Bango kapena chotchinga (lat. Circus aeruginosus) ndi wa banja la Hawk (Accipitridae). Dzinali limachokera ku liwu lakale lachi Greek loti kirkos, lotanthauza "bwalo". Zinaperekedwa kwa achifwamba, omwe ali ndi chizolowezi chozungulira mozungulira, akufunafuna nyama. Komabe, njirayi yosakira ndiyachilengedwe wamba (Circus cyaneus) kuposa mwezi wambiri.

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, anthu akucheperachepera chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe idachitika ku Europe kukhetsa ma swamp. Anayamba kuchira pang'onopang'ono kuyambira m'ma 1970. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, anthu 20-25,000 amapezeka ku Central Europe, ndi 40-60 zikwi ziwiri ku Europe ku Russia. Chiwerengero chonse chikuyerekezedwa pakati pa mbalame zazikulu 100-180.

Kufalitsa

Malo omwe amakhala amakhala ku Europe komanso madera akumadzulo kwa Asia. Ku Europe, mitunduyi palibe ku Ireland ndi kumpoto kwa Scandinavia. Kummwera, malire akumalire amayenda mphepete mwa North Africa kudutsa Turkey ndi Middle East kupita ku Siberia.

Mbalame zokhala ku Europe nyengo yozizira kum'mwera kwa Sahara ku Africa kuchokera ku Senegal kupita ku Ethiopia ndi Mozambique. Malo awo osambira nthawi yachisanu amagwirizana pang'ono ndi zinthu zosaka za mwezi wa ku Africa wotchedwa marus (Circus ranivorus), wokhala moyo wokhazikika. Anthu aku Asia nthawi yozizira ku India, Myanmar ndi Sri Lanka.

Mbalamezi zimawulukira kumwera chakumapeto kwa Julayi komanso kumayambiriro kwa Ogasiti, ndipo zimawulukira zisa zawo kuyambira mwezi wa February mpaka Epulo.

Pali ma subspecies awiri. Masabusikiripishoni amasankhidwa kuchokera ku Western Europe kupita ku Central Asia. Masapulogalamu a Circus aeruginosus harteri amakhala ku Morocco, Algeria ndi Tunisia.

Izi ndizosangalatsanso!

Mchenga wotchinga ndi nthumwi yina ya zilombo zokhala ndi mapiko ochokera kubanja la hawk. Moti marsh, omwe amakhala makamaka m'malo otentha a ku Eurasia, ndi okulirapo kuposa munda wake komanso abale ake. Ngakhale atha kudzipatula mwaluso kwa adani, lero ndikotheka kukumana ndi mbalame yokhala bango kumalo osungira nyama ndi malo achilengedwe kuposa malo oyandikira matupi amadzi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chofunafuna osaka ndi kuwononga chilengedwe chake - marshland, osinthidwa mwanjira yakulima.

Chofunikira kwambiri ndi mbalame, yomwe kuchuluka kwake kukuchepa, ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe apadera azikhalidwe, zomwe timaganizira pansipa.

Zambiri zakunja ndi zithunzi

Ndi thupi laling'ono kuchokera pa masentimita 45 mpaka 60, mapiko a mwezi wadzuwa umawoneka wamtengo wapatali ndi 1.5 mita. Ndi mapiko ambiri, sizodabwitsa kuti mwezi umakopa chidwi cha omwe akuwona. Kulemera kwa munthu kumafikira 500 mpaka 750 magalamu. Mbalame yomwe ndi yosavuta kukwera imasakabe kuti isawuluke pamwamba, koma kuti ikwere pamwamba mokongola.

Zosangalatsa zazikazi zazikazi zimakhala zazikulu kuposa zazimuna ndipo zimakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, wokhala ndi masamba pang'ono pamutu ndi pamutu. Zowonjezera zazimuna ndi zochulukirapo komanso zowala bwino phale la utoto, ndipo zimakhala ndi imvi ndi zofiirira, zoyera ndi zakuda.

Nthenga zophimba za ma swamp mwezi zimasiyanasiyana ndi zaka komanso kutengera nthawi ya chaka. Mlomo wowumbika, wakuda bii komanso wowonda, nsapato zomwezo, zomwe zimathandiza kusaka.

Mitundu: Circus aeruginosus (Linnaeus, 1758) = Dambo [bango] lun

Mawonekedwe: Mbalame yaing'onoting'ono yapakatikati yokhala ndi mapiko atali ndi mchira wautali. Yaikulu kwambiri komanso yotakata mwezi. Tizilomboti timakaso zachikaso, nthawi zambiri zowala kuposa mwezi wina. Wamphongo ndi wakuda. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira, komwe kumakhala kuphimba mapiko. Mapikowo ndi opepuka kapena amtambo, koma malekezero a primaries ndi akuda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mapiko azikhala ndi mitundu itatu (maziko ake ndi a bulauni, pakati ndi aimvi kapena oyera, mathero ake ndi akuda). Mchirawo ndi wa imvi kapena wonyezimira komanso wamtundu wowala. Mimba imakhala yofiyira kapena yofiirira. Mutu ndi mmero ndizobowola, ndimayendedwe amtundu wautali wakuda. Maso ake ndi achikaso.

Akazi amakhala amtundu wakuda wakuda wokhala ndi mitundu yakuda yamapiko (pamutu wakuda). Pamwamba pamutu ndi kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi kofiyira kapena golide. Khosi lili lofiira kapena loyera. Mapewa kutsogolo amakhala ofiira kapena agolide. Maso ndi a bulauni.

Kulemera 0,4-0.8 kg, kutalika - 48-55 cm, mapiko a amuna - 37.2-42.0, akazi - 40.5-43.5 cm, mapiko a mapiko - 110-145 cm.

Ang'ono, ofiira akuda, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino pamwamba pa zokutira ndi zoyambira zopepuka zoyambira. Maso ndi a bulauni. Mwambiri, achichepere amafanana ndi achikazi, koma opanda chipewa chagolide komanso mtundu wagolide kutsogolo kwa phewa. Amuna achikulire oyembekezera (azaka zitatu) okhala ndi ma buluku oyenda ndi ma hemms, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi nsapato zakuda zofiirira pamwamba ndi pansi.

Chovala choyambirira cha anapiye ndi choyera chikasu, chachiwiri - ndi malo amdima pafupi ndi maso.

Zimawuluka kwambiri pansi, ngati kuti ukuuluka, ndi mapiko osowa. Mapiko amagwira mwamphamvu kukweza (V-mawonekedwe), olimba kwambiri kuposa ma buzzards (genus Buteo). Kuchokera mwezi wina (Circus ssp.) Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wakuda, wachilendo kwambiri, ndi mapiko ena onse.

Habitat

Chimakhala m'madambo akuluakulu okhala ndi masamba abwino okhala ndi masamba komanso zitsime zokulirapo. Zovala za sphagnum, zokhala ndi sedge, zopewa, kapena zisa siziyenera kukhala zambiri, zimakonda nthito zazitali zamabango.

Ma bedi a mabango pama dziwe lalikulu, malo osungira ndi dziwe ndimakonda malo ocheperako. Madera okhala m'nkhalango ndi omwe amakhala ndi mitundu yambiri. Imangokhala, osati maenje okha ndi nyanja, komanso ma bango ambiri, ndi nsapato zazitali. Mulinso zisa mu mitsinje ya madzi osefukira wokhala ndi mabango, pamiyala yakale yamadzi komanso m'nkhalango.

Kudera la steppe, kumakhala kofala kwambiri m'madambo, mitsinje ya mitsinje ndi madambo amchere amchere.

Jacks

Monga lamulo, chisa chimakhala pakati pa madzi pamtunda wocheperako kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pamiyala yokhazikika yokhala ngati bango kapena malo ogulitsira, pa hummock, nthawi zambiri nthawi zonse imazunguliridwa ndi masamba apamwamba.

Nyumbayi ndi yopanda matenga omera mabango, amphaka ndi mabango, osasakanizidwa ndi nthambi za msondodzi. Kutengera chinyezi cha chida chopangira nesting, chimatha kukhala chathyathyathya (pa hummock) kapena chachikulu mu mawonekedwe a cholembera chokhazikika (m'madzi osaya). Thireyi imakhala ndi mapesi a chimanga, ma sedges komanso mahatchi. Socket miyeso: mainchesi 42 cm, kutalika 18 cm, thireyi mainchesi 20 cm, thireyi kuya 6 cm.

Mukamayamwa mazira atatu mpaka 7, nthawi zambiri mazira 4-5. Mtundu wa mazirawo ndi oyera, amtundu kapena wobiriwira. Nthawi zina pamakhala kaphokoso kowoneka bwino kwambiri pamazira. Kukula kwa dzira: 42.0-57.0 x 34.4-42.5 mm, wapakati pa 49.59 x 38.49 mm.

Yaikazi imakhala mwamphamvu, komabe, ikafika pachisa cha munthu, imasiya kaye pasadakhale ndikuwuluka pang'ono patali. Zisokonekera, mbalame zazikulu zimawuluka ndikufuula kutali ndi chisa ndipo sizimenya.

Mtunda pakati pa zisa za awiriawiri m'magulu amakulu, makamaka pamafamu akuluakulu am'madzi kapena m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, umasiyana pakati pa 200 mpaka 800, kawirikawiri mamitala 500. M'malo okhala zochepa, zisa za marsh mu 1-5 km, nthawi zambiri 2,5 km ya nthunzi kuchokera awiriawiri, modutsa - opitilira 5 km.

Zotsatira za moyo

Makhalidwe a moyo atha kukhala chifukwa cha zotsalira za mbalame zam'madzi zapafupi, zomwe mwezi wathunthu umabwatula pamalo ogwidwa, atakhala m'mabango (mitundu ina yonse imayesa kuthawa m'nkhokwe ndi wozunzidwayo). Zotsalira za chakudya chake ndi gulu la nthenga ndi mafupa onse a miyendo, olekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake. Mkati samadya. Munthawi ya chisa, mwezi wa mbalame umangotuluka, ndi kunyamula mtembowo ku chisa.

Kudya muskrat (Ondatra holimothica) nthawi yosasanjidwa kumadyako pomwe pamagwera pafupi ndi malo okuta nyama. Zotsalira za muskrat zimakhala zowonjezera pakhungu lonse ndi mafupa a miyendo yotembenukira kunja. Mutu wa nyamayo sunakhudzidwe kapena nyamayo idyedwa pang'ono kuti ichotsedwe, chigaza chimakhala chokwanira kapena chosweka pang'ono m'chigawo chake cha occipital ndi nsagwada yotsika, mzere wa vertebral umatha kukhala wophatikizidwa ndi khungu kapena wong'ambika ndipo pafupi nawo. Nthawi zina imaphwanyidwa zidutswa zingapo.

Nthawi zambiri amasesa zisa za mbalame zam'madzi zapafupi ndimakanda, kumwa mazira mwachindunji zisa za wothandizidwayo, atadula nkholomo ndi mulomo wake.

Zingwezo ndizazikulu, zowondera (ngakhale zimakhala ndi nthenga za mbalame), maonekedwe ake nthawi zambiri amakhala amvi, ngakhale amasintha kukhala akuda, koma opepuka kuposa a kanyumbayo. Mosiyana ndi mwezi wina, kobwezeretsa mafupa mumtambo ndi 5-10%. Pogode imakhala ndi zotsalira za muskrat, ma voles am'madzi (mu poto imodzi imakhala ndi zotsalira za nyama ziwiri), mbalame zam'madzi pafupi (abakha Anass sp., Grebes Podiceps ssp., Sandpipers Tringa ssp., Cowgirls Rallidae ssp.). M'mazenera, ophatikizana ndi nthenga za mbalame, ma helmoni ndi mauluka otsetsereka amawombedwa kawiri, katatu. Kukula kwa zitunda ndi 6.0-8.5 x 2.5-3.5 cm. Mosiyana ndi m'mbali, mwezi wina samadyetsa mbalame zazikulu, makamaka abakha (nthawi zina amapeza teas Anas crecca & A. Querquedula meadow harrier Circus pygargus, koma nthito zake ndizocheperako).

Matcheniwo ndi ofanana ndi a ma kite (Milvus migrans), koma okongola komanso kutalika kwa chala chakumbuyo ndizowirikiza kawiri - 1.5-2 masentimita. Chala chakumbuyo chimakhala chachifupi kuposa chapakati, chala chakunja chimakhala chachitali pang'ono kuposa kumbuyo kwanthawi ndipo nthawi zina chimazungulira kupitirira 90o kuchokera kusindikiza kwa paw. nkhwangwa ya pakati (nthawi zambiri zala zapakatikati ndi zakunja zakumaso zimasindikiza pakona). Kukula kosindikizidwa kwa Paw: masentimita 8.0-9.0 x 7.0-8.0.Ulifupi kwa zala zakumaso ndi 0.7-0.9 cm.

Njira Zodziwitsira

Zotsatira zabwino zimapezeka ndikuwona malo okhalamo bwino kuchokera pamalo okwezeka. Njirayi imagwira ntchito nthawi iliyonse, imapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pakumanga chisa komanso podyetsa anapiye.

Pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, munthu amatha kufufuza bwino zisa za mwezi wambiri. Tsamba lokwezeka, monga lamulo, silovuta kupeza ngakhale stepep. Ngati kulibe mitengo, nsanja zopatsira mphamvu, nyumba, masitayilo, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito padenga lagalimoto nthawi zonse kuti muwunikire zomwe zikuyenda. Kuchokera kumalo okwezeka, ndikutsitsa mbalame ndikutsatsa malo ojambulidwa. Pambuyo palembetsedwe kangapo, pakakhala malo ambiri osungirako malo ndikuchotsa mbalame, muyenera kutenga azimuth ndikuwayang'ana. Mwambiri, ndizovuta kuyendayenda m'mabedi akuluakulu, motero ndikofunikira kumangiriza malo olowera kubango mothandizidwa ndi satellite navigator (GPS) ndikuyesera kumangiriza malowa, mutadutsa mtunda wopita kumalo ofunikira chisa ku azimuth, ndikusunga njira ya kukumbukira kwa GPS , yophunzitsira bwino. Pofufuza zisa, ndikofunikira kwambiri kugwirira ntchito limodzi pamene wofufuzira wina atawona malo omwe ali pamalo okwezeka ndikuyang'anitsanso malo omwe azimayi amawopa, wofufuzawo wachiwiriyo amafufuza njira yoyamba yolumikizira woyamba.

Khalidwe

Bango limakhala makamaka m'malo a mars komanso madambo onyowa pafupi ndi dziwe lomwe ladzala ndi msondodzi, mabango ndi mabango. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe, adayamba kugona m'minda yokhala ndi ogwiriridwa ndi mbewu.

Mbalame zimakhala zayekha, koma nthawi zina zimangokumana kuti zikhale limodzi. Amakonda malo otseguka ndipo amapewa kupewetsa m'nkhalango.

Mbalame zokhala ndi mbalame zouluka pansi. Kuuluka kwawo kumayenda pang'onopang'ono ndipo kumakhala pamalo okwera mamita angapo pamwamba pa masamba otsika. Mlengalenga, mwezi wadzuwa umakweza mapiko ake ngati zilembo zachilatini V ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatsitsa miyendo.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono zazing'ono, mbalame, repitili, amphibians, nsomba ndi tizilombo tambiri. Zoyambitsa nyama zimasakaza zisa za mbalame podya anapiye ndi mazira. Pazakudya zatsiku ndi tsiku, mpaka 70-80% amatanganidwa ndi nthata, abakha, nkhuku zamadzi (Gallinula chloropus) ndi ma coot (Fulica atra).

M'madera omwe muli makoswe ambiri, ma voles, makoswe amtundu, ma gopher, ana akalulu achichepere, ma hares ndi muskrats amadyedwa. Panthawi yopanda chakudya mwezi sanyoza mafuta.

Ziwombankhanga zimapha nyama zawo ndi zikhadabo zakuthwa.

Alibe malo okhazikika odulira ndi kudya nyama. Katundu wa kusaka amadyedwa komwe ndi koyenera panthawiyo.

Kuswana

M'mwezi wa Marichi, mwezi wa marshy udayamba kuwuluka zisa zawo. Atangofika, anyani amtundu amayambira kuyenda pandege. Amamera mpaka 50 mpaka 80 m ndipo mwadzidzidzi amagwa pansi ndikuyang'ana kwambiri pansi. Pothawa, nthawi zambiri yamphongo imaponyera chakudya kwa mkaziyo ngati mphatso.

Mbalame zimapanga magulu awiriawiri omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala chaka chimodzi.

Amakhala mderalo yomwe imatetezedwa kuti isatengeke ndi anthu anzawo. Dera lake limafikira mahekitala 1000.

M'mwezi wa Epulo, mbalame zimamanga chisa monga mawonekedwe a pulasitala yotalika mpaka 1 m ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 50. Ili pamalo osavomerezeka ndi olusa pakati pamiyala ikuluikulu yokhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena dziwe molunjika panthaka. Pomanga, zidutswa zofewa zam'madzi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Yaikazi imayikira mazira atatu kapena asanu ndi awiri otumbululuka. Amangowagwira okha kwa masiku 34-38. Nthawi yonseyi, mwamuna wachikondi amamubweretsera chakudya. Pakutaya masonry, amathanso kuyikira mazira.

Nthochi zimasokonekera mosiyanasiyana. Amakutidwa ndi oyera fluff. Yaikazi imakhala mchisa ndikuwawotcha kwa masiku 6 mpaka 10, kutengera kuchuluka kwa ana oswedwa ndi nyengo yanyengo. Kenako amayamba kuthandiza wamwamuna kupeza chakudya cha ana.

Nkhuku zimayamba kuchoka mchisa uli ndi zaka pafupifupi 35.

Ndipo pakapita pafupifupi sabata amakhala amphwe. Kwa pafupifupi masiku 14 mpaka 20, anapiyewo ali pafupi ndi chisa m'manja mwa makolo awo. Atalimbikitsidwa, amapatukana nawo ndikupita kukakhala payokha.

Winged Predator Habitat

Nyengo zambiri zomwe zimakhala ndi kutentha pang'ono sizikhala za mwezi wachithaphwi, chifukwa chake ambiri mwa omwe akuyimira mitunduyi amakhala ndi moyo wosamukasamuka. Amakongoletsa marshland, mizere imakhazikika pamitengo ndi m'mapiri ena, pafupi ndi posungira. Ma marsh harriers adakhala m'gawo la Europe: mwachitsanzo, ku England, Portugal, kusamukira nyengo yozizira kupita ku Africa, South Asia.

Kumene nyengo zimakhala zofatsa, mbalame zimatsogolera moyo wokhazikika, osavutikira ndi maulendo apandege: maiko Akumadzulo ndi Kumwera kwa Europe, Middle East, Northeast Africa ndi chilumba cha Madagascar, America ndi Australia. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mwezi wokhazikika uli ku Italiya, ndipo nthawi yozizira kuchuluka kwawo kumawonjezeka chifukwa cha abale "akumpoto" omwe akufika.

Kufotokozera

Kutalika kwa bango mwezi ndi 48-56 masentimita, mchirawo ndi 21-25 masentimita. Mapikowo ndi masentimita 100-130. Akazi amalemera 500-700 g, ndipo amuna 300-600 g.Mapiko ndi mchira ndizitali. Mchira wake ndi wopapatiza komanso wozungulira.

Kugonana kwamanyazi kumaonekera bwino. Akazi ndi okulirapo. Pamwamba pamutu pawo, pakhosi ndi mapiko ndi zofiirira zakuda kapena zonona. Malo owala amawoneka pa chifuwa.

Amuna ali ndi nsana zofiirira komanso mapiko a tricolor, opentedwa ndi phulusa laimvi, okhala ndi chingwe chakutali pakati ndi nsonga zakuda. Mchirawo ndi imvi, mutu ndi chifuwa ndi zoyera chikasu. Pansi pamunsi pali zofiirira. Miyendo yake ndi yachikaso, pali chimbale chamaso kuzungulira maso.

Mbalame zazing'ono ndizofanana ndi zazikazi, koma zimakhala ndi mitu yakuda yokhala ndi malo ochepa achikaso kumbuyo kwa mutu.

Mu vivo, chotchinga chotchinga chimakhala zaka 12 mpaka 17.

Zakudya ndi zizolowezi

Ngakhale kuuluka pang'ono komanso kuwoneka bwino, chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yokalamba komanso yodikira. Nyama za Mooney zimadyetsa zazing'ono zazing'ono zazikazi (akalulu, agologolo pansi) ndi makoswe, koma zikukhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi, mwezi wa marsh umaphatikizapo mafoni am'madzi - abakha, achule, nsomba - m'zakudya zawo.

Nyama yokhala ndi mbewa imasaka, monga kumangoyendayenda pamwamba pamadzi kapena pamadzi, kutsatira mosamala nyama, kenako modzidzimutsa kuchokera m'nkhokwe. Madambo otentha amatha kuwononga zisa za mbalame zina, mbalame zazing'ono, kudya mazira ndi anapiye omwe amapezeka, mbalame zazing'onoting'ono zimathanso kudya.