Mbalame yotchuka komanso yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa osaka ndi phala. Ambiri amudziwa kuyambira ali mwana. Mwa mawonekedwe ake, imafanana ndi nkhuku yoweta, ndipo ndi ya banja lakuda la agogo.
Mbalame zonse zamtunduwu zimangokhala. Komanso, kuti apulumuke, amafunika kudutsa mayeso ambiri pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri. Pali mitundu ingapo ya magawo, omwe pamlingo wina amasiyanirana muzolemba zawo ndi momwe akuchitira.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Grey Partridge
Partridge imvi imamera ku Europe yonse komanso idabweretsedwa ku America, komwe idayamba kuzika mizu. Pali mitundu isanu ndi itatu ya mbalameyi, iliyonse yomwe imasiyanitsidwa ndi maonekedwe, makulidwe, ndi kuthekera kwake kubala. Malinga ndi asayansi, gawo lotuwa limachokera ku mitundu ina ya mbalame zoyamba kupezeka. Ngakhale Neanderthals adawasaka, monga zikuwonera zotsatira za zofukulidwa zambiri, kufufuza kozama. Monga mtundu wodziimira pawokha, galu woguwa anali yekhayekha zaka mamiliyoni angapo zapitazo pagawo la Northern Mongolia, Transbaikalia, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo sizinasinthe kwenikweni.
Kanema: Gray Gray
Gawo latsitsi ndi la banja la pheasant, dongosolo la nkhuku. Sichikhala pamitengo motero imakhala mbalame. Ngakhale pali anthu ambiri omwe akufuna kumudyetsa, nyengo yamphamvu pakumera kwa ana, nyengo yozizira popanda kuwuluka kumayendedwe otentha, anthu ake amakhalabe ochulukirapo ndipo akuchira msanga pambuyo pake.
Chochititsa chidwi: Ngakhale chikhalidwe cha dziko lapansi sichidapitirire mbalame imvi izi, zosawoneka bwino. Nthano zakale za ku Girisi zimasimba za munthu wina wonyada womanga nyumba dzina lake Daedalus pomwe adaponya ophunzira ake pathanthwe. Koma Athena adasinthitsa mnyamatayo kukhala gawo la imvi ndipo sanathere. Malinga ndi nthano, ichi ndichifukwa chake magawo samakonda kuuluka kwambiri, amakonda kukhala moyo wawo wonse padziko lapansi.
Pa adani ake ali ndi zida ziwiri zokha: utoto wa motley womwe umamupangitsa kuti atayike masamba ndikuthamanga kwambiri, pokhapokha patangopita gawo limodzi mwadzidzidzi pothawa mdani. Popeza kukoma kwambiri ndi thanzi la nyama yake, kusakhudzidwa, mbalame imakula bwino mu ukapolo, koma ndi chakudya chapadera.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Grey partridge mbalame
Gawo latsitsi lili ndi zinthu zake zosaiwalika zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zizivuta:
- kukula kochepa thupi kuyambira 28 mpaka 31 cm, mapiko a 45p8 45-48, kulemera kuchokera 300 mpaka 450 magalamu,
- imadziwika ndi m'mimba ozungulira imvi yokhala ndi malo owala bwino ngati mawonekedwe a akavalo, mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi mulomo wakuda, msana wopangidwa bwino ndi utoto wokhala ndi mawonekedwe a bulauni.
- matako a mitundu iyi ndi a bulauni, khosi ndi mutu wake zowala, pafupifupi lalanje. Zambiri mwa zazikazi sizokongola ngati zazimuna ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono,
- achichepere amakhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda komanso yamtali mbali za thupi, zomwe zimasowa pamene mbalame zikukula.
Ntchito yayikulu ya utoto wa motley ndi kubisala. Mbalame pachaka zimamvunda, zomwe zimayamba pachiwonetsero ndi nthenga, kenako zimasinthana ndi ena ndikutha kwathunthu kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira. Chifukwa cha kuchulukana kwa maula komanso kusungunuka pafupipafupi, magawo amatha kukhala mu chisanu mu chisanu chochepa. Gawo lalikulu la anthu onse okhala zachilengedwe samapanga ndege zapachaka kukafika kumadera otentha, koma amakhalabe nthawi yozizira m'malo awo osakhalitsa. Pofufuza chakudya, amakumba zitsinde m'chipale chofikira mpaka mamita 50 m'litali, makamaka nthawi yozizira amasonkhana m'magulu athunthu, kumatenthetsana.
Kodi phala laimvi limakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Gray partridge ku Russia
Gawo lamtundu wamtambo wamtambo wamtambo amapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse kum'mwera ndi pakati pa Russia, Altai, Siberia, ndi mayiko ambiri aku Europe, kuphatikiza Germany, Great Britain, Canada ndi North America, komanso kumadzulo kwa Asia. Malo okhala zachilengedwe amadziwika kuti ndi madera akumwera kwa Western Siberia, Kazakhstan.
Malo omwe amakonda:
- nkhalango zowirira, mitengo, nkhalango.
- Dera lambiri, udzu wawutali, malo otseguka ndi zisumbu za zitsamba, mitsinje,
- Nthawi zina, phalaphala imvi imakhazikika m'malo odalirana, koma amasankha malo owuma omwe ali ndi masamba owuma.
Mwa malo abwino kwambiri, amafunikira malo ndi kukhalapo kwa zitsamba zambiri, udzu wawutali, komwe mutha kubisala, kumanga chisa, komanso kupeza chakudya. Partridge nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupi ndi minda yokhala ndi zipatso za oats, buckwheat, mapira. Zimathandizanso ulimi pogudula tizilombo toononga komanso ma invertebrate osiyanasiyana omwe amawopseza mbewu.
Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Kusankha malo okhalamo, gawo latsitsi silimachokapo. Pano, m'moyo wawo wonse, amapanga zisa, kulera ana, kudya, ndipo, anapiye amakhalanso m'gawo limodzi.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe guletiyuyu amakhala. Tiwone zomwe amadya.
Kufotokozera kwa Partridge
Magawo ali am'banja la pheasant, mabanja apabanja oberekera ndi agogo, ophatikiza oposa 22 genera, lirilonse lomwe lili ndi masamba amodzi mpaka 46. Komabe, ngakhale pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbalame zonse, moyo wokhala pakatikati, mtundu wosawoneka bwino, kakang'ono kakang'ono ndi kupilira kwakukulu pamikhalidwe yopambana.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Magawo amakhala ndi njira yokhazikika pamtunda, amadya chakudya chambiri. Amakonda kugona chisa pansi, ngati pheasants zambiri. Molimba amabisala nyumba zawo munthambi za masamba ndi masamba ambiri.
Kutchuka kwambiri kwa nyama yodyedwa pakati pa nyama zodya nyama zomwe zadyedwa kunapangitsa kuti mbalameyi ikhale yochenjera. Mahatchi amayendayenda, kuyang'ana pozungulira, kumvetsera komanso kuyang'anitsitsa: kodi pali zoopsa kuzungulira. Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi zinthu zambiri zotuluka, kuuluka sindiye gawo lamphamvu kwambiri. Koma kuthamanga mosiyana ndi bwino.
Mbalamezi zimakhala zodandaula posankha bwenzi. Nthawi iliyonse yamkaka yamasamba amapeza awiri awo ndi chisa. Chosiyana ndi boma la Madagascar
Kwambiri pamoyo, magawo amayesetsa kuti asawakope. Amayenda modekha, modekha. Pofika nthawi yozizira, amadzisungira mafuta osungika bwino kwambiri, omwe amawathandiza kuti azichoka pokhapokha pokhazokha. Tsatirani moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kusaka zakudya kumatenga nthawi yochepa, osaposa maola atatu patsiku.
Kugawa ndi malo
Mtunduwu umakhala pafupifupi yonse ya Europe mu malo otentha. Mbalameyi ndiochulukirachulukira m'malo otsetsereka ndi m'nkhalango; chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, imalowa mpaka m'dera la taiga, nthawi zambiri imakhala zisa kum'mwera kwa Karelia, ndipo nthawi zina imafikira ku White Sea. Imapezeka kwambiri pamatanthwe ndi m'minda ya tirigu, yolowedwa ndi zitsamba ndi mapikisi, m'mapiri a mitsinje, m'malo opezeka mitengo ndi nkhalango, kumapiri. Imakonda malo otseguka, kapena owoneka bwino, okhala ndi mitsinje yodzala ndi zitsamba. Zimakhala bwino ndi munthu.
Makhalidwe & Khalidwe Lamagulu
Phula lotereli ndi mbalame ya pamtunda yokha ndipo sikukhala pamitengo. Amathamanga mopanda udzu komanso pakati pa tchire. Imanyamuka ndi phokoso lalikulu komanso kuwomba kwamphamvu kwa mapiko kokha pangozi, imawuluka mwachangu, osati pamwamba pamtunda, ndikusintha mapiko. Nkhuku zamtchire zimawuluka mtunda wamtali m'mawa ndi madzulo kukafunafuna malo atsopano. Partridge imayendetsa bwino kwambiri, nthawi yomweyo imayimirira, imatukula khosi ndikukweza mutu wake, ndipo ikangoyenda mwakachetechete, imayenda ndi msana wayo ndikumayang'anitsitsa mosamala malo owazungulira.
M'malo ambiri, gawo la imvi limakhala chaka chonse, nthawi zina amapanga ndege zazifupi kukafunafuna chakudya.
Kuchokera kumadera okhala ndi chipale chofewa, chakudya chakunja chikapezeka, magawo omwe amakhala ndi imvi amasamukira kumwera. Ulendo wamagulu amgulu loukira umayamba m'dzinja ndipo umachitika masana. Mbidzi zamtchire zimafika kumwera kwa Ukraine ndi Ciscaucasia, gombe la Caspian Sea ndi Central Asia. Ena mwa anthuwa amakhalabe nthawi yozizira.
M'nyengo yozizira, timadontho tofiirira timasungidwa m'malo okhala ndi chipale chofewa, tokhala ndi tchire ndi dothi louma lazomera zazitali, m'mapiri a mitsinje, m'mapiri opanda matalala ndi minda ya tirigu. Munthawi yovutayi, mbalame zimasokera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Kuti apeze chakudya, amakumba chisanu mothandizidwa ndi mitu yawo ndi milomo, ndikuigwetsa ndi mapazi awo ndipo nthawi zina akumang'amba timiyala tofika 50 cm. Ngati chisanu sichiri chachikulu kwambiri, ndiye kuti m'mbali mwake muli usiku wonse muli "mapanga" oundana. Nthawi zina amagwiritsa ntchito "ntchito" za ma hares omwe amakumba matalala kuti afikire udzu. Pambuyo pa kunyamuka kwa ma hares, magawo amabwerera kumalo ano.
M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri komanso matalala, magawo ake amasiya kuwopa anthu ndipo amayandikira nyumba. Apa akhoza kupeza chakudya ndi pogona ku mphepo yozizira.
Mapulogalamu amasungika m'matumba kuyambira nthawi yophukira mpaka masika, ndipo kokha mu Marichi - Epulo nthawi yakukhwima amagawika pawiri.
Pafupifupi mbalame zonse zakudya zamasiku onse, nyama zambiri, ngakhale mbalame za chiwombankhanga zimadyera zigawo za imvi. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa mbalamezi kumayambitsidwa ndi agalu osochera ndi amphaka. Matalala, nyengo yozizira, yotsatira chilala chambiri cha chilimwe, imapangitsa kutha kwa magawo ena m'malo ena osiyanasiyana. Kuzizira ndi mvula nyengo ya kuwaswa kwa anapiye kumatha kubweretsa pafupi kufa kwathunthu. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zaulimi, makamaka kugwiritsa ntchito herbicides ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, komwe magawo omwe imvi imakhala tcheru kwambiri, madera akuluakulu azitsamba zopanda zogona zachilengedwe, zonsezi zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa magawo. Koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwawo, mitunduyi imabweza manambala mwachangu m'malo abwino.
Partridge gawo
Magawo amakonda mbewu, mbewu, zipatso, masamba, masamba ndi mizu ngati chakudya.. Zakudya zonse zam'mera zomwe zikhala m'malo awo. Amakonda kudya phwando ndi tizilombo nthawi zina. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalamezi zimadyera zipatso zobiriwira, mbewu yachisanu, ndi zotsalira za masamba ndi nthangala.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi komanso chodyetsa
Nkhuku zamtchire izi zimapeza chakudya chonse padziko lapansi ndi kukumba dothi, ngati nkhuku zoweta. Partridge imvi imadyanso zonse chomera chomera - mbewu zamtchire ndi mbewu monga chimanga, zipatso, zipatso, masamba, masamba, mizu, mizu, komanso nyama zam'madzi, makamaka chilimwe. Ana aang'ono amatengera tizilombo m'milungu iwiri yoyambirira ya moyo. Popeza magawo am'madzi amatha kudya bwino mchilimwe, amatha popanda kuthirira kwa nthawi yayitali ndikudyetsa madzi ambiri, nthawi zina pamtunda wamtunda wa 10-12 km kuchokera kumadzi oyandikira. M'nyengo yozizira, phalaphala limakhala chomera ndipo limadyetsa madera a chipale chofewa.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Mbalamezi ndizaconde kwambiri. Chapakatikati, amapeza awiri awo kapena amapanga. Mosiyana ndi ma pheasants, abambo oyamwa adyera amateteza ana ndikuwasamalira. Mu chisa pali mazira 9 mpaka 25, omwe amadzilimbitsa kwa masiku 20-25. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, masana, anapiye amabadwa.
Vocalization
Gulu la ziweto zimayang'ana malo okhala ndi zakudya zabwino m'makola, ndipo akapeza, amapanga "guk.kuk.kuk" kumamveka kukumbutsa nkhuku. Mapulogalamu olondera amatuluka. Pa ntchentche, nkhuku zakuthengo zoopsa zimafuula modabwitsa, chip.chip.kipipipip. " Kwa amuna, komanso akazi, chomwe chimadziwika kwambiri ndi chilimbikitso, chomwe chimawoneka ngati "chirr" kapena "chirric". Nthawi zambiri, amuna amapereka izi, kukhala paphiri - izi zonse ndi chizindikiro cha malo komanso zoopseza mdani. Amphongo nthawi yakuswana, akugwiritsitsa malo awo, nthawi zambiri amalira mofuula, "pomwe akazi nthawi imeneyo amatulutsa" dzenje "pafupipafupi. Anapiye onse achimuna ndi achimuna amayitanidwa ndi mitundu yayikulu yakumbuyo, kukumbutsa nkhuku, koma ndi mawu omaliza kumapeto kwa phokoso lililonse. Yaikazi, yowopsa pachidacho, imatha kulira modabwitsa.
Kulera ndi kulera ana
Kuphatikiza pa kusungunuka kwathunthu, komwe nthenga zonse zimasinthidwa ndi zatsopano, phala ladzuwa limakhalanso ndi "mol." Magawo amakonzekera ukwati, amasintha nthenga zakale kukhala zatsopano zokongola pakhosi ndi pamutu. Zigawo za Grey zimayendera limodzi. Kumapeto kwa mwezi wa February, amayamba kukhala ophatikizidwa. Poyamba, akazi amawonetsa zomwe akuchita. Ngati gulu ndi ana omwe sanasungunuke chiyambire kugwa, momwe muli "okwatirana" a chaka chatha, ndiye kuti amapanganso gulu ndikupuma. Kenako akazi ena ayamba kuwonetsa zochitika, ndikusankha wamwamuna, asiye gulu. Mapeto ake, amunawo, omwe atsala yekha, alumikizana ndi gulu lina, akuyembekeza kupeza bwenzi. Kuti muchite izi, amphaka a grey partridge, monga momwe zimakhalira nkhuku, ngakhale dzuwa lisanatulukire, imawulukira m'malo okwera ndikuyamba kuponya kulira komwe kumakopa akazi. Otsutsawo amafikanso pakuyitanidwa, kenako kumenyananso pakati pa magulu ankhondo oyenda. Okwatirana a mbalame amasankhidwa mosamala ndipo nthawi zina amasintha abwenzi kangapo asanapange chisankho chomaliza. Yaikazi imayamba miyambo yokomayo, imapita kwa yamphongoyo, ndikutambasulira khosi lake ndikusunthasuntha ngati mutu wake ndi khosi. Wamphongo wayimirira, wotambasuka molunjika m'mwamba. Magawo agulu amadziwikanso ndi mayendedwe pamene mbalame, zitaima pafupi ndi wina ndi mnzake, ndikupukusira makosi awo.
Akakhwima, akazi amatenga kapena kupanga mabowo pansi pakati pa udzu wokulirapo kapena wamtali, ndikuzindikira bowo ndi udzu wouma. Mbalameyi imayamba kuyikira mazira mwezi umodzi wokha utangotha. Mbidzi yamphongo imayang'anira malo osungira nthawi yonse ya makulidwe, ndipo anapiyewo atawonekera, zimatenga gawo lawo polera.
Pakati pa mbalame zonse za ku Russia, grey partridge ndiye wodziwika bwino. Kuyambira masiku oyamba a Epulo, nthawi yakubzala amakwanitsa kubereka mazira 12-18 (nthawi zina pamakhala mazira 28). Choyamba, mazira amayikidwa tsiku limodzi, linzake. Kenako nthawiyo imangokulira mpaka tsiku. Ndipo atangoika dzira lomaliza pomwe mayi amayamba kudzikhuthula kwa masiku 25, ndipo samachokapo ngakhale munthu atawoneka. Sakonda kupita kukadyetsa kwakanthawi. Wamphongo samusiya bwenzi lake, amakhala pafupi ndi chisa ndipo nthawi zina amasintha chachikazi.
Ana opepuka amunguwa amawonekera, patangotha tsiku limodzi. Akatswiriwo akangouma, mkaziyo amawatsogolera kuchoka pachisa, ndipo ana sanabwerere kuchisa. Kungoyambira maola ochepa okha, nkhuku zimatha kuthamanga, patatha sabata limodzi zimayamba kuyandama pang'onopang'ono, ndipo patatha milungu iwiri imatha kuwuluka pamtunda wawutali. Nkhuku zikangochotsa chisa, mwamunayo nthawi yomweyo amalumikizana ndi ana, azithandiza kutsogolera ana mpaka anapiyewo atakula. Ana sangasungike mpaka kasupe wotsatira. Pakutha kwa chilimwe, ana ambiri amaphatikizana ndi gulu la ziweto, ndipo m'makola aang'ono awa achinyamata amakhala nthawi yozizira. Pofika chilimwe chotsatira, nkhuku zimayamba kukhwima.
Zambiri Zamagawo
- Mitengo yoyamba ya mbalame zazing'ono ili ndi mtundu wa phulusa wokhala ndi utoto wonyezimira, kena kake kamakumbutsa mtundu wa bakha wamtchire.
- Mapulogalamu alibe mawu akuti "dimorphism". Ndiye kuti, onse amuna ndi akazi ali ndi khungu lofananira. Kusiyanitsa kokha ndi malo amdima pachifuwa cha amuna.
- Osachepera mfundo zosangalatsa za phala gwirizana ndi chiphiphiritso cha mayiko.Kuyambira 1995, yakhala chizindikiro cha dziko la US ku Alaska.
- Kodi mumadziwa kuti kutentha kwa thupi kwa mgawo ndi magawo makumi anayi ndi kasanu Celsius, ngakhale kuli kozizira kwambiri pa mseu.
- Posachedwa, partridge yakhala mutu wa kafukufuku wa sayansi. Mwa kuphunzira za mbalamezi, asayansi adazindikira kuti powona kulemera kwa mbalame zomwe zili m'midzi yakutali, zizindikiritso zaku kutentha kwapadziko lonse zitha kunenedweratu. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi thandizo lawo ndizotheka kulosera momwe izi zingakhudzire zolengedwa zonse, kuphatikiza anthu.
Nyama ku Zoo ya Moscow
Zigawo za Grey zidasungidwa kalekale ku Zoo ya Moscow. Mbalamezi zimalekerera undende ndipo sizimabweretsa mavuto posamalira. Amazolowera munthuyu ndipo amatha kutenga chakudya m'manja.
Magawo amalandira kusakaniza kwa chimanga, chakudya chamagulu, tchizi choko, ndipo nthawi zina tizilombo monga chakudya. M'chilimwe, udzu watsopano kapena nthambi zamtunduwu zimayikidwa m'ndende.
Mutha kuwona malo otuwa ku Moscow Zoo pa malo a "Fauna of Russia", momwe amakhala kumalo owerengera ndege limodzi ndi othandizira wamba komanso odutsa ang'onoang'ono. Ngakhale amakhala odzikuza, phala laimvi silikhala pachimake, popeza hares, akuyenda pamayendedwe aviary, amapanga nkhawa, ndipo mbalame siziwopa kuyambitsa anapiye.
Habitat
Pachikhalidwe, phala yokhala ndi maula oyera ndi mbalame yozizira, yodziwika ndi mvula yambiri komanso nthawi yayitali. Kwa iye, nyumba ya taiga, tundra ndi nkhalango za tundra amaganiziridwa. Amakonda kukhazikika m'madambo, momwe mumakonda kwambiri peat ndi moss.
Ptarmigan amakhala ku North America, Europe ndi Greenland. Itha kupezekanso m'madambo a Scotland ndi England. Ponena za gawo la Russia, apa amakhala ku Sakhalin ndi Kamchatka.
Gulu
Ptarmigan ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zakumpoto kwambiri pabanja lawo. Amakhala komwe achimwene ake ena akadakhala ozizira kwa nthawi yayitali. Koma sakhala yekha. Poyamba, pali mtundu wonse wazigawo zoyera, zomwe zimachokera ku banja la pheasant komanso nkhuku yodula. Poyamba anaphatikiza mitundu isanu ndi umodzi, koma lero alipo atatu okha: kwenikweni oyera, tundra ndi magawo-oyera oyera.
Onsewa amakhala kokha kumpoto kwa Earth ndipo amatha kulekerera kutentha pang'ono. Amasiyananso mitundu ina yokhala ndi zibwano zazitali, komanso nthenga zazikulu komanso zowoneka bwino zophimba miyendo yawo.
Ptarmigan kukula kwake kochepera zoyera. Imakhala m'dera la tundra ndi lamba wamapiri a Cordillera, Pyrenees, Alps, mapiri a Scandinavia, Japan ndi Altai. Zovala zake zozizira zimakhala pafupifupi zoyera kwathunthu, kupatula malo akuda pamwamba pa mulomo ndi mchira. Zambiri zam'malimwe zimagwirizana ndi mithunzi yamwala kumalo komwe mbalame zimakhala.
Gawo loyera loyera ndi membala wocheperako wautunduwu. Amadziwika ku North America ndipo amapezeka ku Central Alaska, mapiri a Briteni, Washington, Wyoming ndi Montana. Mtundu wa mbalameyo nthawi yozizira, palibiretu zakuda mchira; chilimwe, amuna ndi akazi amakhala ndi mitu yowala pamutu pawo.
Mitundu ya Partridge
Banja ili ndi mitundu isanu yokha:
- Partridge Daurian (womangidwa ndevu). Mtunduwu umakhala ku kontinenti ya Asia, makamaka - kum'mwera kwa Siberia, Altai, ku Mongolia, kumpoto kwa Tibet ndi China. Kukula kwa mbalamezi ndizochepa, ndipo kulemera kwa akuluakulu ndi pafupifupi 350-400 g. Mtundu wa nthenga ndi imvi ndi tint ya bulauni. Kumbuyo kuli njira yolowera, yoonekera kwambiri. Dzinalo linapatsidwa nthenga (zolimba kukhudza) zomwe zimamera pachimake. Amakonda kukhala m'malo otseguka m'zigwa za malo osungira, pamalo owoneka bwino, komanso m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri. Imawuluka pang'ono (kwa mtunda waufupi), zisa pansi, ndipo sizikhala ndi zisa pamitengo kapena zitsamba.
- Partridge ndi ofiira. Mtunduwu umangokhala ku Spain ndi Portugal.
- Partridge ndi Tibetan. Amakhala kumapiri a Tibet, komanso ku Pakistan ndi Nepal. Mtundu wa gawo laling'ono lamtunduwu ndi wakuda, pachifuwa ndi choyera, ndipo pamapikowo amawapanga. Imakhala pamwamba m'mapiri, imakhota pachitsamba chokulirapo m'mapiri.
- Partridge ndi yoyera. Kusiyana kwake kwakukulu kuchokera ku mitundu ina ndikusintha kwathunthu mumtundu wa mankhwalawa itatha nyengo yosungunuka. Malo okhala: North America, Great Britain, Sakhalin, Kamchatka, gombe la nyanja ya Baltic. Mbalameyi imakhala ku tundra, nkhalango-tundra kapena nkhalango zosakanikirana. Pambuyo pakuphulika kwa masika, utoto wa mbalamezi umakhala wotuwa. Ndipo nthawi yozizira, mtundu wa nthenga utatha kusungunuka, umayeretsedwa.
- Gulugufe (kapena steppe) ndilo lalikulu kwambiri komanso lodziwika bwino kwambiri kwa gawo lawolo. Kunja kofanana kwambiri ndi nkhuku zoweta, zochepa zokulirapo. Habitat - pafupifupi mayiko onse a ku Europe ndi Asia.
Kafotokozedwe ndi mawonekedwe apadera amtunda
Kukula kwakuthupi kwa gawo laling'ono ndikocheperako kuposa njiwa. Nthawi zambiri mbalameyi imakhala pakati pa udzu kapena zitsamba zazitali. Kutali, mtundu wa maonekedwe ake ukuoneka wonyezimira, wopanda mithunzi. Chifukwa cha izi, zimalumikizana ndi malo ozungulira ndikuyamba kukhala osawoneka. Koma chapafupi kwambiri zikuwoneka bwino kuti utoto wa mbalameyo ndi wamitundu mitundu.
Zigawo sizimayenda bwino kwambiri, ndikuwononga moyo wawo wonse pansi - kulikonse komwe amayenda mwanzeru pamawonekedwe awo ang'onoang'ono. Magawo ena amagona pansi pansi, akumakhala m'malo obisika - mu udzu kapena kuthengo.
Mbalame zazing'onozi nthawi zambiri sizimachoka, ndi mtunda wochepa chabe womwe ungawuluke. Nthawi zambiri amachita izi pokhapokha pangozi kapena pofunafuna chakudya. Kuchotsa, ndikulira kwambiri, kuwuluka mwachidule komanso osakweza kumtunda, kuwomba mapiko ake ndikosowa, makamaka kumakhudza nthaka. Pakuuluka kwawo, phokoso lomwe limatuluka ndi nthenga za parridge limamveka bwino.
Partridge imatha kupanga phokoso lofanana ndikumamenya komanso kubetcha (ndi mawu oti "kumapeto" kumapeto). Ndi chisangalalo, zazimuna ndi zazikazi zimayamba kulira, makamaka zazikazi kumaswa timwana.
Ndibanja la agogo
Mapulogalamu wamba ambiri amtundu waung'ono ndi gawo la imvi. Ili ndi miyeso yaying'ono komanso thupi. Kutalika kwa thupi si kupitirira 35 cm, ndipo kulemera kwa wamwamuna wamkulu kumatha kufika 380-540 g.C kulemera kwa mkazi wocheperako ndi 320-510 g. Kukula kwa mbalamezi mwachindunji kumadalira malo omwe akukhalamo komanso nthawi ya chaka. Magawo okhala kum'mawa ndi okulirapo kukula kuposa abale omwe amakhala m'malo ena. Zazikulu kwambiri za mbalamezi zimafika nthawi yophukira, nthawi imeneyi amasunga matupi awo nthawi yozizira ikubwera.
Mapiko akukulira amatha kupitirira masentimita 50. Mapiko nawonso ndi ochepa kukula (pafupifupi 16 cm), mawonekedwe awo ndi ozunguliridwa. Zowonjezerazo ndizochepa, osapitirira 8 cm.Miyendo ndi yayitali kutalika, lamphamvu ndi lamphamvu, lopanda maula ambiri. Alibe Partridge ndi Spurs. Kukula kwa njanji - 3,8 cm.
Mapaundi
Mtundu wa nthenga za gawo ili ndi wabwino kwambiri. Palibe mitundu yowala pamitundu yambiri ya mbalameyi: nthenga za utoto wakuda zokha zimatha kuwoneka kumbuyo, zikuyenda kudutsa msana wonse. Mutu umakhala wocheperako kukula, pamwamba pomwe nthenga zimapakidwa matani ofiira, okhala ndi mawanga bulauni komanso ming'alu yaying'ono ya mthunzi wopepuka. Mtundu wa pamphumi, masaya ndi mbali yakumaso yaifupi. Kumbuyo ndi chifuwa ndi imvi yotuwa, yokhala ndi timadontho tating'ono ndi mikwaso ya bulauni. Mimba yake ndi mtundu wopepuka, wa imvi, pomwe kachidutswa kamene kamaoneka ngati kavalo, komwe kamayalidwa ndi bulauni, kumatuluka. M'mphepete mwake muli mizere yayikulu kwambiri ya bulauni. Nthenga za mchira mchira ndi utoto wofiira, utoto wozungulira. Mlomo wawung'ono wokhotera kumapeto ndi utoto wachikaso, miyendo ndi imvi ndi utoto wachikasu.
Mwa akazi, mtundu wake ndi wowala pang'ono kuposa amuna. Pamutu, mtundu wamafuta ndi wowala pang'ono, wowala. Ndipo malowo ali ngati mawonekedwe amaliro kavalo pamimba sichinafotokozedwe bwino.
Pali nthawi ziwiri zosungunuka mu mbalamezi.
Poyambira koyamba mumphongo wamwamuna, nthenga zimasinthidwa pang'ono - kumutu ndi m'khosi. Izi zimayamba kuyambira Meyi mpaka pakati pa Juni. Akazi molt koyambirira - kuyambira khumi zoyambirira za Marichi mpaka zaka khumi zapitazi za Epulo, kusintha kwawo nthenga kumatchedwa kukwatiwa. Nthenga zimasintha m'mutu, m'mapewa komanso pachifuwa.
Kuzungulira kwathunthu m'madigiri kumatanthauza kusintha nthenga kwathunthu. Kusungunula kotere kumachitika pambuyo pakupezeka kwa anapiye - tentatively kuyambira m'ma Julayi. Kusungunuka kwathunthu kumatenga nthawi yayitali - kuwonjezereka kwa parridge kwathunthu kumatha mwa pakati pa Okutobala.
Mutha kukumana ndi mbalamezi m'maiko ambiri ku Europe ndi Asia. Amakhala pakati pa nkhalango, m'nkhalango, m'mphepete mwa mapiri kapena kumapiri kwa nkhalango. Chifukwa chake, amatchedwa stepep.
Mbalamezi sizikhala pamtundu uliwonse wa dothi. Nthaka zadothi lolemera siziyenera iwo. Mwa moyo wawo wabwinobwino, dothi lamchenga ndi mchenga womwe umadutsa chinyezi ndiwofunikira kwambiri magawo aimvi. Madera agrey amatha kupezeka m'mapiri - pamalo okwera mpaka 1900 m m'malo opezekapo.
Zosangalatsa m'moyo
Mbalamezi zimatchedwa mitundu ya padziko lapansi. M'nyengo yotentha, amakonda kugona pamitengo ya chitsamba chochepa kapena udzu wamtali. M'nyengo yozizira, amayenera kugona pansi. Mapulogalamu nthawi zambiri amayendayenda kumpoto.
Pali zifukwa zingapo izi:
- atasaka, nkhosazo zimachuluka,
- nthawi yozizira imazizira kwambiri
- chakudya chokwanira
- m'malo omwe amakhala, munthu amakula malo omwe amakhala ndi magawo omwe amakhala.
Chiwerengero cha mbalame zomwe sizikhala pagulu sizikupitilira 20 aliyense. Mu nyengo yakukhwima, mabanja amasungidwa. Gulu la nkhosa limakhazikitsidwa ndi ana a chisa chimodzi cha chilimwe. Mamembala a paketiwo samalimbana wina ndi mnzake. M'mawa ndi madzulo nkhosazo zimasamukira kukadyetsa, nthawi yotentha, mbalame zimafunafuna pobisalira dzuwa kuchokera mu udzu wautali kapena tchire. Usiku, magawo amayenda kale usiku. Pamene zochulukazo zimadyetsa, mbalame zingapo zimangoyang'anira.
Ngati magawo amakhala hibernate kudziko lakwawo, ndiye kuti amaphatikizana pamodzi m'magulu akulu a magulu akulu, omwe atha kukhala anthu 90-98. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kupeza magawo atatu nthawi yachisanu pafupi ndi nkhokwe, kukafunafuna chakudya, amatha kuuluka kupita kumalo komwe ziweto zimasungidwa.
Chakudya
Chakudya chamadzi champhongo chimayendetsedwa ndi chimanga ndi mbewu zaudzu. Kwambiri, mbalamezi zimakonda kudya mapira kapena burwheat. Kuyambira pobadwa mpaka mwezi umodzi, anapiye amadyera limodzi amadya nyama - tizilombo, mbozi, ndi mphutsi. Pakatha mwezi umodzi, achinyamata amakula kale kubzala zakudya, zomwe masamba masamba, masamba, zipatso zamphesa, tirigu, maluwa a rye amapezeka. Kuti timize chakudya, anthuwa amafunika kupeta miyala ing'onoing'ono kapena mchenga wowuma.
M'nyengo yozizira, zakudya zawo zimasowa kwambiri. Amaphulitsa matalala posaka udzu wouma, komanso amasunthira pafupi ndi malo okhala, komwe amakapeza chakudya chochuluka.
Kuswana kwa phala
Nyengo ya matenthedwe imayamba pakati pa Epulo. Nthawi imeneyi, gululi limagawika magulu awiriawiri, ndipo limodzi limamanga zisa pansi, pomwe mazira amayikidwa.
Zisa zokhala ndi udzu zimagwiritsa ntchito pansi, zomwe zimakutidwa ndi udzu, masamba ndi nthenga zazikazi.
Ntchito yokhwima imayambira zaka khumi zoyambira pa Epulo mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Juni. Nthawi zambiri m'mwezi wa Meyi, ma testicles oyima 7-16, chipolopolo chake chomwe chimakhala ndi mtundu wa beige komanso maolivi a maolivi, chimakhala kale chisa. Amphongo amatenga nawo mbali pokoka anapiye. Nthawi yomenyera m'mbali mwa magawo ndi masiku 21-25. Anapiana oswedwa nthawi yomweyo amakhala achangu. Pambuyo pakukula kwawuma, kumayamba kuthamanga. Maola angapo atawoneke anapiye onse atsopano, banja limachoka pachisa. Patatha sabata limodzi, anapiye ayamba kale kuchoka pansi, ndipo patsiku 14 ana onse magawo kale akuuluka bwino.
Mawonekedwe a Partridge ndi malo okhala
M'modzi mwa oimira amtunduwu ndi phala. Amadziwika bwino ndi anthu okhala kumpoto chakumadzulo. Mbalameyi yakula modabwitsa.
Awa ndi mkhalidwe wa chamoyo momwe umasinthira mawonekedwe ake, kutengera chilengedwe ndi nyengo. Gawo loyera nthawi zonse limasinthasintha mawonekedwe ake kuti asazindikirike ndi maso amunthu wamaliseche.
Partridge wamwamuna ndi wamkazi
Ndiwocheperako kukula. Kutalika kwa gawo lamagawo apakati kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 38. Kulemera kwake kumafikira 700 magalamu. M'nyengo yozizira, mtundu wa mbalameyi umakhala woyera kwambiri, womwe umalola kuti uzionekera.
Nthawi ndi nthawi pokhapokha pamatha kuwona malo amtambo wakuda nthenga zake. Igwe pang'onopang'ono Kusintha moonekeratu. Nthenga zake zimakhala ndi njerwa yoyera komanso yoyera-yofiirira yokhala ndi nsidze zofiirira.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali zochitika zina kuti mbalamezi zimakhala ndi utoto wavy m'mapulamo kapena mawanga achikasu basi. Koma chachikulu chimakhalabe choyera. Chithunzi cha Partridge chitsimikiziro cha izi.
Gawo la mkazi ndi losiyana kwambiri ndi lamphongo. Nthawi zambiri kukula kwake kumakhala kocheperako, ndipo kumasintha mtundu wake pang'ono koyambirira. Zazikazi zodyera yozizira ali ndi mtundu wowala kuposa wamphongo, motero sizingakhale zovuta kwa osaka kusiyanitsa yemwe ali patsogolo pawo.
M'nyengo yozizira, gawo loyera ndilabwino kwambiri. Zamoyo zake zimachuluka, ndipo nthenga zazitali zimawonekera mchira ndi mapiko. Izi sizikongoletsa mbalame, komanso zimazipulumutsa ku chisanu champhamvu. Sizovuta kwenikweni kwa asaka ndi nyama zazikulu zakuthengo zomwe zimakonda kusaka mbali kuti ziipeze chisanu. Izi zimapereka mwayi waukulu kuti mbalameyo ipulumuke.
Nthenga zazing'ono zimamera m'mphepete mwa mbalameyi, zomwe zimazipulumutsa ku chisanu chachikulu. M'nyengo yozizira, zikhadabo zimamera zala zake zinayi, zomwe zimathandizira mbalameyo kuyima mwamphamvu mu chipale chofewa, komanso kukubisalamo.
Mu chithunzichi phula loyera
Partridge nthawi zambiri yaying'ono kuposa yoyera. Kutalika kwake pafupifupi 25-25 cm, ndipo kulemera kumayambira 300 mpaka 500 magalamu. Maonekedwe a mbalameyi ndiyabwino koma chifukwa cha imvi.
Koma sikuti mbalame yonse imachita imvi, m'mimba mwake muli mtundu woyera. Khola lofiirira lomwe limawoneka bwino pamimba ya mbalameyi likugwira. Chovala ngati kavalo chimawoneka bwino amuna ndi akazi.
Gawo la mkazi ndi laling'ono kwambiri kuposa lamphongo. Komanso chodziwika bwino cha kavalo pamimba pake palibe pamwana. Zikuwoneka kale pamene phalitsi liloza zaka zobala mwana.
Munthu amatha kusiyanitsa chachikazi ndi gawo loyimitsidwa ndi imvi mwa kukhalapo kwa nthenga zofiira m'chigawo mchira. Oimira chiwalo cholimba cha magawo alibe nthenga zotere. Mutu wa amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mtundu wonenepa. Thupi lonse la mbalamezi limakhala ngati lakutidwa ndi malo amdima.
Mu chithunzicho gawo la imvi
Mapiko a mitundu yonse yazigawo sanatalike; mchirawo ndiufupi. Malamba amakutidwa ndi ubweya kokha mwa oimira mitundu ya mbalamezi omwe amakhala kumpoto. Akumwera safuna kutetezedwa.
Magawo onse amakopeka kwambiri ndi malo otseguka. Amakonda mapiri a nkhalango, tundra, chipululu ndi theka-chipululu, mapiri apakati komanso mapiri a mapiri. M'malo akumwera mbalame yodyera osawopa malo okhala pafupi.
Kwenikweni, magawo onse amakhala moyo wongokhala. Partridge imodzi mwa mbalamezi. Mapale oyera okha ndi a tundra nthawi yozizira amasamukira kumwera, ndipo imvi zimawulukira kuchokera ku Siberia kupita ku Kazakhstan.
Asia, North America, Europe, Greenland, New Lands, Mongolia, Tibet, Caucasus ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri amitundu yonse. Zitha kupezekanso ku USA ndi Canada.
Mu chithunzicho chidutswa cha mwala
Kudyetsa pakati
Zakudya za Partridge zimaphatikizapo zakudya zam'mera. Amakonda njere zamasamba osiyanasiyana, mbewu za chimanga, zipatso, masamba ndi mitengo, komanso masamba ndi mizu.
Zimachitika kuti mbalamezi zimatha kudya phwando la tizilombo. Zakudya zotere zimapezeka kuchokera ku mtundu wa magawo a chilimwe.M'nyengo yozizira, amavutika kwambiri kuti apeze chakudya. Zomera za nyengo yozizira, zipatso zachisanu ndi zotsalira za masamba ndi mbewu zimasunga. Zimachitika, koma kawirikawiri, kuti mbalamezi zimafa ndi njala nthawi yozizira.
Kubalanso ndi nthawi yayitali ya phala
Magawo amtunda ndi ochulukirapo. Amatha kuyikira mazira 25. Mazira kuwaswa kwa masiku 25. Mwanjira imeneyi, yamphongo imatenga gawo lokangalika. Mabanja ali makolo osamala kwambiri. Anapiye okongola okalamba komanso odziimira pawokha amabadwa.
Poona kuti kusaka kwa phala osati kokha ndi osaka, komanso nyama zolusa, moyo wawo sakhala wambiri. Amakhala pafupifupi pafupifupi zaka 4.
Anthu ambiri akuyesera ndikupanga nyumba yogona. Palibe vuto kwa iwo. Chifukwa kubereka kwa phala Sichifuna ndalama zambiri, zandalama komanso zakuthupi.
Mu chithunzichi, chisa chodyera ndi anapiye
Zokwanira mugule phala ndipo mpangireni iye mikhalidwe yonse yomwe adzaberekera mwana wabwino. Za momwe angagwirire phala ochepa amadziwa popanda mfuti, ngakhale kuti njira zotere ndizotheka. Itha kukopedwa ndikugwidwa mothandizidwa ndi maukonde, botolo la pulasitiki, misampha ndi malupu. Njira zonsezi ndi zabwino ngati zikufotokozedwa molondola komanso payekhapayekha.
Kodi phala la imvi limadyanso chiyani?
Chithunzi: Grey partridge m'chilengedwe
Akuluakulu a mtunduwu amadya zakudya zam'mera: udzu, mbewu, zipatso, nthawi zina amathandizira podyerapo ndi chakudya chochepa cha nyama. Ana omwe akukula amadyetsedwa ndi tizilombo, mphutsi, mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, ndipo akamakula, amasintha pang'onopang'ono kuzakudya zomwe makolo amakonda.
Zonsezi nkhuku zimapezeka kokha pansi. M'nyengo yozizira, zakudya sizabwino kwambiri, magawo amayenera kuthyola chipale chofewa ndi mphamvu zawo kuti afike ku udzu wamtchire ndi mbewu zake. Mwa izi, mabowo a hare nthawi zambiri amawathandiza. Nthawi zina amatha kudyetsa tirigu wozizira paminda yolimapo, malinga ndi momwe chipale chofunda sichiri chachikulu.
M'madutsa ovuta kwambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri mvula ikamathagwa komanso kugumuka pang'ono, amakhala pafupi kwambiri ndi malo omwe anthu amakhala, amawuluka kwa omwe akudyetsa ziweto kuti akafufuze udzu, komwe mungapeze zomera zaulimi mosavuta. Chapakatikati, gawo lalikulu lamadzi lophatikizika ndi tizilombo limadyedwa. Anthuwo amachira msanga nyengo yachisanu yozizira ndipo ali okonzeka kugwirira kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe.
Pazigawo zokhazikitsidwa ndi imvi zakunyumba, zakudya zabwino za nkhuku sizivomerezeka. Ndikofunikira kuyibweretsa pafupi kwambiri ndi chakudya chachilengedwe, apo ayi kufa kwawo, kulephera kuyikira mazira ndi kuwaswa ana ndikotheka.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Grey Partridge
Partridge imvi imangotengedwa ngati mbalame ya kumtunda. Amatha kuthamanga mwachangu komanso mosasamala mozungulira muudzu wamtali, pakati pa mitengo ndi zitsamba. Imachoka pomwe pali ngozi yayikulu ndikuwomba mapiko ake mokweza, ndikuwuluka mtunda waufupi pansi, kenako ndikuyambiranso, nkusochera mdani. Nthawi zina imatha kuuluka mtunda waufupi kukafunafuna chakudya ndipo nthawi yomweyo siyimadutsa malire a malo omwe amakhala, koma izi sizitanthauza kuti sizingatheke kuyenda ndege zazikulu - iwonso amatha kuzichita.
Pathawiyi, nkhuku yakuthengo imakhala yokhotakhota, ndikukweza mutu wake, ndipo pakuyenda mwachizolowezi imasunthasuntha pang'ono, ndikuyang'ana mozungulira ndikuyang'ana mozungulira. Iyi ndi mbalame yamanyazi kwambiri komanso yachete, nthawi zambiri simungamve mawu ake. Pokhapokha pa masewera aubwenzi kapena pakuwukira mosayembekezereka, akapanga mawu kwambiri, wofanana ndi kulira.
Masana, kudyetsa kumatenga magawo awiri mpaka maola awiri, nthawi yonse yobisala yomwe imabisala m'nkhalangozi za udzu, nthenga zoyera ndikusamalira zonsezo. Maola omwe amagwira ntchito kwambiri amagwa m'mawa ndi madzulo, usiku - nthawi yopuma.
Chosangalatsa: Kuchokera kumadera omwe ali ndi chipale chofewa kwambiri pomwe kumayamba kuzizira, magawo aimvi amatembenukira kumwera, chifukwa ndizosatheka kuti chakudya chikwaniritsidwe ndi chipale chofewa. M'malo otsalawo, nkhuku zamtchire zimakhalabe nthawi yachisanu ndipo kwa moyo wawo wonse zimakhala maulendo ochepa osowa pamtunda wocheperako kukafunafuna chakudya.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Grey partridge mbalame
Mtundu wamtunduwu ndi monogamen. Awiri pakati pa nkhuku zakuthengo nthawi zambiri amakhala moyo wonse. Makolo onse awiriwa amathandizanso chimodzimodzi pakudyetsa ndi kuteteza ana. Ndimagona nkhuku zowawa kamodzi pachaka kumayambiriro kwa Meyi kuyambira pa 15 mpaka 25 nthawi. Zisa zam'madzi zokhazikitsidwa pansi zimamangidwa pansi, ndikuzibisala mu udzu, pansi pa zitsamba ndi mitengo. Pakulowetsedwa, komwe kumatenga pafupifupi masiku 23, nthawi zina wamkazi amangosiyiratu kumangodzidyetsa, pomwe palibe bamboyo amakhala pafupi ndi chisa ndipo amayang'anira zochitika zomwe zili mozungulira.
Pakakhala zoopsa kapena zowopsa zina, onse amayesa kudzipatula kuti asayang'ane modzidzimutsa, kenako, osagwirizana ndi vuto lawo, amabwerera. Amuna nthawi zambiri amafa panthawiyi, kudzipereka kuti ateteze anapiye awo. Ngakhale ana atagwira ntchito yayitali, mchaka chamvula chambiri, ana onse amatha kufa nthawi yomweyo, popeza zisa zili pansi. Kubwatula kwapang'onopang'ono pafupifupi nthawi imodzi komanso kwenikweni kukonzekera kusunthira makolo awo kudera lokhala kuti akakhale mtunda wa mazana angapo. Ma buluku ali kale ndi maula, kuwona ndi kumva bwino, ndikuphunzira mwachangu.
Chidwi chochititsa chidwi: Pakatha mlungu umodzi kubadwa kwa anapiye otsogola kale amatha kuchoka, ndipo milungu ingapo atakhala okonzeka kuyenda pandege ndi makolo awo.
Madera agalu ndi mbalame zachikhalidwe zomwe zimacheza nthawi zonse. Madera akum'mwera, amakhala m'mapaketi a anthu 25-30; kumpoto, magulu ali ndi theka la mbalame. Wina wa kholo akamwalira, wachiwiri amasamalira ana, pomwalira ndi awiri, anapiyewo amakhalabe m'manja mwa mabanja ena okhala pafupi. M'nyengo yozizira kwambiri, mbalame zimakumana m'magulu ogwirizana komanso zimakhazikika pamodzi m'makola a chipale chofewa, chifukwa zimakhala zosavuta kutenthetsana, ndipo ndi isanayambike thaw imabaliranso m'malo awo obisika.
Adani achilengedwe a magawo
Chithunzi: Gawo laimvi
Magawo agulu ali ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe:
- ntchentche, girfalcons, kadzidzi ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama, ngakhale akhwangwala amathanso kulima m'malo olima masamba,
- nthenga, nkhandwe, nkhandwe za arctic ndi ena ambiri okhala mwa nkhalango ndi minda.
Chifukwa cha adani ochulukirachulukira, makilogalamu ochepa osowa amakhalabe ndi zaka 4, ngakhale ali m'malo abwino, anthu ambiri amatha kupitilira zaka 10. Palibe chilichonse choti chingateteze kwa adani, kupatula utoto wake wokongola. Partridge imvi imawonedwa ngati nyama yosavuta. Ndiye chifukwa chake zazikazi ndi zazimuna zimayang'aniridwa ndikusunga ana awo. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwakukulu komanso kuthamanga kwa anapiye, nkhuku zamtchire sizikuwopsezedwa kuti zidzatha.
Kuphatikiza pa adani achilengedwe, kutayika kwakukulu kwa anthu ogawana nawo kumachitikanso chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osiyanasiyana azachipatala. Ngati gululo limakhala pafupi ndi mudzi, ndiye kuti ngakhale amphaka ndi agalu angawachezere kuti apindule ndi achinyamata. Hedgehogs, njoka zimaswa mosavuta zisa ndi kudzisangalatsa ndi mazira. Makamaka chisanu komanso chisanu kwambiri ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwa magawo ambiri. Munthawi imeneyi, amakhala ofooka kwambiri chifukwa chosakwanira kudya ndipo amakhala osavuta kudya nyama zodya nyama.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Grey partridge m'nyengo yozizira
Gawo loukira pakali pano siliri mu Red Book of Russia, mosiyana ndi lingaliro loyera, lomwe likuwopsezedwa kuti lidzawonongedwe. Mkhalidwe wamtunduwu ndizokhazikika chifukwa cha fecundity kwambiri komanso kupulumuka kwa ana.
Zaka mazana ambiri zatha kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri, anthu onse kulikonse adayamba kutsika, ambiri amati izi ndi mankhwala omwe amapezeka ndi mankhwala azipatala. Kuphatikiza apo, mizinda yomwe ikula msanga imakhala m'malo amtundu wamtundu, ngakhale agalu wamba pabwalo amawopseza ana awo. Mwachitsanzo, m'Chigawo cha Leningrad lero kulibe anthu opitilira chikwi, mu Region la Moscow mopitilira apo. Pachifukwa ichi, gawo la imvi liri mu Bukhu Lofiira la madera awa ndi ena angapo m'chigawo chapakati cha dzikolo.
Akatswiri a Ornithologists amathandizira kuchuluka kwa magawo am'makomo mwa kumasula anthu omwe kale anali m'mabwinja m'malo azachilengedwe. M'mikhalidwe yochita kupanga, amakhala omasuka kwambiri ndipo, mwachilengedwe, mizu yake imakhazikika, kupereka ana. Zoneneratu ndizabwino, malinga ndi akatswiri, anthu atha kubwezeretsedwako paliponse ndipo gawo loyera silitha kufa kwathunthu - chilengedwe chomwechomwe chidasamalira izi, kuchipatsa ndi chonde kwambiri.
Partridge, ngakhale kuti ndi mbalame yakuthengo, yakhala pafupi ndi anthu kwazaka zambiri. Unali chiphaso cholandirika kwa osaka akale, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo palibe chomwe chasintha - amachiwafunanso, nyama yake imawoneka yokoma komanso yopatsa thanzi. Amasinthidwa mosavuta, amakula mlengalenga.
Partridge m'nyengo yozizira ndi chilimwe
Mbalameyi imasintha mtundu wake kangapo pachaka, koma mulimonsemo imawoneka bwino. M'nyengo yozizira, maula a gawo lawo ndi oyera ngati chipale, koma nthenga za kunja zambiri za mchira zimakhala zakuda. Miyendo yake imakopanso chidwi. Amakhala ndi ubweya ndipo amakhala ndi nthenga zazifupi zazifupi. Mtunduwu umathandizira kuphatikiza ndi chilengedwe, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mbalameyi isadzipangitse yokha, komanso kuti izitha kupulumuka m'mikhalidwe yovuta ngati iyi.
Ndikayamba masika, masamba achikaso ndi a bulauni amayamba kuwoneka pamadzi ambiri a matenthedwe, ndipo nsidze zawo zimasanduka zofiira. Chifukwa chake, kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, mbalame imakhala yokongola, ngakhale gawo lamunsi la thupi limakhalabe loyera ngati chipale chofewa. Ndi isanayambike kutentha, imasanduka yofiirira kapena yofiirira. Nthenga zokha, miyendo ndi pamimba ndizomwe zimatsalira. Yaikazi imayamba kusintha kukongoletsa kwake nyengo yachisanu pamaso pa yamphongo. Makulidwe ake ndiwowepuka kwambiri, motero nkotheka kudziwa mtundu wa mbalameyo kuchokera kutali.
Malo okhala mbalame
M'malo momwe Partridge imakhala, mbewu zambiri za shrub nthawi zambiri zimamera. Amakonda kukhazikika m'minda ya mabulosi, mitengo yaying'ono ya birch komanso pakati pa mitengo ya msondodzi. Apa ndipamene mbalamezi zimatha kupeza chakudya chawo nthawi iliyonse. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti amakhala nthawi yambiri padziko lapansi.
Mutha kuwona magawo akuthawa kawirikawiri, ndipo zimachitika chifukwa amawopa akuwopsa. Komanso, kupatula paulamulirowu kungaonedwe ngati nthawi yomwe apange ndege zina. Ndikusintha kuti mawonekedwe a mbalamezo amawagwirira ntchito. Ziwonjezerazi zimakuthandizani kuti mubisike bwino komanso kuti musawonekere, ndi miyendo yamphamvu imapangitsa kuti kuthawa msanga kwa mdani.
Komwe mbalame zotchulidwa zimakhala, chipale chofewa chimatha kukhala nthawi yayitali. Koma mbalamezi sizichita mantha ndi nyengo zovuta ngati izi, popeza zimasinthidwa bwino ndi nyengo yotere. Amasuntha mosavuta pazophimba chipale chofewa. Kuno magawo amapeza chakudya kapena kubisala kwa osaka ndi nyama zolusa. Nthawi zina amatha kukhala pafupifupi tsiku lonse pansi pa chipale chofewa.
Anthu okhala kum'mwera chakum'mwera amakhala moyo wongokhala. Madera omwe amakhala kudera la Timan ndi Kanin tundra amakhalabe nthawi yachisanu. Madera awa ali ndi msondodzi.
Partridge amatengedwa kuti ndi gulu la mbalame. Chiwerengero cha anthu omwe ali mgululi ndi chochepa nthawi yozizira ndipo kuchuluka kwa mbalame 5 mpaka 15. Nthawi yanyumba ikayamba, chiwerengerochi chimakwera mpaka mazana angapo. Mbalame zimaphatikizidwa ngati nthawi yakwana ndi kubereka. Anthu okhala kumadera akumpoto amauluka pafupi ndi zigawo zakumwera nthawi yachisanu
Nyengo yakukhwima
Kututa kukadzafika, champhongo chimasintha: mutu wake ndi khosi zimasintha mtundu ndikusanduka zofiirira. Nthawi yakuswana, mbalame imatha kuzindikiridwa ndi mawu ake omveka bwino. Amayenda ndi "mavinidwe" achilendo, omwe amathandizidwa ndi kuwomba kwamphamvu ndikuwomba kwamphamvu kwamapiko. Mwana wamwamuna wadyayo amakhala wankhalwe ndipo nthawi zambiri amathamangira kunkhondo kwa abale ake, omwe amayesa kuphwanya gawo lake.
Khalidwe la mkazi limasinthanso. Ngati oimira omwe adagonana ndi atsikana omwe sanakhale nawo chidwi kwenikweni, tsopano iyenso akufuna kupeza wokwatirana naye. Mating, chachikazi chokha chimayamba kumanga chisa. Malo nthawi zambiri amasankhidwa kwinakwake pansi pa chinyontho chomwe chimabisalira zitsamba kapena pakati pa mbewu zina zazitali. Pamenepo amakumba bowo, kenako ndikumaluka ndi nthenga, nthambi, masamba ndi tsinde la mbewu pafupi.
Grouse imayamba kuyikira mazira osachedwa kuposa kumapeto kwa Meyi. Nthawi zambiri amapaka utoto wachikaso wonyezimira, womwe umakhala ndi utoto. Wamkazi mmodzi amatha kuyikira mazira 8-10. Kuchita hatch kumatenga nthawi yayitali ndipo kumatenga masiku 20. Akazi okha ndi omwe amachita izi, osachoka pachisa ngakhale mphindi imodzi. Wamphongo amatetezanso bwenzi lake komanso anapiye amtsogolo.
Moyo
Mbalame yokhala ndi tsitsi ndi gawo lalikulu mbalame yokhazikika, yomwe nthawi zambiri imayenda pansi. Nthawi zina zimangoyenda mtunda waufupi. Mwa njira, kuthamanga kwa mbalame kumakhala kowoneka bwino.
Partridge yoyera imakonda kugwira ntchito zake zonse masana, pomwe usiku imabisala muzomera. Ngati tikulankhula za nyengo yozizira, ndiye kuti amagona, woyikidwa m'manda mu chipale chofewa.
Partridge imatha kutengera mtundu wa mbalame zomwe zimasamala kwambiri. Pofufuza chakudya, amasuntha mosamala komanso mwakachetechete. Ndipo ngati ngozi ikuyandikira, ndiye kuti nyamayo imalola kuti mdaniyo akhale pafupi momwe ingathere ndipo, pomalizira pake kuwombana isanachitike, modzidzimutsa imanyamuka, ndikukukutira mapiko ake.
Nthawi zowopsa kwambiri m'moyo wa mbalame zimayamba kuchuluka kwa mandimu akafika pamlingo wocheperako, chifukwa chake chakudya chochuluka cha nyamayo chimazimiririka. Kusaka kwathanzi kwa mbalame ndi kadzidzi ndi nkhandwe za arctic.
Chisamaliro
Ngakhale madera ena amawoneka ngati mbalame zamtchire, m'masiku oyambilira a ana amadyetsedwa kokha ndi nsikidzi, mphutsi, akangaude ndi ntchentche, popeza anapiye omwe angobadwa kumene amafunika mapuloteni amanyama. Kuti ateteze ana ake ku ngozi zomwe zingachitike, amapita kumalo odalirika. Pakawopsezedwa pang'ono, ana amabisala m'malo obiriwira komanso kuzizira.
Makolo onsewa amasamalira anapiyewo kufikira atakwanitsa miyezi iwiri. Kuberekera kwa Partridge kumachitika chaka chimodzi pambuyo pobadwa.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa mbalame yokhala ndi maula oyera ndizochepa ndipo kungoyambira zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Mitundu ya mbalame
Phalaphala limatha kuzolowera nyengo yozizira. M'mazizira kwambiri, amabisala m'zipinda za chipale chofewa, chomwe chimasungiratu kutentha ndikuteteza mphepo. Njira yophika kudya ndi ya padziko lapansi komanso masana. Kekliky kudyetsa masana, ndipo usiku burrow mu chisanu kapena kubisala m'nitengo zitsamba. Magawo m'moyo amayenda mwachangu, amakhala tsiku lonse pansi, akumangoyenda pangozi kapena nthawi yozizira kukafunafuna chakudya.
Mapiri ndi mbalame zokhalamo, koma anthu okhala kumpoto kwa tundra ndi zilumba za Arctic amawuluka kumadera akumwera kwa miyezi yozizira. M'chilimwe, ma buluu amapangira awiriawiri, nthawi zambiri amabwerera kwa anzawo, ndipo nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri amaweta gulu la anthu 20.
Mtengo wamalonda ndi mitundu yambiri
Ptarmigan atengeka mosavuta kuti atulutsidwe, chifukwa chofunafuna kwambiri.
Kuchulukitsa kwa agogo kumatha kusinthidwa kuzungulira. Asayansi akhazikitsa kuzungulira kwa zaka 4-5. Kusinthaku kumasintha mwachindunji pa kukula kwa kuchuluka kwa mandimu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyama zolusa monga kadzidzi yoyera ndi nkhandwe ya arctic zimadya kwambiri mandimu. Kuchuluka kwa mandimu kuchepa, nyama izi zimayamba kulanda zochulukirapo m'malo oyera.
Kumpoto kwa malo okhalako, mbalameyi ndi chinthu chosaka malonda. Nyama ya mbalameyi imawonedwa ngati yazakudya ndipo imakoma kwambiri. Kubala magawo ena muukapolo sikugwira ntchito bwino. Pansi pa ndege, mbalamezi zimawonetsa kupulumuka kwapakati.
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