anzawo, ndipo amawanyamula mosavomerezeka kuti apewe ntchito podutsa malire.

Buluyo imangotsatira mseu wokhazikika ndikupereka katunduyo pakafunika. Komanso, amathanso kuphunzitsidwa kubisalira oyang'anira malire. Ngati atamugwira, palibe choti angatenge nyama - osadzala. Wosuta adzawutaya, koma akhale ochepa.

Abulu - nyama zanzeru kwambiri komanso zothandiza. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti ngakhale mu zaka zamayendedwe a magalimoto anthu amapitilirabe - makamaka m'maiko amapiri, momwe nthawi zambiri sizingatheke kuyendetsa galimoto, koma ndikosavuta kukwera bulu. Koma pali abulu amtchire ochepera kwambiri mwachilengedwe kotero kuti amawopsezedwa kuti atha.

Zina zambiri

Nthawi yodyetsa ana abulu am'nyumba nthawi zambiri imachitika nthawi ya masika komanso koyambirira kwa chilimwe, koma ilibe nthawi yodziwika bwino. Nthawi zambiri m'modzi amabadwa, nthawi zambiri amakhala ana awiri. Mimba imadziwika kuti imakhala yachilendo, kuyambira masiku 360 mpaka 390. Thumba limadya mkaka kwa miyezi isanu ndi itatu, ndipo limayamba kulawa udzu patatha milungu iwiri chibadwire.

Kukwaniritsidwa kwathunthu pofika zaka ziwiri. Pazaka ziwiri zokha, abulu amazolowera pang'ono pang'ono kugwira ntchito, kale ali ndi zaka zitatu abulu sangathe kugwira ntchito molimbika. Kugwiritsa ntchito bulu pansi pa paketi kumatha kuyambitsa msana nyama.

Zaka za moyo ndi zaka 25- 35. Osowa kwambiri ndi abodza omwe amakhala zaka 45-47.

Kutengera ndi mtundu, abulu amatha kutalika masentimita 90-163, kutalika kwa abulu olimba amatha kusiyanasiyana kukula kwa ma pony mpaka kukula kwa kavalo wabwino. Akulukulu ndikuyimira gulu la Poitus (140-155 cm) ndi Catalan (135-163 cm). Kulemera kwa nyama zachikulire kumachokera ku 200 mpaka 400 kg. Utoto wa abulu umatengera mtundu.

Bulu lili ndi ma pirosomes 31. Pulse - 45-55 kumenyedwa pamphindi. Mlingo wa kupuma - magawo a kupuma kwa mphindi imodzi. Kutentha kwa thupi - 37.5-38.5 ° С. Abulu ali ndi ma vertebrae asanu okha (hatchi imakhala ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi).

Buluyo limakhala ndi mchira ndipo limakhala kumapeto, ngati ng'ombe.

Buluyo amasiyana ndi abale ake akuluakulu chifukwa amangolekerera kusapezeka kwa chakudya ndi madzi mosavuta. Amadyanso udzu ndi msuzi wa udzu. Nyama izi sizilekerera kuzizira ndipo nthawi yachisanu imafunikira zipinda zouma.

Bulu, malo ake ndi mawonekedwe ake

Bulu ndi nyama yaying'ono . Ndi ya mtundu wa akavalo. Koma ali ndi kusiyana kuchokera kwa iwo - awa ndi mutu wake waukulu ndi makutu aatali.

Abulu amatha kukhala osiyana mitundu: imvi, bulauni, yakuda, yoyera. Pali mitundu yopitilira khumi ya abulu aakazi omwe adabereka poberekanitsa ndi nyama zina zofananira.

Mitundu ya abulu kapena abulu:

Bulu ndi bulu . Adawoneka kalekale wothandizira ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito pantchito zaulimi.

Akatswiri ambiri amati abulu kapena abulu amapezeka kale kwambiri kuposa mahatchi apakhomo. Adagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ku Egypt ndi mayiko ena a ku Africa.

Abulu amtchire ali ndi mawonekedwe okongola ndipo amakhala m'matanthwe. Gulu lililonse lili ndi zolinga zoposa chikwi.Abulu amakhala m'mayiko ouma, chifukwa ziboda zawo amazolowera nyengo yotentha komanso misewu yowuma. Ndipo nthaka yonyowa ndi yonyansa ndiyoponderezedwa iwo, chifukwa ziboda zawo zimayamba kusweka ndipo kutupa kumachitika.

Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Kuyembekezera Moyo

Bulu amafunikira chisamaliro chofanana ndi kavalo . Koma amadya zochepa kuposa kavalo, ndipo saumirira pa ukhondo. Itha kudyetsedwa ndi udzu, udzu, barele, tirigu, oats komanso ngakhale minga. Ndiye kuti, zomwe zilimo sizifunikira kuwononga nthawi yambiri.

Abulu omwe amakhala kuthengo amadya masamba: udzu, masamba. Popeza amakhala kumayiko okhala ndi nyengo yovuta, amatha kukhala opanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Ndikayamba masika, abulu amayamba nyengo yakukhwima. Bulu limabereka mwana wamwamuna mmodzi yekhayo ndipo limadyetsa mkaka wake kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kubala kwa nyamayi kumatenga miyezi 12 kapena 14. Mwana akangobadwa, mwana amatha kuimirira miyendo yake yofooka komanso yopyapyala. Pakatha miyezi khumi mpaka khumi ndi iwiri, amayamba kudziimira payekha.

Kodi pali abulu angati? Kutalika kwa moyo wa abulu am'nyumba sikupitirira zaka makumi atatu ndi zisanu, ndipo ngakhale izi ndi chisamaliro chabwino. Abulu amtchire sakhala zochepa. Chiyembekezo cha moyo wawo ndi kuyambira zaka khumi mpaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu.

Pakadali pano, pali abulu ochepa kwambiri omwe atsala. Pankhaniyi, adalembedwa mu Red Book. Ndipo kukulitsa chiwerengero cha abulu, adayamba kuwerengera malo osungiramo ana ndi malo osungira nyama.

Ndiye tazindikira momwe bulu amasiyanirana ndi buluyo. Ndipo iwo anazindikira kuti bulu kuchokera kwa bulu sichimodzimodzi kupatula malo okhala. Buluyo amakhala kuthengo komwe kumakhala nyengo yotentha. Koma bulu ndiye bulu yemweyo, koma woweta, yemwe amakhala pafupi ndi anthu ndikuwathandiza pa ulimi. Ndipo pobweza amalandila chakudya ndi chisamaliro.

Sikuti aliyense angathe kudziwa kuti kusiyana pakati pa bulu ndi bulu ndi chiyani. Ndipo ngakhale mutafunsa funso lotere, zimatenga nthawi munthu, koma ochepa okha ndi omwe angapereke yankho lenileni kwa iwo. Mwina pankhaniyi tikulankhula za nyama yomweyo, ili ndi mayina awiri okha.

Funso ili limandithandizanso kudabwitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chilankhulo cha Chirasha. Ili ndi mawu osiyanasiyana ndi ziganizo zingapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kufotokoza lingaliro limodzi. Komabe pali zochitika zina zikakhala zolakwika komanso zolakwika kugwiritsa ntchito mawu osinthika . Chifukwa apo ayi tanthauzo la zomwe zidanenedwazo zidzasinthiratu. Chifukwa chake, musanalankhule za china chake, muyenera kudziwa pamlingo woyenera kuchita. Malinga ndi ambiri, bulu ndi bulu amodzi ndi nyama imodzi. Koma kodi izi ndi zowona?

Ndalama zingati?

Ngati, mutatha kuwerenga lembali, muli ndi chidwi chokhala ndi bulu kapena bulu - tsopano mukudziwa kuti iyi ndi nyama yomweyo - ndiye funso loyamba lomwe lingakusangalatseni ndi funso la mtengo. Sichingayankhidwe mopanda chidwi, popeza mtengo umadalira chigawo. Koma, pafupifupi, mtengo wa bulu umachokera ku ruble wa ku Russia okwana 15,000.

Kutengera

Kubadwa kwa bulu kunachitika kale kwambiri kuposa zomwe zinachitikira kavalo. Abulu anali nyama zoyambirira zomwe munthu wakale amagwiritsa ntchito kunyamula katundu. Pafupifupi kuzungulira XL century BC. e. ku Delta ya Nile, abulu achi Nubian omwe adadziwika kuti kwawo adasungidwa. Ku Mesopotamia, abulu amtchire adaletsedwa pambuyo pake. Kale, abulu amabwera ku Europe. Amadziwika kuti abulu ochokera ku Asia adachokera ku Atruscans. Abulu adabwera ku Greece pafupifupi 1000 BC. e.

Abulu poyamba anali ogwiritsidwa ntchito pamahatchi. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyo, kutchulidwa kwa abulu azikhalidwe zakale kwatsala pang'ono kutha. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa bulu kunakhala kochepa kukweza katundu.Potere, buluyo umakhala ndi mwayi kuposa kavalo, popeza ndi wolimba kwambiri ndipo umatha kuchita popanda madzi ndi chakudya nthawi yayitali. Kulemera kwa mapaketi kumatha kufika mpaka magawo awiri mwa atatu a kulemera kwamoyo kwa nyama, ndipo mwapadera amatha kupitirira. Ndi chizolowezi chatsiku ndi tsiku, bulu amatha kugwira ntchito kwa maola 8-10 ndikupumira kamodzi pakudyetsa.

Abulu nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze nyama, mkaka ndi khungu. Khungu la bulu ku Middle Ages limadziwika kuti ndi loyenera kwambiri popanga zikopa ndi ng’oma. Kumpoto kwa mapiko a Alps kunayamba kupezeka kokha kuyambira nthawi ya Aroma.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa bulu ndi bulu?

M'malo mwake, nyamayi imatha kutchulidwa kuti yaying'ono, imvi komanso yovuta kwambiri. Koma yankho ku funso lomwe lafunsidwa limangoperekedwa ndi anthu omwe si akatswiri. Ndipo chifukwa chake zonena sizingakhale zoona. M'malo mwake, abulu ali ndi zabwino zambiri. Nyama izi zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe monga:

• kunyalanyaza kusiya,
• chakudya
• wamphamvu wamphamvu
• katundu wambiri.

Pali zizindikiro zambiri zomwe zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kunena kuti ndi nyama iyi yomwe ndiyoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mnyumbayo kuposa kavalo. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani? pakati pa bulu ndi bulu? Ngati mukuyang'ana nkhaniyi, ndiye kuti palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Kupatula apo, tikulankhula za mawonekedwe omwewo. Amasiyana mu mayina awo, omwe amawona malo awo.

Ubwino wa bulu wamakani

Ngati mungayang'ane zithunzi za nyama izi, zidzawonekeratu kuti palibe kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo. Koma zowonadi ndizochepa zomwe zingakane kuphunzira za zabwino zawo. Nyama zonse ziwirizi zimakhala ndi nzeru zodzisungira. Aliyense amadziwa izi kavalo angafe mosavuta ngati ungayendetse. Koma kuchita izi ndi bulu sikugwira ntchito. Adzifunitsa yekha kupumula, ndipo ngati sangalandire, ayamba kuyenda. Ndi chifukwa ichi chomwe chikhulupiriro chofala chakuti nyama izi ndi zovuta ndizolumikizana.

Zambiri zosangalatsa za nyama yaying'ono imvi

• Bulu ndi kavalo ndi abale apamtima.
• M'malo achilengedwe, amakhala mu mawonekedwe a ziweto, kuchuluka kwake kungakhale anthu pafupifupi 1000.
• M'masiku akale, bulu anali wolemekezeka makamaka pakati pa anthu a ku Indo-Europeans, omwe adakweza kumtunda wa nyama yopatulika.
• Abulu ali ndi zaka zana limodzi, pafupifupi amakhala zaka 30. Komabe, pali umboni kuchokera m'mbiri kuti oimira ena amtunduwu adapulumuka zaka 60.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa bulu ndi bulu?

Amawerengera kuti ndi bulu wosakanizidwa wopondapo bulu wamwamuna ndi kavalo wamkazi. chifukwa chake Amatha kuzindikira zizindikilo za kholo lililonse. Amawoneka ngati abambo okhala ndi makutu aatali komanso kubangula kofanana. Zinthu zina zonse zomwe adalandira kuchokera kwa amayi ake. Poganizira kupirira kwanyama iyi, imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pantchito zachuma.

Mitundu ya abulu

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya abulu aku France ndi Pyrenees, Cotentin, Poitou, Provencal, Spanish - Bulu waku Catalan, Central Asia - Bukhara ndi Merv (Mary). Nthawi zina pamakhala gulu kapena ma membala (mwachitsanzo, a A. Dobrokhotov). Abulu aku France nthawi zambiri amachita nawo ziwonetsero za ulimi.

Mu Chikristu

Pa bulu wachichepere, Kristu, monga Mfumu ya dziko lonse lapansi, adalowa ku Yerusalemu pa Palm Sunday pa Imfa ya Mtanda, monga kwalembedwa mu uthenga wabwino, akukwaniritsa uneneri wa Zakariya kuti: “Sangalala ndi chisangalalo, mwana wamkazi wa Ziyoni, wopambana, mwana wamkazi wa Yerusalemu: tawona mfumu yako ikubwera kwa iwe. Wolungama ndi Wopulumutsa, Wofatsa, atakhala pa bulu ndi mwana wa bulu, mwana wa wogonjera ”(Zek 9: 9). Tchuthi cha Palm Lachisanu ndi chiwiri chimaperekedwa ku mwambowu.

Mu islam

Malongosoledwe Amitundu bulu, yodzaza ndi mabuku, yachokera ku zolemba za Koran (62: 5):

Chitsanzo cha omwe adapatsidwa Taurat, ndipo pambuyo pake osatsatira, ndi zitsanzo. bulu (ChiArabic: الْحِمَارِ, al-himari), chomwe chimanyamula (mabuku akulu) mabuku. Kodi kuyerekeza kochuluka motani ndi anthu omwe (amanama) zisonyezo za Mulungu ndi zabodza! Mulungu samatsogolera (munjira yolunjika) anthu osalungama. (Korani 62: 5)

Pambuyo pake fanizoli lidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wolemba France komanso Renaissance wafilosofi Michel de Montaigne:

Chofunikira kwambiri ndikukhazikitsa kukonda ndi kukonda sayansi, apo ayi tidzangophunzitsa abulu omwe ali ndi nzeru za buku.

Malinga ndi a Sunn, kudya nyama ya bulu ndizoletsedwa. Jabir adati: "Patsiku la Khaibar, Mtumiki wa Allah adaletsa kudya nyama ya bulu ndikuloleza kudya nyama ya akavalo." Ponena za abulu amtchire, ndiye kuti, amaloledwa, monga ananenera Abu Qatada, yemwe adafunsa Mtumiki wa Allah kuti: “E, inu Mthenga wa Allah, tasaka bulu wamtchire ndipo tili ndi nyama yake,” ndipo adayankha kuti: " Idyani zomwe zatsala. ”

Zoyambira komanso mawonekedwe

Nyama yaying'ono, yaimvi, yamakani komanso yopweteketsa - chithunzi chotere cha bulu chakhazikika pakati pa anthu ambiri. Komabe, malingaliro osasangalatsa awa ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi zenizeni. Abulu ndi nyama, kukhala ndi zabwino zambiri, Ambiri aiwo adawachokera

Ubwino wa abulu pazachuma:

• wosakakamira
• zopatsa chidwi
• palibe zofunikira
• wamphamvu wamphamvu
• katundu wambiri.

Mwambiri, nyama izi ndizopindulitsa kwambiri kuposa mahatchi, komabe, sizotchuka padziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndichifukwa choti ali ndi zabwino kwambiri kudzisungira pokha, ndipo munthu kwa nthawi yayitali sakanakhoza kuchepetsa. Hatchi, monga mukudziwa, ikhoza kuyendetsedwa kotero kuti igwa yakufa. Ndi bulu, zinthu ngatizi sizigwira ntchito, sadzapumira mpaka atapumira ndikudikirira moleza mtima kuti mwiniwakeyo achepetse katundu wake, ngati katundu ndiwukulira.

Isaki anali m'gulu la nyama zakutchire zomwe adakwanitsa "kugonjetsa" munthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito zolinga zake. Abulu amakono anachokera ku a Nubia komanso kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Africa. Amati zaka pafupifupi 5,000 zapitazo, nzika zaku Egypt zidayamba kale kunyamula banja lawo mothandizidwa ndi bulu.

Masiku ano, alimi ambiri amabeta abulu ndipo amatha kupezeka pafupifupi kulikonse padziko lapansi. Ndizofunikira kwambiri pakapangidwe kazachuma, komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Abulu amapindula osati mnyumba zokha, komanso ngati mayendedwe, kunyamula munthu ndi zinthu zake, zinthu zina ndi zina zotero. Maiko akunja a Central America ndi Mexico amagwiritsa ntchito izi mwakufuna kwawo, komanso ndi aku Russia - phiri la Caucasus ndi malo osiyanasiyana ku Central Asia.

Bulu subspecies

Ngakhale bulu ndi nyama yoweta, pali njira imodzi yofananira yomwe sikufuna kutumiza munthu mwanjira iliyonse. izo abulu a ku Asia kapena kulans. Adayesa kuwalemekeza koposa kamodzi, koma ziribe kanthu kuti anayesapo chiyani, mpaka pano, palibe amene wakwanitsa kuchita izi.

Ku Somalia ndi madera osiyanasiyana a Africa, zimaswana Abulu a ku Somaliyazomwe zimakhala zamanyazi kwambiri ndikuyesera kukhala pa zisanu, kapena ngakhale nyama makumi awiri nthawi imodzi. Chakudya chawo chachikulu ndi udzu wouma komanso zitsamba zomwe zimamera m'chipululu.

Kwa anthu am'deralo, nyama zamtchirezi ndizabwino gwero la nyama ndi khungu, zomwe zimagulitsidwa makamaka, pakadali pano mtunduwu wapezeka utatha. Komanso, pali nthumwi zochepa kwambiri za mitundu yamtchire ku Asia, zilinso pafupi kutha.

Bulu waku Suriya, posachedwa amakhala ku Syria komanso madera osiyanasiyana ku Middle East, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwawomwe amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu womwe watsala. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa za zabwino zake, zomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti zitheke, kupezeka kwawo kungalole kuti alimi ambiri azichita nawo zochulukazo.

Panali vuto limodzi lokha - kudziwa kuchuluka kwamtunduwu zomwe zingabisidwe ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zingatheke. Anali nyama zolimba kwambiri ndipo anali wokondwa kwambiri m'chipululu, chifukwa amatha kukhala wopanda madzi kwa nthawi yayitali.

Abulu amtchire atabereka ana, adagawana magulu akulu kuti atetezere ana, ndipo, pakupita nthawi, adamwazikana ang'onoang'ono. Chifukwa chake, nyama izi zidakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali.

Pakadali pano, pokhudzana ndi zochitika za anthu, abulu amtchire akucheperachepera, ndipo ambiri aiwo alembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira. Pazomwe zilipo zamtunduwu ndikulimbana mwachangu ndikuyesayesa kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ana ndi kupulumuka kwake.

Ndani bulu, bulu, bulu: kuyerekezera, kufotokozera

Kuti mumvetsetse kusiyana pakati pa zinyama, ndikofunikira kupenda iliyonse mwatsatanetsatane.

Bulu ndi woimira zinyama zomwe zinachitika podutsa moza ndi bulu. Nyama iyi ili ndi zosiyana zingapo zotsatirazi:

• Chimawoneka ngati kavalo wokulirapo
• Mutu wa nyama ukufanana ndi bulu
• Nyani zimasiyana mphamvu ndi kupirira
• Nyama zimatha kutenga nawo mbali m'miyendo
• Amuna sangathe kubereka
• Kutalika kwambiri kwa nyulu kumafika zaka 40
• Ndiosavuta kuswana mikhalidwe yaulimi, popeza nyama zimadya mitundu yambiri yazakudya ndipo sizitha chitetezo chokwanira.

Palinso mitundu iwiri ya ma nyulu:

Ali ndi izi:

• Kukula kwa ma nyambo a harness sikupitirira 140 cm, pomwe ma nyulu a ma pack amafika 160 cm
• Mitundu yoyamba imalemera pafupifupi 400-600 kg, ndipo imangonyamula makilogalamu 300-400 okha
• Mphamvu yogwira ngati gawo limodzi la kulemera kwathunthu kwa thupi - 18-20%
• Zinyama zopitilira zaka 4 zimaloledwa kugwira ntchito ndi zolemetsa
• Amuna onse amafunika kuti asamalowerere, chifukwa akakhala kuti ndi osabereka amakhala osabereka

Ndi chizolowezi kuchita nawo mulching m'magawo otsatirawa:

• Mayiko aku Balkan
• Kumpoto ndi South America
• Africa
• Mayiko a Middle East

Bulu - woimira gulu la anyani, omwe ndi amtundu wa "Mahatchi". Pali mitundu iwiri ya nyama:

Oimira onse amadziwika ndi izi:

• Abulu amatha kukhala ndi zaka 25 mpaka 35
• Mitengo yakukula imasiyanasiyana ndi mtundu (90 mpaka 160 cm)
• Ndizololedwa kugwiritsa ntchito nyama momwe zingakwaniritsire zaka zitatu.
• Abulu aphunzitsidwa ntchito kuyambira zaka ziwiri
• Nyama ziyenera kuleredwa mosamala, chifukwa sizitha kulekerera kutentha pang'ono komanso chinyezi.
• Udzu ndi zitsamba zokha ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya.
• Mtundu wa chovalachi umatengera mtundu wa nyama.
• Amuna akhoza kubereka

Ponena za abulu, nkoyenera kunena kuti poyamba ankayitana abulu amtchire omwe anasinthidwa ndi munthu pomachita kusanduka. Nyama izi ndi zochokera ku Africa, chifukwa zoyesanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza oimira ma steppes aku Asia (kulans) sizidaphule kanthu. Komabe, mtsogolomo, mawu akuti "bulu" adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauza zazikazi zazikazi. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti ali okonzekera kutenga pakati pakatha miyezi itatu kuchokera pakubadwa ndipo sangatulutse ana owerengeka.

Chifukwa chake, titha kudziwa izi:

• Bulu ndi bulu ndi oimira gulu limodzi la nyama ndi mitundu.
• Bulu amapezeka podutsa kavalo wachikazi ndi bulu wamphongo
• Abulu ndiwakuthengo komanso zoweta
• Nyani zazimuna sizitha kubereka

Zolemba

• Freidenberg O. M. Kulowera ku Yerusalemu pa bulu (Kuchokera pa nthano ya evangeli) // Freidenberg O. M. Nthano ndi zolemba zakale. M., 1998, p. 623-665
• Ponyani nthano ndi zolemba
• Dobrokhotov A.F. Zamoyo Zapadera. L., 1935.
• Zachilengedwe zanyama zaulimi ku Russia ndi mayiko oyandikana. SPb. 1994.
• Abulu // Dziko Lanyama.

Kodi bulu, bulu, bulu chimawoneka bwanji: chithunzi

Buluyo ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi bulu pamaonekedwe. Kuti musiyanitse oimira awa, ndikofunikira kulingalira za zomwe zimatchulidwa kwambiri za aliyense wa iwo.Mwachitsanzo, bulu amadziwika ndi:

• Kukula ndi mawonekedwe a thupilo amafanana ndi kavalo
• Mawu a bulu ali ngati mawu a kavalo
• Maonekedwe a ziboda, m'chiuno ndi m'mutu ndizofanana ndi kapangidwe ka bulu wawo
• Mtunduwu umafanana ndi mtundu wa mkanjo wa akavalo
• Nyani ali ndi 6tete vertebrae
• Nyama ndi zolemera ndipo zimatha kutalika masentimita 160.
• Nyama zidzalandira ma mane, mawonekedwe a khosi, mchira ndi zingwe kuchokera kwa mayi (mare)

Kwa abulu ndi abulu, mawonekedwe otsatirawa ndi otchuka:

• Chiwerengero cha vertebrae lumbar - 5
• Nyama zimalemera pang'ono.
• Mitundu yaumwini ndiyifupi kwambiri kuposa bulu
• Mtundu wa ubweya ukhoza kukhala wosiyana, kutengera mtundu wawo
• Nthawi zonse pamakhala burashi kumapeto kwa mchira
• Bulu lili ndi tsitsi lalitali pang'ono kuposa bulu

Ndani ali wovuta, wanzeru: bulu kapena bulu?

Ndi abulu, ndi abulu,

• Kuuma
• Kuzengereza
• Phokoso lotsika
• Kuthamanga kochepa
• Khala wodekha
• Kuleza mtima
• Zovuta mu chakudya ndi zikhalidwe

Nthawi zambiri, nyamayi imatha kuyimilira pakati popanda chifukwa. Zikakhala conco, mwininyumbayo sangakakamize buluyo kapena bulu kuti apitilize kuyenda. Koma, ngakhale zili choncho, amatha kuthana ndi maulendo ataliatali ndikuthandizira kunyamula katundu wambiri.

Ingonenani mawu pang'ono za abulu. Popeza anyani ali ndi mitundu yamahatchi ndi abulu, amatha kukhala ndi mikhalidwe ina.

Monga lamulo, oimira nyama izi amadziwika ndi:

• Kudandaula
• Chenjezo
• Mulingo wapamwamba wogwira ntchito
• Kufuula
• Chinyezi
• Kuthamanga kwambiri

Ulesi ndi kuuma mtima zimatha kukhalanso zachilengedwe, pokhapokha ngati pali anthu omwe akuchita nkhanza kwambiri. Komanso, nyulu sizimachita nawo mpikisano wothamanga, motero zimatha kuphunzitsidwa kungoyambira nthawi yayitali, koma ndikofunikira kuti musawonetse mkwiyo.

Mopanda kuyankha funsoli: "Ndani ali wanzeru kuposa bulu, bulu kapena bulu?" - zosatheka. Oimira onse a nyama ali ndi zabwino komanso zoipa pamakhalidwe awo. Koma abulu ndi abulu nawonso aliuma. Ngakhale akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala okhutira komanso omasukirana ndi ambuye wawo.

Kodi bulu wamkazi wachikazi amatchedwa ndani?

Pali mitundu ingapo yazinyama zazikazi za gululi:

• Mwanjira yakale, wamkazi bulu amatchedwa bulu. Koma m'zaka za XVI m'dera la Russia yamakono adayamba kugwiritsa ntchito liwu la Turkic "bulu" kutanthauza nyama zazikazi zamtunduwu
• Mawu oti "bulu" m'mbuyomu amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokhudzana ndi abulu onse aku Africa omwe amasungidwa ndi munthu
• Nyani wamkazi amatchedwa “bulu”

Chifukwa chake, tidazindikira izi:

• Bulu ndi bulu ndi oimira nyama zomwezo.
• Mule - mtanda pakati pa mare ndi bulu
• Nyama zonse zili ndi zingapo zabwino komanso zoyipa.
• Nyani zimakhala motalikirapo
• Abulu ndi abulu amakhala ouma khosi
• Nyani zimayesedwa ndipo zimakhala ndi nthawi yayitali yamoyo
• Abulu ndi abulu nthawi zambiri amatha kukhala osakwiya

Kanema: Zinyama Zophatikiza

Nthawi zambiri timatchulanso zinthu zomwezo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, timawonetsa mawu athu ndi chidziwitso m'dera lina. Koma izi ndizofunika kuchita mukatsimikiza kuti mawuwo asinthanadi. Kupanda kutero, mutha kulowa m'mavuto. Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani liwu loti bulu, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito potanthauza nyama yaikazi ya bulu. Kuphatikiza apo, m'mabuku, wina amathanso kupeza dzina lina lanyama - bulu. Kodi ndizotheka kuyitanitsa bulu kuti, ngakhale malingaliro awa ali ofanana, tiyesa kuzindikira.

Kusamalira nyama?

Ganizirani mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndipo nsonga zosamalira abulu :

1. Bulu amadya chakudya chambiri. Chofunikira cha tsiku lililonse chimakhala pafupifupi kilogalamu imodzi ya tirigu patsiku. Amathanso kudya kaloti ndi beets. Sayenera kudyetsedwa mopitilira katatu patsiku,
2. Amatha kudya ndi kukhala m'malo alionse popanda kulimbikitsidwa,
3. Kwa masiku angapo nyamayo imatha kukhalapo popanda madzi ndi chakudya konse.

Munthuyu ndiwosazindikira ndipo safuna chisamaliro. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wa anthu suvutanso kubereka nyama. Komabe ayitanira onse bulu ndi bulu . Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa mawu awa mpaka pano.

Ndani uyu

Bulu wakunyumba kapena abulu ndi mtundu wa abulu amtchire omwe anthu adawalanda zaka zingapo zapitazo ndipo anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito mokhulupirika kunyumba ndi m'mafamu. Amakhulupilira kuti nyamazo zidawetedwa kale kuposa mahatchi, komabe, mwa kuphatikiza mahatchi, kutchuka kwa abulu kudagwa kwambiri.

Ngakhale mkaka wawung'ono amapanga, iwo anali osiyana mu malamulo ocheperako komanso mphamvu zochepa.

Kumpoto kwa Africa ndi madera ena a Mesopotamia amawonedwa kuti ndi komwe kunabadwira nyama izi - zinali m'zigawo izi komwe makolo a zoweta zonse zomwe zimadziwika mpaka pano zinayamba kulengedwa. Pambuyo pake, kale mu nthawi yakale, adafalikira ku Eurasia, kenako adagwiritsidwa ntchito molimbika m'mafamu aku US. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa abulu wamba si kwakukulu, makamaka tikulankhula za kuswana anthu azisamba amafamu kuti azichita mpikisano ndi zosangalatsa.

Abulu amakhulupirira kuti amapirira kwambiri kuposa mahatchi wamba.: Amatha kulimbana ndi kulemera kwambiri, komanso amasinthidwa bwino potengera chilengedwe komanso nthaka yamiyala. Izi zapangitsa kuti abulu asandulike ziweto zodziwika bwino kumadera kopanda ndi mapiri osasinthika komanso malo ochepa obiriwira. Kuphatikiza pakubala mkaka ndi nyama, zinthu zina za zovala ndi zida zogwirira ntchito zidapangidwa kuchokera pakhungu la nyama izi kale, ndipo ubweya wa mitundu inayake udagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsalu zolimba.

Polankhula zowona zowuma, bulu ndi amodzi mwa mabanja a equine. Chodziwika: imakhala ndi mchira wautali komanso wolimba wokhala ndi nsonga ngati burashi, makutu akulu komanso atali kwambiri, nkhope yayikulu yamahatchi ndi miyendo yamphamvu, koma osati miyendo yayitali. Kulemera kwa munthu wamkulu kumasiyana mpaka 300 kg (mwaimuna), kutalika kwakukulu - mpaka masentimita 165 mwa munthu aliyense payekhapayekha. Nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi moyo imafika zaka 35, m'malo osowa kwambiri mpaka 45.

Kutalika kwa moyo

Alimi ambiri, akamaganizira za kuchuluka kwa abulu okhala kunyumba, amatchulanso kuchuluka komweko kwa mahatchi apakhomo ndi kuthengo, komwe si njira yolondola. Malo obadwira abulu oyambilira a Nubian amadziwika kuti ndi Nile River Delta (Africa). Nyengo yotentha, yofiyira komanso yocheperako chinyontho, chakudya ndi mafuta atsopano zidapangitsa kuti nyamazo zizolowera nyengo yovuta kwambiri yachilengedwe. Izi sizinawonekere paumoyo wa nyama zokha, komanso m'thupi lonse.

M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, abulu sakhala zaka zosaposa 15-25 chifukwa chosowa chakudya komanso kugwidwa ndi adani. Nyamazi zimadziwika chifukwa cha malingaliro awo akuthwa, komabe, chifukwa cha miyendo yopangidwira kuthamanga, sizingafanane ndi mayendedwe ataliatali komanso othamanga.

Pambuyo pantchito yakugwiriridwa m'manja mwa anthu osamala, anthu ena adatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 45- 47.Chovuta pakuphunzira kutalika kwa nyama izi chagona chifukwa chakuti anthu ambiri masiku ano amakhala okulirapo kuti apange mkaka kapena nyama basi. Kubzala mkaka wa nyama kumachepera pafupifupi zaka 20, ndipo nyama zazing'ono ndizodziwika chifukwa cha nyama yokoma kwambiri komanso yabwino kwambiri. Akuluakulu azaka zopitilira 25 nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati othandizira m'nyumba, ndichifukwa chake kuwunika kwa nyama zomwe sizikuyembekezeka sikulondola kwenikweni.

Mahatchi atagwiritsidwa ntchito, chidwi cha abulu chinagwa kwambiri, monganso momwe zimasungidwira ziweto zankhondo zatsopanozo. Pakadali pano, palibe mitundu yopitilira 300 yomwe imadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, yomwe siingakhale mitundu yodziyimira payokha, koma zotsatira za kubereka kwachisawawa kwa mtundu wachuma wamba. Chifukwa cha kuswana kwachisawawa, mitundu yambiri ya abulu ndi ofanana kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwerengera mtundu womwewo. Okhala ndi mafamu odziwa mitundu ingapo ya abulu ochepa, mutha kuwapeza pansipa.

Bulu wa Mammoth kapena Poitou

Imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazosowa komanso zakale kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ili ndi mawonekedwe owoneka ndi tsitsi lalitali komanso lalitali kapena lalanje mpaka 50 masentimita. Masiku ano, kuchuluka kwa mitundu imeneyi kumagawidwa mokwanira, munthu payekhapayekha amatha kupezeka akulima ku France. Dziko lakwawo la mtunduwu silinakhazikitsidwebe. Obereketsa ena amakhulupirira kuti anthu oyamba amtunduwu adabwera kudziko la France kuchokera mu Ufumu wa Roma zaka 2000 zapitazo.

Kumeneko, abuluwa anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyama yonyamula katundu ndipo ankathandizira kunyamula katundu yaying'ono kapena kuyenda mwachangu kuzungulira mapiri.

Mitunduyo ndi imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri pakati pa abulu onse am'nyumba., imasiyanitsidwa ndi lamulo lalikulu kwambiri, miyendo yamphamvu, komanso kukula kwakukulu - mpaka 1.6 m pakufota (komwe mu lingaliro lake linali lofanana ndi kutalika kwakukulu kwa kavalo wamba). Chifukwa cha kusankhidwa ndi kusowa kwa kubereka kwa anthu oyera mtima, mtunduwo wasintha momwe wasinthira: kukula kwapakati kwatsika mpaka mita 1.5 mwa abambo ndi mamita 1.4 mu abulu, kulemera kwakukulu kwachepa, komwe kunakhudza kukolola kwa nyama ya bulu.

Anthu ena abulu a mammoni amadziwika ndi tsitsi lakuda kapena lodzaza chokoleti. Pomwe ubweya unkagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chinthu chosoka makapeti ndi zovala, komabe, mtsogolomo, tsitsi linathetsedwa chifukwa cha fungo lenileni la ubweya. Kupezeka kwa bulu wanyama pafamuyo (yokhala ndi ubweya wautali komanso wotambalala womwe umawoneka ngati mafinya) kwakhala kukuwonetsedwa ngati chizindikiro chenicheni cha kukhala bwino ndi mwini wake, abulu oterowo anali okwera mtengo kwambiri ndipo anali okulidwa kokha kuti azikongoletsa. Pambuyo pake, kumapeto kwa zaka za XVII, chinali chizolowezi kudula abulu kwathunthu chifukwa choopsa chotenga matenda amkhungu chifukwa cha tsitsi.

Kukusamalira bwino kwamtunduwu kumatha kutsimikizika ndi kupezeka kwa mtundu wowunika kapena malo opindika kuzungulira maso, mphuno, komanso pachifuwa kapena pamimba. Simuyenera kuyesa kudziwa munthu mwakukula kapena kutalika kwa tsitsi - sizitengera mzere. Anthu onse omwe ali ndi abulu aakazi okhala ndi mitundu yayitali amakhala ndi tsitsi lalitali komanso lalitali.

Abuluwa adalandira dzina lawo losadziwika "Poitou" kuchokera ku mzinda wawung'ono wa France wa Poitiers kumadzulo kwa France. Pofika theka lachiwiri la XX, palibe anthu opitilira 40 osasankhidwa omwe adakhalabe mdziko lonse lapansi, pofika m'zaka za XXI anthu adakula pang'ono chifukwa cha kuyesetsa kwa obereketsa. Masiku ano, palibe anthu opitilira 450 a mtundu uwu omwe angathe kupezeka padziko lonse lapansi, pomwe theka laling'ono lokha ndi lomwe lingakhale lopanda tanthauzo. Anthu ena amasokoneza mtunduwu ndi bulu wanyama waku America, ndikuyika pakati pawo chizindikiro chofanana. Chowonadi ndi chakuti mtundu waukulu wa amphona aku America udabadwa ku United States podutsa mitundu ingapo, kuphatikizapo mtundu wa a Poitou.

Mitundu yachikatalani

Idagawidwa koyamba ku Spain wakale, komwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kulimba kwakukulu komanso kupirira. Kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za XVIII, mtunduwu udatumizidwa mwachangu ku United States ndi Europe kuti ugwiritse ntchito m'mafakitole ndi migodi ngati ntchito yokonzekera.Komabe, pobwera kusinthaku kwaukadaulo, kufunikira kwa nyama izi kunazimiririka, chifukwa chomwe anthu omwewo sanatsike.

Nyumba yomwe pakadali pano imasungidwaku imadziwika kuti ndi ya Catalonia ndi kumpoto kwa Spain, komwe imayikidwa m'magulu ochepa kwambiri ndipo, monga lamulo, pazokongoletsera. Nthawi zambiri mutha kukumana ndi mtunduwu pamafamu aku Barcelona, ​​Puigcerda kapena mzinda wa Olot. Ngati kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, anthu pafupifupi 50,000 amtunduwu akanatha kuwerengedwa padziko lonse lapansi, chiwerengerochi chatsika mpaka 4-5 mazana, gawo lachinayi lomwe limapezeka m'mabanja amodzi kunja kwa Spain.

Kubala sikungatchedwe kuti kopindulitsa makamaka chifukwa chosowa kwambiri, komabe, mtengo wa munthu wamkulu ukhoza kukhala mpaka 6,000 euro.

Zosiyanazo zimawoneka kukhala zazikulu pakati pamtundu wake. Pakufota, kukula kwa munthu aliyense payekha kumatha kufika mita 1.7, malamulo ndi amphamvu, olingana, mafupa ndi olimba, miyendo ndi yamphamvu komanso yayitali. Tsitsi nthawi zambiri limakhala lakuda kapena lakuda bii (pafupi ndi maso, pamimba ndi pakamwa, tsitsi limakhala lopepuka kapena loyera), tsitsi limakhala loonda, osati lambiri komanso lalifupi. Pofika nthawi yozizira, malaya amadzaza, mithunzi imatha kukhala ya bulauni komanso yofiyira.

Kusiyana kwa mitundu ina kumatha kuonedwa ngati makutu akulu komanso atali, omwe mulimonsemo imayimilira ("lumo").

Tsopano abulu amtundu wa Chikatalani amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa chizindikiro cha Catalonia. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, chizindikiro chotsatira cham'tsogolo cha Spain chinapangidwa - "wakuda Osborne", yemwe adapangidwa kale monga chizindikiro cha nyumba ya Grupo Osborne. Pambuyo pake, panthawi yomenyera ufulu wodziyimira pawokha komanso kudziyimira pawokha ku Catalonia, opanga ku Spain adapanga chizindikiro china - bulu waku Catalan, yemwe anali ndi uthenga wa nyama yamwano, yokakamira komanso yolimba. Chizindikiro chatsopanocho chinakondedwa kwambiri ndi anthu okhala ku Catalonia, tsopano chimatha kupezeka paliponse monga zikwangwani, zomata ndi zithunzi pazinthu zambiri m'masitolo ogulitsa ndi haberdashery.

Mitundu yaying'ono ya ku Mediterranean

Imayesedwa ngati yaying'ono kwambiri pakati pa abulu onse. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa mtunduwu kunayambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, abulu ena ocheperako ochokera ku Italy ndi North Africa angadziwike kukhala kholo lawolo. Poyamba, kukula kwa munthu kudali kupitirira 1.1 mamitala, lero chifukwa cha kusankhidwa, kukula kwatsika kwambiri ndipo sikupitirira 90 sentimita pakufota. Poyamba idakulitsidwa mwachangu ku Italiya ngati nyama yokongoletsera. Pambuyo pake, amtunduwo adayamba kutumizidwa ku England ndi USA, komwe otola ndi alimi ambiri adakonda kwambiri.

Anthu pawokha adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokhapokha pokongoletsa komanso kuwonetsa, chifukwa cha kulemera kwake pang'ono komanso mphamvu zochepa, mtunduwu sukusinthidwa kuti ukhale wolimbikira.

Nyama imagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira m'masewera ndi masewera kwa ana - abulu awa ndi odekha komanso ochezeka, samakonda kuchita zankhanza kapena kuumirira. Kunja, nyama zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono ndi kukula pang'ono kwa thunthu ndi miyendo. Utoto umakhala wonyezimira kwambiri, woderapo kapena wamdima, pomwepo pamakhala kuzungulira kwa mawonekedwe.

Mwa anthu opanda mawonekedwe, mutha kuwona kusintha pang'onopang'ono pakati pa khungu lakumbuyo ndi pamimba - chovala pachifuwa ndi miyendo ndichopepuka. Anthu ena onyansa amtunduwu amatha kupezekanso kuthengo - mwachitsanzo, ku Kupro kapena ku Africa, USA, Australia. M'madera ena, anthu wamba amapanga anthu ambiri mpaka anthu masauzande ambiri.

Kodi chofunikira ndi chiyani?

Abulu ndi amodzi mwa nyama zomwe sizifunikira chisamaliro chapadera. Pansipa padzakhala mndandanda wa malamulo oyambira ndi malingaliro a kukula kwa bulu pafamuyo.

• Malo okhala. Choyambirira chomwe mukufuna ndi chipinda chachikulu, chotentha komanso chopatsirana bwino chopanda kukonzekera ndi ngodya zonyowa. Khola lamatanda lophatikizidwa ndi dothi labwino kapena pansi lamatabwa ndilabwino kwambiri - mtengowo umawotha mwachangu ndipo suzizirala posachedwa. Apatseni chipinda chokhala ndi bedi labwino la udzu. Nsipu iyenera kuyikidwa mumadyetsa apadera, pansi nthawi yomweyo imakhala yodetsedwa komanso yokhala ndi mnzake. Akatswiri ena pantchito yolima amalimbikitsa kumanga nyumba zophimbira zapadera momwe. Mnyumba, pansi pakhale matabwa okhaokha, othandizira opangidwa ndi zinthu zolimba - makamaka chopanda nkhuni.

Dera lonse la corral pamenepa limakutidwa ndi zinyalala, komabe, zosankha zomwe zili ndi malo otseguka kapena makoroni odziwika ndizovomerezeka.

• Zaukhondo. Yesetsani kupatsirana malo mchipindacho nthawi yonse yoyenda. Chimbudzi, zakudya zowonongera ndi madzi osasunthika ayenera kuchotsedwa mu nthawi kuti chiweto chisam'pweteke kapena kudwala. Mitundu ina ya abulu ali oyera kwambiri ndipo amatha kukana chakudya m'chipinda chodetsa.

• Kuyenda. Munthawi yotentha, bulu amayenera kukhala ndi malo oyenda panja, itha kukhala khola lopezeka ndi udzu watsopano kapena udzu. Kuphatikiza apo, ziyenera kukhala zambiri malo osangalatsa komanso kuyenda. Gawo lofunikanso mu cholembera ndi mpanda wabwino. Nthawi zambiri uwu ndi mpanda wamatabwa, wokwera kwambiri kuti nyamayo isathe kupitamo, ndipo m'malo mwake imakhala yopapatiza kuti isalole zilombo zolusa.

Onetsetsani kuti palibe zotchinga ndi zodulira pamalowo - waya wotchingidwa, chidutswa cha chitsulo, apo ayi nyamayo ingavulazike.

• Khalidwe. Mukamasankha nyama pazolinga zilizonse, muyenera kulabadira mawonekedwe ake komanso mawonekedwe ake. Abulu nthawi zambiri amakhala amtendere komanso odekha, anthu ena amawachitira nkhanza nyama zina ngakhale anthu. Sitikulimbikitsidwa kuti mutenge abulu oterewa, simungakhale okhoza kuwaphunzitsanso.

• Socialization. Pewani kulumikizana pakati pa abulu ndi nyama zina pafamuyo. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa agalu kapena amphaka, zomwe ndi zochita zawo zimatha kuyambitsa kukwiya kwenikweni mu bulu. Monga lamulo, mkwiyo ndi kusakhutira zimafalikira kwa mwini munda.

Mukakweza bulu, muyenera kusamalira mwachangu chidwi. Achinyamata mwina sangazolowere kupukutidwa kapena kupatsidwa dzanja. Simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mawu onyansa okhudzana ndi abulu kapena kuwalilira - nyama izi zimamva kupsa mtima. Zomwezi zikugwiranso ntchito pakumenyedwa - nyamayi ikhoza kukuopani, koma ngati ingamvere kuchokera pamenepo sizokayikitsa. Ngakhale mutagula nyama, ndi bwino kungogula anthu awiri kapena atatu nthawi imodzi.

Abulu amapirira kwambiri kusungulumwa ndikupatuka ndi gulu lawo.

Mchipinda ndi nyama nthawi zonse muzikhala oyera komanso oyera. Ngati madziwo akhala akuyimirira kwa masiku angapo, ndiye kuti pali mwayi waukulu wopanga ma virus m'ndimeyo, zomwe zingayambitse matenda ambiri. Poyamba, sankhani chifukwa chomwe mukufuna nyama. Ngati nyama ndi mkaka, ndikofunikira kutenga lingaliro labwino kwambiri pakudyetsa komanso kupezeka kwakudyaku. Ngati mungathandizire banja, ndiye kuti simuyenera kulongedza buluyo ndi ntchito mukadali mwana - mpaka wazaka 3-4, chamoyo chimapangidwa mwa anthu, msana umalimbikitsidwa. Kuchokera pamatumbo olimba kumayambiriro, nyama imatha kulandira zovulala zambiri komanso kuvulala. Mwabwino kwambiri, abulu amatha kunyamula mpaka 30% yakulemera kwawo, taganizirani izi ngati mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito nyama pokwera.

Pazokongoletsa komanso zosangalatsa, ndibwino kuti musankhe amuna ndi akazi omwe ali ndi mwayi, amakhala odekha komanso amtendere. Ngati tikulankhula za kubereka, ndiye ndikoyenera kusankha kwa anthu okhawo amphamvu komanso athanzi (nthawi zambiri abulu a 1-2 ndi amphongo amodzi).Amuna azikhala olekanitsidwa ndi zazikazi komanso kwa wina ndi mnzake kuti asavulaze wina aliyense.

Kudyetsa

Ndikofunika kuonera zoyambira za zakudya komanso zakudya mu bulu. Poyamba, malingaliro pazakudya azidziwitsidwa, kenako mndandanda wazinthu zomwe ndikotheka komanso kosatheka kupatsa wina payekha.

• Mosiyana ndi mahatchi ena, abulu samalimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera chakudya champhesa komanso phala pachakudya: tirigu, oats, barele ndi chimanga. Zinthu zonsezi zimangokhala ndi wowuma, shuga ndi zinthu zina zovulaza zomwe thupi la bulu silimatha kugaya mu mavoliyumu ngati amenewo. Kudya chakudya chochuluka chotere kumatha kubweretsa kunenepa kwambiri, laminitis, komanso mtsogolo pamavuto amtima.

• Chofunikira pa chakudya ndi kuchuluka kwaminga yambiri, yofunikira pakugwirira ntchito bwino kwam'mimba, komanso shuga. Njira yabwino ikhoza kukhala udzu wa mbewu za chimanga kapena, mwachitsanzo, udzu wa barele. Lili ndi thanzi labwino komanso silikhala ndi zakudya zamagulu owopsa. Udzuwu ndiwothandiza kwambiri nthawi yozizira pakusowa kwa udzu watsopano ndi zakudya zamafuta.

• Abulu akadali nyama zakutchire, motero pakudya kwawo sipangakhale china chabwino kuposa malo abwino ndi otetemera oyenda ndi udzu wokhala ndi udzu watsopano komanso wowoneka bwino. Kuyenda kubusa ndibwino osati ndi msipu wobiriwira ndi mavitamini achilengedwe, komanso ndi mpweya watsopano, wopanda nyama zomwe zimamva kuponderezedwa. Komabe, udzu watsopano suyenera kupanga chakudya chochuluka, yesetsani kupatula chakudya kuti yambiri ndi udzu ndi udzu.

• M'nyengo yozizira komanso nyengo yozizira, muyenera kumapereka nyumbayi nthawi zonse ndi udzu wokwanira. Njira yamagaya ya nyama iyi munthawi yogwira ikuyenera kugwira ntchito nthawi zonse. Popewa zakudya zosavomerezeka, ziwonjezere ndi mankhwala kapena udzu watsopano. Kwa okalamba opanda mano ndi abulu akukhazikika, kuwonjezera mankhusu pachakudya ndichabwino.

• Nsipu iyenera kukhala yatsopano, yopanda tsinde ndi nkhungu, chizindikiro chabwino cha udzu ndicho maluwa ake. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzisunga udzu wokolola mochedwa, umakhala ndi mavitamini ambiri, ulusi, komanso shuga wochepa komanso zinthu zoyipa. Osagwiritsa ntchito nyemba za alfalfa, ndizopatsa thanzi kwambiri ndipo zitha kukhala zothandiza kokha kwa ofooka kapena omwe ali ndi pakati.

• Mitundu yonse ya abulu ndi njira imodzi kapena imodzi yomwe imakonda kunenepa kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake muyenera kuyang'anira mautumikiwa mosamala. Abambo akale a bulu ankakonda kudya zochepa m'malo odyetserako msipu omwe alibe udzu. Matupi awo amasinthidwa ndi chakudya chochepa kwambiri ndipo amalandila kuchuluka kwama fiber ndi mavitamini kuchokera ku chakudya chochepa kwambiri. Ndikofunika kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa udzu watsopano m'mabusa.

Kuti muthane ndi njirayi, mutha kupeza zolembera zam'manja za nyama.

• Abulu ali m'gulu la ziweto zomwe zakudya zitatu patsiku sizokwanira.Izi zizikhala zazing'ono, koma pafupipafupi komanso pafupipafupi. Nthawi yopuma, nyama imayenera kukhala ndi udzu ndi udzu.

• Zochita ndi zabwino sizipanga zakudya zonse. Iyenera kukhala yoperewera monga mphotho ya ntchito yabwino kapena mtundu wina wachinyengo. Zabwino zimakhalanso zabwino munyengo yachisanu chifukwa chosowa mavitamini ndi michere. Panthawi yake, ndikofunikira kupereka zosaposa 1 zamasamba kapena zipatso zilizonse. Nthawi zambiri, iyi ndi apulosi, karoti, ndi nthochi ndizabwino (simuyenera kuti muyiboze). Osamapereka mbatata, mtundu uliwonse wa kabichi ndi masamba omwe ali ndi acidity yayikulu - anyezi, adyo.

Osayesa kupereka nyama iliyonse yazakudya za munthu - zokazinga, mchere, zophika ndi zophika.

• Abulu, monga mahatchi, ndizomera zamasamba. Zakudyazo ziyenera kuphatikizapo zakudya za chomera zokha, zopanda nyama kapena zowonjezera nsomba.

• Zofooka, zokhala ndi pakati komanso zazing'ono zimatha kufunikiraangu mavitamini ena. Musanawawonjezere pachakudyacho, muyenera kufunsa dokotala wofufuza mifesa kuti akutsimikizireni za kufunika kotere.

Zakudya zowonjezera mavitamini ndi michere: miyala yamchere (yopanda molasses), ma cubes apadera ma fiber (makamaka abulu), udzu wouma ayezi (masamba owoneka ndi mbewa zimawoneka bwino kwambiri pano), zida za mapuloteni. Zinthu zonsezi zimaphatikizidwa ndi chakudya chochepa kwambiri ndipo zimapangidwa kuti zithandizire thanzi la anthu, kukonzekera nyengo yozizira, kapena kungopeza minofu yambiri.

Mukamasankha zowonjezera izi, onetsetsani kuti zilimo kwa abulu, zowonjezera zomwe nyama zina zimakhala nazo mosiyana ndipo zingavulaze kuposa zabwino.

Zina mwa zakudya zomwe zimaloledwa kudyetsa abulu zawonetsedwa kale pazomwe zili pamwambapa, zambiri zomwe zangokhala pamwambapa zimangofotokozera mwachidule zidziwitso zakudyetsa nyama izi. Mukamasankha chakudya, muzitsogozedwa ndi kuti nyamazo zimatha kudya zokha zam'mera, ndiye zomwe zimadya kwambiri m'chilengedwe.

• Mndandanda Wazogulitsa. , nthambi za mitengo, masamba a mitengo ina.

• Mndandanda wazinthu zoyipa: zakudya zokhala ndi shuga wambiri (makeke, makeke, maswiti, makeke), zinthu mkaka (tchizi, tchizi chanyumba), nyama ndi nsomba, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zomwe zimakhala ndi acidity yayikulu (zipatso za zipatso, adyo, anyezi, radara), zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi wowuma kwambiri ( mbatata, chimanga), zakudya za anthu (zokazinga, mchere ndi zokazinga), masamba amtundu wa kabichi, zinthu zina zilizonse zokhala ndi zoteteza komanso utoto wambiri.

Kuswana

Monga ziweto zina zilizonse, abulu amaleredwa ndi obereketsa ambiri kuti apange ana ang'ono. Zithunzi za abulu oswana azilembedwa pansipa.

• Kutha msanga, mosiyana ndi akavalo. Pofika zaka 2, amuna ndi akazi amakhala okonzeka kukhwima ndikupanga anthu atsopano. Komabe, tikulimbikitsidwa kudikirira mpaka zaka zitatu, popeza kufikira m'badwo uno chamoyo cha bulu sichingakhale cholimba chokwanira kuti chitha kukhala ndi chimpira.
• Kwa kubereka, nkoyenera kusankha wamkazi wakhama, wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu ndi chilakolako chabwino, komanso wamphongo wogwira ntchito. Pakukhwima, munthu amayenera kusankha njira yosankhira, m'malo mololeza wamkazi wokhala ndi estrus kuti akhale cholembera chimodzi ndi nyama zina (kuphatikiza amuna). Kenako mutha kuwongolera zinthuzo ndikuonetsetsa kuti nyamazo sizikuvulazana.
• Mimba imatenga nthawi yayitali (mpaka chaka chimodzi kapena kupitilira apo), zizindikiro zoyambirira zimatha kuwoneka pokhapokha miyezi ingapo. Makhalidwe ndi kuwonjezeka kwa bere, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kudekha mtima, kusakhazikika pamakhalidwe.
• Pafupifupi milungu ingapo musanabadwe chachikazi iyenera kuyikidwa mu chipinda chosiyana ndi chodyetsa chokha ndi chakudya chatsopano komanso chopatsa thanzi pambiri.
• Nthawi zambiri kubereka kumachitika popanda mavutoPalibe chithandizo chochokera Monga lamulo, pali 1 foal mu zinyalala, nthawi zina kwa anthu awiri.
• Nthawi ya mkaka wa m'mawere, mwachitsanzo kudyetsa, kumatenga miyezi 9Komabe, ndikuyenera kuyamba kusamutsa anyaniwa kupita ku msipu watsopano atakwanitsa mwezi umodzi. Kuchokera kuzaka zam'badwo uno, anyani amatha kutengedwera kumweya wabwino ngati nyengo ilola.
• Kukula kwathunthu kumafika zaka 4, pakadali pano, abulu amakhala okonzeka kunyamula zida zamagetsi ndikuthandizira pa nyumba.

Zaumoyo

Monga lamulo, abulu amasiyanitsidwa ndi thanzi labwino, kupirira komanso kukana kuzizira kwambiri komanso matenda opatsirana.Ngati mungazindikire zizindikiro za kutopa, kukhumudwa, kutsokomola, kutsokomola ndi zotupa kumbuyo kwa bulu wanu, muyenera kulumikizana ndi veterinarian wanu kuti mupeze thandizo. Mankhwala omwe mumadzipaka nokha ayenera kutayidwa ngati simukufuna kupitilizanso kuwononga thanzi la nyama. Matenda ena a abulu amakambirana pansipa.

Kuti muchepetse bulu ku chimfine mu nyengo yachisanu, ndikulimbikitsidwa kugula bulangete yapadera. Kuteteza nyama ku madontho akuthwa mu kutentha, kukonzekera ndi chisanu. Bulangeti liyenera kumayang'aniridwa pafupipafupi - abulu sanazolowere zovala ndipo angayesere kuzichotsa pamakoma a nyumba kapena nyumba. Chifukwa cha izi, kupatsirana kapena kupindika kumatha kuchitika. Pali njira zingapo zodzitetezera kusamalila nyama zomwe zingathandize kupewa matenda ambiri omwe atha kupezeka m khola.

• Zinthu zambiri pamkhalidwe wabulu wa bulu zimadalira mkhalidwe wa malaya ake. Mwa chovala chosasamalidwa komanso chosasamala, majeremusi amatha kuchitika zomwe sizingangovulaza bulu wanu, komanso zimapangitsa kukhala zamanjenje komanso zankhanza. Njira zabwino ndikamagula burashi wapadera ndikusenda pafupipafupi ndi kutsuka ubweya kuchokera kumdothi, ziphuphu ndi minga. Ndondomeko iyenera kuchitidwa pafupipafupi, masiku osachepera aliwonse. Asanatsuke, osavomerezeka kuti ufeze nyama ndi madzi. Kuphatikiza apo bulu amatha kungopeka mantha, kusamba koteroko kumatha kugwira.

• Zingwe za abulu ndizofunikira kwambiri popewa. Monga misomali ya anthu, ziboda zamphongo zimakula ndipo zimafunikira kudulira ndi kutsuka. Kupanda kutero, amatha kulepheretsa chiweto kuyenda, ndipo ziboda zakuda ndi zosayera zimatha kuyambitsa matenda. Ndi chidziwitso chofunikira, kuyeretsa kutha kuchitidwa popanda kudziyimira, komabe, ndibwino kuperekera njirayi kwa wakuda yemwe amakhala ndi luso lambiri. Kuyeretsa kuyenera kuchitidwa pafupifupi miyezi iwiri iliyonse.

• Kukula kwambiri, mano osalala, kapena mano akuthwa ndi vuto linanso lofala ndi eni nzeru zopanda nzeru. Monga ziboda, mano a abulu amakula nthawi zonse ndipo amafunika kuti akupera. Nthawi zambiri chakudya cholimba kapena udzu watsopano watsopano umakhala wopera wabwino. Makampani odziwa kusamalira amalimbikitsa kulumikizana ndi dotolo wamano ngakhale kamodzi pachaka - chifukwa cha bokosi lalikulu la nsagwada, sizingatheke kuyeserera bwino mano a nyama. Dokotala wamano adziwa momwe mano alili, kufunika kowonjezera calcium ndi mavitamini pazakudya, ndikupatsanso malangizo pazakudya.

Vutoli limakhudza makamaka achikulire ndi achinyamata omwe amakhala ndi mano kapena mano akale - kwa iwo ndi bwino kupatsa zosakaniza kapena zakudya zomwe sizikufunika kutafunidwa kwambiri.

• Kupereka katemera ndi chinthu chinanso choletsa chomwe, mwatsoka, kutali ndi obereketsa onse amatembenukirako. Matenda ofala kwambiri omwe amatha kupewedwa ndi njirayi ndi chimfine, kafumbata, ndi mliri. Pazinthu zina, katemera wa chiwewe ndi encephalitis angafunike.

• Nyongolotsi zili pafupi mliri waukulu wa obereketsa onse ku Oslovodstvo. Tizilombo timafooketsa nyama, timachepetsa chidwi, timatha kukhudzanso mkaka komanso kukoma kwa mkaka, ntchito ya nyama poyenda. Ambiri a mankhwala anthelmintic akugulitsidwa, komabe, ochepa okha ndi omwe amathandizadi. Simuyenera kuyesa - ndibwino kulumikizana ndi veterinarian, mwachangu zotsatira za kusanthula kwa bulu wa ndowe. Ndipokhapo ndipamene ndingapereke chithandizo chokwanira ndikusintha kwa zakudya ndikuwonjezera mavitamini ena.

Pakapita kanthawi, kufufuzanso kwina kuyenera kumwedwa kutsimikizira zotsatira zake.

• Nthawi zambiri, tizilombo monga ma midges, mbewa kapena utitiri zimavutitsa abulu. Zizindikiro ndizosavuta kuzindikira - nyama zomwe zimakhala ndi kachilomboka zimakumba khoma m'malo omwe akukhudzidwa. Zidzakhala zovuta kuti muchotse tizilombo tonse - tsitsi lalitali lidzakhala chipulumutso kuchokera kumapeto. Nthawi yomweyo, chovalacho chimakhala chambiri, ndizovuta kwambiri kuthamangitsa mbewa.

Chinsinsi chamankhwala pano ndi chophweka - penyani nthawi zonse malaya a bulu, gwiritsani zisa zapadera ndi mankhwala azitsamba azitsuko.

Matenda ofala pakati pa abulu ndi awa.

• Matikiti - kagayidwe ka calcium kaphosphorous m'thupi limasokonekera. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka achichepere chifukwa cha zakudya zoyipa zoyambirira komanso mkaka wochepa wa bulu.
• Polyvitaminosis - amapezeka nthawi yozizira ndikusowa kwa michere, zitsamba zatsopano ndi mavitamini.
• Bronchopneumonia - kutupa wamba m'mapapu kapena bronchi. Amayamba chifukwa cha zinthu zosayenera pokonza komanso kuzizira, komanso kukonzekera.
• Kuchulukitsa kwam'mimba - imayamba chifukwa chomwa mafuta kwambiri kapena mapangidwe pafupipafupi a m'matumbo chifukwa cha mphamvu ya zinthu.

Momwe mungasamalire bwino bulu, onani vidiyo yotsatira.