Caiman amakhala ku Central ndi South America. Nyama zamtunduwu ndizamtundu wa nyama zoyambira ndipo zimatulutsa zimbuluzi zokhala ndi zida komanso zankhondo. Malingana ndi ma toni akhungu, ma caimans amatha kukhala akuda, abulauni kapena obiriwira.

Koma ma caimans amasintha mtundu wawo kutengera nthawi ya chaka. Kukula kwa katswiriyu kumakhala kutalika kuyambira theka ndi theka mpaka mamitala atatu m'litali, ndipo kuyambira masekeli asanu mpaka makumi asanu.

Maso a cayman amatetezedwa ndi nembanemba, yomwe imamupangitsa kuti azikhala m'madzi nthawi zonse; pafupifupi, mano 68 mpaka 80 amakhala ndi caiman. Kulemera kwawo kumatha kusiyana 5 mpaka 50 kg. Omasuliridwa kuchokera ku Spain, "caiman" amatanthauza "alligator, ng'ona."

Koma khwangwala wamatsenga ndi mbewa onse ndi osiyana. Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa caiman ndi ng'ona ndi mpiru? Cayman amasiyana ndi ng'ona ndi alligator pamaso pa mafupa omwe amatchedwa osteoderms ndipo amapezeka mwachindunji pamimba. Komanso, ma caimans ali ndi chopondera ndipo pamiyendo yawo yakumbuyo pali theka lokha la zosambira.

Ng'ona imakhala ndi makwinya pafupi ndi kufinya m'mphepete mwa nsagwada yofunikira kuti dzino likhala pansi, alligator ili ndi dzino pachiwono, ndipo izi zimasiyanitsa ng'ona ndi alligator ndi caiman. Ngakhale pali kusiyana, khwangwala wachinyamata mu chithunzi osati zosiyana kwambiri.

Khalidwe la Habitat ndi caiman

Cayman amakhala m'madzi aang'ono, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mitsinje. Ngakhale caimans ndi nyama zolusa, amaopa anthu, amakhala amanyazi, odekha komanso ofowoka, momwemomwe amasiyana ndi mamba enieni.

Caimans amadya tizilombo, tinsomba tating'onoting'ono, ikafika yokwanira, timadyanso ma invertebrates am'madzi, mbalame, zouluka ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono. Mitundu ina ya cayman imatha kudya zipolopolo ndi nkhono. Caimans ndiyosachedwa komanso wodekha, koma amayenda bwino kwambiri m'madzi.

Mwachilengedwe chawo, ma caimans amakhala ankhanza, koma nthawi zambiri amaweta pamafamu, ndipo m'malo osungira nyama kuli ambiri, motero amawazolowera anthu mwachangu komanso mwamakhalidwe, ngakhale amatha kuluma.

Ma Cayman Views

• Ngwazi kapena chiwonetsero chamawonekedwe,
• Brown cayman,
• Kutali Cayman,
• Cayman waku Paraguayan,
• Wachinyamata wakuda,
• Zokongoletsa poyambira.

Crocodile cayman amatchedwanso kuti eyeglass. Mtunduwu umawoneka ngati ng'ona wokhala ndi mpendero wautali wopendekera, wotchedwa m'maso chifukwa cha kukula kwa mafupa m'maso ofanana ndi tsatanetsatane wa magalasi.

Pa chithunzipo pali munthu wakuda

Amuna akuluakulu kwambiri amakhala ndi utali wa mita atatu. Makamaka amasaka mu nthawi ya nkhunda, nthawi yachilala ilipo chakudya chochepa, motero masiku ano kubala cannibalism. Amatha kukhala ngakhale m'madzi amchere. Komanso, ngati malo okhala zachilengedwe azikhala ovuta, pitani piringupiringu.

Mtundu wa khungu umakhala ndi chameleon ndipo umasewera kuyambira bulauni mpaka maolivi amdima. Pali zingwe za utoto wakuda. Amatha kupanga mawu kuchokera kumanzere mpaka kumveka phokoso.

Monga ma caim ambiri ambiri amakhala m'madambo ndi m'madziwe, m'malo okhala ndi masamba oyandama. Popeza nkhombazi ndizovomerezeka ndi madzi opanda pake, izi zimawalola kukhazikika kuzilumba zapafupi za America. Brown cayman. Mtunduwu ndi wofanana kwambiri ndi abale ake, womwe umatalika mpaka mamita awiri ndipo walembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.

Kutali Cayman. Dzinali la Caiman limadziyankhulira lokha, mtengo wotchedwa caiman uwu ndi waukulu kwambiri womwe umakhala waukulu kuposa mitundu yonse ya mitundu, umafikira pafupifupi mamita awiri. Mtundu wakuthupi umakhala wa azitona, wobiriwira wokhala ndi mawanga amdima.

Caiman imeneyi imatsogolera m'madzi, ndimakonda madzi abwino, nthawi zambiri imagwedezeka ndipo imangoyang'ana pamadzi okha. Amakonda zausiku ndipo amatha kukhala pafupi ndi anthu.

Kudya chakudya chofanana ndi caiman ena onse amathanso kuluma kudzera pazing'amba za akambuku chifukwa chake amapezekanso muzakudya zake. Chakudya chimamezedwa chonse kupatula ngati akamba achibadwa. Popeza khungu lake ndi loyenera kulipakidwa, nyamayi imakonda kugwidwa ndi ozizira chifukwa chake amtunduwu amafalitsa pamafamu.

Wachinyamata waku Paraguayan. Ndiwofanana kwambiri ndi nkhwangwa ya Caiman. Kukula kwake kungathenso kutalika mita itatu ndipo utotowo ndi wofanana ndi caimans chamkango, wodziwika chifukwa chakuti nsagwada zam'munsi zimatuluka pamwamba pamwambamwamba, komanso kupezeka kwa mano akuthwa, ndipo chifukwa cha izi chotchedwa caiman "amatchedwa" piranha caiman ". Caiman yamtunduwu yalembedwanso mu Buku Lofiira.

Dwarf Cayman. Mitundu yaying'ono kwambiri ya caimans, yayikulu kwambiri imafikira masentimita zana limodzi ndi makumi asanu. Amakonda matupi amadzi abwino komanso moyo wamadzulo, ndiwofulumira kwambiri, masana amakhala pamakumba pafupi ndi madzi. Amadyanso chakudya chofanana ndi mitundu yonse ya Caiman.

Kuswana kwa Caiman komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Nthawi zambiri nthawi yobereketsa imakhala nthawi yamvula. Akazi amamanga zisa ndi kuyikira mazira, kuchuluka kwake kumasiyana kutengera mitunduyo ndipo izi ndizambiri mazira 18-50.

Chosangalatsa ndichakuti pamtunda wotchedwa caiman, mwamphongo ndi wamkazi amatenga nawo mbali popanga malo oti aziikira mazira. Mazira amagona m'mizere iwiri yosiyana ndi kutentha, chifukwa kutentha kwazizira kwamphongo kumatchingira chimphona chachikazi.

Kutalika kwa masiku omwe akukhala ndi masiku makumi asanu ndi awiri. Nthawi yonseyi, zazikazi zimateteza zisa zake, ndipo zazikazi zimatha kulumikizana kuti ziziteteza ana awo amtsogolo, komabe, pafupifupi, magawo makumi asanu ndi atatu a awona amasakazidwa ndi abuluzi.

Akazi kumapeto kwa nthawi amathandizira caimans kuti akhale ndi moyo, koma, mosasamala zonse, pali ochepa omwe amapulumuka. Malingaliro amasiyanasiyana pamlingo wamoyo, popeza poyamba ma caimans amawoneka ngati akale. Koma akukhulupirira kuti pafupifupi caimans amakhala ndi zaka makumi atatu.

Mamba Cayman ndipo alligator ndi nyama zakale zolusa zomwe zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndizofunikira kwambiri ku dziko lapansi, chifukwa ndizoyang'anira malo omwe amakhala.

Koma pakadali pano, olusa akusaka khungu la nyama izi, ndipo chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa malo ambiri mwa nyamazi ndi munthu payekha, kuchuluka kwa nyama izi kwatsika kwambiri, ndipo ena mwa omwe adalembedwa kale mu Red Book. Ma famu ambiri adapangidwa pomwe zotsalazo zimapangidwa mwaluso.

Cayman Mamba. Khalidwe la Cayman ndi malo okhala

Nyama izi ndi zina mwa zochepa zomwe zinapulumuka masiku athu ano. Zaka masauzande ambiri zapitazo, Aiguputo amalambira ng’ona, poganiza kuti ndiye wachibale wapafupi kwambiri wa mulungu Sebek.

Ku zilumba za Pacific, nzika za nthawi imeneyo zimapereka mwana wamkazi namwali chaka chilichonse kuti ziziteteza ku nyama izi. Panali magulu ambiri azachipembedzo osiyanasiyana omwe amapembedza ng’ona.

Masiku ano, izi ndi nyama zosavuta kudya, munjira zina chilengedwe, kudya nyama zodwala ndi zofowoka, komanso mitembo yawo. Caimans ndizokhazokha zanyama zomwe zimakhala zofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika kwa makolo awo akale, omwe adasowa.

Mamba Cayman

Crocodile caiman (Caiman crocodilus) - yamtundu wa caimans, woimira banja la Alligatoridae. Ng'ona yaying'ono yokhala ndi chizolowezi chachitali, chocheperako chakumaso. Amuna amafika 2-2,5 m, zazikazi - osaposa 1.4 mamita. Ma caimans ang'onoang'ono ndi achikaso achikuda ndi mawanga akuda mthupi lonse, akuluakulu ndi obiriwira maolivi. Amatha kusintha pang'ono mtundu wawo. Pamutu, pakati pa ngodya zakutsogolo, pamagudubuduza. Pakhosi pali mizere itatu ya maula akulu a occipital. Malo okhala mwachilengedwe: Matupi osiyanasiyana amadzi oyera, mitundu ingapo imayang'ana kunyanja.

Ng'ona wachichepere ndioyenera kugwiritsa ntchito malo osungirako miyala okwanira 200 litre yokhala ndi gombe. Amakhala okalamba pofika zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwirizi - munthawi imeneyi ndizotheka kumanga malo oyeneramo madzi am'madzi. Kwa nkhwangwa yachikulire, mphamvu yonse yamadzi am'madzi imayenera kukhala malita 1000, omwe amafunika kukhala ndi dziwe lakuya pafupifupi 40 cm (kwa nyama zazing'ono osachepera 10 cm) ndi gombe lomwe liyenera kutenthedwa ndi kuyenera bwino nyama. Nthaka ndiyofunikira kwambiri kuti ziberekane. Ngati sizotheka kukonza chisumbu, pangani dziwe losaya, kapena kuyika snag kuti nyamayo ikhale, ndikutulutsa nkhope yake m'madzi. Popeza ng’ona sizingameze nyama zam'madzi chifukwa chosowa milomo. Mwabwinobwino, kuyenda kwa madzi kulowa mkati mwa thupi kumalepheretsedwa ndi valavu yapadera. Mukumeza chakudya, muyenera kutsegula, ndipo ngati ng'ona imameza pansi pa madzi, imangodzazika. Kukhomerera nyama yomwe ili pafupi sioyenera kwa caiman.

Dongosolo lotentha liyenera kukhala 25-35 ° C pa kutentha kwa madzi kwa 22-25 ° C. Litha kukhala nyali zamkati (zoyikika pamwamba ndikuziloza) kapena nyali zamagalasi zomwe zimatha kuyatsa "malo" am'deralo. Ndikofunika kukhazikitsa Kutenthetsera motere kuti muwonetsetse kutentha. Kuwala komwe kumakhala ndi zofewa za ultraviolet wokhala ndi mphamvu yakuwala kwa 290-320 nm (ma radiation a ultraviolet of zone B) ndikofunikira. Mwachilengedwe, ng'ona zimalandira ma radiation ambiri a ultraviolet, omwe amafunikira mayamwidwe amtundu wa mchere ndipo ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa nyama zazing'ono. Zoyatsidwa tsiku lililonse kwa sabata - mamba amayenera "kuwotcha dzuwa" kuyambira mphindi imodzi mpaka zisanu, pomwe magawo amachitika bwino pakhungu louma. M'chilimwe, pamtunda wotsika kuposa +25 madigiri, mutha kuyenda kunyumba kwanu - mutengeko kwa ola limodzi kapena theka la ola kupita kumalo kopendekera dzuwa.

Pazopanga galasi la aquaterrarium liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati wandiweyani, apo ayi nyama zimatha kuthyola ndi mchira. Zida (zosefera ndi zotenthetsa) ziyenera kukhala zolimba ndi zosasunthika, ndipo zingwe zamtambo ndizotetezedwa kuti nyama zisapezeke, apo ayi waya wosweka angayambitse mavuto ambiri. Mpweya wabwino uyeneranso kuperekedwa.

Kusamalira caiman mu terarium yotsirizidwa ndikosavuta, makamaka ngati pali dziwe lamadzi mu dziwe kuti lisakumanenso ndi mamba. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokwanira kusintha madzi kamodzi pa sabata, koma zimatengera kudyetsedwa ndi kupezeka kwa fyuluta mu dziwe. Madzi oyera ndi gawo lofunikira pokonzanso, chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kuti pakhale njira yogwiritsira ntchito kusefera madzi komanso kuyimitsanso nthawi zonse.

Ng'ona "kwambiri" ikhoza kuluma mwadzidzidzi, popanda chenjezo - kuchokera kumayiko ooneka okha. Bola magolovesi. Ngakhale kuwoneka kowuma kwambiri, ng'ona ndizokalamba kwambiri, makamaka m'madzi. Koma pamtunda, ma caimans amatha kuyenda kwambiri, nyama zimathamanga kwambiri ndipo amatha kudumpha, ngati atathandizidwa ndi chithandizo, amathanso kukwera miyala komanso mabatani. Kuphatikiza pa mano akuthwa, ng'ona zili ndi chida china champhamvu - mchira. Kuwombera kwa Mchira kwamphamvu kwambiri. Zowopsa kwambiri zimakhala pamene muli kumbali ya ng'ona. Choyamba, awa ndiye malo oyendetsa mchira, ndipo chachiwiri, nyamayo siponyera kutsogolo, koma kumbali yake. Chifukwa chake, muli pachiwopsezo chawiri. Ngati chiweto chasankha kudziteteza, chimenya ndi mchira wake, ndipo ngati chikufuna kudya nkhomaliro, chizigwiritsa ntchito mano.

Caiman akudyetsa

Njira yowopsa kwambiri ndikudyetsa. Nyama siyenera kuwona dzanja lanu litagwira chakudyacho. Kupanda kutero, nyama yothothola imatha kuzindikira bwino dzanja ndi chakudya - imayankha m'manja ngati chakudya. Chifukwa chake, tikulimbikitsidwa kudyetsa ndi ma tonneti, timitengo kapena kungotaya chakudya pafupi ndi nyama. Ng'ona imatha kupanga zokonda zosiyanasiyana: imodzi ndikukana zakudya zina. Osapitilira zanyama, kudumphadumpha zochepa, ziyamba kudya zomwe zaperekedwa. Komanso, ng'ona zitha kukhala ndi njala kwa nthawi yayitali.

Pafupipafupi kudyetsa ng'ona caimans zimatengera kutentha (kutentha, momwe kumadyera komanso mosemphanitsa) komanso zaka. Nyama zazing'ono zimadya pafupipafupi, pafupifupi tsiku lililonse. Mukamakula, chakudya chimodzi chimawonjezeka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumacheperachepera kamodzi kapena kawiri pa sabata. Mwa kuchepetsa kudyetsa, mutha kuyang'anira kukula kwa nyama ndikupeza kukula kocheperako. Njirayi iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, kupewa kutopa ndi vitamini.

Zakudya za Caiman wachikulire ndi izi: zidutswa za nyama yatsopano, nsomba (yopanda mafupa, apo ayi ikhoza kutha mwachisoni chifukwa cha caiman), makoswe, mabodza, nsomba, nyama zoyamwitsa zimadyetsedwa amoyo,
Ndikwabwino kudyetsa ana akhanda pokha ndi achule, tizilombo, mbewa, nkhuku komanso tizilombo tambiri (dzombe, mitundu yayikulu ya maphemwe) ndi ma mollusks (Achatina, Ampularia). Chachikulu ndikuti zinthu zodyetsazo ndizathanzi.

Kukonzekera kwa Vitamini-mineral, komwe kuphatikiza ndi chowonjezera cha ultraviolet ndikofunikira pakukula kwabwinoko komanso kupewa matenda, zimawonjezeredwa ku chakudya. Kamodzi pamwezi ndi chakudya, ndibwino kupereka multivitamini ndi michere yowonjezera (Reptiminiral, Reptical, Reptovit ndi ena).

Crocodile Caiman Reproduction

Pofika zaka zinayi mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, amphaka amphaka amayamba kukhwima. Kusakaniza ndi kuyikira mazira kumachitika chaka chonse. Asanagone, mkaziyo amamanga chisa chake chotalika pafupifupi 1.5 m ndi kutalika kwa 20-25 cm.Mkati mwa clutch pali mazira 15-30 63-27 mm kukula kwake. Kutalika kokwanira nthawi kutentha 30-30 ° C ndi masiku 80-86. Nthawi imeneyi, ndibwino kusasokoneza zazikazi. Amateteza chisa chawo mwachangu ndipo amatha kukhala ankhanza kwambiri. Achichepere amabadwa ndi kutalika pafupifupi 20 cm ndipo kudya mofunitsitsa tizilombo, achule ndi mbewa zatsopano.

Pokonzekera kuswana, onetsetsani kuti mukutsatira njira ya madzimadzi ndikupereka mavitamini okonzekera omwe ali ndi vitamini E ndi chakudya. M'mphepete mwa nyanja muyenera kuyikapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana pomanga chisa - masamba, nthambi zazing'ono, mbewa. Akakhazikitsa khanda, amayenera kusiyidwa ndi akuluakulu.

Okondedwa alendo omwe ali patsamba la malo ogulitsira "Flora Fauna", tsopano mutha kufunsa ndikuyankha athu. Izi ndizosavuta kuposa ndemanga) Mutha kulowa (lowani patsamba lanu) kudzera pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti.

Mawonekedwe

Ichi ndi chophukira chaching'ono chokhala ndi bizinesi yayitali, yopapatiza kutsogoloku ndi mano akulu. Amuna okhwima amtunduwu, monga lamulo, amachokera kutalika kwa 1.8 mpaka 2 m, pomwe zazing'ono ndizochepa, nthawi zambiri zimakhala pafupifupi 1.2-1.4 mamita. Kukula kwakukulu kwambiri kwamtunduwu ndi 2.2 m, ngakhale kuli malipoti a nyama zazitali kuposa mamitala 2,5 ndi kulemera mpaka 58 kg. Mkazi wamkulu kwambiri amadziwika kuti anali wamtali wa 1.61 m ndipo anali wolemera 20 kg. Ma Caymans ochokera ku Venezuela ndiakulu kuposa zitsanzo zochokera ku Mexico. Limodzi mwa mayina amtunduwu ("eyeglass caiman") limachokera pakakhala chingwe cha mafupa pakati pa maso, chofanana ndi galasi.

Ma caimans achichepere ndi achikaso achikuda ndi mawanga akuda thupi lonse, akulu ndi obiriwira maolivi. Amatha kusintha pang'ono mtundu wawo, womwe umaperekedwa ndi maselo a melanophore a pakhungu. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yozizira imayamba kuda. Zolemba za Cayman zimasiyana maonekedwe, kukula kwake ndi mawonekedwe ake chigaza.

Cayman Wowonekera

Iye ndi ng'ona kapena caiman wamba wokhala ndi mitundu yocheperako yodziwika bwino, yosiyanitsidwa ndi kukula ndi mawonekedwe a chigaza, komanso mtundu. Achichepere amakhala ndi utoto wowoneka bwino, wachikaso, wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda / mawanga m'thupi lonse. Yesellessess imatha akamakula. Momwemonso, imayamba kufalikira kenako kenako ndikuwona momwe thupi limasowera. Zamoyo zazikuluzikulu zimapeza mtundu wobiriwira wa azitona.

Ma caimans awa ali ndi gawo lolumikizana ndi ma dinosaurs aposachedwa - chokutira chakumaso pang'onopang'ono pamalo a ziphuphu zakumaso. Kutalika kwa nthawi yayitali wamkazi ndi 1.5-2 m, chachimuna ndi 2-2.5 mamita. Zimphona zomwe zimakula mpaka 3 metre ndizosowa kwambiri pakati pa caimans odabwitsa.

Kutali Cayman

Nthawi zina zimatchedwa kuti-nosed.Kukula kwapakati sikupita 2 m, ndipo zimphona za 3.5 m ndizosavuta kupatula lamulo. Adalandira dzina lake kuthokoza chachikulu (chomwe chida chake chimathamanga). Mulingo wambiri wa mamba ophatikizika amtundu wakumbuyo kumbuyo kwa munthu wachinyamata.

Nyama zachikulire zimapakidwa utoto wamtengo wapatali wa azitona: Kumpoto komwe amakhala mwam'mphepete mwake amakhala, ndimdima wa azitona.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Pa chiyambi cha ma caimans, asayansi amavomereza kuti makolo awo akale ndi omwe amasowa - pseudosuchia. Adakhala zaka pafupifupi mamiliyoni 230 zapitazo ndikupereka ma dinosaurs ndi ng'ona. Ma caimans akale anali osiyana ndi oyimira amakono amtundu wamtunduwu pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zazitali komanso phokoso lalifupi. Pafupifupi zaka 65 miliyoni zapitazo, ma dinosaurs adatha, ndipo ng'ona, kuphatikiza ma caimans, adatha kuzolowera komanso kupulumuka mikhalidwe yatsopano.

Yakarsky cayman

Iye ndi Paraguayan, kapena Jacara. Ilibe subspecies ndipo imafanana ndi peglass caiman, yomwe idanenedwa posachedwa. Jacara nthawi zina amatchedwa piranha caiman chifukwa cha kamwa yeniyeni, yomwe mano ake aatali ataliitali amapitilira malire a nsagwada yapamwamba ndikupanga mabowo pamenepo.

Nthawi zambiri amakula mpaka 2 m, zochepa nthawi zambiri mpaka atatu. Monga abale ake, ili ndi zida pamimba yake - chipolopolo chodzitetezera ku kulumwa ndi nsomba zodya nyama.

Kanema: Cayman

Mitundu ya caiman ndi gawo la banja la alligator, gulu lokhalamo nyama, koma limawoneka ngati gawo loyima palokha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a kapangidwe kake. Pamimba ya caiman pakasinthidwe, fupa linapangidwa mwa ma pulaneti omwe amalumikizidwa ndi mafupa osunthika. "Zida" zoteteza zotere zimateteza bwino nkhuku ku nkhonya zomwe zimadyedwa. China chomwe chimasiyanitsa mitunduyi ndi kusowa kwa bulu m'mphuno, kotero chigaza chawo chimakhala ndi mphuno wamba.

Chochititsa chidwi: "Caimans, mosiyana ndi ma alligators ndi ng'ona zowona, alibe tiziwalo tambiri tambiri tomwe timapangidwa ndi maso, chifukwa chake sangakhale m'madzi okhala ndi mchere wambiri."

Kapangidwe ka thupi la caimans kamasinthidwa kukhala moyo wamadzi. Kuyenda mosavuta m'madzi ndikugunda mwadzidzidzi, thupi la caiman limasunthidwa kutalika kwake, mutu wake umakhala wotsekeka ndi mphumi wolimba, miyendo yayifupi ndi mchira wautali wolimba. M'maso muli ziwalo zapadera zomwe zimatseka ndikamizidwa m'madzi. Pamtunda, anthu oyanjanawa amatha kuyenda mwachangu, ndipo achinyamata amatha kugwa.

Zochititsa chidwi: "MaCay amatha kupanga mawu. Akuluakulu, mawu awa amatikumbutsa kuti galu amakuwa, ndipo mwa ana a caiman - phwete. "

Mitundu ya caiman imaphatikizapo mitundu isanu, iwiri yomwe (Cayman latirostris ndi veneti-lensis) yatha kale.

Pakadali pano, mupeze mitundu 3 ya ma caymanas:

• Ng'ona wa Cayman kapena wamba, wodabwitsa (ali ndi masamba anayi),
• Cayman kutalika kwake kapena kotakata (palibe masamba),
• Cayman Paraguayan kapena Piranha, Yakar (palibe mabungwe).

Moyo, machitidwe

Pafupifupi ma caimans onse amakonda kukhala m'matope, kuphatikiza ndi chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala matope amitsinje ndi mitsinje ikuyenda m'nkhalango: zobwezeretseka zimatentha mbali zake zambiri masana.

Ndizosangalatsa! Ngati cayman atentha, imakhala mchenga wopepuka (kuwonetsa kuwala kwa dzuwa).

M'chilala, madzi akamasowa, amphona amalowa m'madziwe otsalawo, kusonkhana m'magulu akulu. Caimans, ngakhale ndi zilombo, sanakhale pachiwopsezo chakuukila anthu ndi nyama zazikulu. Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi kukula kwake kocheperako, komanso zodabwitsa za psyche: ma caimans ndi amtendere komanso amanyazi kuposa ena onse owonjezera.

Ma Caymans (makamaka aku South America) amasintha mtundu wawo, mosonyeza kuti ndiwofunda kapena ozizira. Owona m'maso adati m'mamawa khungu la nyama yofukiza limawoneka imvi, yakuda komanso yakuda. Momwe kuzizira kwa usiku kumasowa, khungu limawala pang'onopang'ono, ndikusintha kukhala zobiriwira zakuda.

Caimans amathanso kukwiya, ndipo momwe mawu ake amamvekera amatengera zaka. Ana amphaka amtunduwu amang'amba mwachidule komanso ndi kakhwawa, akumatchulanso china chofanana ndi "kraaaa". Akuluakulu amalira mokweza ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali, ndipo, atamaliza kutsegulira, asiyani pakamwa kuti pakhale ponsepo. Pakapita nthawi, kamwa limatseka pang'onopang'ono.

Kuphatikiza apo, caimans wamkulu nthawi zonse, mokweza komanso mwachilengedwe kwambiri.

Utali wamoyo

Ngakhale ndizovuta kwambiri kutsatira, amakhulupirira kuti pamikhalidwe yabwino, ma caimans amakhala ndi zaka 30 mpaka 40. M'miyoyo yawo yonse, iwo, ngati ng'ona zonse, "amalira" (kudya wozunzidwa kapena akungokonzekera kuchita).

Ndizosangalatsa! Palibe malingaliro enieni omwe amabisika kuseri kwa izi. Misozi yamkokomo ndi kutulutsa kwachilengedwe kuchokera kumaso, komwe mchere wambiri umachoka m'thupi. Mwanjira ina, ma cailans amasesa maso awo.

Kodi wachinyamata amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Animal Cayman

Kukhazikika kwa zolengedwa izi ndizokwera kwambiri ndipo zimatengera kutchuka kwa mitundu ya Caiman. Malo omwe amagawilako khola la chamiman ndi malo otentha komanso malo osungirako kum'mwera ndi pakati ku America. Imapezeka kuchokera ku Guatemala ndi Mexico kupita ku Peru ndi Brazil. Imodzi mwa mabungwe ake (fuscus) imakhazikikanso monga gawo la mayiko a America omwe ali m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caribbean (Cuba, Puerto Rico).

Crocodile caiman amakonda maiwe abwino okhala ndi madzi abwino, pafupi ndi mitsinje yaying'ono ndi nyanja, komanso madambo otentha. Kwa kanthawi kochepa amakhala m'madzi amchere, osaposa masiku awiri.

Khwangwala wokhala ndi mapiko atali ambiri samatha kutentha pang'ono, chifukwa chake amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic m'madzi a Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Madambo ndi mitsinje yaying'ono imayenda ndi madzi abwino, nthawi zina madzi osalala pang'ono amakhala malo omwe amakonda kwambiri. Imathanso kukhala m'madziwe oyandikira nyumba za anthu.

Cayman wa ku Paraguay amakonda kukhala m'malo otentha. Amakhala kumwera kwa Brazil ndi Bolivia, kumpoto kwa Argentina, Paraguay kudera lachifupi. Nthawi zambiri imatha kuwoneka pakati pazisumbu zoyandama.

Kodi caiman amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Cayman Alligator

Caimans, mosiyana ndi achibale awo akuluakulu, samasinthidwa kuti adye nyama zazikulu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kapangidwe ka nsagwada, kakang'ono kakang'ono ka thupi, komanso manyazi oyamba amtunduwu.

Pamakhala madambo, ma caimans amatha kupindula ndi nyama izi:

• ma invertebrates am'madzi ndi ma vertebrates,
• amphibians
• zokwawa zazing'ono,
• zazing'ono zazing'ono.

Zakudya zazing'ono zazing'ono zimayang'aniridwa ndi tizilombo tomwe timakhala pamadzi. Pamene akukula, amasinthana ndi kudya nyambo zazikulu - crustaceans, mollusks, nsomba zamtsinje, achule, makoswe ang'onoang'ono. Akuluakulu amatha kudzidyetsa okha ndi capybara yaying'ono, anaconda yoopsa, kamba.

Caimans amameza nyama yawo yonse osaluma. Chosiyana ndi akamba ndi mtundu wawo. Kwa snorkels ndi Caiman caimans, nkhono zam'madzi ndizothandiza kwambiri. Chifukwa cha zakudya zomwe amakonda, izi ndizobwerezabwereza zimawerengedwa kuti ndi madongosolo amadziwe, chifukwa amayang'anira kuchuluka kwa madontho.

Dzinalo lina la ku Paraguayan caiman ndi piranha, chifukwa limadya nsomba zamtunduwu, potero zimayang'anira kukula kwa chiwerengero chawo. Caimans amakhalanso ndi milandu ya cannibalism.

Habitat, malo okhala

Kwambiri malo okhala munthu wambawokhala ku USA ndi mayiko ambiri a South / Central America: Brazil, Costa Rica, Colombia, Cuba, El Salvador, Ecuador, Guyana, Guatemala, French Guiana, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Peru, Suriname, Trinidad, Tobago ndi Venezuela.

Cayman wamaso osalumikizidwa makamaka ndi matupi amadzi, ndipo kuwasankha, amakonda akadali madzi. Nthawi zambiri imakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, komanso madambo otentha. Imadzimva bwino munyengo yamvula, ndipo imalekerera chilala bwino. Nditha kukhala masiku angapo ndimadzi amchere. M'nyengo yamvula, imabisala m'maenje kapena m'matumba amadzimadzi.

Mitundu yambiri yothinikizidwa caiman lonse. Amakhala pagombe la Atlantic kumpoto kwa Argentina, ku Paraguay, kuzilumba zazing'ono kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Brazil, ku Bolivia ndi Uruguay. Mtunduwu (wokhala ndi moyo wam'madzi wokha) umakhala m'madambo otchingidwa ndi mitengo yam'madzi yotchingidwa ndi mitengo yambiri komanso malo abwino okhala ndi madzi abwino. Kuposa malo ena, mbalame yakale yokhala ndi mphaka wamphongo imakonda mitsinje yomwe imayenda pang'onopang'ono m'nkhalango zowirira.

Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina, imalekerera kutentha pang'ono, motero, imakhala pamalo okwera mamitala 600 pamwamba pa nyanja. Amamva phokoso zakusasanja kwa anthu, mwachitsanzo, m'madziwe omwe kudyetsa ziweto.

Kukonda kotentha kwambiri kwamapako amakono - Yakarsky, komwe malo awo amakhala Paraguay, kumwera kwa Brazil ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina. Zhakare zimakhala m'madambo komanso m'malo otentha, nthawi zambiri zimakhala zobiriwira. Ndikupikisana ndi mayiwe ndi cayman osiyanasiyana, umatulutsa malo okhala omaliza.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Cayman Animal

Izi monga zokwawa nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokha ndipo nthawi zina zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri kapena m'magulu, nthawi zambiri nthawi ya kubzala. Nthawi zouma zikafika, amakhala m'magulu akusaka maiwe omwe sanawume.

Zochititsa chidwi: "Mukakhala pachilala, ena oimira ma caimans amaponyera mkati mwa silt ndi hibernate."

Chifukwa chobisala masana, nkhanu zimakonda kukhala m'matope kapena m'nkhalangozi, pomwe zimatha kubisala, zimakhala nthawi yayitali dzuwa. Makayala ovuta amabwerera kumadzi mwachangu. Akazi amapita kumtunda kukapanga chisa pamenepo ndi kukaikira mazira.

Usiku, dzuwa litangotsala pang'ono, zokwirazi zimapita kukasaka nyama zawo zam'madzi. Akasaka, amira pansi pa madzi, akumangoyala mphuno ndi maso.

Mfundo yochititsa chidwi: "M'maso mwa wolemba, pali ndodo zambiri kuposa ma cine. Chifukwa chake, amawona bwino usiku. "

Izi zokwawa ndizosakhazikika, zamtendere komanso zowopsa mwachilengedwe, kotero sizimawombera anthu ndi nyama zazikulu chifukwa chofuna kulanda. Izi zimachitika mwanjira chifukwa cha kukula kwawo. Caimans amakhala zaka 30 mpaka 40, ali mu ukapolo, nthawi yomwe amakhala ndi moyo ndi yochepa.

Chakudya, migodi ya caiman

Cayman Wowonekera Zakudya ndizabwino ndipo zimadya aliyense amene samuwopseza ndi kukula kwawo. Achinyamata omwe amadya nyama zam'madzi amadya nyama zam'madzi, kuphatikiza ndi crustaceans, tizilombo, ndi ma mollusks. Wokhwima - sinthani ku ma vertebrates (nsomba, zokwawa, ma amphibians ndi mbalame zam'madzi).

Caiman wakufa amalola kusaka masewera akuluakulu, mwachitsanzo, nkhumba zakuthengo. Mtunduwu umagwidwa mu cannibalism: Mamba amphaka nthawi zambiri amadya anzawo nthawi yanthawi yachilala (chifukwa chakudya sichimakhala nthawi zonse).

Chakudya chomwe mumakonda wamkulu cayman - nkhono zam'madzi. Nyama zam'madzi za padziko lapansi zamtchire izi sizokondweretsedwa.

Ndizosangalatsa! Kuwononga nkhono, ma caimans amapereka ntchito yopindulitsa kwa alimi, monga olemba amatenga zounikira ndi nyongolotsi zam'magazi (onyamula matenda oopsa).

Caimans amakhala othandizira othandizira nkhokwe, kuwachotsa nkhono zowononga ng'ombe. Ma invertebrates otsala, komanso amphibians ndi nsomba, amapita patebulopo nthawi zambiri. Akuluakulu amadyetsa nyama za akamba am'madzi, omwe zipolopolo zake zimatulutsa ngati mtedza.

Cayman waku Paraguayan, monga yotakata, imakonda kusuntha yokha ndi nkhono zamadzi. Nthawi zina zimasaka nsomba, ndipo nthawi zambiri - njoka ndi achule. Achidyamakanda amadya zakudya zokhazokha, pokhapokha patatha zaka zitatu akuyenda mosiyanasiyana.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Caiman Cub

Mwa anthu a caiman, monga gawo lolinganiza, pali utsogoleri pakati pa amuna malinga ndi kukula kwa thupi ndi kutha msinkhu. Ndiye kuti, m'malo ena, abambo okhaokha akulu kwambiri komanso ogonana ndi omwe amawoneka kuti ndiopambana ndipo amatha kubereka. Amuna ena otsala omwe amakhala naye pa tsamba lomwelo alibe mwayi wololedwa kubereka.

Caimans amaonedwa kuti ndi okhwima, atafika kutalika kwa thupi la munthu wamkulu wazaka 4 mpaka 7. Komanso zazimayi ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zazimuna. Nthawi yoyenera kubereka imatenga mu Meyi mpaka Ogasiti. Nyengo yamvula, zazikazi zimapanga zisa zoyikira mazira, osakhala kutali ndi malo osungira zitsamba kapena pansi pa mitengo. Zomera zimapangidwa kuchokera kumbewu ndi dongo, ndipo nthawi zina zimangokumba mchenga.

Pofuna kusamalira ana, yaikazi imatha kumanga zisa zingapo kapena kuphatikiza ndi zina kuti ipange chisa chofanana, kenako imamuwona pamodzi. Nthawi zina ngakhale yamphongo imatha kusamalira chisa pamene ikusaka. Mkazi m'modzi amaikira mazira 15 mpaka 40 kukula kwa tsekwe kapena dzira la nkhuku. Pofuna kuti aliyense wa amuna ndi akazi azikoloweka mu mawonekedwe amodzi, wamkazi amayikira mazira m'magawo awiri kuti apange kutentha.

Kusasitsa kwam'mimba kumachitika mkati mwa masiku 70-90. Mu Marichi, ma caimans ang'ono ali okonzeka kubadwa. Amatulutsa mawu “osokosera” ndipo mayiyo amayamba kuwakumbukira. Kenako mkamwa amawasinthira kuchosungira. Mukukula, nyama zazing'ono nthawi zonse zimakhala pafupi ndi amayi awo, omwe amaziteteza kwa adani akunja. Mkazi m'modzi amateteza osati ana ake, komanso alendo. Achinyamata amakula mwachangu zaka ziwiri zoyambirira, kenako kukula kwawo kumachepa. Gulu la olima caimans nthawi yomweyo limasiyanitsa akuluakulu ndi otakataka, pambuyo pake adzakhala wamkulu pantchito yawo yayikulu.

Caiman kuswana

Ma caimans onse amamvera utsogoleri wokhazikika pomwe wolamulira amadalira kukula ndi chonde. Mwa amuna audindo wotsika, kukula kumachepetsedwa (chifukwa cha kupsinjika). Nthawi zambiri, amuna oterewa saloledwa kubereka.

Kukula msambo kwa mkazi kumachitika pafupifupi zaka 4-7, pamene akukula pafupifupi mamita 1.2 Amuna amakhala okonzeka kukhwima pa msinkhu womwewo. Zowona, amapeza abwenzi pakukula, kufikira 1.51.6 mita kutalika nthawi imeneyi.

Nyengo yoswana imatha kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti, koma kuyikira mazira kumachitika nthawi yamvula isanafike, mu Julayi - Ogasiti. Yaikazi ikukonzekera chisa, ikumutchinga iye mpangidwe waukulu (kuchokera dongo ndi mbewu) pansi pa zitsamba ndi mitengo. M'mphepete momveka bwino, zisa za caiman ndizosowa kwambiri.

Ndizosangalatsa! Mu nkhola yolumikizidwa mosamala ndi yaikazi, nthawi zambiri mazira 15-20, nthawi zina imafika 40. Ming'alu yamkokomo itatha masiku 70-90. Choopseza chachikulu chimachokera pamphaka, abuluzi achilengedwe obisalamo mpaka 80% ya ndewu zanjala.

Nthawi zambiri, wamkazi amayikira mazira m'magawo awiri awiri kuti apange kusiyanasiyana kwa mazira: ndichifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa "anyamata" ndi "atsikana" mu ana kuli kofanana.

Ana okhathamira amalira kwambiri, amayi amaswa chisa chija ndikuchikokera kumadzi oyandikira. Akazi nthawi zambiri samangoyang'ana ana awo, komanso kwa caimans oyandikana nawo, omwe amenyane ndi amayi awo.

Nthawi zina zamphongo zimayang'ananso khandalo, likugwira ntchito zachitetezo, pomwe mnzakeyo amalira kuti alume. Achichepere amayenda ndi amayi awo kwa nthawi yayitali, atadzipendekera atsekwe ndikuyenda m'misili yopanda madzi pamodzi.

Adani achilengedwe a cayman

Ngakhale kuti nkhanga ndi nyama zolusa, iwonso ndi gawo limodzi la chakudya cha anthu ena omwe amadyera kwambiri. Mitundu yonse itatu ya caimans imatha kukhala nyama yolusa kwa ankhandwe, anacondas akuluakulu, oyambitsa zimphona, gulu la agalu osochera. Wokhala pamalo omwewo ndi ng'ona zenizeni ndi ma caimans akuda (iyi ndi ng'ona yaku South America), izi zing'onozing'ono zazing'onozi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomwe zimawagwiritsa ntchito.

Atayikira mazira, wamkazi sayenera kuyesetsa pang'ono komanso kuleza mtima kuti ateteze chisa chake ndi mazira ake kwa abuluzi akuluakulu, omwe amawononga zisa za Caiman.Masiku ano, anthu ali m'gulu la adani achilengedwe anyani.

Munthu amakhala ndi zoyipa zotere padzikoli:

• Zikuvulaza malo okhala - izi zikuphatikizapo kudula mitengo, kuwononga zinyalala ndi zinyalala zochokera m'magetsi opangira magetsi, kulima ziwembu zatsopano zaulimi,
• Kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu chifukwa chazitole. Khungu la nyama zodzikongoletsera izi ndizosavuta kupanga popanga zinthu zachikopa, kusiyanasiyana ndiko mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Ziwombankhanga zamkaka, chifukwa chaung'ono wawo komanso malo amtendere, nthawi zambiri zimagwidwa kuti zigulitsidwe m'misika yobisika.

Chochititsa chidwi: "Mu 2013, amphaka omwe amakhala ku Tortuguero National Park ku Costa Rica adazunzidwa ndi poyizoni wazipatso yemwe adalowa mumtsinje wa Rio Suerta kuchokera m'minda ya nthochi."

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Little Cayman

Chiwerengero cha anthu ku caiman chidachepa kwambiri mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20 chifukwa chogwidwa mosagwirizana komanso malonda. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti pofika nthawi ino ng'ona zokhala ndi mitundu yamtundu wamkati zidatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Chifukwa chake, anthu, kuti athetsenso msika wamalonda azikopa ndi zinthu zopangira, anayamba kusaka caimans, ngakhale khungu lawo linali loyenera kukonzedwa kokha kuchokera kumbali za thupi.

Khungu la Cayman silili ndi mtengo wambiri (pafupifupi nthawi 10), koma nthawi yomweyo, ladzaza gawo lalikulu pamsika wapadziko lonse lero. Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa zovuta zoyipa za anthu, kuchuluka kwa ziwombankhanga zidasungidwa chifukwa cha njira zotetezera mtundu wamtunduwu komanso kusinthasintha kwawo kwakukulu pakusintha kwamoyo. Kwa amphaka am'madzi, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe alipo ndi 1 miliyoni, kwa amphongo a tsitsi lalitali - 250-500 chikwi, ndipo ku Paraguayan chiwerengerochi ndi chotsika kwambiri - 100-200 chikwi.

Popeza caimans amadyera, mwachilengedwe amatengera mbali yoyang'anira. Kudya timiyala tating'onoting'ono, njoka, maula, kafadala, mphutsi, amaonedwa ngati oyeretsa zachilengedwe. Ndipo chifukwa cha kumwa ma piranhas, amathandizira kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe sizikudya. Kuphatikiza apo, ma caimans amalemeretsa mitsinje yaying'ono yokhala ndi nayitrogeni yomwe ili mu zinyalala za nyama.

Cayman Guard

Chithunzi: Buku Lofiira la Cayman

Mitundu yonse itatu ya caimans ili pansi pa pulogalamu yoteteza nyama ku CITES. Popeza kuchuluka kwa nkhanu zam'madzi ndizochulukirapo, zalembedwa mu Zakumapeto II za Msonkhano uno. Malinga ndi zowonjezera, mitundu iyi ya caiman ikhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo cha kuphedwa panthawi yamalonda yosalamulirika ya oimira awo. Ku Ecuador, Venezuela, Brazil mitundu yawo ikutetezedwa, ndipo ku Panama ndi Colombia kusaka kwawo ndizochepa. Ku Cuba ndi Puerto Rico, adabzala makamaka m'malo osungira am'deralo kuti aziswana.

Kumbali inayi, apaporisian wamba caiman, wokhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Colombia, akuphatikizidwa ndi Appendix I ya CITES Convention, kutanthauza kuti, mtunduwu umawopsezedwa ndikutha ndipo ungagulitsidwe ngati kokha. Palibe oimira chikwi chimodzi opitilira awa. Maonekedwe apamwamba a ma caimans amaphatikizidwanso mu CITES Convention Annex I, makamaka chifukwa khungu lake ndi loyenera kwambiri popanga zinthu zachikopa kuchokera pamenepo. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi zambiri amayesa kudzipereka ngati khungu labwinobwino kwambiri la khungu la alligator.

Mitundu ya Paraimanan caimanayo yalembedwa mu International Red Book. Kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa anthu, mapulogalamu apadera adapangidwa omwe amachitidwa ku Bolivia, Argentina, ndi Brazil. Ku Argentina ndi ku Brazil, akufuna kuyesa kuweta ziweto zam'madzi izi, zomwe zimawathandiza kukhala m'mafamu "achikale". Ndipo ku Bolivia, amasinthana ndi kubereka kwawo mu vivo.

Caiman m'malo zinyama zachilendo zomwe zimakhala padziko lathuli. Amachita chidwi ndi nkhani yawo, yopatsa chidwi ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe owopsa, komanso njira yovuta. Popeza iwo ndi anthu akale kwambiri padziko lapansi, ali ndi ufulu wolemekeza ndi kuthandizidwa ndi anthu.

Kufotokozera kwa ng'ona

Ng'ona - zazikulu, zingapo kukula kwake, mwamphamvu modabwitsa komanso zodzala zamwazi kwambiri zidawonekera padzikoli nthawi yomweyo ngati dinosaurs. Ndiwo mbadwa zachikale zamakedzana zakale zomwe zidakhalako nthawi ya Mesozoic. Maonekedwe a ng'ona, njira yake ya moyo, njira yopezera chakudya komanso zizolowezi zimakumbutsabe zaubwenzi.

Thupi, mchira ndi miyendo yaphimbidwa ndi khungu lowuma lamapiri lomwe lasandukanso timbale tating'onoting'ono, timakumbukiridwe ndimiyala ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe dzina lake idachokera. Crocodilos, lomwe limamasuliridwa kuchokera ku Chigriki, limatanthawuza "nyongolotsi." Ngakhale nyongolotsi siziri wamba, ndizabwino kwambiri. Makulidwe a mamba, kutengera mitundu, kuyambira 2x mpaka 6 metres, ndipo kulemera kwawo kumafika pafupifupi tani. Anthu akuluakulu amapezekanso, choncho ng'ona zokhala ndi mitundu yambiri zimatha kulemera makilogalamu 2000. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala pafupifupi theka la abambo.

Malinga ndi gulu lomwe lidalipo, ng'ona ndi zenizeni, alligators ndi ma gavials. Mapangidwe a mitundu yonse ali ofanana ndipo amafanana kwambiri ndi kukhala m'malo amadzi: thupi lathyathyathya, lathyathyathya, lalitali, mutu, mchira wautali pambuyo pake limapanikizika kuchokera kumbali ndi miyendo yayifupi. Pamaso pake, zala 5, kumiyendo yakumiyendo 4, yolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba. Maso okhala ndi ana owongoka, mphuno zimakhala pamwamba pamutu, zomwe zimalola kuti ng'onayo, yomiziratu ndimadzi, kupuma momasuka ndikuwona chilichonse m'deralo. Amakhala ndi masomphenya usiku, mabowo ndi mphuno zimatha kutsekedwa ndi zikopa za khungu.

Izi zikuluzikulu zimakhala ndi njira yoyambirira yopumira. Amakhala ndi mapapu akuluakulu omwe amakhala ndi mpweya wambiri kuwalola kuti apume kwa nthawi yayitali. Minofu yapadera yozungulira mapapu imatha kuyendetsa mpweya m'mapapo motsika pakati pakukoka, potero ikukonzekera kuyamwa. Kupindika kuchokera mu minofu yolumikizana kumatha kulozetsa ziwalo zamkati m'mbali yakutali, yomwe imasintha pakatikati pa kusuntha kwa thupi, kupereka malo ofunikira a thupi ndikuyenda pansi pamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, nasopharynx imasiyanitsidwa ndi khomo lamkamwa ndi khosi lachiberekero, chifukwa chomwe ng'ona imatha kusunga pakamwa pake pansi pa madzi, ndikupitiliza kupuma ndi mphuno yake yomwe ili pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo chitseko cha palatine ndi valavu yapadera samaloleza madzi kulowa mmero.

Ng'ona ili ndi njira yozungulira yoyendayenda. Mtima ndi chipinda chinayi chokhala ndi atria awiri ndi ma ventricles awiri, olekanitsidwa ndi septum. Koma kapangidwe kapadera, ngati kuli kotheka, kamapereka mu msempha, komwe kumayambitsa kugaya chakudya, kumayambitsa magazi osakhalitsa ndi venous, odzazidwa ndi mpweya woipa, womwe umathandizira kupanga madzi am'mimba ndikuwonjezera njira ya kugaya chakudya. Chifukwa chake, ng'ona imatha kumeza chakudya m'magulu akulu kapena ngakhale yonse, imayikiridwa. Magazi ake amakhala ndi maantibayotiki olimba omwe amateteza kumatenda ngakhale m'madzi akuda kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, hemoglobin m'magazi a ng'ona imanyamula mpweya wambiri kangapo kuposa nyama zapamtunda komanso mwa anthu, motero ng'ona zimatha kupuma ndipo, popanda kuyandama, zimakhala pansi pa madzi mpaka maola awiri.

Dongosolo logaya chakudya la ng’ona lilinso ndi machitidwe ake. Chifukwa chake mano awo amakhala akusinthidwa pafupipafupi zaka ziwiri zilizonse, kotero kuti saopa kutaya mano, idzakulabe yatsopano. Dzino ndiloboweka mkati ndipo m'kati mwake momwemo umakulirakulirakulirakulira, mano akamachotsa kapena kuthyooka, amakhala kuti ali kale m'malo mwake. Mimba yake ndi yayikulu ndipo yomata khoma, mkati mwake muli miyala yoyendera yomwe mamba amapera chakudya. Matumbo ang'onoang'ono akufupika mkatikati mwa khola ndi mwayi wovala zovala. Palibe chikhodzodzo konse, mwina chifukwa cha moyo m'madzi.

Ming'alu ndi zopota ndizosiyana. Kunja, izi zikuwoneka kapangidwe ka nsagwada. Ng'ona yeniyeni imakhala ndi chimpeni chakuthwa, ndipo pakamwa chotseka, dzino lachinayi la nsagwada yakumbuyo limatuluka kunja. Nkhope ya alligator ndi yopepuka, ndipo nsagwada zotsekeka, mano sawoneka. Kuphatikiza apo, ng'ona yeniyeni imakhala ndi timinyewa tosiyanasiyana tokhala ndi mchere m'mililime yake, ndipo maso ali ndi zolocha zaubongo zomwe zimachotsa mchere wambiri m'thupi la ng'ona. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi misozi yomwe imadziwika kuti ndi ng'ona, chifukwa chomwe, ng'ona yeniyeni imatha kukhala m'madzi amchere amchere, komanso alligator yokha mwatsopano.

Pafupifupi ming'alu yonse, kupatula zakudya zam'madzi zomwe zimadyedwa ku Ghana, zimadya chakudya cha nyama, kapena m'malo mwake zonse zomwe zimakhala m'madzi komanso m'mbali mwa nyanja. Ndi zaka, zakudya zawo zimasintha pang'ono, koma izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, kuchuluka kwawo ndipo mwachilengedwe kufunika kwa chakudya chochulukirapo. Chifukwa chake achichepere amadyera nsomba ndi ma invertebrates ang'ono ndi amphibians. Anthu akuluakulu amagwira nsomba zazikulu, njoka zam'madzi, akambuku, nkhanu. Nthawi zambiri ziweto zawo zimakhala nyani, agulu, kangaroos, porcupines, rfishons, martens, mongooses, mwachidule nyama zonse zomwe zimapita kumadzi othirira, kuphatikizapo zoweta. Ena mwa iwo amakhala mankhwalawa, ndiko kuti, amadya wina ndi mnzake. Mitundu yayikulu, monga Nilo, chisa, dambo, ndi mitundu ina, imatha kuthana ndi munthu amene akukula kuposa iye, Chifukwa chake, ng'ona za ku Nile nthawi zambiri zimagunda anthambo, buffalos, mvuu, komanso njovu. Amadya kwambiri, nthawi imodzi mamba achikulire amatha kuyamwa chakudya chofanana ndi kotala la kulemera kwake. Nthawi zina gawo lina la nyama limabisidwa, ngakhale limakhala kuti silinawonongeke, nthawi zambiri ena omwe amadyera anzawo amatenga nthawi.

Ngwazi zili ndi machitidwe achilendo osaka. Ng'ona, imamizidwa thupi lonse m'madzi, ndikungosiya maso ndi mphuno pamwamba, ikusambira mwakachetechete kupita kumadzi akumwa madziwo, kenako ndikugwira wom'ponyayo ndi kuponya mwachangu ndikukoka nayo kulowetsa, komwe imayiphonya. Ngati wozunzidwayo amakana mwamphamvu, ndiye kuti, akung'ung'udza kuzungulira nkhwangwayo, amang'amba. Ngwazi sizimatha kutafuna chakudya, zimangophwanya zidutswa ndi kuzimeza, zimamwa nyama zazing'ono kwathunthu.

China chochita ndi mamba ndichakuti chiwonetsero cha mafupa a m'mafupa ake chikukula mosalekeza ndipo chifukwa chake, ng'ona imakula nthawi yonse yamoyo wake, ikukula kukula m'zaka. Kukula kwa ng'ona kumatha kudziwa zaka zake. Ndipo poganiza kuti mitundu ina ya ng'ona imakhala ndi moyo zaka 70-80 kapena kupitirira apo, sizodabwitsa kuti pali anthu ena akuluakulu abwinowa. Kuphatikiza apo, ng'ona sizimazima m'miyoyo yawo yonse, khungu lawo lolimba limakula nawo ndipo pazaka zimafupa ndipo limakhala lamphamvu kwambiri. Olimba makona amkati pakhungu, lopakidwa mizere yokhazikika, pamapeto pake imasandulika chigolopolo. Ndi chifukwa cha khungu lolimba ili kuti ng'ona zakhala nkhani yakusaka anthu omwe akhala akugwiritsa ntchito kwazitali kwa zosowa zawo. Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu amapanga nsapato za zikopa za ng'ona, zikwama, malamba, masutikesi, ndi zinthu zina zolimba. Chifukwa chake, mitundu yambiri ya ng'ona zomwe zidakhala padziko lapansi zaka zana zapitazo zidasowa. Pali mitundu 23 ya zirombo izi kuzungulira dziko lapansi pano.

Mtundu wamkaka wamatumbo zimatengera malo. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yotuwa, yakuda, ndipo nthawi zina pafupifupi yakuda. Osati kawirikawiri, ma alubino amabwera oyera kwambiri. Kuthengo, anthu otere nthawi zambiri sapulumuka.

Monga ming'alu yonse yamagazi ozizira, kutentha kwa thupi kumatengera kutentha kwa chilengedwe ndipo chifukwa chake amakhala m'madela otentha okha. Mitambo ya zingwezi ndi yofala ku Africa, Australia ndi Oceania, m'maiko a Indochina, ku America. Mitembo yamadzi oyera imakonda mitundu yambiri yamamba, koma monga ng'ona zokhazikika komanso zowongoka zimasinthidwanso ndi madzi amchere amchere. Kwa mitundu yambiri yamakona, kutentha kwabwino kwambiri kuli kosiyanasiyana 32-35 ° C. Kutentha kotsika ndi 20 ndi kupitirira 38 ° C kumakhala kosamasuka kwambiri kwa iwo. Nthawi zambiri mutha kuwona momwe ming'aluyo imatsegulira pakamwa pake kwa nthawi yayitali. Amachita izi kuti madzi atulukemo kuchokera mkamwa, kuziziritsa thupi. Nthawi ngati izi, mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala pakamwa pake ndikukhomerera chakudya, ndikutsuka mano. Mbawala sizigwira mbalame zoterezi chifukwa zotsatira zake zonse zimapindula.

Pa thermoregulation, izi zokwawa pansi pa nyanga za chipolopolo zili ndi ma osteoderm apadera omwe amatha kudziunjikira kutentha kwa dzuwa, chifukwa chomwe kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kwa thupi masana nthawi zambiri sikupita madigiri 1-2. Komabe, ndikayamba kuzizira kapena chilala, ambiri amagona. Amakumba mabowo pansi pa dziwe louma, lofanana ndi ming'alu, ndikugona m'makomalo, nthawi zambiri anthu angapo palimodzi mpaka kutentha kwatentha. Ngakhale zakhala zikuwonekedwa posachedwa kuti mitundu ina ya ng'ona, yovutitsa minofu yathupi, imatha kudziyambitsa magazi, potero imakweza kutentha kwa thupi madigiri 5-7 kupitirira kutentha kwotsika.

Zosiyanasiyana

Mamba ophatikizika, ku Latin Crocodylus porosus ndiye wamkulu koposa onse omwe alipo. M'dzina lina: m'madzi, pamchere, Indo-Pacific, madzi amtundu wamkati ndipo ngakhale ming'alu-yokhazikika. Kutalika kwake, chilombo ichi chimatha kukhala mpaka mamita 7 kapena kupitilira apo, ndikulemera mpaka matani awiri. Ali ndi mafupa awiri owoneka ngati mafupa kumapeto kwa maso, chifukwa chake adadziwika ndi dzina. Nthawi zambiri ng'ona yokhala ngati yodera imakhala yotuwa ndipo imakhala ndi mawanga amdima komanso mikwingwirima yathupi ndi mchira. Amakhala m'madzi oyenda panyanja komanso am'madzi otsetsereka omwe amapita kunyanja kudzera m'mphepete mwa India, Indochina, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, ndi Philippines. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka munyanja lotchedwa kutali ndi gombe. Imadyera nyama iliyonse yomwe imatha kugwira. M'madzi, awa ndi nsomba, akamba, ma dolphin, shaki, stingrays ndi ena okhala m'madzi. Pamtunda pali nyama zomwe zikupita kumalo othirira: anyani, njati, nkhumba zamtchire, nguluwe, zimbalangondo, abulu ndi nkhosa zoweta, mbuzi, nkhumba, agalu, ng'ombe, akavalo komanso madzi am'madzi. Osaphonya mphindi kuti muukire munthu yemwe ali m'gawo lake lofika.

Ng'ona wa Nile kapena Crocodylus niloticus m'Chilatini - wachiwirikulu kwambiri kuphatikiza. Pafupifupi, ng'ona za ku Africazi ndizotalika kuyambira 4.5 mpaka 5.5 metres, ndipo kulemera kwake kuli pafupifupi 1 tani. Mitundu yawo imakhala imvi kapena ya bulauni, yokhala ndi mikwaso yakuda kumbuyo ndi mchira. Ichi ndiye choyipa kwambiri mwa mitundu yonse, osawerengera nyama zina zilizonse, zokulirapo koposa. Chilombo chokha sichimachita mantha kugunda njati, mvuu, mimbulu, ndulu, mkango kapena njovu, pamulimbana womwe chimakhala nthawi zambiri chimapambana.

Ngulu yosamba - Crocodylus palustris, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti India kapena Mager. Ngulu yansomba imakhalanso yayikulu kwambiri, imatha kutalika mpaka 5 metres ndipo imalemera 500 kg pafupifupi. Mtundu wake ndi wobiriwira wakuda, dambo. Ndi phokoso lalikulu, imawoneka ngati mbewa. Mager ku Hindi amatanthauza "chinjoka chamadzi", ngakhale asodzi aku India amutcha wolanda, chifukwa ng'ona izi zimaba nsomba, ndipo ngati zingafunikire, asodzi nawonso asodzi. Amakhala ku India ndi mayiko oyandikana nawo m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja, komanso m'nkhwawa. Panthawi yachilala, anthu ogwiritsa ntchito manambala amaponya matope osakira ndipo nthawi yayikulu isanayambe. Pachilumba cha Ceylon, ng'ona yosiyanasiyana, yotchedwa "kimbula", imakhala. Ng'ona za Ceylon zimatha kukhala m'madzi amchere ndipo zimakonda zigwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Zankhanza kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri zimazunza anthu.

Mamba aku America waku America (Crocodylus acutus) - wodziwika bwino kwambiri pamitundu yonse. Dzinali linaperekedwa chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe opyapyala, osanjikana. Amakula mpaka 5 m kutalika, ndipo amalemera mpaka 1000 kg. Mtundu nthawi zambiri umakhala wonyezimira kapena wa imvi. Amakhala m'mitsinje, m'madzi ndi m'madambo a Central America, kumwera kwa USA ndi kumpoto kwa South America. Amamadya kwambiri nsomba, mafoni am'madzi ndi akamba. Chakudya chikakhala chochepa, chimadyetsa ziweto. Zakuukira anthu ndizosowa kwambiri.

Ngwete yopapatiza yamu Africa - Crocodylus cataphractus ndi wamkulu kwambiri, amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi malo otentha a West ndi Central Africa.Kutalika mwachizolowezi ndi pafupifupi mamitala 2.5, koma palinso mpaka 4 mita. Dzinali limabwera chifukwa cha phokoso lakachetechete. Mosiyana ndi ng'ona zina, mbale zolimba pakhosi pake zimapangidwa m'mizere 3-4, ndipo kumbuyo kwake amaphatikizika ndi masikelo, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi ng'ona ngati chipolopolo. Zimadyanso nsomba ndi anthu ochepa okhala m'madzi. Amamanga zisa kuchokera kuzomera pagombe pafupi ndi madzi omwe. Timayikira mazira ochepa, osapitilira awiri, nthawi yamakulidwe ndiyitali kuposa mitundu ina, nthawi zambiri pafupifupi miyezi 4. Kuchulukana kwa ng'ona zocheperako ku Africa kukugwa chifukwa chosaka nthawi zonse osaka. Amakhulupilira kuti palibe oposa 50,000 omwe atsala.

Mamba a Orinoc - mu Latin Crocodylus intermedius - imodzi mwazosowa kwambiri. Zili zofanana ndi zachilendo zaku America komanso zakunja komanso kukula kwake, kutalika kwake kufika pa 5.2 m. Utoto ndiwobiliwira komanso imvi komanso malo amdima. Phokoso ndilalitali ngati la Afrika. Amadyetsa makamaka nsomba ndi nyama zazing'ono. M'chilala, madzi m'mitsinje akatsika, amabisala m'maenje amphepete mwa mitsinje ndi malo okhala. Kwa nthawi yayitali inali imodzi mwa ng'ona zokhazikika kwambiri ku South America, chifukwa chomwe zidatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Tsopano palibe oposa munthu chikwi chimodzi ndi theka. Amakhala makamaka ku Venezuela ndi Colombia komanso kuzilumba zapafupi.

Ngala yopapatiza yaku Australia - Crocodylus johnstoni, dzina lina la Johnston Crocodile. Si yayikulu kwambiri, koma 3m kutalika ndi kulemera kwa 100 makilogalamu imakhalanso yochititsa chidwi, makamaka chifukwa imafika pamtunda wotere zaka 25. Ng'ona iyi ili ndi miyendo yolimba yokhala ndi zibwano zazikulu ndi phokoso lalifupi, lowongoka, lomwe adatipatsa dzina. Utoto wake umakhala wowoneka bwino kwambiri, wamizeremizere wakuda thupi ndi mchira. Amamadya kwambiri nsomba, komanso sikukana nyama zapamwamba komanso nyama zazing'ono zamtchire. Chimakhala kumadzulo komanso kumpoto kwa Australia m'mitsinje, m'madzi, m'madzi ndi madzi abwino, motero nthawi zina imadziwika kuti ng'ona yamadzi yatsopano.

Ng'ona kapena Philippines - Crocodylus mindorensis adadziwika ndi dzina, malo awa ndi zilumba za Philippines, makamaka zilumba za Mindoro, Negros, Samar, Buzuang, Jolo, Luzon. Mamba ndiocheperako pang'ono, osapitilira 3 metres. Phokoso ndilotakata, lofanana ndi New Guinea. Mtundu ndi wa imvi wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda pamthupi ndi mchira. Amakhala m'madzi atsopano: m'madziwe, m'madziwe, m'madzi, madambo. Nthawi zina amasintha malo omwe amakhala ndikukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito usiku, masana imatsitsidwa m'malo obisika. Amadyetsa nsomba, tating'ono tating'ono tambiri, mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimabwera kudzathirira. Amawerengedwa ngati mtundu wosowa, m'chilengedwe alipo mazana ochepa okha ndipo kuyambira 1992 adalembedwa mu Red Book.

Crocodile waku Central America, ng'ona Morele, Latin Crocodylus moreletii. Dzinalo limanenanso za malo omwe amakhala, omwe amapezeka m'maiko a Central America: Mexico, Guatemala, Belize. Makulidwe apakati pakatikati, kutalika kotalika pafupifupi 3 mita. Utoto wake ndi imvi, nthawi zina imatuwa, wamizere yakuda pamtengo ndi mchira, m'mimba ndiyopepuka. Kusiyana kwa mitundu ina ndikuti khungu lake limakhala ndi mbale zochepa za keratinized, zimakhala makamaka pakhosi pamwambapa, m'mimba mulibe chitetezo chotere, chifukwa chake chimatchedwa ng’ona wofewa khungu. Chiwerengerochi ndichoperewera, m'chilengedwe alipo masauzande angapo.

Ngwazi Zatsopano za ku Guinea kapena Crocodylus novaeguineae, mtundu wosowa kwambiri, pakalipano amakhala ku zilumba za Papua New Guinea ndi Indonesia. Uwu ndi mlengalenga wapakatikati, wokhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 3.5, ndipo zazimayi mpaka mita 2.7. Zofanana ndi m'bale wa Siamese. Phokoso laling'ono ndi lalifupi. Utoto wonyezimira wokhala ndi mikwaso yakuda pathupi ndi mchira. Miyoyo yokha m'madzi oyera, imakonda malo a chithaphwi. Ichi ndi chizolowezi chosaka usiku, chochita kukonzekereratu. Chakudyacho makamaka ndi nsomba, mbalame, nyama zazing'ono ndi crustaceans ndi zonse zomwe zimatha kupitilira. Masana limagona m'malo obisika. Khungu la mtunduwu siliwofunidwa mwapadera, chifukwa chake anthu amakhala okhazikika mkati mwa 100,000, ngakhale adalembedwa mu Red Book.

Ng'ona wa ku Cuba - Crocodylus rhombifer, wapakati komanso yaying'ono kukula. Kutalika kwazonse kumakhala mpaka 2,5 metres m'litali ndi kulemera kuli pafupifupi 40 kg. Pali kutalika kwa mamitala 3.5 kutalika ndi kulemera kwa 200 kg. Mu 1880, chifanizo chautali wa mita 5.3 chinagwidwa. Mwachilengedwe, amakhala ku Cuba m'madambo akumalo otetezedwa a Zapata Peninsula komanso pachilumba cha Isla de la Huventud. Ngakhale ndi ng'ona yaying'ono, imadziwika kuti ndiyankhanza kwambiri pa mitundu yonse. Ili ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso yoluma kwambiri yomwe imafikira ma kilogalamu 2,000. Imadyera pachilichonse chomwe chingagwire ndikugonjetsedwa. Amasautsa anthu kawirikawiri, koma amasaka nyama zapakhomo, chifukwa ngakhale ndi nyama yam'madzi, amakhala nthawi yambiri pamtunda. Chinanso chomwe chimachitika ndi ng'ona iyi ndi kutumphuka m'madzi. Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti ng’ona za ku Cuba zikulumpha kutuluka m'madzi zimagwira nyama zing'onozing'ono kapena mbalame kuchokera munthambi.

Ng’ona za Siamese - Crocodylus siamensis, mitundu yaying'ono. Kutalika pafupifupi 3 mita, mulifupi 4 metres. Kulemera kwa amuna ndi kosaposa 350 kg, ndipo akazi osaposa 150 kg. Komabe, nthawi zina amaphatikizana ndi ng'ona zokhazikika kenako kukula kwake kwa ma hybrids awa ndi akulu kwambiri. Ng'ona za Siamese zimakhala ngati zocheperako, makamaka ana. Mtundu wawo ndi maolivi obiriwira, ndipo zobiriwira zakuda zimapezekanso. Amadyetsa nsomba, zigamba, zodzikongoletsera, nyama zazing'ono ndi mbalame. Malo okhala dziko la Indochina: Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, opezeka ku Malaysia. Ng'ona za ku Siamese zomwe zili pangozi, zolembedwa mu Buku Lofiira. Tsopano palibe opitilira 5000, malinga ndikuti ku Cambodia amaweta mu nazale.

Ngweji Yachi Africa - Osteolaemus tetraspis, dzina lina la ng'ona yoluka, yaying'ono kwambiri mwa onse okhala padziko lapansi. Kutalika kwake ndi 1.5 metres. Amakhala ku Central ndi West Africa, m'malo otentha komanso mitsinje. Amadyapo nsomba, achule, zokwawa zazing'ono, nkhono komanso ngakhale tizilombo kapena kanyama. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake kocheperako, ng’ona imeneyi nthawi zambiri imatha kugwidwa ndi adani ena, koma, poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina, imatetezedwa bwino ndi mbale zam'mbali, khosi komanso mchira. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa zigawo zomwe mitundu yamitundu iyi imakhala nayo, siphunzira pang'ono. Koma, monga momwe amadziwika, amasakidwa nthawi zonse, popeza khungu lake ndi nyama ndizofunikira kwambiri. Ngakhale, malinga ndi malipoti aposachedwa, nzika zaku Africa sizikuwopsezedwa kuti zidzatha.

Mississippi alligator - lat. Alligator mississippiensis kapena alligator wina waku America, wamkulu wamitundu yobwerekera kuchokera ku banja losiyana la alligators. Imafika pamtunda waukulu mpaka 4.5m kutalika ndi kulemera kwa thupi mpaka 400 kg. Amasiyana ndi ng'ona chifukwa imangokhala m'madzi abwino komanso kulekerera kuzizira mosavuta. Amakhala m'mitsinje, m'madzi ndi m'madziwe a North America makamaka kumwera kwa USA. Amadyetsa nsomba, akamba, zirombo, mbalame ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala pafupi ndi madzi kapena kubwera kumalo othirira: nutria, raccoons, muskrats, etc. Nyama zikuluzikulu komanso anthu samazunzidwa. Kwa zaka zambiri, agalu onse a Mississippi akhala akuwerengedwa pama famu apadera a khungu ndi nyama. Maalubino oyera nthawi zambiri amapezeka pakati pa mitunduyi.

Chinese alligator - Alligator sinensis ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa mnzake waku America. Kutalika konse kwa zokwawa izi ndi 2 ndi mita yaying'ono, chachikazi chimakhala mita imodzi ndi theka. Amadyetsa nsomba, zigamba, njoka, nyama zazing'ono, mbalame. Malo okha omwe mitunduyi imakhala ndi Yangtze River Basin ku China. Izi ndi zachilendo mtundu, pafupifupi kuwonongedwa ndi munthu. Mu vivo, pali anthu mazana angapo. Posachedwa, alligators aku China adayamba kusisima pamafamu apadera kuti azigulitsa kuti apeze zikopa ndi nyama. Izi zokwawa ndizomwe zimakhala mwamtunda zamitundu yonse, zimatha kumenya munthu kokha kuti zitetezedwe.

Wachinyamata wakuda kapena Melanosuchus niger - imodzi mwazona zazikulu. Kukula kwa thupi laimuna kumatha kufika 5.5 m, ndi kulemera kwa 500 kg. ndi zina zambiri. Monga ma caimans onse, pamakhala zikuluzikulu za bony pamutu kumbuyo kwa maso zomwe zimawasiyanitsa ndi ng'ona zenizeni. Amakhala m'madzi ndi mitsinje ya South America. Amadyetsa makamaka nyama zazikulu zomwe zimabwera kumalo othirira: agwape, nyani, armadillos, otters, ziweto ndi zina zotero. Samakana nsomba, kuphatikiza ndi piranha wotchuka, yemwe samuopa, chifukwa cha chipolopolo cholimba chopangidwa ndi mamba olimba. Amakhala ndi moyo wamasiku angapo, kuphatika kwa masomphenya ake opanga bwino usiku, ndipo mtundu wakuda ndi chinthu chobisa. Nthawi zambiri anthu amachitidwa zolemba.

Mamba Cayman, mu Latin Caiman crocodilus kapena chiwonetsero cha Caiman ndi chaching'ono. Kutalika kwakuthupi kwa thupi kumakhala mpaka 2 m ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 60 kg. Ali ndi chopondera tating'onoting'ono komanso fupa lomakula pakati pa maso ofanana ndi galasi. Amakhala m'madzi aliwonse a ku Central America, ku Mexico, ku Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Panama, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guyana, Dominican Republic, Guatemala ndi Bahamas. Amamadya kwambiri nsomba, nkhanu ndi chipolopolo. Nthawi zina imagwira nkhumba zakutchire, ma caimans ena komanso anaconda. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri iwonso amakodwa ndi zilombo zazikulu: zimphona zakuda, nkhandwe, nkhanu zazikulu. Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa anthu ambiri.

Kutali Cayman m'Chilatini, Caiman latirostris ndi yayikulu kukula, nthawi zambiri kupitirira mamitala awiri, wobiriwira maolivi wobiriwira ndipo imakhala ndi nsagwada yotukuka, yomwe adadziyitcha. Amakhala m'mitsinje ndi m'matanthwe omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic mayiko ambiri aku South America, ku Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madziwe pafupi ndi malo okhala anthu. Amamadya kwambiri nsomba, nkhono, ma mbewa. Akuluakulu amphaka amagwira akamba ndi capybara capybara.

Khungu la caiman wokhala ndi nkhope yayikulu likufunidwa kwambiri, chifukwa chake, chifukwa chaumbanda m'zaka zapitazi, ambiri aiwo anathetsedwa. Komabe, chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa malo omwe akukhalamo, anthu adapulumuka, akukhulupirira kuti kuyambira 250,000 mpaka 500,000 anthu amtunduwu tsopano amapezeka mwachilengedwe.

Cayman waku Paraguayan - Caiman yacare, Yakar kapena piranha cayman. Adalandira mayina ambiri pachifukwa, uwu ndi mtundu wofala kwambiri wa caiman ndi ng'ona kawirikawiri. Amakhala kulikonse m'malo otetezeka, mitsinje ndi nyanja za Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay ndi Bolivia. Pakatikati kakang'ono, kutalika kwamtunda wa 2, Yakar caiman ndiyowonekera bwino, imadya nsomba zambiri, nkhono, ma invertebrates am'madzi, ndipo ikafika, ndiye kuti pali njoka. Sadzakana mbalame kapena nyama zazing'ono. Amadziwika kuti Piranev chifukwa cha mapangidwe ake apadera a mano ake, mano ake aatali apansi amatuluka pamwamba pa nsagwada yapamwamba, nthawi zina amapanga mabowo mkati mwake. Ndizowopsa, koma munthu amamugwirira kawirikawiri ndipo amangomukhumudwitsa.

Wokalamba woyang'anira wowoneka bwino waku Cuvier - Paleosuchus palpebrosus, imodzi mwing'onoting'ono kwambiri. Kutalika kwamphwamphwa sikupitilira ziwiri, ndipo chachikazi ndi mita imodzi ndi theka. Kunenepa kwambiri 20 kg. Maonekedwe achilendo a mutu wokhala ndi zikwangwani zosalala amausiyanitsa ndi abale awo. Komabe, izi zimamupatsa mwayi kukumba mabowo momwe akukhalamo. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe amakono amachotsa mosavuta mitsinje ndi mitsinje yomwe imayenda mothamanga kwambiri m'madzi, kwinaku ikuthamangitsa nyama: nsomba, nkhanu, shrimps ndi anthu ena okhala m'mitsinje ya South America. Ngati ndi kotheka, kusaka nyama zazing'onoting'ono, kupewa anthu.

Schmoider's Smooth Cayman kapena caiman wokhala ndi mutu wopindika patatu - Paleosuchus trigonatus. Wachibale wapafupi kwambiri ndi Caiman Cuvier wamtali. Imakhala m'malo omwewo Cayvier wosalala wowoneka bwino. Cuvier akunja amasiyana ndi caiman momwe mawonekedwe a mutu, imakhala ndi mawonekedwe amakono, ndipo kupindika kumatalika. Kukula kwakukulu kwa amuna kumakhala kuyambira 1.5 mpaka 1.7 metres, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi pafupifupi 15 kg, zazikazi ndizocheperako. Chakudya chopatsa thanzi, kubereka ndi moyo ndizofanana kwa iwo.

Wachifundo kapena Gavialis gangeticus - woyimira yekhayo wa banja la gavial la ng'ona dongosolo. Nyama imodzimodziyi, yokhala ngati ng'ona yeniyeni, koma imasiyana. Gavial imayambitsa moyo wam'madzi, nthawi zambiri pamtunda, nthawi zambiri imangoyikira mazira. Ichi ndi mtundu waukulu kwambiri, wokula kutalika mpaka 6 mita. Nthawi zambiri gavial imakhala yofiirira, m'mimba imakhala yowala. Imasiyanitsidwa ndi ng'ona ndi phokoso lalitali kwambiri, chinthu chofanana ndi mulomo wa wolimbana ndi nyama. Mano ake atali ndi nsagwada ndizoyenera kwambiri kusodza, ndiye gawo lalikulu la gavial, ngakhale samakana anthu ena okhala munyanja. Magalimoto akuluakulu nthawi zina amagwira nyama zazing'ono zam'mbali. Malo okhala ku India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Myanmar. Malinga ndi iwo, ku Bhutan adawonongedwa kwathunthu. Tsopano gavial amatengedwa ngati nyama yosowa kwambiri ndipo adalembedwa mu Red Book.

Ng'ona zamtundu wina, mu Latin Tomistoma schlegelii, wachibale wapafupi kwambiri komanso wachibale. M'mabungwe asayansi, amatchedwanso pseudogavial, kapena zabodza gavial. Ndizofanana kwambiri ndi gavial. Ili ndi phokoso lalitali ngati lalifupi, lalifupi kwambiri, lalifupi kwambiri kuposa la gavial weniweni. Amakhalanso ang'ono pang'ono kukula kwake ndipo mtundu wake ndi wakuda. Mikwingwirima yakuda imawoneka pa thupi ndi mchira. Ndipo munjira ya moyo wawo amakhala okhalitsa, amakhala nthawi yambiri pamtunda. Chifukwa chake, chakudya chawo ndi chofala. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, amasangalala kugwira ndi kudya anyani, nkhumba, kuyang'anira abuluzi, oster ndi zazikulu, monga anelopes ndi agwape. Musamapewe akamba ndi njoka. Mwachidule, amakhala ngati ng'ona zenizeni. Amakhala ku Indonesia, Malaysia, kuzilumba za Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java, Borneo. Zomwe zidapezedwa ku Vietnam ndi Thailand, koma kuyambira mu 1970 sizinawoneke komweko. Zakuukira anthu nthawi zambiri. Chifukwa cha phokoso laling'ono, gavial wabodza amadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wopanda ngozi kwa anthu, koma pali umboni wotsimikizika wa kuukira kwa anthu mu 2009 ndi 2012. Mwinanso, izi zidachitika chifukwa chophwanya malo omwe amakhala komanso kuchepa kwawo.

Ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa magazi a ng'ona kuli, m'maganizo a anzathu ambiri omwe sanakumane nawo m'malo achilengedwe, ichi ndi nyama yabwinobwino. Chabwino, wolusa, ameneyo. Pali zilombo zochuluka kwambiri padziko lapansi, mmbulu ndi chimbalangondo, ndipo galu wofunafuna yemweyu sadzakana kulawa nyama yatsopano ya hare kapena wogawana. Kuphatikiza apo, ng’ona sikuti nthawi zambiri pamakhala m'mabuku ndi makanema. Chifukwa chake ngwazi ya Paul Hogan mu kanema wotsogozedwa ndi Peter Fyman "Dundee wotchedwa" Crocodile "adalandira mphotho ya Golden Globe Award yomwe idakopa chidwi cha omvera, kuwonetsa momwe anthu ali kutali ndi mamba ndi zokonda zawo komanso umbombo.

Koma chifukwa cha olemba ena aku Russia komanso owongolera ndi ana, ng’ona imadziwika ndi anthu ochezeka komanso achilungamo a The Familiar Crocodile ochokera ku Moidodyr kapena The Crocodile Gena. Inde, zikhale choncho, koma kufotokozera ana kuti ndi bwino kusayandikira chipika chobiriwira ichi.

Kufalitsa

Ng'ona caiman ndi yotakata kuposa zina zilizonse: imapezeka kuchokera ku Belize, Guatemala ndi Mexico kupita ku Peru, Bolivia ndi Brazil. Masanjidwe C. c. fuscus adayambitsa ku Cuba, Trinidad ndi Tobago, Dominican Republic ndi Puerto Rico. Cayman uyu amalekerera madzi amchere, omwe adalola kuti asamuke kuzilumba zina pafupi ndi mainland, kuphatikizapo Aruba, St. Martin, Martinique, Guadeloupe, Bahamas, Trinidad ndi Tobago.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Chakudya chachikulu cha Caiman ndi ma mollusks, nkhanu zamadzi oyera, amphibians, repitles zazing'ono, zolengedwa zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi nsomba. Amuna akuluakulu nthawi zina amatha kulimbana ndi anyani akuluakulu, kuphatikiza anyama - mwachitsanzo, nkhumba zakuthengo kapena zangazi monga anacondas. Milandu ya cannibalism imadziwika. Pafupipafupi, nyama yamphaka ya ng'ona imatha kudya mosavuta komanso kudya kosavuta.

Caimans ndi cholumikizira chofunikira mu zachilengedwe zam'malo otentha a South America, pankhani yochepetsera kuchuluka kwawo kwa nsomba kumachepetsedwa.Amawongolera kuchuluka kwa ma piran mu mitsinje, ngakhale sakhala akatswiri otere piranhas monga, mwachitsanzo, ma Yakar caimans.

Udindo wa anthu

Chifukwa cha zotupa zam'mimba za osteoderm, khungu la kolimba wamkango silabwino kukonza, chikopa chokha m'mphepete ndizoyenera kuvala. Anayamba kusaka nkhombazi mwamphamvu, makamaka atatha kuwonongedwa mu 1950s. Mitundu ina yamatambala. Khungu la Caiman nthawi zambiri limadutsa ngati khungu la alligator, monganso omaliza, ma caimans amaweta m'mafamu. Ngakhale kusaka ndi kutchera nyamazi, m'malo ambiri anthu awo amakhazikika mokhazikika chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwawo kwambiri, kuthana ndi mitundu ina ya ng'ona ndi anthu, komanso kuchuluka kwa malo osungira nyama.

Crocodile caiman imaphatikizidwa ndi Zakumapeto II (subspecies C. c. apaporiensis - mu Zakumapeto I) cha Misonkhano ya CITES. Ndi mtundu wotetezedwa ku Ecuador, Mexico ndi Venezuela, kusaka sikokwanira ku Colombia ndi Panama.

Masanjidwe

Mapulogalamu atatu amadziwika:

• Caiman crocodilus apaporiensis — Apaporis Crocodile Cayman , amakhala kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Colombia kumtsinje wapamwamba wa Apoporis. Yophatikizidwa ndi Zakumapeto I za CITES Convention. Chiwerengero chenicheni sichikudziwika, pafupifupi. Nyama 1000.
• Caiman crocodilus crocodilus - Colombia, Peru, pang'ono Amazonia (Brazil).
• Caiman crocodilus fuscus ambiri ponseponse, anthu opitilira 100,000. Zidayambitsidwa ku Cuba ndi Puerto Rico.

Nthawi zina subtype yachinayi imadziwika - C. c. chiapasius Boucurt, 1876.