Mtunduwu umadziwika mosazindikira ndi mulomo wake wochepa thupi woweramira m'mwamba, wosiyanitsa ndi mitundu yayikulu yakuda ndi utali wamtambo wamtambo. Achinyamata, ziwembu zakuda zamtundu wakuda ndi zofiirira.

Kugawa. Zosamukira, kuzungulira ndipo, m'malo ena, kukhazikika nyama zomwe zimapezeka ku Eurasia ndi Africa. Kugawidwa mosiyanasiyana ku Europe, kumakhala makamaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nyengo zakum'mwera kwa mtundu, mpaka ku chigwa cha Mediterranean ndi Africa. Ku Italiya, anthu okhala ndi zisa 1,200-1,800 Apa, anthu 4,000-7,500 ojambulidwa amakhala nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira, makamaka mphepete mwa Adriatic ndi ku Sardinia.

Habitat. Imakhala m'malo otentha amchere pafupi ndi madzi amchere, makamaka m'malo amatope ndi matope ozunguliridwa ndi madzi, kotseguka kapena ndi masamba ochepa. M'malo ena, shiloklyuvk amatha kuwoneka pamtunda wamadzi abwino.

Biology. Amapanga mitundu, nthawi zambiri imakhazikika limodzi ndi mbalame zina zam'madzi, zokolola ndi ma tern. Kuyambira Epulo mpaka Juni, imayikira mazira anayi a bulauni omwe amakhala ndi madontho amdima, omwe makolo onse amadzimbira masiku 23-25. Nkhupakupa zimakhala zokhala ndi mapiko pazaka pafupifupi 35-45. Maboni amodzi pachaka. Mawu amalimbikira, amafanana ndi phokoso la chitoliro. Zakudyazo zimakhala ndi ma invertebrates. Imawuluka mwachangu, ngakhale kuti mapiko ake akuchedwa.

Chochititsa chidwi. Shiloklyuv amadyetsa madzi osaya, pomwe amachepetsa mulomo ndikuwasunthira mbali ndi mbali, kufalitsa dothi ndikugwira nyama. Imayandama mosavuta komanso mokongola, ndikutheka kwa mphamvu yokoka yapita mtsogolo.

Chitetezo. M'malo ena osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwamtunduwu kumatsika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa chilengedwe, koma m'malo otetezedwa zikuwonekeranso.

Shiloklyuvka (Recurvirostra avosetta)

Maonekedwe a Sinthani

Kuchokera kutali, shiloklyuv akhoza kukhala wolakwika chifukwa chodalira. Komabe, mukayang'anitsitsa, imakhala mbalame yodziwika bwino, yopezekamo, yosasiyana ndi mitundu ina iliyonse. Choyambirira chomwe chikugwira diso lanu ndi mlomo wautali, woonda, womwe umakhazikika pakatikati - mawonekedwewo amasiyanitsa mbalame ndi mawonekedwe ake okongola komanso ofanana, pomwe mulomo ndi wowongoka komanso wamfupi. Shiloklyuv ndiwokulirapo - kutalika kwake ndi 42-46 masentimita, mapiko 67-77 masentimita. Zowonjezerazo zimakhala zoyera kwambiri, kupatula kachiwongola chakuda, chomwe chimafika mpaka kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi gawo lakumaso kwa khosi, komanso mikwingwirima yakuda pamapiko. Mchirawo ndi waufupi komanso wowongoka. Miyendo ndiyabwino, imakhala ndi timinyewa tosambira. Utawaleza ndi wakuda bii. Amphongo ndi zazikazi pafupifupi sizimasiyana kukula kwake ndi mtundu wina ndi mzake, kupatula kuti mkati mwa mulomo wamkatiwo mumatha kuwunikira pang'ono, ndipo mphete yoyera imawoneka pafupi ndi diso. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, matani akuda mumapulogalamu amasinthidwa ndi bulauni lakuda, nthawi zina bulauni. Sizipanga subspecies.

Kusintha Kwa

Pamtunda, shiloklyuk mwina imathamanga kwambiri, imagwada pansi ndikutambasula khosi lalitali, kapena, m'malo mwake, imayenda pang'onopang'ono, ikuwonetsa mapiko ake. Nthawi zina imakhota miyendo yake ndikugwera thupi lonse pamchenga ("maondo"). Nthawi zambiri amapita m'mapewa, m'madzi, pomwe amapeza chakudya pochepetsa mulomo wake mpaka pamwamba pa madzi. Amasambira bwino, pafupifupi osalowerera m'madzi, ndipo amapanga kusambira ngati abakha. Kuuluka, imakutambasulira miyendo kumbuyo kwambiri, pomwe nthawi imatha kusokonezedwa ndi nsomba zazinkhanira (crayfish plover)Dromas ardeola).

Zosintha Zosintha

Malo osungiranawo amabalalika, kudutsa malo angapo achinyezi kumpoto kwa Atlantic kupita kumapiri ndi zipululu ku Central Asia, ndi malo otentha ndi madera otentha ku East ndi South Africa. Ku Western ndi Northern Europe, zisa m'mphepete mwa Portugal ndi United Kingdom kumwera kwa Sweden ndi Estonia. Ku France, imapezeka kumpoto m'mphepete mwa Bay of Biscay ndi English Channel, komanso kumwera kwa nyanja ya Mediterranean. Ku Spain, imakonza zisa osati pagombe lakumwera kokha, komanso nyanja zamchere zamkati. Kumwera kwa Europe, ilinso zisa ku Sardinia, ku Italy, Greece, Hungary ndi ku Romania. Ku Austria, amapezeka makamaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Neusiedler See. Kukhazikitsidwa kum'mawa pagombe lakumpoto kwa Black Sea, kuphatikiza Ukraine ku Gulf of Sivash ndi kumpoto kwa Azov.

Ku Russia, malire akumpoto amayenda m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Don, Volgograd, mitsinje ya Bolshoi ndi Maly Uzen, komanso ku Siberia kum'mwera kwa 55th parallel, Tuva, malekezero a mmphepete mwa nyanja ya Selenga ndi Torean ku Transbaikalia. Mwina zisa m'dera la Saratov. Ku Kazakhstan, madera ena a kum'mwera kwa mapiri a Ilek adadziwika. Ku Asia kunja kwa Russia, malo opatula ndi omwe amapezeka kumpoto kwa Arabia Arabia, ku Iraq, Iran (Mapiri a Zagros), Afghanistan, Pakistan (kumpoto kwa Balochistan), kumadzulo kwa India (chigawo cha Kach) ndi kumpoto kwa China (chipululu cha Tsaidam komanso kumpoto kwa mtsinje wa Yellow) . Ku Africa, limakhalira kumpoto m'malire a Moroko ndi Tunisia, komanso kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kwa kontinento kumwera kwa Horn of Africa, koma kulibe ku Sahara ndi madera ena obiriwira mvula.

Habitats Sinthani

Munthawi ya chisa imakhala m'malo osaya osaya osaya kapena amchere wamadzi - matope am'nyanja, matope osaya, mitsinje yamchere, mitsinje, mitsinje yopanda madzi nthawi yayitali. Amasankha malo omwe nthawi yachilimwe madzi amatsika kwambiri, ndikuwonetsa zilumba zambiri, mabombe amchenga ndi miyala yamiyala. Chizindikiro china cha malo odyerawa ndi zomera zosafunikira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mchere wambiri womwe umapezeka m'madzi. Kuchokera munthawi yobereketsa, imatsatira ma boti ngati amenewa, komanso maiwe, mitsinje, mitsinje ndi mchenga wamchenga wa m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Kusintha Kusintha

Zomwe zimasunthidwa zimadalira malo okhala. Kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe, komanso ku Asia, shiloklyvki ndi mbalame zosamukasamuka. Ku UK, France, ndi Netherlands nyengo yotentha, mbalame zambiri nthawi yozizira; Ku Helgoland Bay ndi Rhine Delta, komwe kumapeto kwa mwezi wa Julayi gulu lalikulu la mbalame kuchokera ku Sweden, Denmark ndi Germany zimadziunjikana nthawi yopukutira, ndi gawo laling'ono lokha lomwe limatsalira nthawi yachisanu. Pomaliza, ku Africa ndi m'mphepete mwa Persian Gulf, shiloklyvki amakhala moyo wokhala amangokhala kapena kumangoyenda pang'ono m'mphepete mwa nyengo yachilimwe.

Kuchokera kumpoto ndi kumadzulo kwa Europe, mbalame zimasuntha chakumadzulo chakumapeto, ndipo zina mwa izo zimayimilira kumapiri ndi France, Portugal ndi Spain. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame zambiri nthawi yozizira m'malo otetezedwa ndi anthu - mwachitsanzo, pama dziwe okumbira komwe nsomba zimabedwapo. Gawo lina limawoloka Nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi nyengo yotentha kugombe la Atlantic ku Africa. Anthu okhala ku Central ndi Southeast Europe akuuluka kumwera ndi kumwera chakum'mawa, kukafika m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Black, komanso North Africa. Mbalame zina zochokera kumadera amenewa zimadutsa Sahara ndikuyima kumapiri a Sahel ku Sud ndi Chad. Mayendedwe ochokera ku Central Asia ndi Siberia sakudziwika bwino; mayendedwe a nyengo yozizira amadziwika ku Persian Gulf, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India komanso gombe la Yellow Sea ku China. Kusuntha kwa malowedwe kumayamba mu Julayi ndi Ogasiti, ndipo mu Okutobala mbalame zambiri zimasiya kale zisa zawo.

Shiloklyuvki - monogamous, yambani kubereka kuyambira kumapeto kwa chaka chachiwiri cha moyo. Mbalame zimafika kumalo odyera kuyambira zaka khumi zapitazi za Marichi mpaka Meyi, kukhala m'magulu a anthu 5-30 osamuka, ndikusonkhana m'magulu akulu m'malo opumulira. Amphongo akuluakulu amawuluka koyamba, kenako akazi achikulire, ndipo pamapeto pake mbalame zazing'ono zosakwana zaka 4 zimawuluka komaliza. Zimakhala ndi timagulu tating'ono tokhala timabulu tambiri 10 mpaka 70, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi mitundu ina - nkhanu, ma tern ndi zina. Makamaka, kumwera kwa Yenisei Siberia, zisa zosakanizika za shiloklyuv ndi mitsinje ya tern, zazing'ono zazing'ono zam'nyanja, ndi mankhwala azitsamba adadziwika. Zisa zamodzi zosowa.

Awiri amapanga mawonekedwe pa malo odyera atangofika. Pakatha nthawi yocheperako, maanja amayamba kumanga chisa, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala pafupi ndi madzi, pamchenga wopanda kanthu, pakati pa udzu wovuta kapena pamatope owuma. Nthawi zonse amasankha malo otseguka, popanda udzu wakuda ngati sedge kapena tchati. Monga lamulo, chisacho ndi bowo laling'ono pansi, popanda chingwe kapena cholocha ndi zomera zowerengeka, zomwe zimatisonkhanitsidwa m'malo opitilira 5 metres. Patsamba lonyowa, chisa chimatha kutalika mpaka masentimita 7000 kuchokera pansi ndipo pamenepa chimawoneka ngati chopanda cholimba chopangidwa ndi dothi losakanikirana ndi dothi komanso chomera. Mulimonsemo, chisa sichimakutidwa ndi chilichonse kuchokera kumwamba. Mtunda pakati pa zisa zoyandikana ndi pafupifupi mita, koma wokhala ndi malo okhala kwambiri amatha 20-30 cm.

Chiyambire cha kuswana chimakulitsidwa kwambiri kutengera dera ndi nyengo - kum'mwera kwa malo, mazira nthawi zambiri amaikidwa kumayambiriro kwa Epulo, m'dera la Nyanja ya Wadden kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Europe kumapeto kwa Epulo, komanso ku Siberia koyambirira kwa Meyi. Clutch kamodzi pachaka, imakhala ndi mazira 4, osowa mazira atatu a ocher, mchenga kapena mtundu wa azitona wokhala ndi mawanga akuda ndi imvi. Nthawi zina mawanga amatha kuphatikiza, ndikupeza mawonekedwe a mikwingwirima ndi ma commes mu mawonekedwe amitundu. Nthawi zina, mazira ambiri amapezeka mu clutch, komabe, mazira owonjezerawa amatha kupezeka. Kukula kwa Dzira: (44-58) x (31-39) mm, kulemera pafupifupi 31.7 g. Onse awiriwa amakhala ndi matendawa kwa masiku 23-25. Pa chisa, mbalamezo zimachita zinthu mokweza komanso molimba mtima kwa alendo, kuteteza chisa. Anapiye omwe adabadwa amakhala okutidwa ndi fluff - pamwamba pamtundu wamchenga wachikasu wokhala ndi chizindikiro chakuda, pansi pazoyera. Popeza ziumezi zatha, amangochoka pachisacho ndikutsatira makolo awo, nthawi zina kuyenda maulendo angapo kuchokera ku chisa. Amuna ndi akazi amadyetsa ana. Nthawi ya maula ndi masiku 35-42, pomwe anapiye amayamba kuwuluka ndikudziyimira pawokha. Zaka zodziwika kwambiri ku Europe malinga ndi zotsatira za banding zidawululidwa ku Netherlands - zaka 27 miyezi 10.

Maziko azakudya ndizosiyanasiyana zam'madzi zam'madzi zazitali 4 mpaka 15 cm, zomwe zimapezeka m'derali. Pofufuza chakudya, mbalame nthawi zambiri imayendayenda m'madzi osaya, kwinaku ndikugwedeza mlomo wake mbali ndi mbali ndikuyesera pamwamba pa madzi kapena kuponyera mulomo m'matope. Nthawi zina limadyetsa moyenda, ndikupangitsa kuyenda pansi ndi kutsogolo kwa thupi - njira yodziwika bwino ya abakha ambiri. Kudyetsa kumakhudza. Amadya tizilombo - kachikumbu kakang'ono (kafadala, ndi zina), nsombazo (Aphidridae), crustaceans - Artemia (Artemia salina) ndi amphipod kuchokera pagululi Corophium, nyongolotsi ndi nyongolotsi za polychaete, nsomba za nsomba ndi ma mollus ang'ono.