Zhelna ndiye mtengo waukulu kwambiri ku Europe. Zowonjezerazo ndi zakuda kwathunthu, ndikuyerekeza bwino ndi mutu wofiira pamutu mwa abambo ndi nape yofiira mu akazi. Kuuluka, kuwoneka ndi mapiko ozungulira bwino ndi mchira wautali, wopindika. Abambo ndiwofanana ndihuni, zazgodactyl (zala ziwiri kuloza kutsogolo ndi zala ziwiri kumbuyo). Kapangidwe ka "lobes" ndi kakhalidwe - pafupifupi amakona nthawi zonse kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi.

Kufalitsa. Mtunduwu umakhala wakungoyendayenda ndi kuyendayenda, woyimiriridwa ku Eurasia ndi magulu awiri. Kumpoto kwa Europe, kumagawidwa pang'ono. Ku Italy, kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala ku mapiri a Alps komanso kumwera kwa chigawo chapakati pa Apennines ndi magulu awiriawiri ndi mazana awiri ndi 1.5, pali njira zambiri zokulitsira malowa.

Habitat. Tizilombo tambiri m'nkhalango zowerengeka komanso zosakanikirana, m'nkhalango zakale za beech pamtunda wa mamita 900-1,000 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Biology. Ma fomu awiriawiri kumapeto kwa dzinja. Pakadali pano, mutha kumva "Drum roll" yophatikizidwa ndi kukuwa kwa mawonekedwe. Yaikazi nthawi zambiri kumapeto kwa Marichi imayikira mazira oyera oyera m'khola. Onse awiri amadzazira masiku 12-14. Chingwe chimasiya kubowo ali ndi masiku 24-28. Maboni amodzi pachaka. Mbalameyi imasamala, mawuwo ndi mokweza kapena achisoni. "Kachigawo" komwe mbalame imatulutsa, kugogoda pamtengo, kumamveka patali kwambiri. Kuuluka kwawo, mosiyana ndi mitengo ina yamatabwa, sikuchepetsa, kukumbutsa kuwuluka kwa matabwa a mkungudza.

Chochititsa chidwi. Khomo lolowera ku chikasu chamtunduwu limakhala ndi mawonekedwe owumbika kapena amakona asanu ndi awiri masentimita 129.5. Nthawi zambiri nyama zimagwiritsidwa ntchito: zimbalangondo, zolengedwa zina, komanso pagulu ndi tizilombo.

Chikuni chakuda, kapena chikasu (Dryocopus martius)

ZONSE ZABWINO

Zhelna amadya nyerere. Mbalameyi imakonda nyerere zazikulu zokhala ndi nkhuni, koma siyimadana ndi mitundu ina, yomwe imatsikira pansi. Kuphatikiza pa nyerere, zakudya za mtengo wakuda wakuda zimaphatikizanso tizilombo tina tambiri, mphutsi zawo ndi pupae. Pa mitengo yamoyo ndi yakufa, iye akufufuza nsikidzi, zomwe amapeza pansi pa khungubwe ndi mlomo wautali. Pofunafuna chakudya, nkhuni yakuda imasuntha turf ndikudula khungubwe kuchokera kumitengo yakufa. Mbalameyi imayendera anthill ndipo imagwira tizilombo ndi lilime lake lomata. Zhelna amakonda nyerere zikuluzikulu kotero kuti amatha kukumba kwakanthawi kambiri, kuti atengemo osati nyerere, komanso mphutsi zake. Kupeza mtengo womwe umawonongeka ndi mphutsi zina, mtengo wake umagwetsa makungwawo ndikuuchotsa tizilombo ndi mkamwa wake. M'madera ena, zakudya zachikasu za 99% zimapangidwa ndi nyerere. M'madera ena, mitengo yolumikizira mitengo yachikasu, limodzi ndi nyerere, imaphatikizanso mphutsi za agulugufe ndi tizilombo tina touluka. M'nyengo yozizira, amakonda nyerere ndi njuchi, ndikuzichotsera kumalo okhala.

Kufalitsa

Akuluakulu amakhala achikaso chimodzi. M'mwezi wa Marichi, nthawi yakukhwima kwa akhungu akuda iyamba, yamphongo imakopa chidwi cha mkaziyo pomenya ndi mapeni owuma ndi mulomo wake, womwe umagwedezeka bwino. Kulira kwa amuna - kufuula "kwaulere" - kumamveka patali kwambiri kuthengo. Nthawi zambiri, amuna amapanga mawu oti “keeee”, okumbutsa za purr. Pambuyo pakupanga awiri, mapangidwe akuda amtundu amatha kuwoneka akuwuluka kuchokera pamtengo kupita pamtengo ndikuthamangitsa wina ndi mnzake pamtengo, ndikusunthira mkati. Mbalame zimawuluka m'modzi ndi Drum pamtengo, ndiye "uta". Amuna, akakumana ndi mkwiyo, agwedeza mitu yawo ndikuwopseza wina ndi mlomo wawo. Wamphongo ndi woyenera kuitanira wosankhidwa ku "chuma" chake. Apa mkazi amawunika dzenje ndikusankha yabwino kwambiri. Ngati bowo silimatha, mbalamezo zimagwiranso ntchito.

Zhelny nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malo angapo pomwe amagonamo. Kwa milungu 3-4, chikasu chimabowoleza mpaka 40cm ndikuya masentimita 22. Ntchitoyo ikamalizidwa, nkhunizo zimadzala, ndipo posakhalitsa mkaziyo amaikira mazira 2-6. Makolo amalimbitsa masonital mosinthana, akusintha pafupifupi maola awiri aliwonse. Popeza makulitsidwe sakhala nthawi yayitali, anapiye amabadwa ali ofooka: unyinji wa iwo onse ndi 9 g.Koyamba, kudyetsa anapiyewo sikophweka kwa makolo, ndipo patatha masiku 10 anapiye amafunikira chakudya. Makolo amasamalira anapiye omwe adachoka chisa kwanyengo yayitali.

PAMENE AMAKHALA

Mapira achikasu, kapena akuda, amakhala pafupifupi m'nkhalango zonse za ku Europe ndi Asia. Amakhala m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zophatikizika komanso zosakanikirana, ndipo zimakonda madera akuluakulu oyambawo. Kulikonse kumakhala malo achikasu, okutidwa ndi nkhalango zakale zazitali. Nthawi zambiri mitengo yamatabwa imeneyi imapezeka pamasamba a moto wakale wa nkhalango.

Zomera za Woodpeckers nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'nkhalango za beech ndi mitengo ya payini, komabe, malo ake amatha kuwonekanso ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya spruce, juniper ndi larch. Pamaso pa mitengo yomwe ili yabwino malo okhala, zisa zachikasu ngakhale m'mapaki. Mbalame zamanyazi komanso zosamala kwambiri zimawopa kung'ung'udza pang'ono. Nthawi zambiri amakhala malo okhala anthu.

Kupezeka kwa nkhuni yakuda kumawonetsedwa kuchokera kutali ndi kugogoda kofotokozeka pafupipafupi pa nthambi yowuma, komanso mawu ake akulu. Nthawi zambiri ndimatha kumva wachikasu kuposa kuwona. Woodpecker wakuda mosamala akukwera mitengo yamtengo, kumamatira ku khungwalo ndi zikhadabo zolimba - amathandizira mbalameyo pofunafuna chakudya.

Pakukola kanyumba ndi kusaka tizirombo, mbalame yam'madzi imakhazikika pakhungwa ndipo imapuma mchira wolimba. Poyang'ana chakudya, nkhuni zachikasu nthawi zambiri zimawuluka kuchoka pamtengo wina kupita kwina, kwinaku ndikulira.

Jiografia yokhala

Mutha kuwona mbalame zodabwitsazi mu Eurasia zokha. Malo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango ndi malo okhala nkhalango zopezeka kumpoto ndi kum'maŵa kwa Iberian Peninsula kupita ku Kamchatka, gombe la nyanja ya Japan ndi chilumba cha Sakhalin. Gawo lakumpoto kwenikweni komwe mbalamezi zimawonedwa ndi dera la Arctic Circle lomwe lili ku Scandinavia Peninsula.

Madera akuda nkhuni.

Kumadzulo ndi kumwera kwa Europe, ku Asia Little, anthu akuda am'madzi amwazika kwambiri ndipo, monga lamulo, amangirizidwa kunkhalango zowuma komanso zophatikizika. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri chidawonekera ku Greater Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian. Mwa maiko aku Western Europe, Italy kokha ndi omwe angadzitamandire anthu ochulukirapo omwe amakhala pafupifupi 3,000. Ku Eastern Europe, mbalame zili ponseponse ku Russia, Belarus ndi Ukraine.

Mitengo yakuda yamtchire imangokhala, koma nthawi zina nthawi yozizira mbalame zimatha kupanga ndege zazing'ono kupitilira malire a biotopes awo. Amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zowuma zazitali, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowongoka komanso zosakanikirana. Imatha kukhazikika m'malo opitilira taiga komanso "zilumba" zazing'ono, nthawi zina ngakhale pakati pa steppe. Nthawi zambiri, mitengo yodula mitengo imakhala m'malo opanda mitengo kapena mitengo yovunda kapena yowola; imatha kupezeka m'nkhalango moto utatha.

Munkhalango zamapiri za ku Europe, mitengo yakuda yamapiri imakonda zokongola m'nkhalango zosakanizika ndi mitengo yazipatso, mitengo ya beech ndi nkhalango zowongoleredwa ndi larch, spruce ndi mkungudza.

Black Woodpeckers amathanso kukhala pamtunda wokwanira, kotero mu mapiri a Alps amatha kupezeka pamalo okwera pafupifupi mamitala 2000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Woodpecker amathanso kukhazikika m'nkhalango, momwe anthu nthawi zambiri amayenda, komwe mungakumane ndi munthu, mbalameyi siyachita manyazi. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi kuti nthawi zambiri ndikofunikira kukhazikika m'malo osungirako zinyama ndi m'mabwalo, ngakhale pali anthu ambiri kumeneko. Jozi imodzi yamtambo wakuda imatha kukhala mahekitala 400 a nkhalango.

Wamkazi ndi wachikasu ndi chitsa chowola.

Mawonekedwe

Mbira zamtambo wakuda ndizochulukirapo modabwitsa, zokhazokha zokhazokha, koma mosiyana ndi zomerazi, opanga nkhuni amakhala ndi thupi labwino komanso locheperako, khosi lalitali komanso lakuthwa. Kutalika kwa Woodpecker wakuda kumafika masentimita 50, pomwe kulemera kwake kungakhale magalamu 250-180, ndipo mapiko amasiyana kuchokera pa 63 mpaka 81 cm.

Mwamuna wokhwima, nthenga zonse zimakhala za utoto wachikasu ndi tint, kupatula kokha ndiko kumtunda kwa mutu - pamakhala malo ofiira owoneka bwino, mtundu wa "chipewa" chomwe chimayamba m'munsi mwa mulomo ndikutha kumapeto kwa mutu.

Mwa akazi, mtundu wa ma plumage nawonso ndi wachikasu, koma wakuda, komabe, mosiyana ndi amuna, nthenga zimakhala zonyezimira, ndipo palibe gloss konse, "kapu" wofiyira pamutu ndi kakang'ono - kamangokhala gawo la occipital.

Mlomo wa mbalame yaimvi ndi wamphamvu kwambiri komanso ndi wolimba, wamlitali komanso wowongoka komanso wowongoka, wopangika ndi wachikaso. Mapapu ndi miyendo ndi imvi. Maso amtundu wakuda ndi wamkulu kwambiri komanso amawonekera kwambiri, mtundu wa iris ndi woyera kapena wachikaso.

Achichepere sasiyana ndi okhwima, kusiyana kumangokhala kowonjezereka kwamitundu ndipo mtundu wa maula ndiwopanda matte, wopanda kuwala. Mwa ana osakhwima, chibwano chimakhala chamtambo, ndipo "kapu" wofiyirayo amatha kukhala kuti palibe, wowoneka bwino, ndipo mulomo wa achichepere umaloledwa ndi kupakidwa utoto wapinki.

Kwa chikasu, mawonekedwe apadera a chigaza ndi mawonekedwe - kukhalapo kwa ma crists akuluakulu a ma occipital, omwe alibe ma woodpeckers ena, kupezeka kwawo kumalongosoledwa ndi mutu wotembenukira kumutu.

Akufuna kupeza chakudya, kutengera chithunzi chomwe mungayerekezere mphamvu ya mlomo wake.

Masanjidwe

Akatswiri a Ornithologists amasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri kuchokera ku Woodpecker wakuda - maudindo osankhidwa, ochulukirapo komanso aku Asia, omwe amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China ndi Tibet. Mitundu yotsirizira iyi imadziwika ndi mtundu wakuda kwambiri komanso wakuda kwambiri, ndipo mbalame zomwezo zimakonda kukula. Mapulogalamu osankhika amadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa mbalame kuyambira kumadzulo mpaka kummawa.

DZIWANI IZI:

• Zhelna amamwa madzi amvula omwe amasonkhana paziphuphu pamakungwa a mitengo yakale ndi m'mabowo awo.
• Woodpecker wakuda adaonedwa m'mapiri a Tibet pamtunda wa 4000 m pamwamba pamadzi.
• Pansi pa nthenga, nkhwangwa yachikulire ilibe pansi. Nthenga za mtengo wamtengowu ndizowuma kwambiri, zotchulidwa kumapeto. Mchira wolimba umakhala ndi chithandizo chodalirika mukamaponya dzenje. Nthenga za nthenga zokhazokha zopangidwa mwanjira yamakina zimapangidwanso.
• Mphuno zamitundu yambiri yamatabwa zimakutidwa ndi nthenga, zomwe zimatiteteza kuti tisakokomeze fumbi ndi fumbi.
• Poyerekeza ndi mbalame zina, zimakhala ndi khungu lolimba kwambiri, lomwe limateteza mbalame ku kulumwa ndi tizirombo, makamaka, nyerere zonyamula nkhuni, zomwe zimadyera kwambiri.
• Mukakumba dzenje ndi chikasu nthawi zambiri amatha masiku 10 mpaka 17.
• Pamapeto pa lilime lalitali, chikasu chimakhala ndi masamba 4-5 a masamba owoneka ngati masamba. Zimamatira kwa iwo. Chifukwa chake, mitengo yamatanda imawachotsa pazibowo zomwe zimakhota.

KULAMBIRA KWA JELLY

Mbalame ya achikulire: kukula kwa khwangwala, maula ndi zakuda, maso ndi mdomo ndi opepuka. Wamphongo amakhala ndi mutu wofiira kumutu, ndipo wamkazi amakhala ndi nape yofiyira.

Palibe: Ili pamtunda wamtunda wa 7-15 mamita kuchokera pansi, chachikulu, ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira kapena dzenje.

- Habitat chikasu

PAMENE AMAKHALA

Zhelna amakhala kulikonse ku Eurasia: kuchokera kumpoto kwa Spain ndi peninsula ya Scandinavia kupita ku Japan.

KUTETEZA NDI KUPULUMUTSA

Ndili wamanyazi komanso osamala. Zimapatsa chidwi osati nkhalango zowongoka koma zowola. Mbalameyi imagawidwa m'malo onsewo.

Great Black Woodpecker Zhelna. 03.03.12. Kanema (00:02:16)

Woodpecker wokongola wakuda uyu adakumana ndi paki kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Moscow. Tsiku lililonse chakumapeto kwa chaka chino cha 2012 tinali akuyenda ndikumamva kuyimba kokongola, kwamvula molunjika. Adapitilizabe kufunsa kuti anali ndani. Anafufuza ndikuwona kuti iyi ndi nkhuni yayikulu yakuda Zhelna. Anali wamkulu kwambiri, makamera athu a kanema ndi opanda ungwiro, komabe tidatha kujambula momwe Woodpecker amagogoda pamtengo, mokweza komanso mosatulutsa. Pepani zalephera kuchotsa kuyimba kwake. Marichi 2, 2012.

Black Woodpecker Woodpecker akufuna Dryocopus martius. Kanema (00:00:46)

Black Woodpecker. Woodpecker wathu wamkulu ndi wachikasu kapena wakuda Woodpecker (Dryocopus martius). Mawonekedwe osangalatsa a mbalameyo imakwaniritsidwa ndi kusaka kwa mtengo kuchokera kumbuyo kwa mtengo (ndi khosi lalitali chotere silovuta). Kwa chikasu chodziwika ndi kuyankhula kwamawu. Mawu ake ndi akuthwa kwambiri. Kuuluka, chikasu chimapatsa kutulutsa kofananira, nditakhala pamtengo ndikulira. Mawu achikasu amatha kumveka pafupifupi chaka chonse. Pakatikati, pakadali pano, nyimbo iyi imayendera limodzi ndi sewerolo. Pakukhazikitsidwa kwa mazira, abambo ndi akazi amasinthana mawu, ndikuchotsana wina ndi mnzake m'chisa. Pakudyetsa anapiye, makolo amalengeza kutali komwe akuwayandikira, ndipo anawo omwe ali ndi njala amayankha ndi chingamu. Mwachilengedwe, chikasu ndimakhala wosungulumwa. Amakhala makamaka m'nkhalango zakale zosakanizika. Pa gawo lake, ili ndi maenje pafupifupi khumi ndi awiri, koma nthawi yomweyo amagwiritsa ntchito 2-3. Nthawi zambiri, aspen amasankhidwa m'malo obisalamo, paini ndi mwina. Mwachizolowezi, dzenje limakhala pamalo okwera mamitala 10 mpaka 20, koma nthawi zina limatha kupezeka pamalo okwera mamita 3. Zimatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta kuchokera kuzitsulo zamatabwa ena mu mawonekedwe ndi kukula kwake: kutalika kwake, masentimita 10 mulifupi ndi masentimita 15 kutalika, kutalika kwakuya - mpaka theka la mita. Nyerere zimathandizira kwambiri pakudya kwa akhungu amtundu wakuda. Pafupifupi nyerere, amadyetsa ndi anapiye. Chinthu chinanso chofunikira kwambiri pa menyu ake ndi kafadala, mitengo yankhono, golidi, barbel, rostails ndi tizirombo tina tina tomwe timakhala m'nkhalango. Pofufuza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nyererezo zimatha kupera zinyalala zakale zowola, kuyeretsa khungwa ndi kupukusa mitengo yowonongeka ndi tizilombo. Monga nkhuni yayikulu komanso yolimba kwambiri, imatha kufikira tizilombo zomwe ena sangafikire. Ndipo imadya tizilombo chaka chonse, kungosiyanitsa tebulo lake ndi zipatso. Mtundu wachikasu umayamba kumayambiriro kwamasika. Kale kumayambiriro kwa mwezi wa Epulo mutha kumamva kulira kwa ngoma (pafupifupi 20 kumenyedwa sekondi!) Ndikulira. Amuna ndi akazi onse amagogoda ndikufuula. Palibe zinyalala mu dzenje, pansi kumakutidwa kokha ndi ma slivers, pomwe wamkazi amayikira mazira oyera a 3-5. Makulitsidwe akupitilira zochepa kwambiri ngakhale kwa woodpeckers - masiku 12-13. Anzake amakhala pabowo pafupifupi mwezi umodzi ndipo pafupifupi mwezi atachoka pachisa (kwinakwake pakati pa Juni) amakhala ndi makolo awo. Makolo onsewa amawaswa ndi kudyetsa anapiye. Protvino Moscow Region Russia

Voterani

Kufuula pachaka chonse, kumakhala ndi mawu okoma, omveka pamtunda wautali. Chizindikiro cha kulumikizana kapena kugwirana mwachidwi ndi mokweza kwambiri kwamawu akuti "cru-cru-cru-cru-cru", kumapeto kwake kamene mawu akuti "clea" wopweteka kwambiri, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala wotsika, amakhala ngati kulira kwa buzi. Mating mating, kuwonjezera pa mawu mulinso Drum roll, imayamba kuyambira woyamba wa Okutobala mpaka Epulo, komanso kwa amuna amodzi mpaka kumapeto kwa June. Gawo lachiwiri lazomwe limachitika mu Ogasiti, koma mwezi uno simalimba kwenikweni komanso sizisintha. Amuna ndi akazi onse ndi apano. Kugogoda kumatenga masekondi 1.75-3 ndipo kumveka bwino pamtunda wa 2-2 km. Monga lamulo, kugogoda kwa amuna ndikutali.

Dera

Dera lakuda nkhuni ndi nkhalango ndi malo olimira nkhalango ku Eurasia kuchokera kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Iberian Peninsula chakum'mawa mpaka Kamchatka, malire a Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Nyanja ya Japan, zilumba za Sakhalin, Hokkaido ndi kumpoto kwa Honshu. Imafalikira kumpoto mpaka kumalire a taiga, nthawi zina kuwuluka kum'mwera kwa nkhalango-tundra. Malo okhala kumpoto kwambiri ndi dera la Arctic Circle ku Scandinavia, komwe amapezeka mpaka 70 ° C. w. Pa Peninsula ya Kola, imakhazikika kumpoto mpaka Khibiny ndi malekezero apamwamba a Tuloma, mu Ural Range mpaka pa 62nd parallel, pa Ob mpaka mbali ya 63, mu Yenisei Valley mpaka 65th parallel, kummawa chakumpoto kupita ku chigwa cha Lower Tunguska, Verkhoyansk Range, mabeseni a Yana, Indigirka ndi Kolyma. Ku Kamchatka, kumapezeka kumpoto mpaka 62 ° C. w.

Kumadzulo ndi Kumwera kwa Europe, Asia Minor, mtundu wamtambo wakuda umabalalika kwambiri ndipo umamangiriridwa ku nkhalango zachabe komanso zosakanikirana ndi phokoso. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu owonekera kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Europe ndi ku Siberia, komanso ku Greater Caucasus, Transcaucasia, m'mphepete mwa Caspian ku Iran.Ku Ukraine, zisa kumwera ku Carpathians, Zhytomyr ndi Chernihiv, ku Europe mbali ya Russia kumwera kupita ku Oryol, Tambov, Penza madera komanso Orenburg. Kum'mawa, m'dera la 53, kufanana, malire akum'mwera a Kazakhstan, komwe amafikira Tarbagatai ndi Saura, ndikudutsa kum'mwera kwa Altai, Hangai, Kentei, Heilongjiang ndi Korea. Tsamba losiyana ili kumwera kwa China kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Sichuan kum'mawa mpaka Gansu kumwera chakumadzulo. Kunja kwa chigawo chachikulu, kuli Solovetsky, Shantar Islands, Sakhalin, Kunashir, Hokkaido komanso mwina kumpoto kwa Honshu.

Habitat

Kumakhala moyo wongokhala, koma nthawi yozizira imatha kuyendayenda pang'ono kupitilira mainchesi akulu. Imakhala m'nkhalango zowuma zazitali, zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri komanso yosakanikirana, komanso nthawi zina. Imakhazikika ponse ponse pakumapezeka taiga ndipo pazilumba zazing'ono za nkhalangoyi, kuphatikiza zomwe zili pakati pa steppe. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo otenthedwa, malo okhala ndi malo okhala ndi mitengo yowola, yowuma komanso yamatenda. M'mapiri komanso kumapiri a ku Europe, imakonda mitengo ya beech kapena yosakanikirana ndi gawo la beech ndi fir, komanso imakhala m'nkhalango zomwe zimakhala ndi larch, spruce, mkungudza ku Europe ndi mitengo ina yamitengo. M'mapiri a Alps, imapezeka mpaka kumtunda kwa nkhalangoyi pamwamba pamtunda wa 2000 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe, komanso ku Siberia, malo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zosakanikirana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali, kuphatikiza taiga yakufa. Woodpecker samapewa kukhalapo kwa munthu ndipo nthawi zina imatha kuwonedwa m'mapaki amzindawo ngakhale m'masiku a anthu ambiri. Awiriwa amakhala m'nkhalango yamahekitala 300-400.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Idya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana ta xylophagous, pomwe timakonda nyerere ndi kafadala. Zakudya za mbewu zimapanga kachigawo kakang'ono kwambiri ka zakudya - makamaka zipatso, zipatso ndi zipatso za conifers. Pakati mwa nyerere, mitundu yayikulu imakhala yayikulu - yokhala ndi zofiira, yokhala ndi masamba ofiira (Camponotus ligniperda) nyerere zakuda zakuda nkhuni, nyerere zofiira komanso zofiirira, komanso nyerere yakuda yaudimba. Kuphatikiza pakupeza tizilombo tosowa nkhuni, mitengo ya nkhuni nthawi zambiri imaphwanya milu ya nyerere, kudya zonse zazikulu ndi pupa. Mwa tizilombo tina, akuluakulu amadyedwa ndi pupae ndi mphutsi za barbel, kafadala wa khungwa, sapwood, goldfish, sawflies, horntail, ichneumonids, etc.

Pofufuza chakudya, nkhuni imakunkhuntha ndikuwachotsa makungwa pamitengo yakufa, ndikusiya zakuya ndikugwetsa tchipisi chachikulu ndi chala chala. Akafika pa nyerere, nthawi zina amasunthira mpaka theka la mita pama anthill. Lilime silitali ngati chikaso, mwachitsanzo ngati mtengo wobiriwira, ndipo limangokhala kutalika kwa 5-5,5 masentimita kumapeto kwa mulomo (chifukwa kubiriwira kumafikira pafupifupi 10 cm), komabe, mulomo ndi wamphamvu kwambiri ndipo umatha "kuyeretsa" nkhuni. Zinthu zomata zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi tiziwalo tamadonthono, komanso mano mkati mwake mwa lilime, zimathandiza mbalameyo kupeza chakudya. Kugwiritsa ntchito nyundo yamatabwa, komabe, sikumangotchulidwa ngati momwe amodzi amapangira nkhuni.

Kuswana

Amayamba kuswana kumapeto kwa chaka choyamba cha moyo, monogamous. Ma form awiriawiri, ngakhale akugwiritsa ntchito tsamba lomwelo, nthawi zambiri amakumananso chaka chamawa. Ngati nkhalangoyi ndi yaying'ono kukula, ngati chilumba chomwe chili pamtunda, ndiye chachimuna ndi chachikazi chimatha kukhalira limodzi ndi kunja kwa nyengo yobereketsa, apo ayi mbalamezi zimawulukira kumagawo osiyanasiyana kapena kumapeto kosiyanasiyana kwa chiwembu chomaliza. Kugwira ntchito kumaderako kumayamba kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira, mtunda pakati pa zisa zoyandikana ndi osachepera mazana mazana. Malo otetezedwa, komabe, ndi malo ochepa chabe kuzungulira chisa, malo ochulukirapo owonjezera zakudya nthawi zina amayendana wina ndi mnzake ndipo izi sizimabweretsa mikangano pakati pa mbalame zodyerera oyandikana nawo.

Kudzuka kwa mbalame kumayamba kale masana dzuwa lili kumapeto kwa Januware kapena kumayambiriro kwa February, komabe, kupezeka kwakukulu kwambiri kumachitika mu Marichi ndi Epulo: nthawi imeneyi, mbalame zimayenda mosatulutsa mitengo, kukuwa ndi kuthamangitsa wina ndi mzake, kudumpha kuchoka pamtengo umodzi kupita wina. M'dzenjemo nthawi zambiri pamakhala kufinya kwa mtengo wamoyo, momwe mulibe nthambi, pamtunda wa mamita 8-10 mpaka pansi. Nthawi zambiri, ma spen akale amagwiritsidwa ntchito, nthawi zambiri - paini, spruce, beech, larch, birch ndi mitundu ina ya mitengo. Chisa chimodzi ndi chofanana chimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza, pomwe chatsopano chomwe chimangotulutsidwa sichimangogwiritsidwa ntchito kuyikira mazira, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimatsalira chaka chamawa. Kupanga chisa chatsopano kumatenga masiku 10 mpaka 17, pomwe nthawi zambiri tchipisi tambiri timamera pansi pa mtengo. Awiriwa a nyundo ziwirizi, nthawi zambiri, mwamunayo amagwira ntchito yambiri, nthawi zina amakhala mpaka maola 13 patsiku. Zisa zachikale zimamasulidwa ku zinyalala ndikuzama ngati pakufunika. Nthawi zambiri, chisa cha chaka chatha chimakhala ndi mbalame zina, ndipo pankhaniyi, Woodpecker amatha kuthamangitsa alendo osadziwika. Chilimwe chili chachikulu komanso chopapatiza; mawonekedwe ake amatha kukhala ozungulira kapena pafupifupi amakona anayi. Makulidwe apakati a letka ndi 8,5 x 12 cm, kuya kwa dzenje ndi 35-55 masentimita, mainchesi ndi 15-20 cm. Palibe zinyalala zowonjezera, pansi kumakutidwa kokha ndi zidutswa zamatanda.

Mu clutch nthawi zambiri 3-6, nthawi zambiri 4-5 ang'onoang'ono owira mazira. Mazira ndi oyera, kukula kwake ndi 30- 39 x 22- 28 mm. Kubwatula, mosiyana ndi nkhuni zina zambiri, sizimayambira komaliza, koma ndi dzira loyamba kapena lachiwiri - pazifukwa izi, anapiye amawonekera modabwitsa masiku angapo ndipo amakula mosiyanasiyana. Kutalika kwa makulitsidwe ndi masiku 12-14. Makolo onsewa amadyetsa ana, amawabweretsera chakudya chochuluka, pafupifupi chilichonse chokhala nyerere ndi pupae wawo. Zimbudzi zimawoneka patadutsa masiku 24- 28 patadulidwa (pakati pa Russia mu theka loyamba la June), pomwe anapandawo amatuluka mumphaka nthawi yayitali ndikufuula. Mbalame zachikulire, m'malo mwake, zimakhala mwamtendere pafupi ndi chisa. Poyamba, ana amasungidwa pamalo a makolo, koma kumapeto kwa chilimwe kumapuma. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chafika zaka 7. M'badwo wodziwika kwambiri ku Europe adalembedwa ku Finland - zaka 14.

Makhalidwe wamba ndi mawonekedwe amunda

Mtengo waukulu kwambiri kuposa mitengo yonse yopezeka Kum'mawa. Europe ndi North. Asia, yayikulu kuposa jackdaw komanso yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa khwangwala (kutalika kwa 420-486 mm, mapiko a mapiko 715-800 mm). Ndege yake ndi yolemetsa, yopanda pake. Pokhudzana ndi munthu amachita zinthu mosamala. M'malo omwe satsatiridwa, kumakhala kudalira kwambiri ndipo kumatha kudyetsa mamita 2-3 kuchokera pamsewu womwe anthu amayenda. Kwambiri mokwanira mu nyengo zonse, makamaka kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya kuswana. Mawu ndi osiyanasiyana. Kuuluka, munthu amakhala akuwoneka kuti ndi wankhanza. ", Omwe udabzyala pamtengo, monga lamulo, umasinthidwa ndikulira kwachisoni kwa" k-i-i-ya-a. " Pakapita nthawi, mawu awa amatha kutsatiridwa ndi "cue" wapamwamba kwambiri. Pamasewera a chibwenzi, mofuula "Klay-Klay-Klay." Ndipo thukuta. "Asanakhwime, yaimuna ndi yamphongo imapanga mawu ofokomeza" mya-a-u-u. "

Kuphatikiza pa kufuula kumeneku, palinso mitundu ingapo ya phokoso yomwe imapangidwa ndi woodpeckers mumagawo osiyanasiyana. Monga njira imodzi yowonetsera, zikuwoneka kuti, kupindika mosaya, m'malo mwake, kukhazikika pamiyendo yamitengo kuyenera kulingaliridwa. Chapakatikati, Woodpeckers samayimba nthawi zambiri, koma mokweza. Mwa mawu amawu "othandiza", kuwonjezera pa mpukutu wa ngoma, pali zizindikilo zingapo zomwe zimasiyana mwamphamvu, pafupipafupi, nthawi ya phokoso komanso magwiridwe antchito.

Zhelna amasiyana ndi mitengo ina yamatabwa yopanda kukula komanso mtundu wakuda wamitundu.

Kufotokozera

Colouring. Kusiyanitsa kwamtundu wamtundu sikutchulidwa. Akuluakulu amuna. Pamwamba pamutu ponse pali ofiira, ma plamu ena onse ndi akuda. Zowoneka zakuda zakumaso ndi zowala kwambiri kuposa pamimba, pomwe zimakhala ndi mtundu wakuda bii. Ndege zoyambira zokhala ndi ma buluu wakuda bii komanso masamba akuda oyenda. Wowongolera wakuda. Maso awo ndi akuda ndi zibwano zakuda, mlomo ndi nyanga yopepuka ndi utoto wowoneka bwino pamaso pake, malingaliro amaso ake ndi oyera kapena achikasu achikasu.

Mkazi wachikulire amakhala utoto wofanana ndi wamwamuna, kumutu kokha kumakhala kofiira kokha kumbuyo kwa mutu wake.

Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zofiirira ngati sizisungunuka; maonekedwe ake amakhala omasuka komanso opanda zipatso. Kusiyana kogonana nkofanana ndi akulu. Mlomo wa achichepere ndi wopepuka komanso wachikasu pamunsi.

Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwake

Mapiko oyambira 10, otsogolera - 12. Mawonekedwe a mapiko: V-VI-IV-VII-VIII-IX-II. Mawaya ndi opindika anayi, zala ziwiri kuloza kutsogolo ndi zala ziwiri kumbuyo. Makulidwewo amaperekedwa pagome 25 (kuitana. ZM MSU).

Subspecies taxonomy

Kusintha kumawonekera pang'onopang'ono m'malo osiyanasiyana amitundu yakuda komanso kukula kwake konse. Pakati Kumpoto. Ku Eurasia, kukula kwa mbalame kumasintha mokulira, pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezeka kolowera kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa. Mabuku awiri kapena atatu amawonekera, umodzi umakhala mkati mwa USSR yakale.

1.Dryocopus martius martius

Picus martius Linnaeus, 1758, Syst Nat., Ed. 10, p. 112, Sweden.

Mtundu wakuda wa mankhwalawo sakhala wotupa pang'ono komanso wowonda pang'ono kuposa wa subspecies omwe amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa China komanso kum'mawa kwa Tibet, D. m. khamensis (2). Makulidwewo ndi ocheperako, koma kumadera akummawa kwambiri a kontinentiyo amafika ku D. m. khamensis (Stepanyan, 1975).

Kufalitsa

Mitengo yazokongoletsa. Eurasia kuchokera ku Pyrenees kummawa kupita ku Kolyma Range, malire a Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi Nyanja ya Japan, kuphatikizapo zilumba za Shantarsky, Sakhalin, Kunashir, Hokkaido ndi kumpoto kwa Honshu. Ku Europe, kumpoto ku Scandinavia mpaka 69 ° N, Kummwera kwa Pyrenees, Kumpoto. Italy, Greece. Kummwera chakum'mawa. Asia kum'mwera ndiofalikira (kuphatikiza) Kumwera chakumadzulo. Altai, Hangai, Kentei, Heilong-jiang, kumwera chakum'mawa. magawo a Shanxi, Korea Peninsula. Pali magawo awiri akutali autali. Yoyamba ili ndi gawo la kumpoto mpaka kukafika kumpoto kwa Greater Caucasus, kumwera mpaka ku Asia Minor, kumpoto chakumadzulo. Iran ndi zigawo zakumwera kwa Caspian ku Iran. Lachiwiri limapezeka ku South. China - ochokera Kumadzulo. Sichuan kummawa kumwera chakumadzulo. Gansu ndi Center. Chishuan. Kumpoto kwa Middle Qinghai ndi Lake District. Kukunor, kumwera mpaka North-West. Yunnan.

Chithunzi 77. Kugulitsa malo chikasu:
ndi - yosanja masanjidwe. Zolemba: 1 - Dr. m. martius, 2 - Dr. m. khamensis.

Kummawa Europe ndi North. Asia (mkuyu. 78) ku Peninsula ya Kola kumpoto amafika ku Khibiny, zisa ku Lapland Zap. (Vladimirskaya, 1948, Butyev, 1959), m'malo otsika a Onega (Korneeva et al., 1984), mu 1942 anadziwika pafupi ndi Mezeni, koma sanakumanenso pambuyo pake (Spangenberg, Leonovich, 1960). Kum'mawa, kumpoto, kummwera kwenikweni kwa Pechora, ku Ob - mpaka ku Arctic Circle (Dobrinsky, 1959), kumapezeka pa Yenisei mpaka Ust-Khantayki (Syroechkovsky, 1960), pa Lena - m'mphepete mwa Begyuk (Kapitonov, 1962). M'dera la Verkhoyansk lokwera. zisa pakati pakati pa mtsinje. Bytantay (68 ° N), zigwa za Yana, Indigirka ndi Kolyma - mpaka 69 ° N (Vorobyov, 1963). Kum'mawa, m'mbali iyi, imafikira kumitsinje yaing'ono ndi Big Anyui (Artyukhov, 1986) ndi Kolyma Range. (Kishchinsky, 1988). Mbalameyi idawonetsedwa molakwika ndi Kamchatka ndi Yu A. A. Averin (1948), koma patapita nthawi iye (Averin, 1957) sanatengeredwe kubizinesi. Zosadziwika mu Kamchatka ndi E.G. Lobkov (1978, 1983, 1986).

Chithunzi 78. Zosiyanasiyana ndizoyenera ku Eastern Europe ndi North Asia:
a - malo osambira, b - milandu yodumphira m'malire a malo osambira, c - ntchentche.

Kummwera, nyamazo zimagawidwa kwa Transcarpathian (Svalyava, Irshava), Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, dera la Ternopil, Berdichev, Fastov, Bila Tserkva. Kupitilira - kumwera m'mphepete mwa mtsinje. Dnieper kumzinda wa Smela, kum'mawa malire a malowa kudutsa dera la Chernihiv. (kumwera kwa Konotop) (Strautman, 1954, 1963, Mityai, 1983). Ndege zadziwika m'dera la Poltava. (Gavrilenko, 1960). Zisumbu zakutali zidalembedwa ku Moldova kumadzulo. "Codrii" (Chegorka, Marchuk, 1986). Woodpecker imafikira kumwera ku madera a Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov ndi Penza, kenako ku Orenburg, ku Kazakhstan kupita ku nkhalango za paini za dera la Kustanai: Ara-Karagay, Aman-Karagai, Naurzum. Pa zisa za Kokchetav Upland pafupi ndi midzi ya Airtau, Zerenda, Borovoe. Kupitilira kum'mawa kumakhala chisa m'mbali mwa dera la Irtysh, m'nkhalango za Kal-Binsky, Narymsky, Tarbagatai ndi Saura, South-West. Altai. Kupitilira kumwera kumalire a dziko lakumwera kwa Russia (Gavrin, 1970, Ivanov, 1976, Numerov, 1996, Baryshnikov, 2001).

M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, pakhala kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mitundu yonse komwe ndikofunikira ku West. Europe - France, Denmark, Belgium, etc. (Cuisin, 1985). Izi zimadziwika ku East. Europe. Kupita patsogolo kumwera kulembedwa ku Ukraine (Mityai, 1983), m'chigawo za Tula, Lipetsk ndi Voronezh.

Habitat

Malo omwe amakhala mwachikasu - nkhalango zazitali komanso zopanda mitengo. Ku Belarus, awa makamaka nkhalango za paini ndi mitundu yosakanizika ya paini ndi mitengo ya pine-oak. Mankhwala amasambira nyemba ndipo amapezeka mwa iwo nthawi yozizira yokha. Kudera la Ryazan Amakhala m'malo onse a nkhalango za paini, ndi nkhalango zosakanizika za pine-oak ndi nkhalango za oak, komanso mitengo yayikulu ya phenen nthawi zonse imapezeka. Kudera la Nizhny Novgorod chisa chake ndi chikasu chomwe chimapezeka mu aspen pamtunda wa 8 m, chitayima chokha m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino (S. G. Priklonsky, kulumikizana kwanu). Pafupifupi muma malo omwewo (nkhalango zowoneka bwino, zosakanizika ndi za beech) zimapezekanso ku Carpathians; zimakwera m'mapiri mpaka 1500-1600 m pamwamba pa nyanja.

Ku Caucasus, munthawi ya nesting, yelow imamatira kwambiri kuti igwetse nkhalango zamdima zokhala ndi ma beech-amdima amdima, imakonda kupezeka m'nkhalango za kumpiri, zomwe sizimapezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango za paini (Tkachenko, 1966).

Kumpoto kwa taiga chakumwera kwa Central Siberia, amakonda nkhalango zazitali ndi kutenga pine kapena larch (Reimers, 1966), Kumpoto. Kazakhstan - nkhalango za pine ndi pine-birch, ku Altai - larch taiga, kukwera kumapiri mpaka 2000 m, ku Sakhalin ndi Kunashir - nkhalango zamdima zamtali komanso zodalirana.

Chiwerengero

Zhelna ndiofala, koma osati mitundu yambiri yamitundu yonse. Kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Karelia, m'nkhalango zowuma komanso zosakanikirana, malo ocheperako ndi 0,2awiri / km2, m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino za pine ndi m'nkhalango zowola - 0,1, m'nkhalango zam'mbali - 0,1, kumwera kwa Karelia kumadzulo. "Kivach" munkhalango zowola - 0,3, muini - 1.2 awiriawiri / km2 (Ivanter, 1962, 1969). M'mtsinje wotsika. Mlingo umodzi wa nestga m'nkhalango zowola ndi 0,5, m'nkhalango zosakanikirana - 1 awiri / km2 (Korneeva et al., 1984), ku Latvia - 0.1-0.3 awiriawiri / km2 (Strazds, 1983), ku Zap. Estonia mu nkhalango zowoneka bwino - 0,4 awiri / km2 (Vilbaste, 1968), ku Leningrad Region. - 0.5, mdera la Ryazan mu Oksky pulogalamu. - 0.17-0.21, m'magawo ena - mpaka 0.67 awiriawiri / km2 (Ivanchev, 2000), mdera la Lipetsk. - 0.1-0.2 (Klimov, 1993), m'chigawo cha Tambov. 0.25 awiriawiri / km2 m'nkhalango zowirira ndi 025 awiriawiri / km2 m'nkhalango zosakanikirana (Shchegolev, 1968).

Ku Middle Urals, kuchuluka kwa malo oswana mu nkhalango za spruce-fir ndi awiriawiri / km2 (Shilova et al., 1963), ku Bashkortstan m'nkhalango za pine-birch-larch - 0,3 awiri / km2 (Filonov, 1965), mu Tomsk ndi Kemerovo reg. - 0,25-0.5 nthunzi / km2 (Prokopov, 1969), pa Yenisei kumwera kwa taiga - 0,0-0.4 nthunzi / km2 (Bursky, Vakhrushev, 1983). Kumpoto chakum'mawa Altai nesting density in pine m'nkhalango ndi 0,3, m'nkhalango za pine-birch - 2, birch-aspen nkhalango - 2 awiri / km2 (Ravkin, 1972), m'chigawo cha South Baikal m'nkhalango za mkungudza - 0.06 (Tarasov, 1962), mu taarch liga la nkhokwe ya Vitim - 0,2, munsiga wa larch of the Highlands - 0,5 awiri / km2 (Izmailov, Borovitskaya, 1967), m'nkhalango zamapiri za taiga za Salair ridge - 0.1-0.2 awiri / km2 (Chunikhin, 1965). Ku Turasory ya Krasnoyarsk, malo ochulukirapo achilengedwe ndi ochulukirapo ndipo m'nkhalango zamdambo zamdima kuli 3.1 awiriawiri / km2 (Naumov, 1960).

Achikasu wamba komanso ku Far East: m'munsi mwa mtsinje. Khor nestingensens ndi 1.1 awiriawiri / km2 (Kislenko, 1965), m'nkhalango zamatanda-onenepa pamadambo otsika a Sikhote-Alin - osakwana 0.5awiri / km2 (Kuleshova, 1976), m'nkhalango zowirira za Sikhote Alin - 0,4 mvamu / km2 (Nazarenko, 1971).

Kumadzulo. Europe ndiofala, m'maiko ambiri kuchuluka. Ku France, chisa chopanda chikwi chimodzi, ku Belgium - awiriawiri 275 (mu 1982- awiriawiri -, awiriawiri, ku Netherlands - pafupifupi awiriawiri, ku Netherlands - awiriawiri ndi 1950, awiriawiri mu 40065, awiriawiri mu 1965, 1500-2500 awiriawiri mu 1977, ku Zap. Germany - awiriawiri ndi mazana awiri ndi awiri, ku Denmark - opitilira 80 mu 1974 ndi awiriawiri mu 1980, ku Sweden - pafupifupi awiriawiri, ku Finland - awiriawiri 15,000, Bulgaria - awiriawiri awiri ndi awiri (Cramp, 1985) . Kuchepa kwa ziwerengero kunaonekera ku Italy.

Zochita za tsiku ndi tsiku, machitidwe

Zhelna - mbalame yokhala ndi zochitika zamasana, imagona m'maenje. Kupita ku Center. Yakutia, pali zochitika za mbalame usiku mu chipale chofewa (Zonov, 1982). Munthawi ya chisa, ndikuwona malo, kukula kwa malo okhala nesting ndi 300- 900 ha (Prokopov, 1969), osungidwa awiriawiri. Munthawi zosasanja, zimangokhala moyo pawekha. Monga lamulo, mbalame zimasungira malo okhala malo obzala kale, ndipo mabowo a chisa amagwiritsidwa ntchito usiku wonse. Amuna ndi akazi onse amakhala usiku m'mabowo. Pulogalamu ya Oksky. nkhani ya akazi usiku imayikidwa zaka zitatu zotsatizana, m'maenje, pomwe nthawi iliyonse mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya. Milandu iwiri ya malo obisika kwambiri (50 ndi 174 m), pomwe amuna osiyanasiyana adagona nthawi yomweyo, adadziwika kawiri. Malinga ndi D. Blume (Blume, 1961, wolemba: Cramp, 1985), mu nyengo yosabereka anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amalolerana kwambiri kuposa mbalame za mitundu yosiyanasiyana. M'nyengo yozizira ya 1990/91, ku Oksky Zap. 5 ma jellies nthawi yayitali m'malo a 600 ha, pomwe amuna anayi ndi wamkazi m'modzi (kukhazikitsidwa ndikuwona malo obisika usiku). Mtunda woyenda pakati pa mabowo usiku (n = 6) ndi mamita 1,250. Madera otetezedwa usiku samatetezedwa, akafika, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimagwera pamphako ndikulowa. M'dzinja ndi masika, poyandikira ndi kuchoka m'maenje, akalozera nkhuni amafuula monse kuthawa ndikukhala pafupi ndi dzenje. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala chete komanso osawoneka.

Mosiyana ndi nkhwangwa yayikulu yamawangamawanga, momwe mbalame yomwe imawuluka usiku umodzi ikakhala kuti imakwera pamwamba pa mtengo, imakhala yachikasu, yowuluka kuchokera mumphako, nthawi yomweyo imawulukira kukadyetsa kapena kukhala. Kuchoka kumayendetsedwa ndi kanthawi kochepa kowunika madera kuchokera kubowo. Bowo lomwe limasankhidwa usiku umodzi limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yonse yozizira. Mbalame yamanyazi ikangokhala kwakanthawi kochepa itamaliza kudera nkhawa, imakwiririka mumphako momwemo kuti ikhale usiku umodzi.

Adani, zovuta

Choopsa chachikulu kwambiri cha chikasu ndi goshawk, nthawi zina mbalame zimagwidwa ndi matenda ndi lynx. Kwa anapiye, njoka zazikulu zimakhala zowopsa, mu Ussuri Territory, mwachitsanzo, njoka ya Schrenk (Vorobyov, 1954). Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimafa chifukwa cha zolakwa za anthu. Kudera la Leningrad Mwa anthu 12 omwe anafa ndi jelly, mbalame 8 zidawomberedwa ndipo imodzi idawomberedwa ndi makina (Malchevsky, Pukinsky, 1983).

Mambiri mumatsamba achikasu (makamaka mbalame zazing'ono), ntchentche zamagazi (banja la Hippoboscidae) zimadziwika. Milandu ya diptera (Camus hemapterus, Pollenia rudis) imakhala yachilengedwe m'ma zisa zawo, monga utitiri (Ceratophyllus gallinae) ndi ma springtails (Entomobia nivalis, E. marginata, Lepidocyrtus cyaneus, Hyppogastrura armata, ndi H. purpuracens). Tizilombo tomwe tafotokozayi timanga mbalame zazikulu ndi anapiye. Mphutsi ndi achikulire a Carapace (Histeridae) ndi oimira ena a Coleoptera, mitundu 18 yomwe yalembedwa zisa zoyesedwa (Nordberg, 1936, Bequaert, 1942, Hicks, 1970), amakhala opandiratu vuto, ogwiritsa ntchito zinyalala ndi zinyalala za chakudya zomwe zikupezeka ngati malo awo. zisa.

Mtengo wachuma, chitetezo

Mitundu ilibe tanthauzo lachuma mwachindunji. M'madera ena, zimayambitsa kuwonongeka poyimitsa matabwa a nyumba ndikuyika mabowo m'miyala yamagetsi. Zowonongeka zakuthupi zamtunduwu zowonongeka ndizochepa chifukwa cha kupezeka kwawo. Mu biocenoses zachilengedwe, mtengo wachikasu ndi waukulu. Mng'oma wakale imagwiritsa ntchito unyinji wa nyama. Clintukh, kadzidzi wobiriwira, jackdaw, makoswe, mtengo wobiriwira, vertichoke, nyenyezi, chisa chachikulu mwa iwo, monga agologolo, ophedwa, mileme, mavu, ma hornets, etc. Ena mwa mbalamezo - clintukh ndi kadzidzi wa ng'ombe - zimalumikizana kwambiri ndi chikasu, chifukwa ndi malo okhawo omwe amapereka "zogona".

Zhelna adalembedwa m'mabuku ofiira a mabungwe a Russian Federation (Kursk ndi Lipetsk, North Ossetia), koma njira zapadera zotetezera mitunduyi sizomwe zaperekedwa makamaka ku Russian Federation.