Kunja, wokwera masamba amawoneka ngati chule. Mbale ya amphibian imakhala ndi thupi lokwera, lalitali komanso lalitali masentimita awiri mpaka 5.5, losintha bwino kukhala mutu waukulu. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakula kwambiri kuposa kutsogolo, ndipo chala chimodzi ndichachitali.
Monga amphibians onse omwe amatsatira njira yokhazikika pamtunda, tsamba lamasamba silikhala ndi membrane pakati pa zala, koma zala zakumanja zimakulitsidwa kukhala mtundu wa kuyamwa, wokutidwa ndi epithelium wamano ndi zisa za tiziwalo tambiri tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa chinsinsi chomatira. Mapangidwe ake a miyendoyo amalola nyama kuyenda mosavuta pakati pa nthambi ndi masamba a mitengo.
Maso a Listolase ndi akulu komanso owala, ndipo iris ndi yakuda kapena yakuda.
Khungu la okwera masamba ambiri ndi losalala komanso locheperako, lokhala ndi chenjezo lowala la mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimalembera omwe amadyera kuti ali ndi poizoni. Chifukwa chake, okwera masamba sangakhale ndi adani achilengedwe: nyama yomwe yatsala ndi moyo pambuyo poyesera kudya nyama yowoneka bwino ipitilira awa amoyo kwa moyo wake wonse.
- Wokwera masamba owoneka ndi masamba(lat.Phyllobates aurotaenia) ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha mikwingwirima yayitali ya golide, lalanje kapena yobiriwira, yomwe imadutsa mbali yakuda kumbuyo. Pamiyendo yakum'mbuyo ya amphibian, madontho a buluu, obiriwira, ofiira kapena golide amawoneka bwino. Pamwamba pamimba pali wakuda wokhala ndi mawalo amtambo kapena obiriwira. Khungu kumbuyo limakhala ndi chopindika pang'ono, pamimba ndi miyendo khungu limakhala losalala. Chala choyamba ndichitali kuposa chachiwiri. Ma discs am'manja ndi a mulifupi. Mano ndi ang'ono ndipo amapezeka pamafupa apakati ndi apakati. Kukula kwa amuna akuluakulu sikukuchulukitsa 3.2 cm, zachikazi zopanga masamba ndizochulukirapo ndipo zimakula mpaka 3.5 cm.Mitundu iwiri ya amphibians iyi imasiyanitsidwa - yoyamba ndi yaying'ono ndi mikwingwirima yopapatiza, ina imakhala yayikulupo ndi mikwingwirima yayikulu kumbuyo. Okwera ndi masamba okhala ndi masamba atatu amakhala ku Colombia, ndipo amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zotentha zomwe zili m'malo otsika komanso m'malo otsetsereka a kumadzulo kwa Eastern Cordilleras, pamalo osaposa 1 km. Chitetezo - pafupi ndi malo osatetezeka.
- Masamba amitundu iwiri (lat. Phyllobates bicolor) imatengedwa kuti ndi yayikulu kwambiri osati mtundu, komanso banja: Akazi amakula mpaka 5-5,5 cm kutalika (malinga ndi zina, 3.6-4.3 cm), amuna amafika kutalika pafupifupi 4.5-5 masentimita (malinga ndi nkhokwe zina 3.2-2 cm). Khungu losalala la tsamba lapoizoni limakhala wachikasu kapena lalanje, ndipo miyendo (mikono yakutsogolo ndi miyendo yotsika) imatha kukhala ndi tint yakuda kapena yamtambo. Nthawi zina amakhala achikuda kapena mawanga amtambo. Mimba imatha kukhala yakuda kapena kukhala ndi lalanje wagolide kapena mtundu wobiriwira. Malo amdima nthawi zina amapezeka pakhosi. Mano aang'ono a listolaz amakula pamafupa owonjezera ndi othandizira. Chala choyamba chimakhala chachitali kuposa chachiwiri, ndipo pamanja chimatambasulidwa ma disc. Mmodzi wa masamba amitundu iwiri ali ndi poizoni wa ma kilogalamu 150, wokhala ndi poizoni kokha kwa wachibale wake wapafupi kwambiri - tsamba lowopsa. Poizoni wambiri amatha kupha munthu wamkulu. Kwenikweni, izi ndi nyama zayekha, nthawi zina mumatha kukumana ndi gulu lonse la okwera masamba awiri. Amasonkhananso m'magulumagulu nthawi yamvula, yomwe ndi nthawi yawo yakukula. Kukhazikika kwamtunduwu kumadutsa m'malo otentha amvula kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America, makamaka kumadera akumadzulo a Colombia. Chitetezo - pafupi ndi malo osatetezeka.
- Wokwera Mitambo Yofiirira(lat.Phyllobates vittatus) - woyimira wokongola kwambiri wamtunduwu: nkhope yakumbuyo, mutu ndi miyendo ya nyama nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda, ndipo mwa anthu ena, mzere wamtambo wamkaso umatha kudutsa mzere. Khungu kumbuyo, pamimba komanso mkati mwa ntchafu ndi lotupa. Mano ang'onoang'ono amakula pamafupa ochulukirapo komanso ophatikizana. Mbali zonse za muzzle, kuyambira pamphumi mpaka pakati penipeni pa ntchafu, pali chingwe chowala kwambiri cha lalanje ofiira, golide kapena lalanje. Mzere Woyera umayenda kuchokera kuiso, m milomo ndi phewa. Kunja kwamiyendo kuphimbidwa ndi ukonde wowoneka bwino wobiriwira, ndipo mbali yakumaso ya miyendoyo imakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe a mabo opangidwa ndi mawanga oyera kapena owoneka bwino kwambiri. Mzere woyera kapena wobiriwira wamtambo wobiriwira umayenda m'mphepete mwa tsamba loyera. Chala choyamba ndichitali kuposa chachiwiri. Makwerero okongola awa ndi amodzi mwa ang'ono kwambiri m'banjamo: zazikazi zimakula mpaka 3.1 masentimita, abambo ndi ochepa kwambiri, kukula kwake sikupita masentimita 2.6. Okwera ndi masamba otambalala amakhala m'nkhalango kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Costa Rica, kudera la bay. Golfo Dulce, pamtunda wa 20 mpaka 550 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Mwa njira, mtundu uwu wa okwera masamba uli pachiwopsezo.
- Wokongola masamba wokwera(lat. Phyllobates lugubris). Mwa oimira onse amtunduwu, omwe akwera masamba awa ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso ochepa poizoni: munthu m'modzi yekha amatulutsa ma ma protein a 0,8 okha, zomwe mwina ndizo zomwe zidapangitsa dzinali. Kutalika kwa akazi achikulire kumapazi kwa masamba kumakhala kokha masentimita 2.4, kukula kwa abambo kumafika mpaka 2.1 cm. Chala choyamba cha amphibians ndicitali kuposa chachiwiri, ndipo mwa chimanga chamdima chachimuna chimapangidwa mkati mwa chala. Mutu wa masamba owoneka bwino umakhala wotalikirapo kuposa chifuwa, ndipo kutsogolo kwa amuna nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa. Mbali yakumunsi ya miyendo ndi mimbayo imakutidwa ndi khungu losalala, ndipo kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo miyendo imasiyanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe kake. Poyerekeza ndi zakuda zakuda, mikwingwirima yowala yomwe imadutsa mbali zonse za thupi imatha kusiyanika bwino; Miyendo ya wokongola masamba okongoletsera imakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa yokhala ndi maring'i oyatsidwa pamlingo wina kapena wina. Kuchokera kumapeto kwenikweni kwa phokoso la amphibian, kamtambo kofiyira kapena koyera kamayamba, kamene kamatulukira ndikudutsa pakati pa maso ndi pakamwa patali. Wokongola masamba okongola amakhala ku Panama, Nicaragua ndi Costa Rica, amapezeka m'nkhalango zotsika pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi malo olimapo, osapitilira 650m pamwamba pa nyanja. Mkhalidwe woteteza - kuyambitsa nkhawa pang'ono.
- Wokwera masamba owopsa(lat.Ma phyllobatesterribilis) - Ichi ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu kwambiri cha mtundu wa listolazov. Nyama yachikulire imatulutsa ma ma protein a 500 ma protein oopsa, ngakhale kukula kwake ndi kocheperako: zazikazi ndi zazimuna zimakula mpaka 4,5 cm ndi 4.5 cm, motsatana. Achinyamata amadziwika ndi mtundu wachikaso chopepuka, mbali zake ndi zakuda, ndipo mzere wakuda umadutsa kumbuyo. Nyama ikamakula, matupi amdima amazimiririka, ndipo wa amphibian amapeza mtundu wowala kwambiri, wachikasu komanso lalanje wonyezimira. Malo omwe amagawa masamba okongola kwambiriwa ndi ochepa chabe kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Colombia, komwe anthu amoyo amakhala kumapeto kwamvula yamvula yotentha. Wokwera masamba owopsa ndi mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kulembedwa ndipo adalembedwa mu International Red Book.
Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino
Achule awa ndi ochezeka kwambiri. Amakhala m'magulu momwe muli anthu 4 mpaka 7. Mu ukapolo, inunso, ganani m'magulu. Pokhudzana wina ndi mnzake, nkhanza ndizosowa. Mamembala a gululi sakhala ndi poizoni wawo. Lumikizanani pogwiritsa ntchito mawu ndi mayendedwe. Mu nthawi yakukhwima, amuna amakhala olusa, ndipo akazi amakhala odekha. Iwo ndi makolo osamala ndipo amasuntha ma tadpoo kukhala matupi amadzi. Kumeneku, chakudya chotsirizachi chimadya nyerere zamtchire ndi udzudzu. Mapeto a metamorphosis, amalowa m'gulu la makolo.
Gwero lalikulu la zakudya zabwino ndi nyerere, chimbalanga, kafadala, nkhupakudya zimadyanso. Mndandanda woyipa wa mindolaz amadziwika kuti ndi wowopsa kwambiri. Satha kudya popanda masiku 4, akumwalira ndi njala. Ali mu ukapolo, amadya tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, pomwe amadya chakudya chochuluka kwambiri, chomwe chimaposa kukula kwake.
Oimira amtunduwu amaonedwa kuti ndi anzeru. Ali mu ukapolo, amazindikira nkhope za anthu atatha kulankhulana milungu ingapo. Mukusaka amapambana kwambiri. Amagwira nyama ndi lilime lalitali. Nthawi yomweyo, lilime limatuluka mkamwa mwake mothamanga kwambiri kotero kuti mikwingwirima yonse imatha kugwira nyama. Izi zikuwonetsa kusintha kwamasomphenya. Nthawi yomweyo, zimakhala ndi zakuda komanso zoyera.
Kuswana
Yaikaziyo, kuwonetsa kuti ili pafupi ndi yaimuna, imam'nyamula ndi mawondo, ndipo nthawi zina imakwera pamwamba pake. Munda wakukhwima, wamkazi amaikira mazira panthaka yonyowa kapena m'miyeso yamasamba a chomera, njirayi imatenga theka la ora. Yaikazi imachoka kumazira, ndipo yamphongo imakola ubweya. Mu clutch pakhoza kukhala mazira 10-20. Ngati achule amadya bwino, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwa mazira kumachepera mpaka magawo 5-6. Wamkazi sasamala ana, udindo umakhala paphewa achimuna.
Wamphongo nthawi ndi nthawi amatola madzi mu dziwe ndikufewetsa zomangamanga. Koma, ngati simukuthira tulo, chinyonthochi sichikhala chokwanira, ndipo caviar idzauma. Amuna ena amatupa.
Kukula kwa caviar kumatenga pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Akavekedwe ka zigoba pafupi mamilimita 12, kukwera kumbuyo kwa abambo. Kuyambira pano, moyo wamphongo ndi wovuta kwambiri, amayenera kumira m'madzi ndikuwaphimba kuti ana akhale ndi chinyezi chokwanira, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri achule sapita m'madzi. Ngati ana sasangalala ndi zinazake, mwachitsanzo, kulumpha kwa abambo, ndiye kuti amamponyera kumbuyo ndi michira. Amuna nthawi zambiri amatha kupirira kuzunzidwa kwa masiku awiri, koma kawirikawiri, kwa masiku 8. Kenako yamphonyayo imaponyera zisa mu dziwe, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo zichotsa ulamuliro wonse.
Mapaipi amatha kubzala mu malo othamangitsidwa ndi akulu, chifukwa samakhudza nyama zazing'ono. Mapaipi nawonso samadyerana. Mapaipi amatha kudyetsedwa ndi chakudya chilichonse. Njira yabwino ndi chakudya cha chimanga. Kwa ma tadpoles 3-4, chidutswa cha chakudya chomwe chimakhala chofanana ndi ndalama 10-Copeck ndizokwanira. M'magawo omaliza a metamorphosis, 4 tarsi imawoneka m'machira. Pa gawo lotsiriza, samadya. Ndi chakudya chokwanira, ma tadpoles amakula msanga, pamwezi kutalika kwa matupi awo kumachulukitsa kawiri.
Pokhala ndi zabwino, okwera masamba obisika amatha kukhala ndi zaka 10, nthawi zina amatha kukhala ndi moyo wautali.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Chithunzi: Wowopsa Leaf Climber
Wokwera masamba owopsa sanatchulidwepo mwamwayi - chule yaying'onoyo ndi amodzi mwa zolengedwa zoyipa kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ma poizoni ake ndi batrachotoxin, amene amachititsa ziwalo zopumira komanso mtima kupumira. Chule ndi cha banja la achule okwera masamba, am'banja la achule owopsa. Mitundu ya okwera masamba amadziwika chifukwa cha sumu zake. Mmodzi wa masamba amodzi amatha kupangira ma ma microgram 500 a poizoni patsiku, omwe amakhala ochulukirapo, atapatsidwa kukula kwamtunduwu.
Chosangalatsa: Zinthu zambiri zomwe zimaphatikizidwa ndi poizoniyu zimapangidwa chifukwa cha chakudya cha achule amenewa, chifukwa cha kutengeka, amasiya kuwonongeka.
Chule zimakutidwa ndi ntchofu, zomwe zimatha kulowa mkati mwa khungu ndikupangitsa zovuta. Pokhudzana ndi khungu, poizoni amatha kupha kapena akhoza kuyambitsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana ndi ntchito ya kupuma kwamphamvu. Ngati ilowa mucous membrane, m'mimba kapena magazi, poizoni amachitapo kanthu nthawi yomweyo. Mukatha kulumikizana ndi chule, osambitsanso manja anu. Achule onse amtunduwu ali ndi mtundu wowala, wochenjeza.
Chifukwa cha utoto uwu, iwo:
- munabisala m'nkhalango yotentha pakati pa masamba obiriwira, maluwa ndi zipatso,
- amachenjeza zilombo zazikulu zomwe zitha kupha chule kuti ndi chakupha, ndipo kufa kwake kudzaphatikizira zotsatira za imfa ya mdani.
Mndandanda woyipa kwambiri ndi wa banja la achule oopsa. Mosiyana ndi dzinalo, sangathe kukhala m'mitengo, komanso m'minda, malo okhala, malo odyetserako ziweto ndi minda. Achule a pabanja amakonda nyengo yanyontho, ngakhale sakhala m'madzi kapena pafupi ndi malo akulu amadzi. Chifukwa cha mtundu wowala, nthumwi za banja la woodpeckers saopa adani. Amagwira usana masana, ndipo amagona usiku m'malo awo okhala.
Kanema: Makwerero owopsa a masamba
Mimba komanso mkatikati mwa matako a mindolaz ndi opepuka kuposa thupi, ndipo nthawi zina mthunziwo umakhala woyera. Maso akulu, akuda, ali kumbali ya mutu ndipo atakulungidwa pang'ono. Mphuno zazing'ono kumapeto kwa muzzle zimawoneka bwino.
Zala zakukongola kwambiri masamba sizikhala ndi nembanemba, zomwe sizimalola kukwera kwa masamba kusambira. Koma kumapeto kwa chala chilichonse pali chosindikizira - makapu oyamwa omwe chule amayenda molunjika. Mwathunthu, okwera masamba owopsa ali ndi zala zazitali zinayi. Nthawi zina zimakutidwa ndi mawanga akuda kapena zimakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda kuposa thupi lonse la munthu.
Akapanganso mawu amtundu wamapepala, ngati achule ambiri, amaba matumba pachifuwa. Pakhungu la tsamba loyipa lamasamba, munthu amatha kuwona bwino pores yomwe imabisa poizoni - chule yonse imakutidwa ndi ntchofu wa poizoni. Poiziyi sadzivulaza achule okha, komanso anthu ena a m'banjali komanso mtundu.
Onani mafotokozedwe
Kukula: 2-4 masentimita. Malimawo alibe ziwalo, ndipo malekezero azala amakulitsidwa kukhala ma disc, omwe amasewera makapu oyamwa omwe amathandizira pakuyenda pa masamba ndi nthambi. Ali ndi mtundu wowala, wosiyanitsa mitundu. Amuna ndi akazi ndi ofanana. Poizoni wakupha: Kungokhudza khungu la chule ndikokwanira kupha poizoni. Mafuko am'deralo amagwiritsa ntchito poyizoni wa achule awa kuti apaka mafuta mivi: Chule chimodzi chikhoza kukhala chokwanira kwa maupangiri angapo.
Kodi Wokwera masamba owopsa amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Woopsa wakwera masamba otentha
Awa ndi achule otentha omwe amakhala makamaka kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa Colombia. Amakonda malo obiriwira mvula okhala ndi masamba ambiri. Amakhala munsi mwa malo otentha - mu udzu, maluwa, mizu ya mitengo ndi mbewu.
Ma amphibiansowa amatha kuwonekera m'magawo otsatirawa:
Wokwera masamba owopsa sadzipangira malo okhala iyemwini - usiku akufuna nyumba yatsopano. Nthawi zambiri amagona pansi masamba, mizu, ndi miyala yonyowa pansi, akudziwirira pansi ponyowa. Zitha kuonekeranso zikuyendayenda mu udzu wakucha ndi ming'alu ya mitengo, miyala ndi nthaka.
Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya achule, okwera masamba siogulira madzi, ngakhale amafunika chinyontho. Samakhala pafupi ndi madzi, amateteza mitsinje, makamaka mitsinje. Izi zitha kulungamitsidwa ndi kukula kwawo, popeza mtsinje uliwonse wamadzi ukhoza kumira munthu wocheperako. Koma okwera masamba amafunikira chinyontho, chifukwa amakonda kukhala komwe kuli kutentha kwanyengo, komanso kusambira mumadontho akulu amame kapena maudzu amvula.
Achule amabisala kumawombera amatentha pamiyala yamitengo, kubisalira kumbuyo masamba ambiri kapena ming'alu mumakungwa a mitengo.
Chosangalatsa: Mitundu ya komweko imagwiritsa ntchito poizoni poizoni mivi.
Okwera masamba owoneka bwino ndi zolengedwa zomwe zimateteza malire awo mosatengera amuna kapena akazi. Tsopano mukudziwa komwe chule amakhala munthu wokwera masamba owopsa. Tiye tiwone zomwe zakudya zam'mimbamo zimadya.
Kodi wokwera masamba owopsa amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Chowopsa chowononga masamba
Okwera masamba owopsa ndi zolengedwa zamphamvu kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake metabolism yawo imathamanga kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, masiku atatu a njala, omwe nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi achule ena, amatha kupha listolaz. Amafunikira kudyetsedwa nthawi zonse, ndipo chakudya chomgaya chimayenera kukhala m'mimba mwawo.
Zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku zokhala ndi masamba owopsa ndizotsika:
- nyerere, kuphatikizapo zapoizoni,
- kakulidwe kakang'ono
- nkhupakupa
- ziwala
- ntchentche
- akangaude ang'ono
- njenjete
- misomali
- nsabwe za nkhuni.
Lilime la okwera masamba ndilitali kwambiri - ndilofanana kutalika kwa thupi la chule. Amachita chidwi ndi kayendedwe kakang'onoko ndipo amasaka kwambiri. Kukhazikika pamalo obisika, wokwera masamba amasesa wozunzidwayo ndikumulola kuti afike pafupi kwambiri. Kenako amatulutsa lilime lake lomata, ndikugwira nyama kuti idye pomwepo. Masamba aomwe amakwera masamba amadya zakudya zamafuta ndi zinyalala. Amathanso kudya mazira a amphibians ena. Wokwera masamba owopsa nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa ngati chiweto. Pankhaniyi, achule amadyetsedwa kawiri patsiku: m'mawa ndi madzulo, komanso kumalo opatsirana, nyama zimayenera kupezeka kuti wokwera masamba azitha kudya nthawi iliyonse.
Zakudya za okwera masamba okhalira nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo:
- colembuli (ma arthropods, omwe nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya),
- nseru zamagazi
- akangaude
- nsabwe zamatabwa,
- opanga zitoliro
- zipatso zikuuluka.
Chakudya choterocho chimachepetsa kuwopsa kwa achule, kuwapangitsa kuti asakhale owopsa paukapolo.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Horfible Red Book Climber
Mwambiri, wowoka masamba owopsa sakhala wowopsa - samayamba kuwukira ndipo ali ndi poizoni kwa okhawo omwe amawaukira. Akazi ndi amuna sasiyana pakati pa amuna kapena akazi, koma ndi osiyana mwamakhalidwe. Amuna amakhala akuchita nkhondo wina ndi mnzake. Wokwera masamba amtundu uliwonse amakhala ndi gawo lawolo, momwe akazi atatu kapena khumi amakhala. Amphongo amphongo ndi akazi, amawateteza ku zosokoneza zazimuna zina.
Ngati wamwamuna wina akuwoneka pafupi, mwini malowo amayamba kuwonetsa maluso ake: amalira mofuula, ndipo kulira kwake kumawoneka ngati kutulutsa mbalame. Amuna awiri amatha kukhala pansi moyang'anizana ndikufuula mokalipa. Pafupipafupi, pamakhala nkhondo - amuna amatha kuluma wina ndi mzake, komanso kumenya ndi mawaya awo - izi ndizokumbukira kuti ndewu ya fre frerest. Mwamuna amene akubwera wagonjera, amathamangitsa mwiniwake wa mundawo ndikukonzekera chiwembucho limodzi ndi gulu la akazi.
Nthawi zina zachikazi zimatha kukhala zankhanza kwa wina ndi mnzake - chifukwa cha izi sichinadziwikebe. Amathanso kukalipira wina ndi mnzake kapena ngakhale kumenyana, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala mwamtendere. Akazi amayenda mozungulira malo amphongo ndipo popanda zotsatirapo amatha kupita kumadera ena. Ngakhale moyo wamtunda, anthu okonda masamba owopsa amakhala mosiyana. Alibe malo osungirako zinthu wamba, samasaka limodzi komanso samakhala ndi atsogoleri ena.
Munthu aliyense amakhala tsiku lonse akusaka - amadikirira tizilombo pobisalira. Usiku amapita kumalo osungira - izi zitha kukhala zowona chifukwa usiku omwe olusa samatha kusiyanitsa pakati pa chenjezo lowoneka bwino la chule ndikudya, zomwe zingakhale zovulaza kwa onse. Kunyumba, a listolaz owopsa amatha kukhazikitsidwa m'magulu a akazi angapo kapena wamwamuna wokhala ndi akazi. Amadzimva kukhala opambana mu malo othamangitsira anthu komanso mofunitsitsa.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Wowopsa Leaf Climber
Okwera masamba owopsa ali ndi njira yachilendo yobereka - zimatengera kukula kwa chule, osati zaka zake. Kuti ayambe kubereka, yamphongo imayenera kutalika pafupifupi 3, 7 cm, ndipo yaikazi - 4 cm.Awa amphamvuko ali ndi nyengo yakukhwima yomwe imagwa nthawi yamvula - inali nthawi iyi pamene achule amasonkhana m'magulu akulu pansi pa masamba ndi makungwa. mitengo yobisala ku madontho.
Chosangalatsa: Tsamba loyipa limabadwa lopanda poizoni, ndipo pokhapokha ndi zaka lomwe limapeza zinthu kudzera pazakudya zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale ndi poizoni.
Yaimuna imalowetsa akazi onse amphongo panthawi yopatsidwa. Feteleza kumachitika pakukhazikitsa mazira, omwe amakhalapo m'malo onyowa pansi pa miyala kapena masamba. Nthawi zambiri, akazi amasankha masamba a bromeliad opanga maonedwe. Palibe mazira ambiri - zidutswa 15-30 zokha, choncho pafupifupi anthu onse achule amapulumuka.
Yaikazi imasiya nkhosayo ikangopeza umuna, ndikusiya yamphongo. Wamphongo amayang'anira nthawi imodzi pamavuto angapo, akumakwirira mazira m'malo achinyontho ndi kuteteza kuti pakhale zotheka kulowa. Nthawi zina amasakaniza mazira kuti chinyezi chimagawanidwe moyenerera.
Atawoneka tadpoles, mwamunayo amawasonkhanitsa kumbuyo kwake - amawamatira mothandizidwa ndi ntchofu ndikukhalamo kwakanthawi, amadya zinthu zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi khungu la wamphongo. Achule amtsogolo amadyetsanso zotsalira za dzira. Kumbuyo kwa abambo awo sikuli pachiwopsezo chilichonse, chifukwa amakhala pa sabata pafupifupi limodzi.
Mapaipi amatha kukhala m'madzi, koma kumeneko amakonda kumenyana komanso kudya abale. Patatha milungu iwiri, amasanduka achule. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi angati omwe akukwera kuthengo nthawi zambiri, koma ali mu ukapolo komanso amasamalidwa moyenerera amakhala mpaka zaka 10.
Adani achilengedwe aokolola masamba owopsa
Chithunzi: Frog yoopsa wakwera masamba
Mndandanda woyipa wa listolaz ulibe adani achilengedwe. Chifukwa cha mtundu wake, zilombo zolusa zimakonda kudutsa mbali iyi ya nkhondoyi, chifukwa pamlingo wachilengedwe amadziwa kuti mtundu wowala ndi chizindikiro chowopsa. Chifukwa chake, wokwera masamba amakhala, amakopa chidwi cha adani osabisala m'malo obisika.
Koma nthawi zina olondola otsatirawa amatha kudya munthu wokwera masamba owopsa:
- njoka zapoizoni ndi abuluzi, makamaka usiku. Samasiyanitsa mitundu, chifukwa chake amatha kuthana ndi wowononga masamba osamvetsetsa utoto wake.
- akangaude akulu Listolazy chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kocheperako amatha kulowa mu intaneti, kuchokera komwe sangathe kutuluka. Akangaude a poizoni nawonso ali pachiwopsezo cha chule, motero anthu onse amatha kufa,
- mbalame zazing'onoting'ono, makamaka usiku.
Nthawi zambiri, ma tadpoles amamenyedwa - m'mitsinje ndi m'madziwe amadyedwa ndi nsomba, mbalame zazing'onoting'ono, abuluzi, akangaude ndi njoka. Mapaipi sakhala oopsa, motero, amakhala mpungwepungwe kwa nthumwi zambiri zochokera ku malo otentha.
Wokwera masamba owopsa amatsogolera moyo wopanda zobisalira - chifukwa cha mtundu wake wowala umatha kuwoneka kutali, makamaka pamene amphibian akukhala pamakungwa amtengo. Ngati tsamba lotchingidwa ndi wadyera kapena mbalame inayake, imayamba kufuula mwamphamvu. Samathawa ndipo sabisala, mmalo mwake, wokwera masamba wowopsa amayenda mwachangu kwa owukirawo ndi kukuwa. Monga lamulo, mchitidwewu umabala zipatso - wolusa amachotsedwa mwachangu, chifukwa kulumikizana ndi wokwera masamba, yemwe mwamphamvu amapititsa kwa mdani, ndi wakufa.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Chowopsa chowononga masamba
Okwera masamba ali pafupi kwambiri. Pali zifukwa zingapo. Mwachitsanzo - kudula mitengo. Zigawo za nkhalango yamvula zimapangidwa ndi anthu, ndipo izi zimawononga malo okhala zachilengedwe owononga masamba. Pamodzi ndi nkhalango, mitundu yomwe wadyera masamba imawonongeka. Ngakhale kusala kudya kwa masiku atatu kumakhala koyipa kwa munthu wokalamba uyu, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala wopanda chakudya chokwanira.
Komanso, kusintha kwa nyengo - kusowa kwa mvula, kuzizira kwadzidzidzi ndi kutentha kwanyengo ndizoyipa kwa okwera owopsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutentha kwina. Zachidziwikire, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe - okwera masamba amakhudzidwa ndikutaya zinyalala.
Kufalikira kwa mitundu ya adani monga akangaude, njoka ndi abuluzi. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zakudya zina, akumakhala akuukira anthu omwe amakwera masamba owopsa, zomwe zimayambitsa chisokonezo cha anthu kumbali zonse ziwiri. Kulephera kubereka. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa chakudya komanso moyo wosakhazikika, anthu amamasamba amanyalanyaza nthawi yamvula komanso nthawi yakukhwima, zomwe zimakhudzanso chiwerengero cha anthu.
Kulanda okwera masamba ngati ziweto. Izi sizikupweteketsa anthu, popeza ku malo owopsa okwera masamba amakhala nthawi yayitali komanso kubereka, komabe, kugwidwa kwa anthu akuluakulu olusa nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa mkwiyo wawo kwa anthu ndipo, chifukwa chake achule amenewa sioyenera kukhala kwawo.
Tetezani masamba owopsa
Chithunzi: Horfible Red Book Climber
Wokwera masamba owopsa, limodzi ndi achule ena oopsa, adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiira la padziko lonse lapansi lomwe limakhala kuti latsala pang'ono kufa.
Njira zikuluzikulu zomwe zimathandizira kuthetsa kuzimiririka kwa mitundu iyi ndi izi:
- kutchera msatsi wina wowononga masamba ndikuwasamutsira kumalo otetezedwa, malo osungirako,
- kulera masamba akukwelera kumalo osungira nyama komanso kunyumba ndi obereketsa ndi cholinga chowamasuliranso anthu kuthengo,
- Kuwongolera kwa nyama zodya nyama zomwe zitha kuwopseza kukwera masamba koopsa,
- kuchitapo kanthu kuchepetsa kapena kupondereza kwathunthu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi zinthu zoyipa pakukula kwa mbeu. Zimasokoneza moyo wamitundu yambiri ya nyama, kuphatikizapo listolaz yoopsa.
Palibe njira zambiri zomwe zingatengedwe, chifukwa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikusintha kwanyengo ndizosatheka kapena kovuta kwambiri kupewa. Pomwe asayansi akuwerenga zaka za moyo wa achule awa, mtsogolomo adzazolowera kukhala ndi moyo watsopano. Izi zipangitsa kuti kunyamula masamba owopsa azikwera kumadera ena komwe palibe komwe kungawaopseze.
Wokwera masamba owopsa - cholengedwa chodabwitsa. Ngakhale kuti ndi amodzi mwa zolengedwa zoyipa kwambiri padziko lapansi, ndiabwino kukhala kunyumba. Okwera masamba azamba amakhala mwamtendere kwa anthu, ndipo chifukwa cha ukapolo, anthu awo amakhala osasunthika.
Milozo yokhala ndi masamba
Oimira awa a banja la woodpecker ali ndi poizoni wamphamvu wa khungu la khungu. Kwa munthu Mlingo waukulu, zimayambitsa kupweteka, kukokana komanso ziwalo. Chifukwa cha mtundu wake wowala, wozizira amachenjeza ochita kudya omwe ali ndi poizoni. Koma chule alibe zisa zomwe zitha kubala.
Poizoni amawoneka chifukwa chodya mitundu ina ya ma invertebrates ndikudziunjikira pakhungu. Ndizilombo zamtundu wanji izi - akatswiri sakudziwa. Mwachitsanzo, mbalame zapoizoni zomwe zimakhala ku New Guinea zimapatsa batrachotoxin kuchokera ku kachilomboka kakang'ono kuchokera kubanja la Melyridae.
Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti posachedwa, mndandanda wamtundu wa mindolaz watchuka kwambiri ngati chiweto. Pokhala ali mu ukapolo, ma amphibians awa amataya zinthu zapoizoni, popeza amasiya kudya tizilombo, mothandizidwa ndi poizoni yemwe amapangidwa.
Amasungidwa m'malo obiriwira osiyanitsa ndi 100 ndi 60 masentimita 60. Pamalopo, oyimira amtunduwu amakhala omasuka. Malingana ndi masamba omwe adayikidwa mu vivarium, achule amasunthira pansi ndikutsika ndi zala zawo zomata. Nthawi yomweyo, vivariums imadzisindikiza kwathunthu kuti ma amphibians ochepa asatuluke mwa iwo.
Okwera poyipa
Kuchokera pakhungu la achule awa, ntchofu zimatulutsidwa, zomwe zimakhala ndi poyizoni wamphamvu. Poizoni amateteza achule kwa adani achilengedwe, mabakiteriya ndi bowa. Zakuti tsamba la masamba ndi poyizoni, amatero mtundu wawo.
Tizilombo ta achule amenewa tili ndi poizoni yemwe amapezeka muzakudya zomwe amapanga - nyerere ndi tizilombo. Achule ochulukana amatenga poizoni kuchokera ku chakudya ndipo amalowa m'matumbo. Ali mu ukapolo, kuwonongeka kwa omwe amakhala ndi masamba otambalala kumatha, chifukwa kulibe zakudya zapoizoni. Ichi ndichifukwa chake achule okongola awa ndi abwino kuti azisungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kuphatikiza apo, ali ndi malingaliro abwino ndipo amazolowera manja.
Wokwera masamba obiriwira ndi achule owopsa.
Zofunika za Terrarium kuti zikhale zazitali zamitengo
Kwawo kwa achule okongola amenewa ndi gombe la Pacific ku Costa Rica. Amakhala munkhalango zowirira, kumapeto kwenikweni, pafupifupi pansi. Achule awa sawera pamwamba pamitengo. Chifukwa chake, malo ogwiritsidwira ntchito amatha kukhala otsika, okwanira ndi masentimita 30 kutalika. Koma kuti musakumane ndi zovuta mukasankha mbewu, sankhani malo owonjezera okwera masentimita 40-60. Kwa awiriawiri okhala ndi masamba owongoka, malowo akhale okwanira masentimita 1500.
Pansi pa terariamu amapangidwa ndi dothi la coconut. Zomera za hydrophilous zimabzalidwa pansi. Ma fikili, ma scindapsus, musero woyera wokhala ndi masamba ndi zina zotere ndizoyenereradi izi. M'matumba a mbewu, achule nthawi zina amaikira mazira. Payenera kukhala dziwe laling'ono. Ziphuphu zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku nkhono za coconuts kapena zinthu zina zoyenera.
Zowunikira ziyenera kukhala zolimba zokwanira. Malo otetezako amayenera kuthiridwa madzi osungunuka tsiku lililonse, kapena mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chinyontho chapadera.
Listolazy ndi oyenera kusunga mu terarium.
Kuti achule awa atenthe kwambiri safunikira, usiku kutentha kuyenera kusungidwa mkati mwa 20-24 madigiri, ndipo masana - 26-30 madigiri. Sichiyenera kupitilira madigiri 30, chifukwa achule amatha kufa. Amawotcha madzi ndi heta ya aquarium, ndipo mpweya umawotha kuchokera kumadzi.
Kudyetsa achule
Chizindikiro cha okwera masamba otambalala ndi kusachita kwawo posankha chakudya. Zakudya zawo, kuwonjezera pa ntchentche zamtundu wa zipatso, zimakhala ndi agulu ang'onoang'ono, mphutsi za njenjete, nsabwe za nkhuni, nyongolotsi ya ufa ndi "fumbi" la kricket. Mphutsi za m'maso sizipatsidwa nthawi yopitilira 1 pa sabata, chifukwa chakudyachi ndi chamafuta kwambiri komanso chimaperewera. Ziphuphuzi zimaluma, ndiye, asanaziperekeze kwa achule, zimaphwanya mutu ndi nsapato.
Wokwera masamba owongoka ndi achule wokhala ndi mtundu wodabwitsa.
M'chilimwe, zakudya za omwe amakhala ndi masamba otambalala zimasiyanasiyana ndi udzudzu, ntchentche, ndudu, mphutsi zauve komanso nsabwe za m'masamba. Ma nsabwe za m'mimba ndizoyenera kudyetsa nyama zazing'ono.
Achule awa sakhala ankhanza mwachilengedwe, kotero mu terrarium mutha kukhala ndi gulu lomwe lili ndi anthu angapo azikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Amuna amayimba nyimbo nthawi zambiri. Nyimbo zotulutsidwa sizolimba. Amuna azaka chimodzi kale amatha kuimba ndi kutenga nawo mbali atakula. Usiku amachepetsa.
Listolaz - kufotokozera, mawonekedwe, zithunzi
Kunja, wokwera masamba amawoneka ngati chule. Mbale ya amphibian imakhala ndi thupi lokwera, lalitali komanso lalitali masentimita awiri mpaka 5.5, losintha bwino kukhala mutu waukulu. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakula kwambiri kuposa kutsogolo, ndipo chala chimodzi ndichachitali.
Monga amphibians onse omwe amatsatira njira yokhazikika pamtunda, tsamba lamasamba silikhala ndi membrane pakati pa zala, koma zala zakumanja zimakulitsidwa kukhala mtundu wa kuyamwa, wokutidwa ndi epithelium wamano ndi zisa za tiziwalo tambiri tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa chinsinsi chomatira. Mapangidwe ake a miyendoyo amalola nyama kuyenda mosavuta pakati pa nthambi ndi masamba a mitengo.
Maso a Listolase ndi akulu komanso owala, ndipo iris ndi yakuda kapena yakuda.
Khungu la okwera masamba ambiri ndi losalala komanso locheperako, lokhala ndi chenjezo lowala la mitundu yosiyanasiyana yosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimalembera omwe amadyera kuti ali ndi poizoni. Chifukwa chake, okwera masamba sangakhale ndi adani achilengedwe: nyama yomwe yatsala ndi moyo pambuyo poyesera kudya nyama yowoneka bwino ipitilira awa amoyo kwa moyo wake wonse.
Leafolase poyizoni
Tizilombo ta khungu ta tsamba lamasamba timapanga poizoni wakupha, wapadera poizoni, batrachotoxin. Mwachitsanzo, kuphatikizika kwa zinthu m'thupi la tsamba limodzi lowopsa kuli pafupifupi 500 mcg. Mtundu wa kapangidwe ka poizoni m'thupi la amphibians sichinaphunziridwe kwathunthu: pali kuthekera kwakuti ophibians amaphatikiza poizoni pawokha kapena mothandizidwa ndi mabakiteriya oyimira. Malinga ndi wina, mtundu wowoneka bwino, poizoni amalowa m'matupi awo ndi kachikumbu ka mtundu wina, komwe ma amphibians amawadyetsa, ndipo, popeza sangakhale ndi poizoni, kudziunjikira sumu zochuluka, ndikugwiritsa ntchito kokha kuteteza.
Batrachotoxin ali ndi mphamvu paralytic ndi mtima.Kulowa m'magazi kudzera m'mabala, ma microcracks pakhungu kapena mucous nembanemba, ngakhale mulingo wocheperako wa poizoni umayambitsa kupindika, kufinya kwamisempha ndi kupumira, chifukwa chomwe kumangidwa kwamtima ndi kufa kumachitika. Gulu laling'ono koma lakufa la mtunduwu silikulimbikitsidwa mwapadera, chifukwa ma batrachotoxin sanapangidwebe.
Listolazy amabadwa osakhala poizoni, ndipo andende nawonso amataya katundu wawo wakufa, chifukwa chake ali otchuka kwambiri pakati pa opembedza milungu ya nyama zakunja.
Kodi okwera masamba amakhala kuti?
Mitundu ya listolazy ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anyani am'mlengalenga omwe amakhala ku South ndi Central America kokha. Amakhala kumayiko monga Panama, Nicaragua, Colombia ndi Costa Rica.
Mamembala onse amtundu wamtunduwu amakhala ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zotentha ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino, pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Okwera masamba amakhala nthawi yayitali pansi kapena pansi pamitengo, kusaka masana, ndi kupumula usiku pansi pamiyala, mu udzu wokongola kapena ming'alu ya makungwa a mtengo, osakwera kwambiri pamtunda.
Okhazikitsa masamba a chiphe ndi nyama zamtchire: wamwamuna aliyense amakhala ndi chiwembu, chomwe chimateteza mwamphamvu amuna kapena akazi anzawo kuti asagwidwe. Maonekedwe a mpikisano amakakamiza mwini mundawo kuti awonetse zolinga zake zankhondo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimangolekeredwa pamtengo wotalikirapo wa melodic, kutanthauza "kulira kwankhondo." Ngati izi sizithandiza, okwera masamba amuna amakhala pansi moyang'anizana ndi kuyimba nyimbo zawo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo pokhapokha ngati atayamba kumenyananso kwambiri ndewu yolimbana. Koma ndi gulu la akazi 3-10, amuna amakhala bwino, ndipo zolimba pakati zazikazi ndizosowa kwambiri.
Kodi chimadya tsamba limodzi ndi chiyani?
Listolaz ndi nyama yododometsa modabwitsa yomwe imakhala ndi metabolism yothamanga, ndipo masiku 3-4 a njala sagwera osati kokha kufooketsa munthu wodyetsedwayo, komanso kumatsogolera kuti afe. Maziko a chakudya cha okwera masamba amapangidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tambiri: nyerere, kafadala, nkhupakupa, crickets, nsapato, ntchentche zazing'onoting'ono, nsabwe za magazi, nsabwe za nkhuni. Monga mamembala onse am'banjali, okwera masamba amakhudzidwa poyenda ndipo amakhala otetezeka, motero mwanzeru amagwira nyama ndi "kuwombera" lilime lalitali ndipo nthawi zambiri amadya kwambiri masana. Chakudya cha ma tadpoles chimakhala ndi masamba osiyanasiyana, zotsalira za organic ndi mazira osagwira ena a amphibians ena.
Mitundu ya okwera masamba, zithunzi ndi mayina
Mndandanda wa genus ukuphatikizapo mitundu isanu yokha. Pansipa ndikufotokoza kwawo.
- Wokwera masamba owoneka ndi masamba(Phyllobates aurotaenia)
Ili ndi dzina lake chifukwa cha mikwingwirima yayitali ya golide, lalanje kapena mtundu wobiriwira, womwe umadutsa kumbuyo kwa kashi-wakuda. Pamiyendo yakum'mbuyo ya amphibian, madontho a buluu, obiriwira, ofiira kapena golide amawoneka bwino. Pamwamba pamimba pali wakuda wokhala ndi mawalo amtambo kapena obiriwira. Khungu kumbuyo limakhala ndi chopindika pang'ono, pamimba ndi miyendo khungu limakhala losalala. Chala choyamba ndichitali kuposa chachiwiri. Ma discs am'manja ndi a mulifupi. Mano ndi ang'ono ndipo amapezeka pamafupa apakati ndi apakati. Kukula kwa amuna akuluakulu sikukuchulukitsa 3.2 cm, zachikazi zopanga masamba ndizochulukirapo ndipo zimakula mpaka 3.5 cm.Mitundu iwiri ya amphibians iyi imasiyanitsidwa - yoyamba ndi yaying'ono ndi mikwingwirima yopapatiza, ina imakhala yayikulupo ndi mikwingwirima yayikulu kumbuyo. Okwera ndi masamba okhala ndi masamba atatu amakhala ku Colombia, ndipo amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zotentha zomwe zili m'malo otsika komanso m'malo otsetsereka a kumadzulo kwa Eastern Cordilleras, pamalo osaposa 1 km. Chitetezo - pafupi ndi malo osatetezeka.
- Wokwera masamba awiri(Phyllobates bicolor)
Imadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri osati mtundu, komanso banja: Akazi amakula mpaka 5-5,5 masentimita (malinga ndi zina, 3.6-4.3 cm), amuna amafika kutalika pafupifupi 4.5-5 cm (malinga ndi magawo ena 3.2-4 cm). Khungu losalala la tsamba lapoizoni limakhala wachikasu kapena lalanje, ndipo miyendo (mikono yakutsogolo ndi miyendo yotsika) imatha kukhala ndi tint yakuda kapena yamtambo. Nthawi zina amakhala achikuda kapena mawanga amtambo. Mimba imatha kukhala yakuda kapena kukhala ndi lalanje wagolide kapena mtundu wobiriwira. Malo amdima nthawi zina amapezeka pakhosi. Mano aang'ono a listolaz amakula pamafupa owonjezera ndi othandizira. Chala choyamba chimakhala chachitali kuposa chachiwiri, ndipo pamanja chimatambasulidwa ma disc. Mmodzi wa masamba amitundu iwiri ali ndi poizoni wa ma kilogalamu 150, wokhala ndi poizoni kokha kwa wachibale wake wapafupi kwambiri - tsamba lowopsa. Poizoni wambiri amatha kupha munthu wamkulu. Kwenikweni, izi ndi nyama zayekha, nthawi zina mumatha kukumana ndi gulu lonse la okwera masamba awiri. Amasonkhananso m'magulumagulu nthawi yamvula, yomwe ndi nthawi yawo yakukula. Kukhazikika kwamtunduwu kumadutsa m'malo otentha amvula kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America, makamaka kumadera akumadzulo a Colombia. Chitetezo - pafupi ndi malo osatetezeka.
- Wokwera Mitambo Yofiirira(Phyllobates vittatus)
Woimira wokongola kwambiri wamtunduwu: nkhope yakumbuyo, mutu ndi miyendo ya nyama nthawi zambiri imakhala yakuda, ndipo mwa anthu ena pagawo pali mzere wachikaso. Khungu kumbuyo, pamimba komanso mkati mwa ntchafu ndi lotupa. Mano ang'onoang'ono amakula pamafupa ochulukirapo komanso ophatikizana. Mbali zonse za muzzle, kuyambira pamphumi mpaka pakati penipeni pa ntchafu, pali chingwe chowala kwambiri cha lalanje ofiira, golide kapena lalanje. Mzere Woyera umayenda kuchokera kuiso, m milomo ndi phewa. Kunja kwamiyendo kuphimbidwa ndi ukonde wowoneka bwino wobiriwira, ndipo mbali yakumaso ya miyendoyo imakongoletsedwa ndi mawonekedwe a mabo opangidwa ndi mawanga oyera kapena owoneka bwino kwambiri. Mzere woyera kapena wobiriwira wamtambo wobiriwira umayenda m'mphepete mwa tsamba loyera. Chala choyamba ndichitali kuposa chachiwiri. Makwerero okongola awa ndi amodzi mwa ang'ono kwambiri m'banjamo: zazikazi zimakula mpaka 3.1 masentimita, abambo ndi ochepa kwambiri, kukula kwake sikupita masentimita 2.6. Okwera ndi masamba otambalala amakhala m'nkhalango kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Costa Rica, kudera la bay. Golfo Dulce, pamtunda wa 20 mpaka 550 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Mwa njira, mtundu uwu wa okwera masamba uli pachiwopsezo.
- Wokongola masamba wokwera(Ma phyllobates lugubris)
Mwa oimira onse amtunduwu, omwe akwera masamba awa ndi ochepa kwambiri komanso ochepa poizoni: munthu m'modzi yekha amatulutsa ma ma protein a 0,8 okha, zomwe mwina ndizo zomwe zidapangitsa dzinali. Kutalika kwa akazi achikulire kumapazi kwa masamba kumakhala kokha masentimita 2.4, kukula kwa abambo kumafika mpaka 2.1 cm. Chala choyamba cha amphibians ndicitali kuposa chachiwiri, ndipo mwa chimanga chamdima chachimuna chimapangidwa mkati mwa chala. Mutu wa masamba owoneka bwino umakhala wotalikirapo kuposa chifuwa, ndipo kutsogolo kwa amuna nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa. Mbali yakumunsi ya miyendo ndi mimbayo imakutidwa ndi khungu losalala, ndipo kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo miyendo imasiyanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe kake. Poyerekeza ndi zakuda zakuda, mikwingwirima yowala yomwe imadutsa mbali zonse za thupi imatha kusiyanika bwino; Miyendo ya wokongola masamba okongoletsera imakongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima yopingasa yokhala ndi maring'i oyatsidwa pamlingo wina kapena wina. Kuchokera kumapeto kwenikweni kwa phokoso la amphibian, kamtambo kofiyira kapena koyera kamayamba, kamene kamatulukira ndikudutsa pakati pa maso ndi pakamwa patali. Wokongola masamba okongola amakhala ku Panama, Nicaragua ndi Costa Rica, amapezeka m'nkhalango zotsika pafupi ndi mitsinje ndi malo olimapo, osapitilira 650m pamwamba pa nyanja. Mkhalidwe woteteza - kuyambitsa nkhawa pang'ono.
- Wokwera masamba owopsa(Ma phyllobatesterribilis)
Ichi ndiye chiwopsezo chakupha kwambiri cha banja la listolaz. Nyama yachikulire imatulutsa ma ma protein a 500 ma protein oopsa, ngakhale kukula kwake ndi kocheperako: zazikazi ndi zazimuna zimakula mpaka 4,5 cm ndi 4.5 cm, motsatana. Achinyamata amadziwika ndi mtundu wachikaso chopepuka, mbali zake ndi zakuda, ndipo mzere wakuda umadutsa kumbuyo. Nyama ikamakula, matupi amdima amazimiririka, ndipo wa amphibian amapeza mtundu wowala kwambiri, wachikasu komanso lalanje wonyezimira. Malo omwe amagawa masamba okongola kwambiriwa ndi ochepa chabe kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa Colombia, komwe anthu amoyo amakhala kumapeto kwamvula yamvula yotentha. Wokwera masamba owopsa ndi mtundu womwe watsala pang'ono kulembedwa ndipo adalembedwa mu International Red Book.