Iye ndi heroine wa mafilimu ambiri aku Hollywood. Kuti iye adziwike, sakuyenera kuwonekera mu mzere wonse, ndikokwanira kuti wopanga makina ophatikizira amawu aphatikizire phokoso lodziwika bwino lomwe likukumbukira maracas, chifukwa wowonera ali ndi chidwi kuchokera pakudziwika kuti ndiwotcha.
Viper wachibale
Chimodzi mwazomwe zimayipa kwambiri ndi wachibale wa njoka. Rattlesnake ali pamndandanda wa banja la viper, limatchula mwachindunji ziphepheni za njoka zapoizoni. Asayansi apatsa dzina laulemu kwa anthu am'mbuyo chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chinthu chapadera chomwe chili mkati mwa maso ndi mphuno.
Zimathandizanso kuti nyama yam'madzi yozizira izithanso kuona “nyama” yozizira. Mwanjira ina, nkhanu yam'madzi imatha kutchera mseru mumdima wathunthu ndikuwukira ngati saganiza chilichonse.
Kufotokozera
Mpaka pano, asayansi atulukira mitundu 224 ya njoka yotchedwa rattlesnakes, kapena rattlesnakes. Kutalika, amatha kuchokera masentimita makumi asanu mpaka atatu ndi theka. Chojambula pamiyeso chimatha kukhalanso ndi mitundu yonse ya mithunzi ndi mawonekedwe. Nthawi zambiri amapaka utoto mosiyana ndipo samayesa kuti adzibisa.
Mutu wa mitundu yambiri yamitundu ndiwosanjika mawonekedwe. Mano awiri opweteka kwambiri pakamwa amapezeka mkamwa. Ana a maso ndi owongoka.
Ma recesses (maenje) amapezeka pafupi ndi mphuno, momwe mumakhala zinthu zolandirira kutentha kozungulira, chifukwa izi zimawalozera kumutu wokhala pansi. Dzinalo la mitundu yawo, amakakamizika ku mawonekedwe ena amthupi lawo. Chingwe chimveka chisoti cha njoka.
Chinsinsi
Makoswe, monga tanena kale, ali ndi khwangwala kumapeto kwa mchira. Kwa nthawi yayitali sizinadziwike kuti ndichifukwa chiyani njokayo, yosaka mumdima komanso nthawi yomweyo osapanga mawu amodzi, idapatsidwa mwadzidzidzi ngati munthu wachilengedwe. Koma zonse zimangokhala malo ngati mukudziwa yemwe akusaka.
Zakudya zake zimakhala ndi nyama zazing'ono komanso mbalame. Akuchenjeza nyama zazikulu (kuphatikiza anthu), kukweza phokoso ndi phokoso lake. Chifukwa chake, imatha kuonedwa ngati njoka yapoizoni kwambiri.
Kukula kumapeto kwa mchira kumakhala ndi mamba akufa. Ziwerengero zawo zimachulukana ndikusintha kwina kulikonse pakhungu la nyama zapamadzi. Chifukwa chake, kuwerengera mamba pa rattle, mutha kudziwa kuchuluka kwa njokayo. Mkati mwa zingwezo mulibe chilichonse, chifukwa mawu ake amveka bwino.
Moyo ndi Malo
Malinga ndi herpetologists, mitundu ya 106 ya rattlesnakes (zithunzi za oimira ena amaperekedwa munkhaniyi) ikukhazikika ku America, ndi 69 ku South Asia. Ma pitheads omwe amakonda kwambiri ndi mazu. Amakhala onse kumadera achipululu komanso m'mapiri.
Mitundu ya moyo ingasiyane ndi ma subspecies. Ena amasaka ndi kuthera nthawi yawo yambiri m'mitengo. Ndikosavuta komanso kosavuta kuti ena akwawire kudutsa chigwa, ndipo chachitatu, perekani mizere yamiyala ndi nsonga.
Kutentha kokwezeka kukakwera, ma rattlesnake amabisala pansi pa miyala, matanda, kuthawa radiation yowonjezera ya ultraviolet. Zochita zikuwonetsedwa nthawi yamadzulo. Zowona, mumachitidwe otere, amakhala kokha m'nthawi yotentha. Pa tsiku labwino, lotentha, ma rattlesnake amayenda padzuwa.
Akasankha dzenje lokha, ratigsnake ikhoza kukhalamo kwa zaka zambiri, kenako mbadwa zake. M'dzenje la rattlesnake, anthu angapo amatha kukhala ndi moyo. Munthawi ya hibernation, amatha kulumikizana limodzi ngati mpira, ikutenthetsana. Koma ena amakonda kukhala kwakanthawi.
Mbidzi zimakonda kusaka nyama, kudikirira nyama (makoswe, mbalame zazing'ono, nsomba, achule, abuluzi, mbozi ndi anyani). Chakudya chikangofika chakutali, njokayo idagundana, ndikuigwira ndi mano, kubaya poyizoni ndikuwononga chinthu chonse. Masana, nkhandwe imadalira masomphenyawo (chinthucho chimayenera kusunthira), ndipo usiku ndendende chimatsimikizira kukula ndi mtunda kwa womenyedwayo pogwiritsa ntchito zolandilira pansi pamaso. Amathandizira kusiyanitsa kutentha kocheperako mpaka kufika pa masauzande atatu a degree.
Zowopsa kwa anthu
Kuluma kwa rattlesnake ndizowopsa kwa anthu, koma sizimachitika kawirikawiri. Njoka imachenjeza kaye za kukhalapo kwake ndi chingwe pamchira pake, ndipo ngati munthu wachita molakwika, ndiye kuti, wakwiya, ndiye kuti kuponyedwa kumatsata. Amachita manyazi kwambiri, ndipo kuopa njoka ya dzenje kumayamba kukhala ndewu. Chifukwa chake, mukamva phokoso la khungubwi, muyenera kumasula ndi kuchoka pang'onopang'ono kuchoka kwa cholengedwa mbali inayo.
Njokayo iluma, ndiye kuti ndiyofunikira kuyimba ambulansi, ndikukweza nthambi yolumayo. Palibe chifukwa choti muzitsina malo olumirayo ndi cholowera kapena kuyesa kuyamwa poizoni. Madzi ake amawononga maselo amthupi. Aliyense amene amamuyamwa amakhala ndi mwayi womeza zinthu zakumwa zoopsa ndipo angafe chifukwa cha mankhwalawo.
Ndi kuchulukana kwa anthu komanso kutsika kwakanthawi kochulukira, zowukira zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zimawonedwa chaka chilichonse ku United States. Koma malinga ndi ziwerengero za United States, anthu atatu mwa anthu 8,000 omwe amafa chaka chilichonse amafa.
Ngati kulumidwa ndi njokayo kudadzidzimuka, muyenera kukhala wodekha, kudzipatula kuti mulume ndikuthira poyizoni pachilondacho. Kuluma kwa rattlesnake kungayambitse kumangidwa kwa mtima, kutengera kuthamanga ndi komwe poizoni amafalikira. Njoka zimafalikira padziko lonse lapansi, kotero mutha kupunthwa pa iwo patchuthi, m'nkhalango kapena paki. Komabe, njoka zapoizoni zimapezeka kutali ndi anthu, monga lamulo, anthu iwo eni amagwera chifukwa cha chidwi chawo. Choyamba, ndikofunikira kuyang'anira chisamaliro chachikulu poyenda. Chifukwa madera akutali palibe amene angathandize, ndipo ngakhale chipatala chapafupi sichingakhale mu nthawi.
Kuchita kwa ziphe mu njoka kumakhala ndi zotsatira zina, ena amatha kupha munthu m'mphindi zochepa, ena amachita mosiyana, kupangitsa kuti wolephera kapena kupuwala kwathunthu.
Kulumwa ndi njoka kumatha kuchita mosiyana pamunthu, koma sizibweretsa chilichonse chabwino. Ndipo poizoniyo akakhala m'thupi la munthu, ndiye kuti sangachiwombole. Poizoni amafalikira m'magazi kudzera mukufalikira, chifukwa chake ngati mukufinya kuluma, mutha kusintha zotsatira zake kwakanthawi. Komabe, izi zokha sizingakhale zokwanira. Tikufunika miyeso yonse, mwachitsanzo, kusanthula. Asanapitirize ndikuchotsa poizoni m'thupi, madokotala ayenera kudziwa kuchuluka kwa matendawo komanso momwe mankhwalawo amachitikira. Monga lamulo, tsamba la kuluma limayamba kutupa kwambiri, pomwe munthuyo akumva kupweteka kwambiri. Kuluma kwa rattlesnake kumatha kupha osakwana ola limodzi: ndichifukwa chake njoka izi zimayenera kupewedwa.
Chifukwa cha phokoso lawo lomwe amatulutsa ndi mchira wawo, siovuta kupeza, kotero kuyendayenda m'nkhalango, muyenera kumvetsera mwachidwi pazomwe zikuchitika kuzungulira. Pofuna kuthana ndi poyizoni wa njoka iyi, maantibayotiki ndi maantididi amafunikira, njira zoyima payokha sizingabweretse zotsatira zabwino. Munthu payekha angayesetse kuletsa kufalikira kwa poizoni m'thupi lake, ndiye kuti ayenera kufunafuna thandizo kuchipatala.
Kugawidwa kwa rattlesnakes wakuda-wakuda.
Chikwangwani chakuda chimapezeka ku United States pakati komanso kumadzulo kwa Texas, kumadzulo chakumwera kwa New Mexico, komanso kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Arizona. Amakhala ku mapiri a Mexico Mesa Del Sur ndi Oaxaca ku Mexico, kuzilumba za Tiburon ndi San Esteban ku Gulf of California.
Rattlesnake Wakuda Wakuda (Crotalus molossus)
Habitat of rattlesnake wakuda-wakuda.
Nyanja zokhala ndi nthenga zakuda ndi njoka zapadziko lapansi komanso malo obisika, zipululu komanso miyala yamapiri. Amapezekanso pamtunda wamitunda yama 300- 3750 mumapiri a pine-oak komanso m'nkhalango za boreal. Kuwona kumeneku kumakonda malo amiyala, monga makhoma a canyon kapena zopangira zazing'ono m'mapanga. M'malo otsika, makoswe okhala ndi njerwa zakuda amakhala m'malo azinthu zazitali kwambiri pamabusa ndi m'malo owuma. Anthu okhala m'mphepete mwa mapiri amdima nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi utoto wakuda kuposa njoka zomwe zimakhala pansi.
Zizindikiro zakunja za ratunesnake yakuda.
Khwangwala wamiyala yakuda, ngati ma ratunesnakes onse, ali ndi khola kumapeto kwa mchira. Khungu la khungu la mitunduyi limasiyana mtundu kuchokera pa maolivi, imvi, mtundu wachikasu komanso chikaso chofiyira mpaka chofiirira komanso chakuda. Mchira wa rattlesnake wakuda-wakuda ndi wakuda kwathunthu. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe awa amasiyanitsidwa ndi chingwe chakuda pakati pamaso ndi chingwe chakuda chamkati kuchokera kumaso mpaka pakona pakamwa. Kutsikira kutalika konse kwa thupi kumadutsa mphete zotsalira zakuda.
Zachikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazimuna zomwe zimakhala ndi michira yayitali. Mulingo wokhazikika. Pali maumboni anayi odziwika a rattlesnake akuda-omata: C. molossus nigrescens (waku-taires wakuda waku Mexico), C. molossus estebanensis (wakuchilumba cha San Esteban rattlesnake), subspecies omwe amakhala ku USA - C. molossus molossus, oCaxacchus - o makoswe.
Kusindikizidwa kwa rattlesnake wakuda-wakuda.
Panthawi yobereketsa, anyani amphaka amtundu wakuda amapeza akazi ndi ma pheromones. Matenga amapezeka pamiyala kapena pamtunda wotsika, kenako yamphongo imakhala ndi mkaziyo kuti imuteteze kwa anzawo.
Zambiri pang'onopang'ono pazokhudza kubereka kwa mitundu ino. Mitundu ya nkhanu zakuda ndi mtundu wa ovoviviparous. Nthawi zambiri zimaswana kamodzi pachaka. Njoka zazing'ono zimawonekera mu Julayi ndi August. Amakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo kwa maola ochepa, mpaka tsiku pafupifupi. Mukukula, makonda achichepere omata akuda amathira khungu lawo kawiri kawiri, nthawi iliyonse chophimba chakale chikasinthika, gawo latsopano limawonekera pamchira wa tambala. Njoka zikakhala kuti zimakula, zimasungunuka nthawi ndi nthawi, koma zingwe zimasiya kukula ndipo zigawo zakale zimayamba kugwa. Zingwe zautsi wakuda sizimawonetsa chidwi ndi ana. Sizikudziwika kuti amuna amayamba kubereka zaka zingati. Nthawi yayitali yokhala ndi moyo wa rattlesnakes wakuda ndi zaka 17.5, ali mu ukapolo zaka 20.7.
Khalidwe la rattlesnake wakuda-wakuda.
M'miyezi yozizira yozizira, makoswe amtchire amadzaza nyengo yachisanu pansi panthaka pomwe pansi panthaka pamakhala kuzizira kwa matope kapena miyala. Amakhala otakataka kutentha kukadzuka. Mu nthawi ya masika ndi yophukira amatsogolera moyo wamasana, koma amasinthana ndi zochita zausiku m'miyezi yotentha chifukwa chotentha kwambiri masana. Zingwe zamtundu wakuda zimayenda ndi mayendedwe osunthika ngati mafunde opingasa kapena kuyenda kwamakona, kutengera mtundu wa mawonekedwe omwe amafunikira kudutsa. Amatha kukwera mitengo mpaka kutalika kwa 2,5-2.7 metres ndipo amasambira mwachangu m'madzi.
Nthata za mtundu wakuda zimakonda kugona pamwamba pa nthaka m'nthambi kapena mitengo. Mvula ikayamba kugwa, nthawi zambiri imakhala pamiyala.
Akatundu wakuda bii amagwiritsa ntchito lilime lawo, lomwe ndi fungo lokoma ndi kukoma kwake. Maenje awiri omwe ali m'chigawo chakumaso kwa m'mutu amathandizira kuti kutentha kuzimitsidwa ndi nyama. Kutha kudziwa kutentha sikumangolekezera zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za njokayo. Amatha kuyendayenda bwino usiku kapena m'mapanga amdima ndi m'ming'alu. Mukakumana ndi zilombo, njira zitatu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwachotsa. Choyamba, akamba am'miyala yakuda amaluka mchira wawo kuti awopseze mdani. Ngati izi sizigwira ntchito, amalira mokweza ndipo mwachangu amanjenjemera ndi lilime lake kuwonjezera pa kugwedezeka. Komanso, akafika kwa chilombo, amadzitukumula kwambiri kuti ayang'ane zambiri. Zingwe zamtundu wakuda zimamva kusinthasintha pang'ono padziko lapansi ndipo zimazindikira njira yomwe nyama zimadyera kapena kudya.
Kudya rattlesnake wakuda-wakuda.
Ziwombankhondo zakuda zimayamwa. Amadyetsa abuluzi ang'onoang'ono, mbalame, makoswe, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinyama zazing'ono. Mukasaka nyama, makoswe akuda amagwiritsa ntchito ziwalo zotentha pamutu kuti aziona kutentha, ndikutulutsa lilime lawo kuti mudziwe fungo. Nyamayo imagwidwa ndi mbewa ziwiri, zobisika kutsogolo kwa nsagwada yapamwamba. Fangs italowa mkati mwa thupi la womenyedwayo, poyizoni wakufa umatulutsidwa kuchokera ku ziwalo mbali zonse za mutu.
Mtengo kwa munthuyo.
Ziwombankhondo zamtundu wakuda zikuwonetsedwa mu malo osungirako nyama ndi malo osungira anthu wamba. Poizoni wa rattlesnakes amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kafukufuku wasayansi, amalandira mankhwalawa kuchokera ku kulumidwa ndi mitundu ina ya njoka.
Mafuta a njoka amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala monga wowerengeka ngati njira yochepetsera kutupa, kuchepetsa ululu ku zilonda ndi ma sprains.
Khungu lakhungu la rattlesnake limagwiritsidwa ntchito kupanga zinthu zachikopa monga malamba, ndolo, nsapato ndi jekete. Ziphuphu zokhala ndi michira yakuda zimadyetsa makoswe ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa makoswe omwe amatha kuwononga mbewu ndi zomera.
Njoka yamtunduwu, monga njoka zamtundu wina, nthawi zambiri zimaluma nyama ndi anthu. Ngakhale poizoni wakuda wokhala ndi chiwopsezo chakupha ndi poizoni wa poizoni wazakudya zina, amatha kubweretsa poyizoni, ndipo mwina kufa, kwa ana aang'ono kapena okalamba. Poizoniyu amachititsa kuti magazi azitupa nthawi zambiri, komanso maonekedwe a matenda enaake: edema, thrombocytopenia. Njira yochizira yolumwa ndi mankhwala.
Mkhalidwe wotetezedwa ndi zigamba zakuda.
Chingwe chomangira chakuda sichili ndi vuto lililonse. Komabe, chifukwa cha chiwonongeko chosaganizira cha njoka zokhala ndi mikhalidwe yoopsa, ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti zitsimikizire tsogolo labwino la mitunduyi.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Mawonekedwe a Njoka
Pali mitundu pafupifupi 30 ya nkhanu padziko lapansi. Ku Russia, pali mitundu iwiri yomwe imadziwika ndi mtundu wa cod wa rattlesnake. Mosiyana ndi zikhulupiriro zodziwika pokhudzana ndi kupsa mtima kwa njoka, herpatologists amati kuwukira konse ndi njira yotetezera. Amadyetsa zokwawa ndi achule, mbewa, agologolo pansi ndi nyama zina zazing'ono.
Ngati msonkhano ndi njokayo udachitika, ndiye kuti chisamaliro chikuyenera kutengedwa, kudziletsa - maloya omwe akufuna kuthawa kapena kubisala. Nthawi zina mumatha kumva kulira, ndikulira ngati kukugwa kwa mchira, kuwona njoka ikulowerera - uku ndi chenjezo kwa nyama zamtchire zisanaluma. Ululu wa makoswe ndi wowopsa. Muyenera kubwerera mmbuyo, simungathe kutembenuzira nsana wanu, kuti mufulumizire kuukira. Choyipa koposa, pamene msonkhano udachitika molting, kubala - ndiye kuluma sikungapeweke.
Ndikofunika kukumbukira mawonekedwe a nyama zapamwamba kuti muthandize madokotala pakusankha seramu ya antitoxic.
Makhalidwe amakani:
- mutu wopingasa
- thupi lalikulu
- fossa (radar) pamutu pakati pa mphuno ndi maso,
- ma eyelone osasintha, ana ofukula owongoka.
Mtundu, nthawi zambiri, ndi wa bulauni pamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi malo amtundu wakuda ndi owala. Koma pali mitundu yobiriwira yomwe ili ndi mchira. Kutalika kwake kumasiyana kuchokera hafu ya mita mpaka awiri ndi theka, kutengera zaka komanso mtundu wa njoka.
Nkhondo zimagwira usiku, koma nyengo yozizira imasaka masana. Kuopseza kuti kulumidwa ndi munthu kumabuka chifukwa chaukali wake kapena chifukwa chodandaula ndi phokoso lomwe lili pafupi kwambiri.Kubvulaza koopsa kumachitika patali kutalika kwa njokayo, logawika pakati.
Zina zambiri
Ma Rattlesnake ali ndi ma fangs akulu akulu owopsa, opingasa patali, nthawi zambiri amang'ambika pang'ono. Kukula kwakuthupi kumakhala kosiyana - kuchokera theka mpaka mita 7 kutalika, kutengera mitundu.
Thupi limakhala lakuda, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Utoto umachokera ku kuwala (koyera, mchenga, pinki, imvi, ndi zina) mpaka kumaso (bulauni, bulauni).
Pamapewa pakati pa maso ndi mphuno pali malo okumbukira (dzina lodziwika), momwe mumakhala malo omwe amakulolani kuwona ma radiation yotentha. Izi zimapangitsa njoka kuti ipeze wovulalayo mumdima wathunthu komanso ngakhale kukhala wakhungu, mwachitsanzo, isanayambe kusungunuka, pomwe mamba amaso atakhala mitambo.
Anzeru (amphaka) olimba, amadziwika ndi njoka zonse, amapatsa njoka mawonekedwe owopsa komanso owopsa. Tambala amapezeka kokha mwa anthu okhala ku America.
Amapangidwa kudzera m'mizere ingapo ngati khungu lakale limasuntha, lomwe limapangika. Njoka zazing'ono sizikhala nazobe, komabe, zokwawa ndi zakupha kale kuyambira pakubadwa. M'mawonekedwe, okhala ku Eurasia ndi Asia ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi makoswe, koma osakhala ndi zingwe.
Oimira ambiri a ma pitheads amakhala m'malo owuma, pakati pa zitsamba zochepa, miyala ndi ma gorges. Ena amatha kukwera mitengo kapena kukwera mapiri mpaka 2500 metres kupitilira nyanja.
Amagwira usiku, koma mu nthawi yophukira komanso yophukira amasaka masana, kotero pamasiku ozizira amatha kuwoneka kunja kwogona. Potentha, amabisala kuchokera kunthambi zowotcha m'makola, pansi pamiyendo ndi miyala.
Kuyandikana ndi anthu kumapetsedwa, koma kumatha kukhazikika pafupi ndi minda, komwe kuli chakudya chochulukirapo monga makoswe ochepa. Overwinter anthu angapo okhala m'malo obisalira. Munthu amamenyedwa chifukwa chokwiya ndi izi kapena chifukwa chakudziwana nawo mwangozi.
Ngoziyo ikavulazika, njokayo imapinda ndikulondalonda, ndikudzutsa khwangwala molunjika ndikuchenjeza kuti ratowsnake yakonzeka kuukira.
Pankhaniyi, muyenera kubwerera pang'onopang'ono. M'mabulu ena, ntchentche zimatha kutayika, mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsitsa miyala kapena mizu, koma ndikalumikizana pang'ono, imapanganso. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi mawonekedwe awo amaperekedwa pagome pansipa.
Zofunika. Simungathe kutembenukiranso ku njoka, chifukwa mwanjira imeneyi mutha kuphonya mphindi yakuwukiridwa.
Gome. Mitundu yodziwika bwino yamatambala
Mayina a rattlesnake | Kufotokozera | Kufalitsa | Vutoli |
Imodzi mwa njoka zofala kwambiri pakati pa pitheads. Ili ndi thupi locheperako koma lakuthwa (kutalika 1.7-2.5 m, kulemera makilogalamu 0.6-7.1) ndi mutu waukulu. Pali magawo 14 kapena kuposerapo mu rattle. Mtunduwu umayambira imvi mpaka bulauni, mawonekedwewo ali ngati mawanga amdima akuda ndi mikwingwirima, pam mchira pamakhala mikwingwirima yakuda. | Madera akumwera kwa USA (komanso kum'mawa kwa dzikolo) Ndi Canada, kumpoto kwa Mexico. Ogwira ntchito usiku ndi usana (kuzizira kwambiri mumdima). Amakonda zigwa, zigwiriro, miyala, mapiri, nkhalango ndi mitengo ya pine ndi thundu. Kunja kwa kusaka amakhala m'nyumba. | Poizoni ndi myoto-, hemoto-, cytotoxic. Kwa munthu, kuluma kumakhala kowopsa kwambiri, kumatupa kwambiri ndikuwonongeka kwa minofu kumawonedwa, nthawi zambiri kumamupha. | |
Osati njoka yayikulu kwambiri, kukula kwa munthu kumakhala pafupifupi kuchokera mita ndi theka, wokhala ndi chopondera chachikulu komanso chosabisa. Thupi limakhala lotalikirana ndi mchira wawung'ono, wopakidwa utoto wobiriwira mpaka imvi, mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mawanga ozungulira kumbuyo. | Ku Canada, zigawo za Alberta ndi Saskatchewan, ku United States komanso zigawo za Mexico zomwe zidawadutsa. Amakhala malo ouma kapena malo achipululu pang'ono, okhala ndi zomera zamiyala ndi miyala, ndipo amakwera mapiri a 2,5 kupita kumapiri. Zakudya zausiku, masana amakhala m'malo obisika kapena pansi pa miyala. | Poizoniyu amayambitsa poizoni wovuta kwambiri, umunthu umakhala wachiwiri kwa Texas rattlesnake. Njoka ili m'malo achiwiri pakati pa mitunduyi pakulumidwa pafupipafupi kwa anthu. | |
Njoka yapakati imachokera kutalika kwotalika mpaka mamita awiri, yokhala ndi thupi lowonda komanso mutu waukulu. Anthuwa ndi achikasu achikuda (otupa bulauni) ndipo mawanga akuda ofanana ndi khungu. | Kummawa ndi kumpoto kwa USA, kumpoto kwa Mexico komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Canada. Imakonda kukhazikika pamiyala yam'mera ndi masamba ochepa: imakhala nthawi zambiri pafupi ndi mitsinje, madambo ndi agrocenoses. Kusaka usiku. | Poizoniyu ndi woopsa, koma sikuti nthawi zonse imabweretsa munthu wamkulu wathanzi, kuluma kumakhala kowopsa kwa ana ndi okalamba. | |
Makulidwe amodzi apakatikati, mpaka 0.9-1.2 mita m'litali. Utoto umatengera chilengedwe - kuyambira zoyera kapena zapinki mpaka imvi komanso zofiirira. Mtundu wa ma rhombuse, mawanga kapena ayi. | Osintha kumwera chakumadzulo kwa United States komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Mexico. Amakonda kukhazikika m'matanthwe, nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakati pa zitsamba ndi cacti, ndipo sichikwera pamwamba pa 1.5 km. | Ndizachilendo kuti m'malo ena mawonekedwe amomwe poizoni amapangidwira amakhala osaneneka. Poizoni amawonetsa proteinolytic, hemorrhagic katundu. Anthu samaluma nthawi zambiri, pomwe wolakwiridwayo akumva kuwawa, kutupa kwambiri komanso kuwonongeka. Imfa ndizovuta. | |
Thupi laling'ono kuyambira 0,4 mpaka 0,8 m, mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ndi kupezeka kwa nyanga zolunjika pamaso, monga zikuwonekera pachithunzichi. Utoto wake ndi mchenga, pathupi pali mawonekedwe kuchokera pamitundu ingapo yoyera, m'mbali mwake ndi yaying'ono komanso yamdima. | Zipululu ndi malo ouma a USA. Imakonda nyengo youma, yomwe nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'misika. | Poizoni poyerekeza ndi ena oimira mtunduwo sikuti poizoni, koma kuluma ndikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito katemera. Zotsatira za Lethal ndizosowa. | |
Massasauga - malo ocheperako (0.5-0.8 m). Mtunduwo ndi imvi yakuda ndi mamba oyera omwe amapanga mawanga amdima. Mutu wake ndiwosalala komanso wotambalala. | kumpoto kwa Amerika | Poizoniyo si wowopsa, koma imabweretsa kuwonongeka kwamkati wamanjenje, ma hematomas ndi zotupa. | |
Kukula kwake sikupita masentimita 0,8, ndikokhala ndi chizungulire chaching'ono, mchirawo umakhala ndi zingwe zazikulu. Thupi lokhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola, motero dzinalo. Utoto ndi wosiyana - kuchokera ku imvi kupita ku utoto wopepuka wokhala ndi mawanga amdima. | South Arizona (USA), State of Sonora (Mexico). Mitunduyi imangokhala malo abata okhaokha, matanthwe ndi zithunzithunzi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka pakati pamitengo ya cacti komanso prickly. | Njoka ndiyowopsa, pali mitsempha yambiri mu poizoni, motero munthu amafunika thandizo loyenerera mwachangu, apo ayi kufa kungachitike. |
Kuyamikira. Kupita kumapiri ndi zipululu za North America, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale ndi malita awiri amadzi ndi inu (zimathandizira kuchepetsa kuledzera panthawi yakuluma) ndi zida zoyambira zokhala ndi zida zothandizira kuluma njoka. Ngati kulumikizana kosafunikira sikunachitikebe, ndikofunikira kwambiri kupita kuchipatala mwachangu.
Zizindikiro Zowonongeka
Chifukwa chakuluma, amodzi, nthawi zambiri amawombera kawiri kuchokera pama fangati akuluakulu a rattlesnake. Poyamba, kupweteka, kuyaka pamalo a zotupa kumamveka. Kutupa kumakula msanga, khungu limasintha - malowo amatembenuka kukhala amtambo kapena wotuwa.
Zizindikiro zambiri za poyizoni zimawonetsedwa:
- kufooka, kutentha thupi,
- kusanza, kusanza,
- thukuta lomwe limagwira
- kutuluka kwa malovu
- dzanzi la miyendo
- kupuma movutikira,
- kuchepa kowoneka bwino.
Kuluma kwa rattlesnake kumakhala kowopsa chifukwa poizoni amawononga mitsempha yamagazi, m'magazi, ndikupanga kutulutsa kwamphamvu kwamkati.
Kuluma chowopsa
Zotsatira za njoka yam'mimba zimayendetsedwa ndi zinthu zambiri: komwe kuli zotupa, kuchuluka kwa punctures, psychophysical state of the sea, kukula kwa njoka. Kuyandikira kwambiri muubongo, kumakhala kowopsa kwambiri.
Kupereka chithandizo chamankhwala panthawi yake ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ndikosavuta kuneneratu za momwe poizoniyo amadzadziwonetsera yekha. Zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri zimayamba kuluma kangapo chifukwa mankhwalawa amadzakulanso.
Ndi zotupa zazikulu zimachitika:
- anaphylactic shock,
- zotupa zamkati,
- kulephera kwa impso
- kukomoka,
- minofu necrosis.
Anthu opulumuka amakhalabe olumala, kuchira kwanthawi yayitali.
Njira zopulumutsira panthawi yoyenera zimapatsa mwayi mwayi wochira kwathunthu.
Chisamaliro Chachangu
Kuluma koyamba kwa njoka, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti ichokere pamtunda wotetezedwa, chifukwa kuyambanso kuchitika kungachitike. Sikufunika kuwononga mphamvu pakugwira, kubwezerani, chiwopsezo chokhala pangozi yayikulu kungochulukira.
Thandizo lenileni ndikuyitanitsa ogwira ntchito zachipatala kuti akhazikitse seramu kuchokera ku poizoni ya njoka - antivenin. Ngati malonda akupezeka kwa wina wapafupi, ndiye kuti muyenera kuyika nokha.
Malangizo othandiza:
- Wovutitsidwa amayenera kuyendetsa pang'ono momwe angathere, sungani malo oluma m'munsi mwa mtima, kuti musathandizire kusunthira kwa poizoni kudzera m'mitsempha yamagazi, kuti singakulitse vutoli.
- osaphika bala ndi madzi - madokotala amazindikira msanga ma anti-venin omwe ali ndi chithandizo,
- zolakwika ndikuyesera kuphera mabala ndi mowa - zotsatira za vasodilation zimangoyambitsa kuyamwa kwa poizoni. Ngakhale kuduladula miyendo sikumabweretsa zotsatira zomwe mukufuna,
- zovala zolimba, malamba, malamba ayenera kuchotsedwa, chifukwa chotupa chachikulu chizitsatira,
- lolani kuti magazi ake atuluke - mbali ina ya poizoni ichotsedwe,
- osadula bala - matenda angakulitse vutolo.
Ntchito yayikulu ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kuledzera ngati kuluma kwa rattlesnake. Zotsatira zake ndizosiyana: kuchokera ku kuchiritsa kwathunthu mpaka kulumala, imfa.
Udzu wabwino kwambiri umatheka popereka chisamaliro chothandiza pakatha mphindi 30 kuluma. M'masiku atatu otsatira, ngati palibe njira zomwe zingachitike kuti muteteze thupi chifukwa cha njoka, kuwononga kwathunthu ntchito zolimbitsa thupi kudzachitika.
Njira yabwino kwambiri yolumikizira kuluma ndiyo kusamala, kudziwa za njoka mdera lomwe akukhala, kuthekera kodzithandiza okha komanso anthu ena.
Kuluma
Poizoni amalowa m'thupi la wovulalayo kudzera m'miyendo iwiri yakutsogolo, yofunikiranso kuti agwire wovulalayo, chifukwa ndi wamkulu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo pali mano ang'ono, osadziwika.
Pakasungunuka, ma sumu owopsa amachotsedwa, koma ziphe zimapitilizabe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa malingaliro olakwika owopsa: njoka ikaluma munthu, koma palibe chomwe chimatsata pakhungu monga mabala awiri akulu okhala ndi njoka zapoizoni. M'malo mwake, pakhoza kukhala ma punctenti angapo ang'onoang'ono, koma poizoni, wotsika nsagwada, amalowa m'mabala awa, kotero kulumikizana koteroko ndi koopsa.
Zotsatira zamphamvu zolumidwa ndi ratigsnake ndizovuta kulosera. Zambiri zimatengera mtundu ndi kukula kwa munthu, mwachitsanzo, Texas rattlesnake imatha kupha munthu mosavuta. Udindo wofunikira umachitika ndi zaka komanso thanzi la wozunzidwayo.
Zindikirani. Kuyandikira kwambiri kumutu, kumakhala kowopsa kwambiri pamoyo.
Njokayo ikhoza kuwombera kangapo kapena kusindikiza mobwerezabwereza, kuti mankhwalawo akhale ochuluka, ndipo mwayi wakufa ukakulirakulira. Mlingo wa poizoni zimadalira mphamvu kuluma payokha.
Ngakhale zili choncho, sizingatheke kumvetsetsa kuchuluka kwa sumu zomwe zalowa m'thupi, chifukwa chake muyenera kulumikizana ndi madokotala kuti athandizidwe posachedwa. Nthawi zambiri, muyenera kulowa seramu yapadera, yomwe imachepetsa mavuto ake.
Muyenera kudziwa
Makina oyang'anira makutu alibe makutu, kotero, ngakhale mawu amphamvu satha kuwawopsa, koma amatha kumva kugwedezeka (mwachitsanzo, kuchokera pakuwombera). Zomvekera zamafuta zimapezeka pakati pa maso, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zizitha kuwona bwino nyama zokhala ndi magazi ofunda ngakhale mumdima wathunthu, ndipo zolandilira kumaso kwa lilime zimakhala zolimba kwambiri kuposa kafungo ka munthu, kotero mukakhala pafupi ndi rattlesnake usiku, munthu samatha kumuwona poyamba. Pachifukwachi, simukuyenera kuyenda mumdima popanda kuunika kudzera m'malo azizilombo zoopsa.
Ngati sikunali kotheka kuwona munthu yemwe akulumayo kapena munthuyu sakudziwa kuti njokayo ndi yoopsa bwanji, ndiye kuti muyenera kulabadira zomwe zikuwoneka. Ululu wamatenda am'mimba umapangitsa kupweteka kwambiri, redness ndi kutupa.
Kenako chizungulire, mseru, ndi malungo nthawi zambiri zimayamba. Mtima umayamba kugunda mwachangu, zimachitika. Pamaso pa zizindikiro zotere, muyenera kupita kuchipatala mwachangu kuti mukalandire chithandizo choyenera chamankhwala. Zikatere, nthawi imagwira ntchito mwachangu ndipo momwe munthu amafulumira kupita kwa dotolo, amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo.
Zofunika. Simungathe kukhudza njoka zakufa kapena mutu wosemedwa. Pambuyo pa kumwalira, ziwonetsero zimapitilira kwakanthawi ndipo pamakhala kuthekera kwakukulu kuti akakumana, zida za chibwano zimagwirizana ndipo munthuyo alumidwa.
Malangizo othandizira
Mukaluma, ndikofunikira kuti mukhale chete. Izi zikuthandizira kupenda bwino momwe zinthu ziliri, kupewa zolakwa ndikudziteteza kuti usakopeke ndi nyama.
Njoka pazokha zimayesetsa kupewa kucheza ndi anthu ndikuwopseza pokhapokha podziteteza. Kuukira nyama zankhondo nthawi zonse kumakhala koyenera chifukwa cha munthu amene wapangitsa kuti agome kapena kuti akhumudwe mwangozi.
Zofunika. Ndikofunika kuyesa kukumbukira njokayo, mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ake, komanso bwino kutenga chithunzi. Izi ndizosavuta popeza aliyense ali ndi zida zamagetsi. Kudziwa mtundu wa nyama, zimakhala zosavuta kwa madokotala kusankha katemera ndi njira zochizira.
Kodi tiyenera kuchita chiyani
- Chokani kutali ndi rattlesnake kupita patali. Muyenera kukhala atcheru, chifukwa pakhoza kukhala njoka zina kuzungulira.
- Wovutitsidwayo amayenera kukhala m'malo oyang'anitsitsa (mtima ndi wokwera kuposa pamimba) ndikukhalabe m'malo opumira. Chiwalo cha mwana chitha kukhazikika ndi tayala, chifukwa chomaliza ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito matabwa kapena timitengo tambiri.
- Ngati kuluma kudutsa zovala, kuyenera kuchotsedwa kapena kung'ambika, chifukwa mwina pakhale poizoni.
- Wovutitsidwayo sayenera kukhala ndi mphete, miyala yamtengo wapatali kapena zovala zolimba. Zonsezi pamwambapa zimayenera kuchotsedwa, chifukwa minofu yake imatupa ndipo ndikofunikira kupewa kupsinjika. Kuphatikizika kwa khosi kumakhala kowopsa kwambiri.
- Yesani kuyamwa mankhwalawo ndi kamwa yanu (chifukwa mutha kugwiritsa ntchito gawo lapadera, lomwe limagulitsidwa m'malo omwe zosefera zimagawidwa). Kuchita izi, kulanda khungu kuzungulira bala ndi kutikita minofu, izi zikuthandizira kukulitsa mabowo. Kenako yambani kuyamwa. Izi zitha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati mulibe zotupa zotulutsa magazi mkamwa. Tula pansi sucrose. Kudula chilonda sikofunikira, kumangathandizira kuyamwa kwa poizoni. Muyeso uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo. Kutalika kwake ndi mphindi 15, chifukwa patatha nthawi yambiri poizoniyo umalowa mkatikati ndipo sizotheka kuuchotsa.
- Pambuyo muzitsuka bala ndi madzi. Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito sopo kapena antiseptic wopanda mtundu. Cholinga ndicho kukonzanso khungu lowonongeka komanso kupewa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tating'onoting'ono kulowa mkati mwake. Iodini kapena zobiriwira zowala bwino zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuwona ngati adokotala akuyesa bala.
- Tsamba lolumalo limakutidwa ndi nsalu, koma osati lolimba (kuti lisasokonezedwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ulendo) kuti chala cholozera chimadutsa pakati pa bandeji ndi bandeji. Kuchita kotereku kumachepetsa magazi, chifukwa chake zotsatira zoyipa sizingafulumira.
- Ndikofunika kutengera munthu wovulalayo kupita naye kuchipatala m'manja mwake, pagalimoto kapena pagalimoto, chifukwa sayenera kuyenda - zolimbitsa thupi kumawonjezera poyizoni.
- Muperekezeni wodwala kuchipatala chapafupi kwambiri. Monga lamulo, muzipatala za USA, Canada ndi Mexico, komwe rattlesnakes amakhala, pali mankhwala. Vutoli limakhala loipa kwambiri ngati kuluma zobisika zomwe zili m'mabwalo amtunda, mwachitsanzo, ku Russia kapena ku Ukraine kulibe mankhwala oletsa kuponderezana.
Zofunika. Kuluma kuyenera kukhala pansi pamlingo wamtima, komabe, nthambiyo siyiyenera kutsamira, chifukwa poizoniyu adzalowetsedwamo, ndipo pamtunduwu sayenera kuloledwa kuteteza minofu necrosis.
Zochita Zomwe Zingavulaze
Ngati njoka yam'madzi yayuma, njira zotsatirazi sizingatenge:
- Ikani chopondera pamwamba pa bala.Izi zimachepetsa kufalikira, koma zizikhazikika m'miyendo, zomwe zimakhala ndi mavuto akulu. Choyamba, poizoni akuyamba kuwononga minofu, kuyambitsa necrosis ndipo, chifukwa chake, mwendo udzafunika kudulidwatu, kenako, mutachotsa ulendowu, osati mapuloteni owopsa omwe adayambitsidwa ndi njokayo, komanso zinthu zowola zomwe zimathandizira kwambiri poizoni wa thupi, zidzalowa mu heme ndi lymph.
- Kumwa mowa kapena khofi wina ayi kungasokoneze poizoni.
- Konzani bala.
- Simungathe kuchita mantha. Izi zimapangitsa kuti gwero la adrenal lipange mahomoni a steroid, omwe angakulitse magazi, kuwonjezera magazi ndi kuthamanga kwa mtima. Momwe munthu wakhudzidwayo angadere nkhawa, zinthu zapoizoni zimafalikira mthupi lonse.
- Kusuntha. Masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe munthu woluma amawonetsa kwambiri, ndipo mankhwalawo amayambitsidwa ndi magazi.
- Gwirani njoka. Pali malingaliro oyenera kupha chiweto kapena kugwira (njira yocheperako) chifukwa chotsimikizidwa ndi kutsimikiza kwa mankhwalawo. Kuyesayesa koteroko sikofunikira, chifukwa kumatha kuyambitsa kuluma kwatsopano komanso kuphatikizanso kwa poizoni m'thupi.
Njira zopewera
Ma Rattlesnake ndi amtendere ndipo popanda chifukwa sakhala oyamba kuwukira munthu. Koma pokhala zachilengedwe, muyenera kumvetsetsa kuti, kwenikweni, anthu amayendera zinyama, chifukwa chake sizingatheke kuyang'ana kuzunza ngati chowona pamene chithocho chinakwawira mu hema. Njira yayikulu yodzitetezera si kuyandikira nkhanuzi kapena kuzikhudza, ngakhale ndi ndodo yayitali.
Mutha kupewa kuluma ngati:
- Pewani mabowo, zibowo, mabowo ndi malo pansi pa miyala pomwe zotsalira zingapezeke.
- mwachilengedwe kuti muwoneke nsapato, matumba ogona, mahema ndi zinthu zina momwe alendo osakhudzidwa amatha kukwera,
- pakukhazikitsa misasa pachilumbachi kapena m'chipululu, makomo onse okhalamo azitsekedwa.
M'mawa, samalani ndi mabokosi, zotengera, ndi zinthu zina zomwe nyama zimatha kukwera usiku, mwachitsanzo, zimatha kubisala kuchokera kumdzuwa mumithunzi yagalimoto kapena ngolo.