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Zamoyo, chipolopolo chapamwamba cha Dziko lapansi momwe zinthu zonse zopezeka, zimapanga chilengedwe padziko lapansi. Amakhala ndi hydrosphere, m'munsi mwa thambo, kumtunda kwa lithosphere. Palibe malire omveka bwino a chilengedwechi koma chimakhala chotukuka mosasintha.

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Kuyambira kubwera kwa munthu, tiyenera kulankhula za anthropogenic yomwe imapangitsa chidwi cha chilengedwe. Masiku ano, kuthamanga kwa izi kukuwonjezereka makamaka. Nazi zitsanzo zochepa chabe za zomwe anthu akuchita zomwe zikuipiraipitsa dziko: kuchulukitsa zachilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje aposachedwa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake, munthu amatha kusinthitsa kwakukulu kusintha kwachilengedwe komanso kuwapangitsa kukhala pachiwopsezo.

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Mavuto a chitetezo cha chilengedwe

Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane za chitetezo cha chilengedwe. Popeza zochitika zaanthu zimabweretsa chiwopsezo pachilumba chamoyo cha padziko lapansi, mphamvu ya anthropogenic imabweretsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa mitundu ya zomera ndi nyama, kusintha pakusintha kwadzaza kwa dziko lapansi komanso nyengo. Zotsatira zake, ming'alu imapangika mu lithosphere ndi mipata yazomera. Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwe chimadzivulaza: kuphulika kwa kuphulika kwa mapiri, kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa m'mlengalenga kukulira, zivomerezi zimasintha, moto ndi kusefukira kumapangitsa kuti chinyama ndi nyama zisawonongedwe.

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Kuti asunge chilengedwe padziko lapansi, munthu ayenera kuzindikira vuto la kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndikuyamba kuchita zinthu ziwiri. Popeza vutoli lili padziko lonse lapansi, liyenera kuthana ndi maboma, chifukwa chake lili ndi malamulo. Mayiko amakono amakhazikitsa ndikukhazikitsa mfundo zofunika kuthetsa mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi. Kuphatikiza apo, munthu aliyense atha kupereka nawo gawo pazinthu izi: kusamalira zachilengedwe ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito moyenera, kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala ndikugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje opulumutsa pazosungira.

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Kulengedwa kwa malo otetezedwa ngati njira yosungira chilengedwe

Timadziwa kale lomwe bvuto lathuli, ndipo vuto lawo ndi anthu omwe. Ndipo izi sizolakwika za omwe adatsogola, koma mibadwo yamakono, popeza chiwonongeko chachikulu kwambiri chidayamba kuchitika m'zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje oyambitsa. Vuto la Kusamalira Dziko Lapansi lakhala likuwonekera mderalo posachedwa, koma ngakhale ndi unyamata wawo, mavuto azachilengedwe akukopa anthu ochulukirachulukira, omwe pakati pawo pali omenyera zenizeni zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe.

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Pofuna kusintha mkhalidwe wazachilengedwe ndi kusunga zachilengedwe, ndizotheka kupanga malo osungirako zachilengedwe. Zimasunga chilengedwe monga momwe zimakhalira, kudula mitengo komanso kusaka nyama m'malo otetezedwa ndizoletsedwa. Kutetezedwa kwa zinthu zotere ndi kuteteza chilengedwe zimaperekedwa ndi mayiko omwe akukhalako.

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Malo osungirako nyama kapena malo alionse ndi malo zachilengedwe momwe mitundu yonse yazomera zimamera momasuka. Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuteteza zachilengedwe. Nyama zimayenda mozungulira mozungulira mtunda. Amakhala momwe amakhalira kuthengo. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu amachita zochulukirapo:

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onani kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi maubale a anthu,
gwiritsirani ntchito ziweto zovulala komanso zodwala,
M'masiku ovuta amaponya chakudya
Tetezani nyama kwa azilodza omwe amalowa m'gawoli popanda chilolezo.

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Kuphatikiza apo, alendo ndi alendo omwe amapita kumapaki ali ndi mwayi wowonera nyama zosiyanasiyana kuchokera patali. Izi zimathandiza kubweretsa anthu pafupi ndi chilengedwe. Ndikwabwino kubweretsa ana m'malo oterowo kuti awalimbikitse kukonda zachilengedwe ndikuphunzitsa kuti ndizosatheka kuwononga. Zotsatira zake, zomera ndi nyama zimasungidwa m'mapaki ndi malo osungira, ndipo popeza palibe chochita anthropogenic, palibe kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Kufotokozera kwa Yobu

Lero ndikofunikira kupanga lingaliro loteteza chilengedwe ndi kuzitchinjiriza. Pokhapokha pakuwongolera zoyesayesa kuti tisunge chilengedwe, ngakhale momwe zilili tsopano, titha kupulumutsa zikhalidwe za kukhalapo kwa anthu padziko lapansi.
Mu pepala ili, ndilingalira zovuta zakusungira chilengedwe.

Kuyamba
1. Zachilengedwe: Tanthauzo ndi kapangidwe
2. Vuto lazoteteza zachilengedwe
3. Njira Yokhazikika
4. Mavuto osungira chilengedwe ku Russia
Pomaliza
Malingaliro

Zamoyo ndi kayendedwe kake

Mfundo zazikuluzikulu ndi mawu ofunika: Nkhani zachilengedwe. Mavuto azachilengedwe. Mavuto azachilengedwe.

Kumbukirani! Kodi chilengedwe ndi chiyani?

Kuchokera pachangu changa

Malamulo ambiri azachilengedwe adakwaniritsidwa bwino mu 1974 ndi American ecologist B. Commoner (1917 - 2012). "Ngati tikufuna kupulumuka, tiyenera kumvetsetsa zomwe zimayambitsa tsokali," atero asayansi. Adapanga malamulo a zachilengedwe mwanjira zosiyanasiyana za ma 4: 1) chilichonse chikugwirizana ndi chilichonse, 2) chilichonse chiyenera kupita kwina,

3) chilengedwe chimadziwa bwino; 4) Palibe chomwe chimaperekedwa pachabe.

Perekani zitsanzo kuchokera m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zikuwonetsa lamulo lililonse la B. Kommoner.

Kodi munthu amakhudza bwanji chilengedwe chamakono?

M'mbiri yonse ya anthu, pang'onopang'ono anthu akuwonjezera kukopa kwachilengedwe, kuphwanya ufulu wachilengedwe komanso kupangitsa mavuto azachilengedwe.

Mavuto azachilengedwe ndi kusintha kwachilengedwe komwe kumatha kukhala koipa (mwachindunji kapena mosazungulira) nyengo zachilengedwe. Amatha kukhala ndi zovuta zakumaloko kapena kudera, koma zina zimakhudza chilengedwe chonse cha Dziko lapansi ndikuwopseza anthu. Pakadali pano, asayansi azachilengedwe azindikira mavuto akulu apadziko lonse monga: 1) kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe (zinyalala za mafakitale, mafuta opha mafuta, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, feteleza wa mchere, zinthu zopangidwa, ndi zina), 2) kutentha kwanyengo, 3) mpweya wambiri, 4) kuwonongeka kwa ozone wosanjikiza, 5) chipululutso cha madera,

6) kuchepetsa zachilengedwe.

Mavuto azachilengedwe akuchulukirachulukira kukukhala chizindikiro cha kusokonekera kwachilengedwe komanso kusachita bwino kwachuma kwa anthu masiku ano. Ngozi zachilengedwe ndizosintha mwachangu komanso kowopsa m'malo mwachilengedwe momwe zinthu zachilengedwe zimasinthira mwadzidzidzi mbali yoyenera. Zitsanzo zomvetsa chisoni za zochitika ngati izi ndi ngozi ya Bhopal pamalo omwe amapanga mankhwala ku India (1984), ngozi ya Chernobyl ku Ukraine (1986), komanso ngozi yomwe idachitika ku Fukushima-1 chomera champhamvu ku Japan (2011). Tsoka ilo, kuchuluka ndi pafupipafupi kwa mavuto azachilengedwe mdziko lapansi zikukula: pazaka khumi kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1970. analipo 14 a iwo, ndipo pazaka khumi kuchokera 1980 mpaka 1990. 70 olembedwa kale.

Kumapeto kwa XX century. anthu adayamba kumva momwe mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lapansi, omwe, mosiyana ndi kale

mavuto, asesa dziko lonse lapansi komanso chifukwa cha zoyambitsa anthropogenic. Mavuto azachilengedwe ndi kuphwanya kwakukulu kwachilengedwe komanso mgwirizano wamunthu pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe. Pali zinthu ziwiri zomwe zapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta zapadziko lonse lapansi - kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso mphamvu zamaofesi. Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi chikukula (1830)- 1 biliyoni, 1994 - 5.5 biliyoni, ndipo pofika Epulo 1, 2017 adafika 7.5 biliyoni), kukula kwa ntchito za mafakitale, kupanga magetsi kukuchulukirachulukira. Koma palinso zifukwa zina zazikulu zowonjezera zachilengedwe: kuchepa kwa uzimu, malo otsika a chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro azachilengedwe.

Munthu ayenera kumvetsetsa zolakwa zake mu chiyanjano ndi chilengedwe ndikuwongolera zoyesayesa zake kuti asinthe maganizidwe achilengedwe ndikuchotsa zovuta zomwe zachitika. Kupanda kutero, mavuto azachilengedwe adzasanduka chiphokoso chosasintha padzikoli.

Chifukwa chake, chidwi cha anthropogenic pazomera zachilengedwe chalimba kwambiri mwakuti chidayambitsa vuto lazachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi ndi malangizo ati oteteza chilengedwe?

Amuna ndi chilengedwe chonsechi ndi chosiyana wina ndi mnzake. Zamoyo zimapatsa munthu zinthu zofunika komanso mphamvu yamoyo. Mwamuna amasamalira zachilengedwe: amasamalira okhalamo, amateteza chilengedwe chawo. Masiku ano, chitetezo cha chilengedwe chimakhudzidwa ndi anthu onse padziko lapansi, popeza aliyense wa ife akumva mavuto obwera chifukwa cha chilengedwe.

Limodzi mwa madera oteteza zachilengedwe ndi kuteteza zachilengedwe. Asayansi apeza mitundu ndi magulu azinthu zomwe zili pachiwopsezo, pezani kuchuluka kwa zomwe zimatsalira m'chilengedwe komanso komwe, kupanga njira zoteteza chilengedwe. Mndandanda wazamoyo zomwe zimafunikira kutetezedwa umaperekedwa m'mabuku ofiira. Buku Loyamba Lofiira Lapadziko Lonse lidasindikizidwa mu 1966. Ku Ukraine, mu 2009, kusindikiza kachitatu kwa Red Book of Ukraine kudasindikiza, komwe kumakhala mitundu ya nyama 542, mitundu ya 826 yazomera ndi bowa. Kuteteza maguluwa, ma botanists aku Ukraine anali oyamba padziko lapansi kupanga Green Book. Mu 1987, Green Book of Ukraine idawonekera, yomwe idaphatikizapo magulu 127 osowa komanso omwe ali pangozi. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi nkhalango (mwachitsanzo, nkhalango za Polesye spruce), madzi (mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe oyera a kakombo ka madzi) ndi steppe (mwachitsanzo, udzu wa nthenga waku Ukraine) cenoses (odwala. 166).

Gawo lofunikira pachitetezo ndi kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kugawa ndi kukonza zachilengedwe. Uku ndikupanga nkhokwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe, zipilala zachilengedwe, arboretums, malo osungira nyama, malo osungirako zachilengedwe, etc. (mkuyu. 167). Malo osungirako zachilengedwe ofunika padziko lonse lapansi, momwe zigawo zonse za chilengedwe zimatetezedwa, ndizosungidwa zachilengedwe. Ku Ukraine kuli Aska-Niya-Nova (odwala. 168), Nyanja Yakuda, Carpathian, Danube ndi Chernobyl radiation-ecological. Ku Ukraine, mu 2004, Lamulo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Ecological Network ya Ukraine adalandiridwa, malinga ndi momwe ntchito idayambitsidwa kupanga gawo limodzi lokhala ndi malo otetezedwa komanso osasinthika otchedwa ecological network. Pulogalamuyi ikukonzekera kuti pakhale mapaki 29 achilengedwe komanso malo 7 okhala ndi zolengedwa 7, pomwe ikuluikulu izikhala Syshvsky, Great Philophore Field ya Zernov, Nizhnedneprovsky, Polessky, ndi Ukraine nkhalango-steppe. Dera lokhalamo malo ndi malo osungiramo 11 omwe alipo.

Kodi malo otetezedwa ndi otani pakuteteza zachilengedwe? Choyamba: 1) kuteteza mtundu wa zomera ndi zinyama, 2) kuonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe chikhala bwino komanso kubwezeretsanso zinthu zachilengedwe m'chilengedwe, 3) Kuchita kafukufuku, kuyang'anira chilengedwe, kuneneratu zakusintha kwa chilengedwe komanso kukonza malingaliro a sayansi poteteza chilengedwe, 4) kuteteza zachilengedwe monga chilengedwe, chilengedwe, chilengedwe ndi "zopanda moyo".

Maphunziro azachilengedwe pamadera azachilengedwe tsopano akuwonedwa ndi gulu lachiwerewere ngati njira yopitilira, yokomera mibadwo yonse, magulu azikhalidwe ndi akatswiri a anthu.Komabe, cholumikizira ndi sukuluyo, chifukwa ndi nthawi ya sukulu kumene umunthu umachitika kwambiri.

Asayansi akufunafuna njira zatsopano zosungira chilengedwe. M'zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, madera adakhazikika monga kusungidwa kwachidziwitso kwa nthawi yayitali ngati mawonekedwe a cryobank - maselo ozama kwambiri, mapangidwe a mabanki ambewu, kubwerera kwa mitundu kumalo awo akale,

Chifukwa chake, njira zazikulu zotetezera chilengedwe ndi kusamalira zachilengedwe, magawidwe ndi chitukuko cha malo osungira zachilengedwe, maphunziro a chilengedwe, ndi zina zambiri.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Kodziwa

Gawani ndi kulemba zodetsa zomwe zatchulidwa patebulopo: 1) HIV, 2) kaboni wa monoxide kuchokera pakapanda kuyaka, 3) ma elekitiroma

magawo azingwe zamagetsi zamagetsi apamwamba, 4) isotopes a cesium, strontium, 5) madzi ofunda ochokera kuzomera zamagetsi, 6) phokoso lamsewu, 7) nitrogen oxides ochokera ku TPP, TPP, mbewu zachitsulo, 8) cadmium phulusa kuchokera ku zinyalala zomwe zikuwotcha phulusa, 9) mankhwala ophera tizilombo ,

10) galasi, matumba apulasitiki, mabotolo apulasitiki,

11) Madzi otaika ochokera ku fakitale ya shuga, fakitale ya nyama, 12) mankhwala ena a chlorine - mpweya wochokera pafakitale yam simenti. Onaninso kukhudzidwa kwachilengedwe.

Kuthandiza chilengedwe, kapena "moyo wobiriwira," ndizophweka. Ngati aliyense wa ife alipira pang'ono pa nkhaniyi, ndiye kuti zosintha zakezo ndizofunika kwambiri. Tsimikizani maupangiri khumi opulumutsa amoyo padziko lapansi.

1. Sanjani zinyalala

2. Yesetsani kuti musagwiritse ntchito mapepala apulasitiki

3. Gulani zovala zamakono zopangidwa ndi thonje, nsalu, silika, ndi zina zambiri.

4. Gwiritsani ntchito nyali zopulumutsa mphamvu

5. Kulani mbewu zamkati

6. Gwiritsani ntchito machesi m'malo mwa zowunikira

7. Patsani zinthu zobwezeretsanso

8. Patsani pepala lotayidwa

"DZIWANI IZI KUDZIWA KWA CHIYANI CHOKHALA NDI ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT MU ECOSYSTEMS"

Mphamvu ya munthu ngati chilengedwe imakhala yamphamvu kwambiri komanso yosiyanasiyana. Palibe chilengedwe padziko lapansi chomwe sichinapulumuke izi. Konzani polojekiti yomwe mungazindikire zoyipa ndi zoyipa za anthu mdera lanu.

Ntchito za kudziletsa

1. Kodi mavuto azachilengedwe ndi ati? 2. Kodi mavuto azachilengedwe ndi ati? 3. Kodi zovuta zinayi zapadziko lonse lapansi za chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe. 4. Kodi Buku Lofiyira ndi Chiyani? 5. Kodi buku lobiriwira ndi chiyani? 6. Kodi ndi magulu ati omwe amatetezedwa?

7. Kodi mphamvu za munthu pazinthu zamakono ndi ziti? 8. Kodi njira zikuluzikulu zotetezera chilengedwe ndi ziti? 9. Kodi malo otetezedwa amateteza bwanji zachilengedwe, malire m'zamoyo?

10. Gwiritsani ntchito chidziwitso kuti mupeze malamulo amakhalidwe awo pazikhalidwe zamakono zachilengedwe.

Chidule cha mutu 8. SUPER-ORGANIZING BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Makina azachilengedwe okhala ndi magulu azinthu zamoyo zomwe zimalumikizana wina ndi mnzake komanso ndi chilengedwe. Izi ndi kuchuluka, mitundu, zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe.

Tebulo 17. SITER-ORGANIZED BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Makhalidwe azachilengedwe

Kuchuluka kwa anthu - gulu la anthu omwe akhala mdera lina kwa nthawi yayitali kapena osiyanitsidwa ndi ena

Zizindikiro zazikulu zodziwika ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi izi: kuchuluka, kachulukidwe, michere, chonde, umunthu ndi kukula. Anthu amakhala ndi zaka za kugonana, zaka, malo, mitundu, chikhalidwe

Mitundu - gulu la anthu okhala ndi chikhalidwe chofanana ndi chibadwa, amaphatikizana momasuka ndi kubereka ana ochulukirapo, otha kusintha zochitika zina ndikukhala osiyanasiyana pamtundu wina

Mtundu uliwonse womwe umagawidwa mdera linalake la biogeocenosis, umakhala kwinakwake, komwe kumatchedwa zachilengedwe, ndipo umatha kupezeka chifukwa cholumikizana ndi mitundu ina.

Ecosystem - magulu azamoyo zamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi malo omwe akukhudzana ndi kusinthana kwa zinthu, mphamvu ndi chidziwitso

Mu zachilengedwe zilizonse, magawo awiri amasiyanitsidwa - abiotic komanso biotic. Zoyenera kukhalapo ndikuzunguliridwa kwa zinthu ndi kutembenuka kwa mphamvu.

Katundu wake wamkulu ndi kutseguka, kudziyang'anira, kukhulupirika, kudzipatula, kukhazikika

Zamoyo - chipolopolo chapadera cha Dziko Lapansi lokhala ndi zinthu zamoyo

Choyambira choyambira ndichachilengedwe, chikhalidwe choyambira kupezeka kwa chilengedwe ndi kuzungulira kwa zinthu, kwakhalapo kuyambira pakuwonekera kwa moyo Padziko Lapansi, ndipo pang'onopang'ono kudutsa mu noosphere.

Makina a supraorganism amaphunziridwa ndi sayansi ya ECOLOGY, momwe muli magawo atatu akuluakulu: zachilengedwe za anthu, zachilengedwe, ndi biogeocenology

BASIC ENVIRONMENTAL TORULATIONS

Lamulo la piramidi la mphamvu, ulamuliro wa piramidi yazachilengedwe, lamulo la 10% (lamulo la R. Lindeman, 1942). Kuchokera pa gawo limodzi la piramidi yachilengedwe, mphamvu yoposa 10% yamphamvu imadutsa gawo lina.

Lamulo la ochepera (lamulo la malire oletsa, lamulo la J. Liebig, 1840). Zowopsa kwambiri pazamoyo, kuchuluka kwa anthu, kapena gulu zimapangidwa ndi zinthu zofunika zachilengedwe zomwe kuchuluka kwake kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.

Lamulo la kusuntha kwa ma biogenic ma atomu (V. I Vernadsky). Kusunthika kwazinthu zopanga zinthu padziko lapansi komanso zachilengedwe chonsecho kumachitika limodzi ndi kutengapo gawo pazinthu zamoyo (kusanjika kwachilengedwe), kapena kumachitika m'malo omwe malo amtundu wa geochemical ndi chifukwa chamoyo.

Kuyesa kwa mayeso 8. SUPER-ORGANIZED BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

1. Mothandizidwa ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti zokolola zomwe zibzalidwe nthawi zambiri zitsike kum'mwera kwa Ukraine, komwe nthaka yachonde kwambiri imapezeka?

Kutentha kwa B

M'mabati a oxygen g

2. Kuchepa kwa kukula kwa thupi, zopindika zazing'ono za thupi, kusunthika kwa thupi, kufooka kwa khungu, mtundu wa chakudya cha heterotrophic ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu okhala m'deralo.

Madzi okhala ndi mpweya wa B

M'nthaka G pochezera

3. Gulu logawanikirana mosiyanasiyana anthu amtundu womwewo, limakhala nthawi yayitali pagawo la mitundu yonse komanso lotalikirana ndi magulu ena ofananawo.

Chiwerengero C cha mtundu C chimasiyanitsa mitundu ya D

4. Mapangidwe a anthu, owonetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe a machitidwe.

M'badwo B wazaka C zikhalidwe D pamakhalidwe

5. Zonse zomwe anthu omwe ali ndi chibadwa chofanana nawo, zobala mwaubwino ndi kubereka ana ochulukirapo, otengera zochitika zina zokhala m'malo zachilengedwe.

Chiwerengero C cha mtundu C chimasiyanitsa mitundu ya D

6. Chiwerengero chachikulu kwambiri cha zomerachi chimapezeka munthawiyo

Nkhalango yokhalokha ya B ya paini C yoteteza nkhalango ya D

7. Zotsimikizira za dongosolo loyamba ndi

Chingwe cha hedgehog, weasel B, agogo a B hare, buwa wa njuchi G, udzudzu

8. Bowa wa Saprotroph ndi

A ogula woyamba B ndi ogula yachiwiri

Mu opanga G opanga

9. Mabwalo amagetsi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ulalo wa 5-6, chifukwa A zinthu zachilengedwe ndizochepa

Zilonda zamtundu wa P sizingadye zizolowezi zomwe zimadya kapena kuchepa kwa magetsi.

10. Zomera zotsatsa zilizonse zotsatirazi zimachepetsedwa pafupifupi nthawi 10 chifukwa gawo lamphamvu.

A imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chomera chatsopano B chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa moyo ndikusungunuka ngati kutentha; C imamasulidwa kuchokera kuzinthu limodzi ndi zinthu za metabolic; D imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakubala

11. Kukula ndi kutukuka kwa madera okhala m'malo omwe masamba adalibe kale

Mndandanda wotsatira B wokhazikika

M'matchulidwe achiwiri G, anthropogenic motsatizana

12. Kodi zachilengedwe zakuthambo zimadziwika bwanji?

Mtundu wina wapangidwe B kudzilamulira

Munthawi yomweyo zamitundu mitundu, zipatso zambiri

Mavuto oteteza chilengedwe.docx

1. Zachilengedwe: Tanthauzo ndi kapangidwe

2. Vuto lazoteteza zachilengedwe

3. Njira Yokhazikika

4. Mavuto osungira chilengedwe ku Russia

Gawo la lithosphere, ma hydrosphere ndi chilengedwe cha Dziko Lapansi momwe chomera ndi zolengedwa zimakhalapo ndikukula zimatchedwa chilengedwe. Sipangokhala chomera komanso kuchuluka kwa nyama padziko lapansi, mitsinje yonse ndi nyanja, madzi am'nyanja, komanso nthaka, gawo lofunika kwambiri la troposphere komanso kumtunda kwakumapeto kwa dziko lapansi - malo otentha. Padziko lapansi pano palibe malo omwe moyo kulibe. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono komanso tizilombo tina tambiri tapezeka ngakhale m'zipululu zotentha komanso zopanda madzi kapena pamwamba pa mapiri ataliitali a madzi oundana ndi ayezi.

Kudziwa za chilengedwe masiku ano kuli kofunika kwambiri kuposa kale. Munthu wadutsa malire a chilengedwe ndipo akumachisintha mwachangu. Nthawi zambiri, kusinthika kotereku kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri pazinthu zachilengedwe zokha.

Mu pepala ili, ndilingalira zovuta zakusungira chilengedwe.

2. Vuto lazoteteza zachilengedwe

Vuto loteteza zachilengedwe ndi vuto lachitukuko, ndipo kuthana kwake kumatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa zolinga zonse komanso ntchito yayitali, komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa zolinga zofunika ndi ntchito yolumikizidwa nayo. Zikuwoneka bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mwatsatanetsatane vuto lamavuto oteteza zachilengedwe kuwunikira. Potere, lingaliro la cholinga limagwiritsidwa ntchito, lomwe limamvetseka ngati boma lomwe likufunidwa kapena lofunikira (zotsatira zomwe zikuyembekezeka).

Vutoli ndikutsutsana pakati pa nkhani ndi chinthu, i.e. kusiyana pakati pa zenizeni ndi chandamale ("zodziwika") zamakina. Kuthana ndi vuto kumatanthauza kusamutsa dongosolo kuchokera ku dziko losakhutitsali kupita kumalo omwe mwathetsa mavuto munthawi yapano.

Ngati zovuta zothetsera mavuto zitakhala zosakwanira, ndiye kuti patadutsa nthawi yovuta kwambiri kupatuka kwakwaniritsidwa kudzachitika ndipo zochitika zowopsa zamakhalidwe osasintha zidzayamba kuwonekera, zomwe sizingalole kusamutsa dongosolo kupita kumalo omwe akufuna, i.e. chifukwa chake izi sizingatheke kuthetsa vutoli.

Mkhalidwe wamakono komanso wotsata wa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi wotsimikizika ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zomwe zili zenizeni P1. Pn (zochulukitsa komanso zoyenera). Cholinga ndikukwaniritsa chikhalidwe chokomera chilengedwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, pakafunika magawo, i.e. magawo ofunikira kuti athe kulingalirapo atengera mfundo zomwe zimakwaniritsa miyezo yachilengedwe. Kusiyanako kapena kupatuka kumakhala kofanana ndi kukula kwa magawo oyambira ndi omwe akufuna, kapena kuopsa kwa vuto loteteza zachilengedwe. Pazinthu zosasinthika, m'mene zopatuka za magawo enieni zimayendera mfundo zofunika, mawonekedwe amgwirizano m'makhalidwe amayamba kuwonekera kwambiri.

Zomwe zikuchititsa kuchulukana kwa mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso kufunika kokwaniritsa zosowa zakuthupi za anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwopsezo cha zochitika zachuma chizititsogolera ndikuwonjezereka kwa kukakamizidwa kwa chilengedwe. Zotsatira zake, mavuto obwera chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi kuwonongedwa kwa ozoni wa stratospheric zikukulirakulira, zachilengedwe zikuchepa, kuchuluka kwa masoka opangidwa ndi anthu ukukula, komanso mwayi wotayika pakukhazikika kwachilengedwe ukukula.

Kupewera kuwononga chilengedwe ndi chimodzi mwazovuta kwambiri komanso zofunika. Mphamvu yachilengedwe ndi njira yodziyimira yokha yopanga mapulaneti komanso mapulaneti, yomwe idapangidwa mozizwitsa zaka mamiliyoni mamiliyoni ambiri. Ntchito yayikulu yachilengedwe ndi kukhazikika kwachilengedwe, kuchitidwa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yachilengedwe komanso kusungitsa malo oyenera amoyo pazinthu zamoyo. Kusasunthika kwa chilengedwe ndi kuthekera kolipira gawo la anthropogenic komanso mphamvu zachilengedwe mwanjira yolumikizirana zili ndi malire ena kuposa omwe kuthekera uku kutayika.

Mkhalidwe wofunikira kwambiri wowonetsetsa kuti chilengedwe ndizachilengedwe ndizosungika ndikusungira zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana.

Pakalipano:

- Mwa mitundu ya mbewu 242, 14% ikuwopsezedwa ndikutha,

- mwa mitundu ya mbalame ya 9.6,000, 11% akuwopsezedwa kuti adzazimiririka, ndipo 60% ikuchepa.

- mwa mitundu 4 miliyoni ya anyama, 11% akhoza kufa,

- Mwa mitundu ya nsomba 3,000, 33% akuwopsezedwa kuti adzawonongedwa.

Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa kwa asayansi, kutsika kwa kuvomerezeka kwa chilengedwe kumakhala pafupifupi 1-2% ya kumwa kwa anthropogenic yopanga pulayimale yachilengedwe. Kuwala kumeneku kwadutsa tsopano - kugwiritsa ntchito kwamakono kumafika pamtunda wa 7-10%, koma zachilengedwe zimatha kubwerera ku malo okhazikika. Komabe, pakuwonjezeka kwa kusokonezeka kwa anthropogenic, chilengedwe chimatha kusasunthika, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta zowopsa kwambiri. Mphamvu zonse za padziko pano za biota sizigwiranso ntchito kuti zikhale zokomera moyo, koma muulamuliro woipa udzawononga zachilengedwe.

Njira yayikulu yothetsera vuto la kuteteza chilengedwe ndi "kuteteza" madera ambiri omwe sakhudzidwa kapena kukhudzidwa pang'ono ndi ntchito zachuma, ndi cholinga choti malo othandiza ”magwiridwe antchito zachilengedwe pakukhazikitsa chilengedwe. Chofunika kwambiri ndikulimbikitsa ndi kukulitsa dongosolo la malo achilengedwe otetezedwa. Kuthandiza kwakukulu pakukhazikika kwachilengedwe kumapangidwa ndi Russia, yomwe ili ndi gawo lofunika lomwe silisokonezedwa ndi zochitika zachuma, komanso zoposa 1/7 zachilengedwe zosungidwa pamtunda. Ili ndiye golide "wosungika wa chilengedwe cha kufunikira kwapadziko lonse lapansi.

Kusintha kwanyengo ya padziko lonse (kutentha kwanyengo) kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwachilendo kwa mpweya wozungulira (makamaka mpweya woipa) m'magawo akumlengalenga, zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kofalikira kwa mafuta okhala ndi kaboni (malasha, mafuta, gasi), omwe ndiwo maziko a chuma champhamvu padziko lonse lapansi. Zaka zana zapitazi, kuwotcha kwamphamvu kwa zinthu zakale kwapangitsa kuti kuchulukane kwa CO2 m'mlengalenga ndi 30%, mpaka kufika pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri mzaka zana chikwi. Asayansi ambiri adazindikira kuti m'zaka za XXI. kutentha kwapakati pa Dziko Lonse kukwera pofika 1.2-3.5 C. Zotsatira za kutentha kwadziko ndi zowopsa. Kuwonjezeka kwa madzi padziko lonse lapansi ndi 0.5-1.0 m chifukwa kusungunuka kwambiri kwa madzi oundana kudzapangitsa kuti madzi osefukira azikhala m'malo ambiri. Maulamuliro achilengedwe azisintha, kuchuluka kwa zaka komanso zachilengedwe zambiri kudzachuluka, mkuntho, mkuntho, kusefukira kwa madzi, kusefukira kwamadzi ndi chilala zidzawonetsedwa pafupipafupi komanso mwamphamvu. Ziwerengero zamoto zomwe zanenedweratu zikhala zochulukirapo kakhumi kuposa kuchuluka kwachilengedwe kutentha, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi kuthekera kosinthika kwa mitundu yambiri yazamoyo, ndipo zidzatsogolera kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe. Zizolowezi zomwe tafotokozazi zikuwonekera bwino lomwe lero. Makumi awiri zapitazi amadziwika ndi zaka 15 zotentha kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi. Zowonongeka zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha masoka achilengedwe zikuchulukirachulukira ndipo zimakhala madola mabiliyoni ambiri.

Dongosolo lamaderali limapitirira patsogolo kumadera akumidzi ndipo ngati kutentha kwadzaoneni, "imadumphira" kumalo atsopano. Kudumphadumpha kotereku, komwe kumabweretsa zoopsa, zachitika m'mbiri ya Dziko lapansi ndipo zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka makumi angapo. Kuchitapo kanthu kofunikirako ndikofunikira, komwe, malinga ndi asayansi, ndikuchepetsa mpweya wophatikizana ndi kaboni 60-80% poyerekeza ndi mpweya womwe umatuluka.

Kufunika ndi kufunikira kwa vutoli lakuipitsa zachilengedwe kukukula. Pakadali pano, malinga ndi data ya WHO, mpaka 500,000 zama mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale, 40,000 awo ndi ovulaza ndipo 12,000 ndi oopsa. Zovuta zakuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe ndipo, motere, pa thanzi la anthu (thanzi la anthu) ndizofunikira, njira zazikulu zomwe ndi kufa ndi kuvundikira. Pali kuchuluka kwamatenda omwe amachititsa chilengedwe komanso kuchepa kwa chitetezo m'thupi. Ana amadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwakuthwa m'matenda owopsa. Matenda oyambitsidwa ndi zachilengedwe atha kutenga matenda obwera chifukwa cha Edzi, monga Edzi ku Africa, omwe akhudza anthu ambiri m'maiko angapo.

Mu 1999, Gallup Institute idachita kafukufuku wa Millenium, yomwe idafikira anthu 57,000 m'maiko 60. Kufunso lazomwe ndizofunikira kwambiri m'moyo, ambiri mwa omwe adayankha adayankha yankho: thanzi labwino komanso moyo wabanja. Akatswiri a WHO akukhulupirira kuti thanzi la chiwerengero cha anthu pafupifupi 50% zimatengera chitetezo cha anthu ndi moyo wawo, 20% pa zinthu zobadwa nawo, 10% pa malo azachipatala komanso 20% pamadera azachilengedwe. Zinthu zachilengedwe zinabwera mtsogolomo machitidwe azinthu zofunika kwambiri masiku ano.

Vuto lazinthu zamagetsi limakulitsidwa nthawi ndi nthawi. Malinga ndi World Energy Council, ikusunga kuchuluka kwamakono pakukwera kwa mphamvu (2% pachaka), kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kumawonjezeka kawiri pofika 2035, komanso katatu katatu podzafika 2055. Kupanga kwamakono kwamayiko kumapangidwa makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi zamkati, makamaka mafuta osunga mafuta (mafuta, malasha ndi gasi), zomwe ndi mphamvu zopanda magetsi komanso zopanda magetsi. Mphamvu zamtunduwu ndizomwe zimaposa 80% yakugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zapadziko lonse. Chiwerengero padziko lonse lapansi, i.e. Chiwerengero chotsalira cha zinthu zotsalira pakalipano ndi zaka 50-60 za mafuta, zaka 70 kwa mafuta, zaka 200-500 za malasha. Popeza kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi, titha kunena kukula kwazovuta.

Mphamvu yamagetsi yapadziko lonse ili ndi gawo lalikulu, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi kukupitilira mpaka mkati mwa zaka za XXI. ndipo mwina kwanthawi yayitali.

Mwambiri, kukuwonjezeka kwa kusintha kwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zothandizira pamoyo, makamaka mphamvu, chakudya ndi madzi abwino. Malinga ndi a Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (UN), kuchokera kumadera 15 akuluakulu asodzi padziko lapansi, 11 ndi ochepa kapena osowa, pomwe kupeza bwino kwa anthu pafupifupi 200 miliyoni kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi usodzi.

Magulu osiyanitsidwa ogwiritsira ntchito zinthu zothandizira moyo ayenera kutsindika. Masiku ano, 20% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi otukuka amadya zoposa 80% zadziko lapansi. Chuma cha anthu 225 olemera kwambiri padziko lapansi, chikuyembekezeka pafupifupi $ 1 thililiyoni, pafupifupi kulingana ndi ndalama zomwe zimapezeka pachaka cha anthu osauka kwambiri. Njira yokhala ndi moyo wamwana m'modzi ku United States, mwachitsanzo, ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri kuposa ku Bangladesh.Ndizofunikira kuti United States yokha (4% ya anthu padziko lapansi) imatulutsa mpweya woposa 25% wa mlengalenga, womwe umapangitsa kukula kwanyengo komanso kusintha kwanyengo. Potengera kuphulika kwa anthu, zochitika zopitilirazi zimaphatikizanso kuchepa kwakukulu kwa mwayi wakuthupi ndi mphamvu yothandizidwa ndi malo ambiri ovomerezeka. Zachidziwikire, maubwenzi andale azikhala akuwonjezeka, zomwe zidzasokoneza kwambiri kukhazikitsidwa kwa zoyesayesa za gulu la anthu padziko lonse lapansi zomwe cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe.

Pamene chikhalidwe cha padziko lonse lapansi chikuyandikira chilengedwe cha anthu kukhala mkhalidwe wovuta, zochitika za mgwirizano zimagwira nawo gawo lowonjezereka, i.e. kulimbikitsa kuchitapo kanthu kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso kuwonjezereka kwakukulu pazonse. Mwachitsanzo, kusintha koyipa kwachilengedwe kumadalira kutentha kwa nyengo, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, kufafaniza kwa gawo la stratospheric ozone. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa magwiridwe antchito a biotic ndi kuchepa kwa kuthekera kwazinthu zachilengedwe kudziyeretsa, mwakutero zikukulitsa vuto la kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe. Chifukwa chomwechi chimayambitsa chisokonezo pamakina azachilengedwe azachilengedwe ndipo, monga chotulukapo, chiwonjezeko cha kusintha kwa nyengo. Zonsezi zimakhudza kugwirira ntchito bwino kwa kayendetsedwe kaulimi komanso vuto la chakudya.

Palibe. Mavuto osungira chilengedwe ndi zinthu zake zachilengedwe

Mawu oti "biosphere" adawonekera mu sayansi mu 1875, komabe, malingaliro oyamba okhudzana ndi chilengedwe adakhalako koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1800. Malingaliro oyambawa anali makamaka. Zowonetsedwa mu ntchito ya "Hydrology" Zh.B. Lamarck (1802). Mu 1826, wasayansi waku Germany a Humbolt adayambitsa lingaliro la "chilengedwe" mwa kumvetsetsa chipolopolo cha Dziko lapansi, chomwe chimaphatikizapo mlengalenga, m'madzi am'madzi komanso zochitika padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake mu sayansi lingaliro lamlengalenga linakumbatiridwa, kukumbatiridwa ndi moyo ndi kupangidwa nawo. Katswiri wa zamagetsi E. Suess adatcha malowa "chilengedwe." Pambuyo pake, lingaliro lazinthu zachilengedwe lidapangidwa ndi ofufuza osiyanasiyana. Amakhulupirira kuti lingaliro lazinthu zachilengedwe limapangidwa mokwanira mu ntchito za wasayansi wachilengedwe wachilengedwe ndi Russia V.I. Vernadsky.

Zomwe amaphunzitsa ndizofunikira motere: chilengedwe ndi zinthu zonse zopangidwa mwadongosolo, chilichonse chomwe chili mgululi ndi chinthu chimodzi chachilengedwe, chinthu chamoyo ndicholumikizira chomwe chikugwirizanitsa mbiri yakale ya zinthu zachilengedwe ndi chilengedwe cha zinthu ndi anthu. Ndi chisinthiko cha chilengedwe chonse.

Zamoyo zinachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakuwonekera kwa mlengalenga, ma hydrosphere ndi lithosphere. Zamoyo ndi mgwirizano wazinthu zamoyo ndi mchere zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi gawo la moyo. Zamoyo mu chilengedwe chake ndi monolith wa moyo. Moyo wachilengedwe umakhazikika mu lithosphere, mu hydrosphere, komanso troposphere. Malire otsika a zolengedwa amagwera pamtunda wa 2-3 km pamtunda ndi 1-2 km pansi pa nyanja. Ndipo chapamwamba ndi chotchedwa ozone screen pamtunda wa 20-25 km, pamwambapa pomwe kuwala kowopsa kwa Dzuwa kumapha moyo wonse.

Gulu la anthu, momwe limapangidwira komanso malo opanga omwe adapangidwira, matekinoloje, nawonso ali gawo la chilengedwe.

Zamoyo zonse za Dziko Lapansi zikuyerekezeredwa pafupifupi matani 2.4 * 10 12, pomwe ambiri (oposa 99%) opangidwa ndi nyama zapadziko lapansi, zomerazo ndi zolengedwa. Zomera zam'nyanja sizimasiyananso ndikufanizira ndi zolengedwa zam'mlengalenga. Moyo umagawidwa mosasiyananso padziko lapansi ndipo m'malo osiyanasiyana mumakhala mawonekedwe a chilengedwe - biogeocenoses kapena zachilengedwe. Gawo lamoyo la biogeocenosis limatchedwa biocenosis. Njira zingapo komanso zochitika zomwe zimachitika m'chilengedwe ndi zomwe anthu amafufuza pa sayansi zosiyanasiyana.

Malo apadera amaperekedwa ku zachilengedwe. E. Haeckel. Woyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawuwa amatanthauzira zachilengedwe monga chidziwitso cha zachilengedwe, kuphunzira munthawi yomweyo za maubale azinthu zachilengedwe zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe komanso zinthu zina zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza ubale ndi zosagwirizana ndi nyama ndi mbewu polumikizana. Mwanjira ina, chilengedwe ndi sayansi yomwe imawerengera zovuta zonse komanso maubale azachilengedwe, omwe Darwin "amawerengera" ngati njira zoyeserera kuti akhalepo. " Zotsatira zamachitidwe a anthu, zachilengedwe, kusiyanitsa pakati pa sayansi zambiri zodziyimira pawokha, zikukulira kupeza gawo lazandale komanso zachikhalidwe, kuphatikizapo nkhani zamalamulo, zachuma, zachikhalidwe cha anthu, ukadaulo, etc. Zachilengedwe zimakwaniritsa ntchito zake chifukwa cha ubale wosinthika. Zamoyo zonse zimalumikizidwa ndi maubwenzi amphamvu, chifukwa ndi zinthu za zakudya zina.

Munthu adawonekera pa nthawi ya chilengedwe. Iye ndiye machitidwe ake. Maonekedwe a malingaliro, zikuwoneka, ndi gawo lachilengedwe pakupanga zinthu zamoyo, malo osinthika kwambiri pakusintha kwake, popeza adapeza luso lodzilingalira ndikudzidziwa. Zonse zofunika munthu amalandira kuchokera kuzinthu zachilengedwe. Kumeneko amachotsa zinyalala za m'nyumba ndi mafakitale. Kwa nthawi yayitali, chilengedwe chimalimbana ndi zosokoneza izi, zomwe munthu adaziyambitsa mu zochitika zake, ndikukhalabe ndi moyo wabwino. Pakadali pano, zochitika za anthu zakhala zikugwirizana ndi mphamvu za Zachilengedwe, ndipo sizitha kupikiranso kupsinjika kwa kusintha kwa ntchito za anthu. Izi zimabweretsa kukhazikitsa mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi, limodzi ndi kuchulukana kwa zovuta zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndizachilengedwe, zomwe zikuphatikiza vuto la kuchuluka kwa anthu, kusintha kwamlengalenga ndi nyengo, kusintha kwa kayendetsedwe ka madzi, komanso kuchepa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.

Pazaka pafupifupi 3 biliyoni, Padziko Lapansi chifukwa cha kusintha kwachilengedwe, mitundu yochulukirapo ya zinthu zamoyo inabuka (njira ya kuchulukira ikupitirirabe masiku ano). Munkhondo yolimba yakukhala ndi moyo, ambiri aiwo anasowa kwamuyaya, ena anasintha chisinthiko ndikupereka mitundu yomwe idalowa m'malo mwawo, mitundu yambiri idapulumuka mpaka lero. Masiku ano, dziko lapansi lamoyo ndi dziko lapansi ndi "losawerengeka" ndipo lili ndi mitundu yambiri. Masiku ano ndizodziwika bwino kuti kukhazikika kwa kukhalapo kwa chilengedwe komanso dongosolo lazinthu zachilengedwe zadziko lapansi kumadalira ndendende mitundu ya zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimapanga. Mitundu yonse yazamoyo imakhala yolumikizana kapena yosakhudzana wina ndi mnzake (trophic, tropical tropical, etc.). Kutengera kuphunzira kwachilengedwe ndi zolengedwa zochepa zomwe zimapanga (mwachitsanzo: chilengedwe, mapanga, tundra zachilengedwe), komanso zopanga zinthu zakale (agrobiogeocenoses, zachilengedwe zoyesera zachilengedwe). Chifukwa chake kuchotsedwa, kufa kwamtundu umodzi kumatha kubweretsa zowonongeka zazikulu ndi kufa kwa dongosololi.

Chidule

1."BIOLOGY", giredi 11

2. Phunziro No. 18, Nkhani zachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi.

3. Mndandanda wazinthu zomwe zakambidwa pamutuwu,

Phunziro pamutuwu lithandizira ophunzira kukulitsa ndi kuzindikira chidziwitso cha mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi, kuzindikira zomwe zimayambitsa mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lonse ndi njira zowathetsera.

4. Kumasulira pamutuwu (mndandanda wamalingaliro ndi malingaliro omwe ayambitsidwa mu phunziroli),

Mavuto otukuka okhazikika, kutentha kwa kutentha, kuthamanga kwa ozoni, mlengalenga, kuthamanga kwa madzi, mvula ya asidi, kuteteza zachilengedwe, kuteteza chilengedwe, Buku Lofiyira, kubwezeretsa chilengedwe.

Zamoyo - chipolopolo cha dziko lapansi

Tsoka lachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi - malo pena paliponse padziko lapansi moyo ukakhala wosatheka.

Nkhani zachilengedwe- zovuta zilizonse zomwe zimakhudzana ndikukhudzana ndi chibadwidwe cha anthu ndi kusinthidwa kwakusintha kwa malo osintha paumoyo wa anthu ndi zochitika zachuma.

Nkhani zachilengedwe- mavuto amtundu wa anthu padziko lonse lapansi, kupanga chiwopsezo kwa anthu onse ndikufuna kuti mgwirizano wadziko lonse uwathetse.

Mphamvu ya anthropogenic - mtundu uliwonse wa zochitika zachuma cha anthu mokhudzana ndi chilengedwe.

Kukokoloka (kuchokera ku Latin erosio - mpaka kuwongolera) - kuwonongeka ndi kuwononga kwa chivundikiro cha dothi potulutsa madzi kapena mphepo.

Kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe - gawo lazomwe zimakhazikitsidwa, lomwe likuyang'ana kubwezeretsa zachilengedwe zowonongeka, zowonongeka kapena zowonongeka, makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito zochitika zachuma.

Zotsatira motsatana - kwakukulu, amatanthauzidwa ngati kusintha kwa dera lina kukhala lina chifukwa chophwanya malamulo omwe adachitika m'derali. Popeza kutsatizana kumatha kuchitika patadutsa zaka mazana ambiri, ndizovuta kuchita maphunziro oyesera kuti muphunzire.

5. Mabuku akulu ndi owonjezera pamutu wa phunziroli (zolondola pamasamba owonetsera zolemba)

Buku loti "Biology 10-11class", lopangidwa ndi kusinthidwa kwa Academician D.K. Belyaev ndi Pulofesa G.M. Dymshits / ed. G.M. Ma Dymshits ndi O.V.Sablina.- M: Maphunziro, 2018., s274-282

1. A.Yu. Iontseva. "Sukulu yonse yajambulidwe m'mafanizo ndi matebulo" - M: Eksmo, 2014:. 318

2.E.N. Demyankov, A.N.Sobolev "Kutolera kwa ntchito ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Biology 10-11 ”- M.: VAKO. Kuchokera ku chiwongolero chowerengera cha 140-156 cha mabungwe ophunzira

3. A. A. Kirilenko, S. I. Kolesnikov., “Mayeso amomwe amachokera mu biology. (kukonzekera Unified State Examination) "Thandizo pophunzitsa. - Rostov n / A: Legion, 2009. S 107-110.

5.G.I. Lerner "CHIPHUNZITSO: Upangiri wokwanira pokonzekera mayeso": AST, Astrel, Moscow, 2010 (gawo VII)

6. Tsegulani zida zamagetsi pamutu wamaphunziro (ngati alipo),

"Chithunzi padziko lapansi"
http://nrc.edu.ru/est/r4/Maupangiri amafupikitsidwe pamavuto oyambira: chiyambi ndi kakulidwe ka moyo, kakulidwe kazachilengedwe, malamulo a kubadwa kwa makolo, anthropology. (gwiranani ndi tsamba loyendera)

Portal yophunzirira kukonzekera mayeso Gushchin D. D.

7. Zambiri zomwe mungachite pophunzira patokha,

Mavuto azachilengedwe amatha kutchedwa zinthu zingapo zomwe zimatanthawuza kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chathu. Nthawi zambiri zimayamba chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Ndi kukula kwa mafakitale, mavuto abuka omwe akukhudzana mwachindunji ndi kusalingana komwe kudakhazikitsidwa kale m'chilengedwe, zomwe ndizovuta kulipirira. Mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lapansi ndi osiyanasiyana. Masiku ano zinthu zili mdziko lapansi kuti tili mu mkhalidwe wovuta kwambiri, womwe watsala pang'ono kuwonongeka.

Pakati pa mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lonse lapansi, munthu akhoza kudziwa monga:

- kuwonongedwa kwa mitundu ya nyama ndi zomera, kuchulukitsa kwa mitundu yomwe ili pangozi,

- Kuchepetsa nkhokwe zachilengedwe ndi zinthu zina zofunika,

- kuwonongeka kwa nkhalangoyi, - kuwononga chilengedwe komanso kutulutsa kwamadzi, - kuphwanya dothi la ozoni, komwe kumatiteteza ku radiation kuchokera kumlengalenga,

- kuwononga mpweya, kusowa kwa mpweya wabwino m'malo ena,

- kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Masiku ano, kulibe chilichonse chomwe zinthu zopangidwa ndi munthu sizikanakhalako. Zowopsa za munthu monga wogula mwachilengedwe ndizosapetseka. Cholakwika ndikuti dziko lotizungulira silimangopatsa chuma komanso zinthu zambiri. Munthu wataya malingaliro ake anzeru zaku chilengedwe monga mayi wa zamoyo zonse. Mavuto a nthawi yathu ndikuti sitibweretsa chikondi pa chilengedwe ndi kudera nkhawa. Munthu, monga cholengedwa palokha, ndiwodzikonda, amapanga momwe angakhalire mwamtendere, kuphwanya ndi kuwononga chilengedwe.Sitiganiza za mfundo yoti timadzivulaza. Ndi chifukwa cha ichi kuti lero ndikofunikira kulipira chisamaliro chapadera osati kwambiri yankho la mavuto azachilengedwe monga momwe anakulira munthu ngati gawo la chilengedwe. Mavuto azachilengedwe poyamba amagawidwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwawo kukhala m'chigawo, kwanuko komanso padziko lonse lapansi. Chitsanzo cha vuto la komweko ndi fakitale yomwe siyitsuka zofunikira isanafike mumtsinje, motero imadetsa madzi ndikuwononga zamoyo zomwe zimakhala m'madzimo. Ponena za mavuto am'madera, titha kufotokoza zomwe zadziwika ku Chernobyl monga chitsanzo. Tsokali lidakhudza miyoyo ya anthu masauzande ambiri, komanso nyama ndi nyama zina zomwe kale zinkakhala m'derali. Ndipo pamapeto pake, mavuto apadziko lonse lapansi ndi zochitika zovuta zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa dziko lonse lapansi ndipo zitha kukhala zakufa kwa mamiliyoni a ife.

Mavuto azachilengedwe padziko lapansi masiku ano amafunikira yankho lake mwachangu. Choyamba, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, ndikofunikira kulabadira zomwe zimachitika munthu. Popeza talumikizana ndi chilengedwe, anthu adzaleka kugwirizanitsa ndi ogwiritsa ntchito okhawo. Chotsatira, ndikofunikira kuchita zingapo pokonza zobiriwira. Izi zifunikira kuti pakapangidwe matekinoloje atsopano pazachilengedwe pakupanga komanso m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ukadaulo wazachilengedwe wamapolojekiti onse atsopano amafunikira, kupangidwa kwa ntchito yopanda zinyalala yopanda kanthu kuyenera. Kubwerera ku chinthu chamunthu, ndikofunikira kunena kuti kuthekera kodzipulumutsa ndekha sikungavulaze pano. Kugwiritsa ntchito mwanzeru zinthu monga mphamvu, madzi, mpweya, ndi zina zotere, zitha kupulumutsa dziko lapansi pa kuchepa kwawo. Ndikofunikira kudziwa ndikukumbukira kuti ngakhale muli ndi madzi oyera oyera oyenda mu mpopi wanu, mayiko ena akuvutika ndi chilala, ndipo anthu a m'maiko awa amafa chifukwa chosowa madzi. Mavuto azachilengedwe adziko lapansi ayenera kuthetsedwa. Kumbukirani kuti kuteteza chilengedwe ndi tsogolo labwino la dziko lapansi zimadalira tokha! Zachidziwikire, kukhala bwino sikungatheke popanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, koma ndikofunikira kulingalira kuti mafuta ndi gasi zitha kutha zaka makumi angapo. Mavuto azachilengedwe amakhudza aliyense komanso aliyense, musakhale osayanjanitsika!

8. Zitsanzo ndi kuwunika kwa yankho la ntchito za gawo la maphunziro (ntchito ziwiri).

1. Kutulutsa kwanyengo m'chilengedwe kumawonedwa chifukwa chodzikundikira m'mlengalenga ...

2. Maonekedwe a mabowo a ozone amabweretsa ...

3. Kusintha kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe, kuchepa kwa chonde chifukwa cha kukhudzika kwa anthu, kuphatikiza ...

Mtundu wa zosankha: Sankhani chinthu (Zolemba, Zithunzi, Zophatikizika)

2) zinthu zoopsa

3) mpweya woipa

5) kukulitsa kutentha kwanyengo

6) kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa mpweya

7) Kuchepetsa mawonekedwe akumlengalenga

8) onjezerani ma radiation a ultraviolet

9) chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi mayendedwe

10) kukokoloka ndi kusokonekera kwa nthaka, kusakazidwa

Njira yoyenera / zosankha (kapena kuphatikiza koyenera kwa zosankha):

1. Kutulutsa kwanyengo m'chilengedwe kumawonedwa chifukwa chodzikundikira m'mlengalenga ...3) mpweya woipa9) chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi mayendedwe

2) Maonekedwe a mabowo a ozone amabweretsa ...8) onjezerani ma radiation a ultraviolet

3) Kusintha kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe, kuchepa kwa chonde komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuwonekera kwa anthu, akuphatikizapo ..10) kukokoloka ndi kusokonekera kwa nthaka, kusakazidwa

11) ngalande zamadzimadzi

Zosankha / Zosankha (kapena kuphatikiza):

Chingwe: Kudziunjikira kwa mpweya wa mpweya m'mlengalenga, kukulira kwa mafakitale ndi mayendedwe kumabweretsa zotsatira zobiriwira zachilengedwe.

Maonekedwe a mabowo a ozone amatsogolera ku radiation yowonjezera ya ultraviolet.

Kusungidwa kwa ______ kumatanthauza kusamalira machitidwe a __________ zachilengedwe zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti zosasunthika __________ komanso kusasinthika ________ wa biogeocenoses ndi _________ ambiri.Kutetezedwa kwa mitundu yocheperako komanso ya _________ kuyenera kumvetsedwa ngati mtundu wovuta wa ___________ komanso njira zamagulu zowonetsetsa ___________ ndi kubadwanso kwamitundu, __________ ndi anthu payekhapayekha a mitunduyi.

Mtundu wa zosankha: Sankhani chinthu (Zolemba, Zithunzi, Zophatikizika)

Development, chilengedwe, pangozi, kuchuluka kwa anthu, mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuyang'anira, kugwira ntchito, pagulu, kusamalira

Njira yoyenera / zosankha (kapena kuphatikiza koyenera kwa zosankha):

Kusunga kosiyanasiyana kumatanthawuza kusunga kayendedwe ka chilengedwe, kuonetsetsa magwiridwe antchito komanso kukhazikika kwa mabiogeocenoses ndi chilengedwe chonse. Kutetezedwa kwa mitundu yocheperako komanso yomwe ili pangozi kuyenera kumvetsedwa ngati njira zambiri za boma ndi zochita pagulu kuwonetsetsa kuti mitundu, mitundu, komanso mitundu ya anthu imasungidwa.

Chithunzithunzi:

Bungwe lamaphunziro la Municipal

sekondale nambala 2

Nenani pamsonkhano wachigawo wa ophunzira a sekondale "Zachilengedwe ndi bambo: zovuta zamachitidwe"

zachilengedwe padziko lapansi.

Wokonzekera: Wophunzira wa grade 11

Mkhalidwe wamakono azikhalidwe ... ……………………… 6

Njira ndi malingaliro othandiza pakusungidwa kwa mitundu yachilengedwe m'nthawi yochepa komanso yapadera ndi motere .... .........

1. Mawu oyamba. Lingaliro la "chilengedwe."

Nyama ndi zomera, bowa ndi mabakiteriya sizikhala zokha, mosadalira wina ndi mnzake, koma mogwirizana, zimakhudzana ndikuwonetsa ntchito zofunika za ena ndipo zimadalira zolengedwa zina zomwe.

Kuyambira chiyambire, pafupifupi zaka biliyoni 3.5 zapitazo, zolengedwa zinayamba kukhala ndi chofunikira pakuwonekera kwa kutumphuka ndi mlengalenga.

Pafupifupi zaka 60 zapitazo, wasayansi wotchuka waku Russia, wophunzira V.I. Vernadsky adapanga chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe - chipolopolo cha Dziko Lapansi, chokhala ndi zinthu zamoyo. V.I. Vernadsky adavumbulutsa mbali yachilengedwe ya zinthu zamoyo ndikuwonetsa kuti ntchito zawo ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusintha kwa zipolopolo za pansi pano. Ndizolondola kutanthauzira chilengedwe kukhala chipolopolo cha Dziko Lapansi, chomwe chimakhala chambiri komanso chosinthika ndi zinthu zamoyo.

Potanthauziridwa kwenikweni, liwu loti "chilengedwe ndi chilengedwe" limatanthawuza gawo la moyo, ndipo chifukwa chake linayambitsidwa sayansi mu 1875 ndi katswiri wofufuza miyala ndende ya ku Austria ndi paleontologist Eduard Suess (1831-1914). Komabe, izi zisanachitike, mwa mayina ena, makamaka "danga la moyo", "chithunzi cha chilengedwe", "chipolopolo chamoyo cha Dziko lapansi", ndi zina zambiri, zomwe asayansi ena amaganiza.

Poyamba, mawu onsewa amatanthauza kuchuluka kwathunthu kwa zinthu zomwe zimakhala padziko lathuli, ngakhale kulumikizidwa kwawo ndi chilengedwe, chilengedwe ndi malo zimayang'aniridwa nthawi zina, koma m'malo mwake, chidwi chinalipiridwa kudalira kwamoyo pazamoyo ndi zinthu zopanda chilengedwe.

Mu zolengedwa zimadziwika:

chamoyo chopangidwa ndi gulu la zinthu

chinthu cha biogenic chomwe chimapangidwa nthawi ya zinthu zam'mlengalenga (mpweya wam'mlengalenga, malasha, mafuta, miyala ya miyala, etc.),

zinthu zopanda kanthu zopangidwa popanda kugwiritsa ntchito chamoyo (miyala ikuluikulu, chiphalaphala chamapiri ophulika, meteorites),

chinthu cha biocosal, chomwe chimakhala chotsatira cha ntchito yofunika ya zolengedwa ndi njira za abiogenic, monga dothi.

Kusintha kwa chilengedwe kwachitika chifukwa cha magawo atatu olumikizidwa bwino: 1) Kukula kwa chilengedwe chathu monga thupi ndi chilengedwe komanso kusintha kwamphamvu kwa mankhwala komwe kumachitika m'matumbo ake, 2) kusintha kwachilengedwe kwa zinthu zamoyo, 3) chitukuko cha anthu.

2.Kukhazikika kwachilengedwe

Kukhazikika kwachilengedwe kumakhazikika pazamoyo zosiyanasiyana, magulu ena omwe amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana pokhalitsa kuchuluka kwa zinthu komanso kugawa mphamvu, polumikizana kwambiri komanso kulumikizana kwa njira za biogenic ndi abiogenic, pogwirizanitsa kayendedwe kazinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso kusanja mphamvu yazosunga payokha. Pazinthu zachilengedwe, machitidwe ovuta a feedbacks ndi kudalira amagwira ntchito.

Komabe, kusasunthika kwa mlengalenga kumakhala ndi malire, ndipo kuphwanya kwa kayendetsedwe kake kovomerezeka kumakhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa.

Kukhala ngati wofunikira kwambiri pomanga ndikugawa zamphamvu zakuthambo padziko lapansi, zinthu zofunikira motero zimakwaniritsa ntchito zakuchilengedwe.

Komabe, pakadali pano, mphamvu yatsopano yawonekera pa Dziko Lapansi, ponena za mphamvu yakukhudzidwa yopanda mphamvu yonse yazamoyo - umunthu wokhala ndi malamulo ake azachitukuko ndi ukadaulo wamphamvu, womwe umalola kusokoneza njira ya dziko yachilengedwe. Anthu amakono samangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zazikulu za chilengedwe, komanso osati magwero azinthu zamphamvu (mwachitsanzo, atomiki), zomwe zimathandizira kusintha kwa chilengedwe. Njira zina zoyambitsidwa ndi luso laumunthu zimayang'aniridwa mosiyana ndi njira yawo yachilengedwe mu chilengedwe (kupezeka kwa zitsulo, ores, kaboni ndi zinthu zina zam'mlengalenga, kuletsa kwamigodi yam'madzi ndikung'ung'uza, kumasula kaboni zamzitini ndi oxidation wake, kusokoneza njira zazikulu pamlengalenga zomwe zimakhudza nyengo, etc.)

V.I. Vernadsky adaona kuti ndizotheka kuyankhula ngakhale pang'ono pokhudzana ndi gawo la munthu, kutanthauza kuti pochulukirachulukira cha zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi fanizo lamoyo.

Zazaka zana zapitazi, anthu achulukitsa kanayi, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu maulendo 10, chogulitsa chonse maulendo a 17.6, zopangira mchere - 29 zina. 85% ya michere yonse yakuchulukirapo m'mbiri ya anthu ali m'zaka za zana la 20. Mphamvu zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumapeto kwa zaka zana ndi maulamuliro atatu okha a mphamvu zochepa kuposa mphamvu zonse zakuthambo zolowa m'malire apamwamba a dziko lapansi. Mpaka pano, 1/4 ya dzikolo idadzalidwa ndi agrocenoses ndi malo odyetserako ziweto, ndipo 3/4 ya gawo lomwe asakuzunguliridwa ndi madzi oundana wazaka zana ali pachiwonetsero chachuma mwachindunji. Kugwira nsomba padziko lonse kwafika pakuganiza zake. Pamaso pathu, pali kusintha kwanyengo ya Dziko Lapansi, chifukwa choti masoka achilengedwe atha kuchuluka, kuchulukitsa kutayika kwa zinthu, mitundu yayikulu ikhoza kufa. M'zaka za zana la 21, umunthu uyenera kuwirikiza. Kodi zinthu zakuthambo zitha kupirira?

Kusintha kwovuta kwaumunthu pazachilengedwe kumawonjezeka kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa umunthu womwe. Chifukwa chake, ndikuwonjezereka kwotsatira kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi, katundu pazachilengedwe chidzachulukira nthawi zambiri.

Pafupifupi zaka zonse za zana la 20 zitha kufotokozedwa ndi kusunthika kwakukula: kuwonjezeka kwa kupanga magetsi, zitsulo, zitsulo zotayidwa, feteleza, mankhwala ophera tizilombo, magalimoto, kutalika kwa mayendedwe, ndi zina zambiri.

Mbali yakumaso kwa chitukuko chambiri inali kuwononga chilengedwe. Umunthu sunaganizepo za tsogolo la zinyalala, motero sanakonzekere kuzungulira kwazinthu zopanga. Zamoyo zomwe zimatayidwa ndi udzu, nkhuni, mitembo ya nyama, ndi zomwe sizinasinthidwe ndi mankhwala osinthika zimangoikidwa m'manda pansi pa dothi kapena silt. Poyerekeza ndi kuzungulira kwa zinthu m'chilengedwe, zinyalala za anthu kwanthawi yayitali sizikhala zopanda ntchito. Komabe, kuwonjezeka kochulukirapo kwa mafakitale ndi akumidzi m'zaka za m'ma 1900 kudapangitsa kuipitsidwa kwamadzi, mpweya, ndi nthaka.Ndi kukula kocheperako kwa pulaneti yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri, anthu tsopano akuyenera kuwonetsetsa kukonza kwa zinyalala kuti zisavulaze chilengedwe.

3. Mkhalidwe wapano wa mitundu yachilengedwe

2010 imalengezedwa kuti Chaka cha Padziko Lonse Lapansi. Chifukwa chake, UN ikufuna kuwunikira kufunika koteteza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe, kuti agwirizane ndi zoyesayesa kusunga chilengedwe ndi kuteteza zinthu zachilengedwe zofunika kwambiri.

Zamoyo zachilengedwe ndizamoyo zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana, zosiyana pakati pawo ndi mitundu yazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zili gawo limodzi, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mitundu mitundu m'magulu atatu a mabungwe: mitundu ya mitundu (mitundu ya majini ndi mitundu yawo - malesile), mitundu ya mitundu yazachilengedwe, ndipo pomaliza kusiyanasiyana kwa chilengedwe.

Zamoyo zamitundu mitundu zomwe zili pamlingo wamtunduwu zimakhudza mitundu yonse ya Zamoyo Zapadziko lapansi kuchokera ku mabakiteriya ndi protozoa kupita ku ufumu wazomera zamitundu mitundu, nyama ndi bowa. Pazocheperako, mitundu yazachilengedwe imaphatikizapo mitundu yamitundu yosiyanasiyana yopangidwa ndi mitundu yonse yakutali ndi anthu omwewo. Kusiyanasiyana kwachilengedwe kumakhalanso ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yachilengedwe, mitundu, zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi madera komanso mgwirizano pakati pa magawoli.

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundu mitundu imapereka zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, nkhalango zamvula zam'malo otentha zomwe zimakhala ndi mitundu yambiri yazomera zimatulutsa mitundu yazomera ndi nyama zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mu chakudya, zomangamanga ndi mankhwala.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa majini ndikofunikira kuti mtundu uliwonse ukhale ndi kubereka, kukaniza matenda, ndi kuthekera kuzolowera kusintha. Kusiyana kwachilengedwe kwa nyama zapakhomo ndi mbewu zomwe zalimidwa ndizofunika kwambiri kwa iwo omwe amagwira nawo ntchito zoweta kuti azisamalira ndi kukonza mitundu yamakono yaulimi.

Kusiyana kwa magulu am'magulu ndi mayankho a mitundu yonse yazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Zamoyo zachilengedwe zokhala ngati zipululu, mapiri, nkhalango ndi malo osefukira zimapitiliza kugwira ntchito kwachilengedwe, kupereka "ntchito", mwachitsanzo, kuyang'anira kusefukira kwamadzi, kuteteza kukuwonongeka kwa nthaka, kusefa mpweya ndi madzi.

Pa gawo lililonse la mitundu yazachilengedwe - mitundu, majini, ndi magulu am'madera, akatswiri akuphunzira njira zomwe zimasintha kapena kusungira mitundu. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazomera imaphatikizapo mitundu yonse yazamoyo zomwe zimakhala Padziko lapansi.

Kufunika koteteza zachilengedwe komanso zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana chifukwa cha chilengedwe komanso momwe chilengedwe chimapangidwira kwambiri, ndizokhazikika ndipo zimatha kupirira zovuta zina zakunja. Kufunika kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe komwe kumatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa biogeocenoses yachilengedwe ndikuti mitundu yazinthu zomwe zimapangira zomwe zimasinthana wina ndi mnzake munthawi ya chisinthiko kotero kuti zimawoneka "kusamalira" umphumphu, kusasunthika, komanso kapangidwe kake ka biogeocenosis.

Zamoyo ndi maziko a moyo pa Dziko Lapansi ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazitali zachitukuko chokhazikika. Zachilengedwe za Dziko Lapansi ndizofunikira pakukula kwachuma ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chifukwa chake, chakuti mitundu yachilengedwe ndi cholowa chapadziko lonse chamtengo wapatali kwambiri ku mibadwo yamakono ndi yamtsogolo ikupatsidwa ulemu waukulu. Nthawi yomweyo, kuposa kale, pali chiwopsezo chachikulu pakufika kwa mitundu ya chilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe. Kutha kwa mitundu yoyambitsidwa ndi zochita za anthu kukupitirirabe modabwitsa.

Umunthu nthawi zonse wakhala ukuwononga zachilengedwe, koma kumapeto kwa zaka chikwi chachiwiri pomwe zidadziwika kuti kuyanjana pakati pa anthu ndi chilengedwe chake kumachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo yapadziko lonse, yomwe dzina lake ndilovuto lazachilengedwe. Kuyambira mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, anthu azindikira kuti pofuna kupewa ngozi zapadziko lonse lapansi, mgwirizano wamphamvu wa akatswiri, maboma ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi ukufunika. Pafupifupi zaka makumi anayi zapitazo (1972), msonkhano woyamba wa UN pazachilengedwe unachitika ku Stockholm. Msonkhanowu udafotokoza mfundo zothandizana ndi mayiko ena pantchito yosamalira zachilengedwe.

Mu 1992, ku Rio de Janeiro, mkati mwa Msonkhano wa United Nations pa Zachilengedwe ndi Chitukuko, mayiko okwanira 145 anasaina Msonkhano wa Biology Diversity. Kuvomerezedwa kwa chikalatachi kumachitira umboni momveka bwino za kufunika koteteza chilengedwe ndi zinthu zonse zomwe zimakhala m'dziko lathuli momwemo, pomvetsetsa vutoli ndi mayiko ambiri padziko lapansi komanso kufunitsitsa kuchita chilichonse chotheka kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazamoyo. Zinadziwika kuti kuchepa kwa mitundu yachilengedwe ndi zina mwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti zachilengedwe zizipangika pang'onopang'ono. Masiku ano, padziko lapansi pano, mitundu 11 167 yaopsezedwa kuti idzawonongeka - zoposa 121 mu 2000. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a saiga, anthambi omwe akukhala m'zipululu komanso malo okhala mapulaneti. M'zaka khumi zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa ma saigas kwatsika kwambiri: mu 1993, kuchuluka kwa saigas kunaposa nyama 1 miliyoni, pofika 2000 ziwerengerozi zinali 800,000, tsopano zatsalira masauzande 50.Ngati palibe chomwe chikuchitika, saiga idzatha mu 10-20 lotsatira wazaka.

Ozunzidwa ndi ozembetsa ndi osuta ndi mbalame zomwe zimadyera monga ma saker falcons komanso gyrfalcons.

Kuchulukana kwa Amur tiana tatsika pang'ono pakukwera anthu 350, Akambuku Akumawa mpaka 30. Izi zili zowopsa: palibe chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti zinthu zasintha bwino poyerekeza ndi 2000.

Malinga ndi akatswiri, chilengedwe chonse, makamaka zilumba zokhazokha, zidawopsezedwa padziko lapansi, chifukwa kupangika kwapadera kumapangika pa iwo komwe kumatha kutha ndikulanditsidwa kuchokera kunja kulowa mu zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, ku zilumba za Hawaii, mitundu 26 ndi mbalame zamtundu, kapena 60% ya nyama zawo zonse, zidatha.

Kusintha kwanyengo komwe kumachitika padziko lapansi pofika chaka cha 2050 kungachititse kuti mitundu yoposa miliyoni izitheratu. Mabiliyoni a mapulaneti, makamaka m'maiko akutukuka, nawonso adzawonongedwa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, chifukwa amadalira chilengedwe pazinthu monga chakudya, nyumba ndi mankhwala.

Anthu okhala padzikoli ndi ntchito zawo ndizoopsa kwambiri kuzinyama zamtchire. Mwa ichi akutanthauza kukhetsa madambo, kudula mitengo, kulima mabwinja a malo osowa, kusefukira kwa malo akulu okhala ndi "nyanja" zokumba ndi zina zambiri.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'zolima ndi m'nkhalango kwathandizanso kuti nyama ikhale ndi vuto lalikulu. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwira pazamoyo zonse, kupha tizilombo tonse taumoyo komanso zopindulitsa. Amawononga nyama zam'madzi - nsomba, crustaceans ndi mollusks. Zotsatira zoyipa zanyama pakuyipitsa malo okhala. Kuipitsa kwamadzi ndiopsa kwambiri. Zinthu zopangira mafuta ndi zinthu zina zamafuta, zinthu zamagetsi zomwe zimalowa m'matupi am'madzi kuchokera m'mafamu azitsulo zimayambitsa njira zowola, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri mpweya m'madzi ndikupangitsa "kuzizira" - kufa kwa nsomba ndi nyama zina. Kukhazikika kwa nkhalangoyi nkoipa. Kuchokera pakuwola kwa nkhuni zowotchera, zinthu zoyipa zimamasulidwa, pomwe caviar ndi mwachangu zimafa.Nyama zina zimasowa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsinje, kuphatikiza ndi nyama zofunikira zonyamula ubweya komanso mafoni am'madzi.

Ponena za okhala m'madzi, ndi asodzi okha omwe ali pamndandanda watsopano wa mitundu yomwe ilipo 57. Akatswiri akuwopa kuti oimira ena mwa nyama zam'madzi adzafa asayansi asanadziwe za kukhalapo kwawo. Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa nsomba, ma invertebrates, mbalame ndi nyama zam'nyanja kumachitika chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa nyanja zam'madzi.

Choopsa chachikulu kwa nyama zachilengedwe ndikuyambitsa mitundu yakutali kwambiri kumalo okhala zachilengedwe, zomwe zimayamba kulamulira, kupondereza zachilengedwe. Pali zitsanzo zambiri za izi. Akalulu omwe amabweretsedwa ku Australia, msambo wa ussuri, wotulutsidwa mosasamala kumbali ya ku Europe ya dziko lathu, agalu ofiira, amabwera ku New Zealand popanda chifukwa. Koma nyama zamadzi zatsopano zinkakhala zowakomera mtima alendo.

4. Njira ndi malingaliro othandizira pakusamalira mitundu yazomera, m'njira zazifupi komanso zazikulu, ali motere.

Kuti muthane ndi magawo osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi mavuto azachilengedwe, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale njira zowunika zachilengedwe, kuzindikira ndikuwunika magawidwe azosiyanasiyana m'malo azachilengedwe (chilengedwe ndi malo okhala), kukhazikitsa malingaliro othandizira komanso kupititsa patsogolo mayendedwe omwe awululidwa.

Ntchito yayikulu pakusunga zachilengedwe zimayimbidwa ndi Red Book za nyama ndi zomera.

Kulenga ndi kukulitsa dongosolo la madera otetezedwa mwapadera - malo osungirako zachilengedwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe, malo osungirako zachilengedwe, zipilala zachilengedwe.

Kukonzanso malo otayika ndi opunduka, madera achilengedwe, kubwezeretsa mitundu yoyambirira ya mitundu.

Kukwaniritsidwa kwachilengedwe kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kasamalidwe ka chilengedwe (kusiyidwa kwa zowunikira kapena kuchepetsa madera awo, kusungidwa kwa njira zamtundu woyang'anira zachilengedwe mokomera anthu am'deralo, ndi zina zambiri).

Kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosamalira ndikuwonjezera zachilengedwe ndi zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zachilengedwe ndi zocheperako zachilengedwe (pogwiritsa ntchito njira zachilengedwe kuthana ndi mbewu zosafunikira ndi mitundu ya nyama, kubereketsa nyama zakuthengo mu ukapolo ndi malo opanda ufulu.

Njira zonsezi pakusamalira, kubwezeretsa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mitundu yazamoyo ziyenera kuthandizidwa ndi kayendetsedwe ka mabungwe, kuphatikizapo ovomerezeka ndi azachuma:

kuwonjezera udindo ndi kuyang'anira kuwunika,

kukonza dongosolo la boma lotchinjiriza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe,

kukhazikitsidwa kwa zolimbikitsa zachuma pakusamalira zachilengedwe kuti zisungidwe "zachilengedwe" ku Russia,

Kukhazikitsidwa kwamalamulo oteteza zachilengedwe zomwe zatsala pang'ono kusungidwa komanso kuteteza zachilengedwe.

Kufotokozera kwapfupi

Cholinga: kuzindikira zovuta zazikulu zamakono zachilengedwe. Fotokozani momwe chilengedwe chinali. Kupanga lingaliro la mgwirizano wamachitidwe omwe amapezeka mu chilengedwe.
Ntchito:
1. Kukhazikitsa ubale wa zigawo zachilengedwe.
2. Kuwulula zovuta zazikulu zachilengedwe.
3. Kuzindikira njira zazikulu ndi njira zosungira chilengedwe.

Kuyamba

Moyo, monga chinthu chapadera komanso zovuta kwambiri zachilengedwe, umatha kuchita zosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Muli mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana, moyo ("chamoyo") samangopanga zinthu zofunikira zake, komanso umasintha chikhalidwe. Mu sayansi yachilengedwe, kuphunzira za moyo monga chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakulumikizana kwake ndi chilengedwe chozungulira kunatchedwa chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe.

Biosphere, malo okhala ndi moyo wogwira, womwe umakhala pansi pamlengalenga, ma hydrosphere ndi gawo lapamwamba la lithosphere. M'chilengedwe, zinthu zamoyo (zinthu zamoyo) ndi chilengedwe chawo ndizolumikizana komanso zimalumikizana, ndikupanga dongosolo lamphamvu kwambiri.Mawu oti "Biosphere" adayambitsidwa mu 1875 ndi Suess. Chiphunzitso cha zinthu zachilengedwe monga chipolopolo chapadziko lapansi, momwe zinthu zophatikizika (kuphatikiza anthu) zimadziwonetsera zokha monga chilengedwe cha pulaneti komanso kufunika kwake, zidapangidwa ndi V.I. Vernadsky mu 1926.

Chilichonse chomwe chimakhala, kupuma, kukula ndi kudya ndi cha chilengedwe (kupatula cha munthu amene anali wodziwika ndi nyama). Chifukwa chake, timaganizira zovuta zomwe zimakhudzana mwachindunji ndi dziko la nyama zamtchire.

Njira: zowerengera, kuyerekezera.

Cholinga: kuzindikira zovuta zazikulu zamakono zachilengedwe. Fotokozani momwe chilengedwe chinali. Kupanga lingaliro la mgwirizano wamachitidwe omwe amapezeka mu chilengedwe.

1. Kukhazikitsa ubale wa zigawo zachilengedwe.

2. Kuwulula zovuta zazikulu zachilengedwe.

3. Kuzindikira njira zazikulu ndi njira zosungira chilengedwe.

Cholinga chophunzirira: Zamoyo ndi zigawo zake zazikulu.

Mutu wakufufuza: Ma bio a thupi kuchokera mthupi kupita kuzinthu zachilengedwe.

1.1. Zowongolera pakalipano

Mawu akuti "biosphere" amatanthauzira kuti "gawo la moyo." Idayambitsidwa koyamba mu sayansi ndi wasayansi wa ku Austria, Eduard Suess mu 1875. Katswiri wazamoyo J. B. Lamarck pambuyo pake adatsimikiza kuti zinthu zonse zomwe zimapanga kutumphuka kwapadziko lapansi zidapangidwa chifukwa cha zochita za zinthu zamoyo.

Kutanthauzira kwamakono kwa tanthauzo la "chilengedwe" kumatanthauza chipolopolo cha Dziko Lapansi, momwe chamoyo chilichonse chimapangidwira ndi tizinthu tambiri tomwe timapanga dziko lapansi. Kapangidwe kake kanayamba pafupifupi zaka biliyoni 3.8 zapitazo, panthawi yomwe zolengedwa zoyambirira za padziko lapansi zinalengedwa. 1

Denga la kumtunda kwa chilengedwe limafalikira kuchokera pamwamba pa dziko lapansi kufika pa mawonekedwe a ozone, ndipo zolengedwa sizingakhale moyo kale kuposa malire awa - pamenepo zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuwala kwamphamvu kwa Dzuwa komanso kutentha pang'ono. Malire a mmunsi amayenda pansi pamunsi pa hydrosphere, pakuya kwa 4-5 km padziko lapansi lapansi, komwe kumatengera kukula kwa matanthwe kufika + 100 ° С. Dera la zinthu zachilengedwe pafupi ndi dziko lapansi komanso lakuya mamita 200 mu hydrosphere limakhala lodzaza ndi moyo.

Zamoyo ndi kapangidwe kake ndi zina mwazinthu zachilengedwe. Zomwe zimapangidwa ndi chipolopolochi zimaphatikizapo gawo lapamwamba la lithosphere, hydrosphere yonse ndi gawo lakumunsi la mlengalenga.

Kapangidwe ka zinthu zachilengedwe kukusonyeza kupezeka kwa:

- Zinthu za biogenic zopangidwa pogwira ntchito pazamoyo, zomwe zimachitika pokonza ndi kupangidwa ndi zinthu (magesi mumlengalenga, mafuta, peat, malasha, miyala ya miyala, ndi zina). Chiyambire kukhazikitsidwa kwa zinthu zoyambirira, zidadutsa maulendo masauzande ambiri kudzera mu ziwalo, maselo, magazi, minofu, dziko lonse lapansi, gawo lalikulu la mlengalenga, kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.

- Zinthu zolowa mkati zomwe zimapangidwa popanda kuthandizira zolengedwa.

- Biocosal chinthu, chomwe chimakhala chifukwa cha kulumikizana kwa zinthu zopanda chilengedwe komanso ntchito yofunikira ya zinthu zachilengedwe, ndikukhala mwamphamvu kuphatikiza kwa mitundu imodzi ndi imodzi (silika, dothi, kutumphuka kwa nyengo, ndi zina). 2

Zamoyo zimakhala ndi malo otsogola mwa izo.

-Chinthu chomwe chili munthawi yovunda.

- Ma atomu owonongedwa, amatuluka nthawi zonse kuzinthu zilizonse zapadziko lapansi, chifukwa chodziwika ndi radiation ya cosmic.

- Zinthu za chilengedwe, chilengedwe.

Payokha, ndikofunikira kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mfundo yoyamba ya lingaliro lotere monga kapangidwe kazinthu zachilengedwe. Zamoyo ndi zovuta za matupi amoyo. Unyinji wake ndi wocheperako, poyerekeza ndi magawo ena a kapangidwe kake, ndi 2.4 - 3.6 · 1012 matani a kulemera kowuma. Uwu ndiye gawo limodzi miliyoni miliyoni lazinthu zonse zachilengedwe chonsechi, chomwe chimaposa chikwi chimodzi cha kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi.

Ngakhale kuchepa kotero kulemera, ndizofunikira kwambiri monga mphamvu ya dziko lapansi, chifukwa zolengedwa sizimangokhala moyo wawo mu chipolopolochi, komanso zimakhudza kusintha kwa maonekedwe a dziko lapansi, lomwe limakhalamo mosiyanasiyana.

Zocheperako, zimapezeka mu kuya kwakuya kwa maulana ndi malo atali, ataliatali, ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala munthaka, padziko lapansi komanso m'malo apamwamba a hydrosphere.

Njira zapadziko lonse lapansi zopangira ndi kayendedwe ka zinthu zolengedwa zimalumikizidwa ndikuyenda ndi zinthu ndi mphamvu.Mosiyana ndi momwe chilengedwechi chimagwirira ntchito, kayendedwe ka biogeochemical kokhudza zinthu zokhala ndi zinthu zambiri zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, liwiro, komanso kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zikuthandizira kufalitsa.

Ndi kubwera ndi kutukuka kwa anthu, njira ya chisinthiko yasintha moonekeratu. Poyambirira kwachitukuko, kudula mitengo komanso kuwotcha nkhalango kuti azilima, kudyetsa, kusaka ndi kusaka nyama zakutchire, nkhondo zidasokoneza madera onse, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti magulu azinyama adziwe, kuphedwa kwa nyama zina. Chitukuko chitakula, makamaka pambuyo pa kusinthika kwa mafakitale kumapeto kwa Middle Ages, anthu adalandira mphamvu zazikulu, zochulukirapo

kuthekera kuchitapo kanthu ndikugwiritsa ntchito kukwaniritsa zomwe akukula

amafunikira zinthu zazikuluzikulu, zonse zamoyo, komanso

Kusintha kwenikweni kwa njira zachilengedwe kunayambira m'zaka za zana la 20 chifukwa cha kusintha kwina kwa mafakitale. Kukula mwachangu kwa mphamvu, uinjiniya, umagwirira, zoyendetsa zachitika kuti ntchito za anthu zafanana kwambiri ndi mphamvu zachilengedwe komanso njira zakutsogolo zomwe zikuchitika m'chilengedwe. Kukula kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za anthu ndi zinthu zakuthupi kukukula molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu

ndipo ngakhale patsogolo pa kukula kwake. V.I. Vernadsky analemba kuti: "Munthu amakhala

mphamvu ya chilengedwe yomwe ikhoza kusintha nkhope ya Dziko lapansi. "Ili ndi chenjezo

Zotsatira za ntchito za anthropogenic (zopangidwa ndi anthu) zimawonekera pakuchepa kwa zachilengedwe, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi zinyalala za mafakitale, kuwononga chilengedwe, chilengedwe, kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka dziko lapansi, ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Zisonkhezero za anthropogenic zimayambitsa kusokonezeka pafupifupi mozungulira chilengedwe chonse cha biogeochemical. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, kuchuluka kwa momwe anthu akuwonera zachilengedwe zikusintha. Pakadali pano pachitukuko champhamvu zopanga zinthu, zochita za anthu zimakhudzanso chilengedwe chonse.

1.2. Zomwe Zimakhudza Dziko lapansi

Wopanga chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe komanso chilengedwe chake ndi V. Vernadsky. (1863-1945) wasayansi, woyambitsa za geochemistry ndi biogeochemistry. Adapitiliza chiphunzitso champhamvu yokhudza chilengedwe cha anthu komanso kusinthidwa kwa zinthu zamakono kukhala chilengedwe (gawo la malingaliro).

Zamoyo ndi chipolopolo chakunja cha Dziko Lapansi, chomwe chimaphatikizapo mbali zonse zogawa zinthu zamoyo, ndi chinthu chomwechi. Malinga ndi zomwe V.I. Vernadsky "nyama zamtchire ndi gawo lalikulu pakuwonetsa chilengedwe, chimasiyanitsa kwambiri ndi zipolopolo zina zapadziko lapansi. Kapangidwe ka zinthu zachilengedwe, koposa zonse, ndizodziwika ndi moyo. ” Dziko lathuli limapangidwa modabwitsa ndipo limakhala ndi zipolopolo zozungulira (ma geospheres). Zigobazi zakunja zimaphatikizapo lithosphere, hydrosphere ndi mpweya, ndipo zipolopolo zamkati zimaphatikizapo chovala cha padziko lapansi ndi pachimake.

A geospheres ali ndi mawonekedwe awo:

- kuphatikiza heterogeneity - magawo amasiyanasiyana mkhalidwe wakuphatikiza - wolimba, wamadzimadzi, waminyewa. Koma chifukwa cha kusinthana kumeneko kumakhala kulumikizana kwa magawo. Chaka chilichonse, madzi pafupifupi 519 · 10 3 m 3 amatuluka m'madzi amadzi am'madzi ndipo chifukwa cha mvula ndi nkhungu pafupifupi imodzimodzi imagwa pansi, ndikusintha chinyezi chamlengalenga ndi lithosphere,

- spteroal heterogeneity - kugawidwa kosagwirizana kwa organic ndi mineral jambo. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili mu lithosphere, hydrosphere, komanso mumlengalenga,

- mphamvu heterogeneity - kugawa mosiyanasiyana kwa mphamvu ya dzuwa (kutentha ndi kuwala) padziko lapansi. 3

Chomwe chikugwirizana pakati pa zipolopolo zosiyanasiyana za chilengedwe ndi momwe zimapangidwira, pakusintha kwa ma geospheres gawo lofunikira limaseweredwa ndi njira za metabolic zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha biota - pafupifupi 90% ya zinthu zonse zomwe zili m'matchulidwe a lithosphere zimasinthidwa ndi zinthu zamoyo.

Mlengalenga ndiye chipolopolo chakunja cha chilengedwe.Kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya.

Kuchuluka kwa mlengalenga wapadziko lathuli ndikosatheka - miliyoni imodzi yokha ya kuchuluka kwa Dziko lapansi. Komabe, mbali yake pazinthu zachilengedwe ndizachilengedwe: ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti dziko lizitentha padziko lapansi, liziteteza ku zotsatira zoyipa za radiation ya cosmic ndi ultraviolet. Kufalikira kwa ma atmospheric kumakhudza nyengo nyengo, ndipo kudzera mwa iwo, pa kayendetsedwe ka mitsinje, nthaka ndi masamba, ndi njira zopangira chithandizo.

Mawonekedwe amakono amlengalenga ndi chifukwa cha mbiri yakale yapadziko lonse lapansi. Zomwe zimapanga mlengalenga ndi mpweya, nayitrogeni, mpweya, mpweya ndi mpweya. Mukuchita, munthu akuipitsa chilengedwe. Pamwambapa pamizinda komanso m'mafakitala, kuchuluka kwa mpweya mumlengalenga kumachuluka, komwe nthawi zambiri kumapezeka ochepa kwambiri kapena osapezeka kumidzi. Mpweya woipitsidwa umawononga thanzi. Komanso

Mipweya yoyipa, kuphatikiza ndi chinyezi chamlengalenga ndikugwera mu mvula yam asidi, imadetsa nthaka bwino ndikuchepetsa zipatso.

Malinga ndi asayansi, matani 25,5 biliyoni a carbon oxides, matani 190 miliyoni a sulufule, matani 65 miliyoni a nitrogen oxides, matani 1.4 miliyoni a ma foni, mankhwala opangira ma lead

ma hydrocarbons, kuphatikiza ma carcinogens, kuchuluka kwamagawo ambiri olimba (fumbi, soot, soot). Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya padziko lonse lapansi kumakhudza zochitika zachilengedwe, makamaka zobiriwira zachilengedwe. Mvula ya acid, yomwe imayambitsidwa makamaka ndi sulufule ndi mpweya wa nayitrogeni, imapangitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa nkhalango biocenoses. Mitengo imavutika nayo, makamaka yodziyimira.

Choyambitsa chachikulu choipitsa mpweya ndi kuwotcha kwa mafuta ndi zinthu zina zopangidwa ndi zitsulo. Pomwe m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900, zinthu zophatikizika zamafuta ndi mafuta amadzimadzi olowa chilengedwe zidatsala pang'ono kutengeka ndi zomerengedwa za Dziko lapansi, tsopano zomwe zinthu zopangidwa ndi kuyaka zikukula pang'onopang'ono. Mafuta angapo oipitsa amalowa mumlengalenga kuchokera pamapanga, malo opaka, mapaipi opopera a magalimoto. Sulfur anhydride amawonekera pakati pawo - mpweya wapoizoni womwe umasungunuka mosavuta m'madzi. Kuchulukana kwa sulufule m'mlengalenga kumakhala kwambiri pamalo oyandikira a smelters. Zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa chlorophyll, kufalikira kwa mungu, kuyanika ndi kugwa kwa masamba, singano.

"Zotsika zobiriwira", i.e. kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa mlengalenga mwa

madigiri angapo, omwe angayambitse kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana a madera a polar, kuchuluka kwa World Ocean, kusintha kwa mchere wake, kutentha ndi zina zina zoyipa. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwa zomwe zili mu mpweya mumlengalenga kumakhudza kwambiri nyengo.

Madzi ndiye maziko a machitidwe a zinthu m'chilengedwe. Kuipitsa madzi kwachilengedwe.

Madzi ndiye chinthu chachilengedwe chofunikira kwambiri padziko lapansi, madzi ndiye maziko a zochitika zonse zamoyo, gwero lokhalo la mpweya mu njira yayikulu yoyendetsera Dziko lapansi ndi photosynthesis. Ndi kubwera kwa moyo Padziko Lapansi, kuzungulira kwamadzi kwakhala kovuta chifukwa ku chodabwitsa chakuchulukana, njira zovuta kwambiri zokhudzana ndi ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya zinthu zamoyo, makamaka anthu, zidawonjezeredwa.

Kugwiritsa ntchito madzi kukukula kwambiri. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu ndikusintha ukhondo ndi moyo wamunthu, chitukuko cha mafakitale ndi ulimi wothiriridwa. Madzi akumwa tsiku lililonse osowa kwa anthu akumidzi ndi malita 50 pa munthu m'modzi, m'mizinda - 150 malita. Madzi ambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale. Pa kusungunuka kwa 1 toni yachitsulo, 200 m 3 ndiyofunikira. 100 m 3 imafunikira kuti pakhale pepala limodzi, kuchokera 2500 mpaka 5000 m 3 kuti apange 1 toni yopanga fiber. Makampani amatenga 85% amadzi onse omwe amamwe m'mizinda, kusiya pafupifupi 15% pa ntchito zapakhomo.Ngakhale madzi ochulukirapo amafunikira kuthirira. M'chaka cha 1 ha 1 malo othirira

masamba 12-14 mamita 3 a madzi. M'dziko lathu, chimagwiritsidwa ntchito chaka chilichonse

kuthilira kwa oposa 150 km 3, pomwe pali zofunikira zina zonse - pafupifupi 50 km 3.

Ngakhale kusungabe kuchuluka kotereku kwa kuchuluka ndi kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa anthu ndi kuchuluka kwa 2100, anthu akhoza kumaliza zonse zomwe zasungidwa

madzi abwino. Kuchulukitsidwa kosalekeza kwa madzi akumwa padziko lapansi kumabweretsa ngozi ya "madzi am'madzi", zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zogwiritsira ntchito bwino ntchito zamadzi.

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