Puma ndi nyama yolusa yochokera kubanja la Feline. Ulenje waluso komanso wovutitsa, m'modzi mwa oyimira kwambiri komanso achisomo kwambiri amphaka akuluakulu. Munkhaniyi mutha kufotokoza ndi chithunzi cha phokosili, phunzirani zambiri zatsopano komanso zosangalatsa za moyo wa mphaka wokongola wamtchire.

Kodi phokoso limawoneka bwanji ndipo limatchedwa chiyani?

Puma amawoneka ngati mphaka wolimba, ali ndi thupi losinthika kwambiri, wokhala ndi mchira wamtali wautali. Mapapu adasinthidwa kukwera mitengo. Puma ali ndi chovala chachifupi komanso chofunda.

Ma cougars achikulire nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi utoto wofiirira, mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi ndiyopepuka kuposa kumtunda. Mphaka wamphaka wokhala ndi chizindikiro chakuda ndi makutu akuda.

Kutalika kwa phangalo ndi 100-180 cm, kutalika kwa mchira ndi 60-75 masentimita. Kutalika kwa kufota ndi 60-90 cm, kulemera kwa cougar kumatha kufika 100 makilogalamu. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa akazi. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa akazi kumayambira 30-50 kg, ndipo amuna - 60-80 kg.

Mphaka wamtchireyu ali ndi mayina ena. Puma amatchedwanso mkango wamapiri ndi cougar.

Kodi phokoso limakhala kuti?

Puma ndi nthumwi yakunja yamakati amphaka amphakawo. A Puma amakhala ku North ndi South America, amakhala m'malo ambiri - kuchokera ku Yukon (Canada) kupita ku Patagonia (South America).

Zinyama zodyeramo nyama zimakhala m'mapiri ndipo siziopa kutalika kwakukulu. Imakondanso kukhala m'nkhalango zotentha komanso zotentha, zomwe zimapezeka m'madambo komanso m'zipululu.

Cordars ndi pafupifupi ponseponse, amasuntha mosavuta m'mapiri ndi miyala, amakwera mitengo moyenera ndipo amatha kusambira bwino m'madzi. Nyama zanyama zimatha kuzolowera moyo kudera lililonse.

Ma cordars akuluakulu nthawi zambiri nthawi zambiri amasankha moyo yekha, kupatula amayi ali ndi ana amphaka ndi mabanja a nthawi yakutha. M'tchire, mphaka wa puma amakhala zaka 20.

Kodi nyama yamphongo imasaka bwanji?

Cougar ndi msaki waluso komanso wadyera wabwino kwambiri. Imakhala ndi masomphenya owoneka bwino kwambiri, motero phokoso limasaka nthawi ya kucha komanso kumada. Nthawi zina, amapita kukasaka komanso masana. Mphaka wolusa uyu ali ndi njira zakeyake zosakira, ndi katswiri kwambiri.

Chinyama chamtchire chimadumphira m'mphako kuchokera ku leeward kuti isamve fungo lake. Kugunda kwamphako kumadumphira kumbuyo kwa wovulalayo, mkango wamphirimo utathyola khosi lake kapena kugwira mkamwa ndi mano ndikuyamba kutsinana.

Ziphuphu ndizanzeru komanso zanzeru, zimabisala nyama yodyedwa ndi theka, ndikudzaza ndi masamba. Njala, abwerera kukabisala. Mitembo yosawonongeka imapereka chakudya kwa nyama zina zoyandikana.

Puma imagwiritsa ntchito makamaka pa agwape, elk, guanaco. Komabe, nyama yosangalasayo imadyanso nyama zina, kuphatikizapo mitengo yamkati ndi zoweta. Mchaka chimodzi, mphaka wa puma mmodzi amadya nyama 800 mpaka 80000, yomwe ndi 48 yopanda zipatso.

Mkango wamapiri waku America uli ndi mano makumi atatu olimba mokwanira ndipo umasinthidwa kuti ung'ambe minofu ndikuphwanya mafupa. Amagwiritsa ntchito ziguduli kugwira ndi kugwira.

Cordars amatha kudumphira mpaka 6 metres kutalika ndi 2,5 metres, ndipo amathamanga mtunda waufupi mwachangu mpaka 60 km / h. Mkango wamapiri waku America uli ndi malo osaka nyama kwambiri. Kwa ma cougars achikazi imayambira 26 mpaka 350 km², ndipo kwa amuna - kuyambira 140 mpaka 760 km².

Cuma Cub: Emergency and Development

Puma - nyama ili chete. Amangolira mokweza kwambiri nthawi yakukhwima, yomwe imayamba ndi zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu. Mimba ya cougar imatha miyezi itatu. Pafupifupi, ana amtundu wa 2-3 amabadwira m'mphepete, wolemera 250-450 g ndi kutalika kwa 25-25 cm.

Ziphuphu za ma cougars zimasiyana ndi akuluakulu omwe ali oyamba kutalika. Ma cougars ang'onoang'ono amakhala ndi utoto wonyezimira wamtambo wakuda, womwe umasintha zikafika chaka chimodzi.

Ana a Puma amatsegula maso awo patatha milungu iwiri atabadwa, mano awooyamba amaphulika nthawi yomweyo. Poyamba, ma kittens a cougars amakhala ndi mtundu wamaso amtundu wamtambo, womwe umasintha pang'onopang'ono miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Matumba omwe amapezeka pa ubweya amayamba kuzimiririka pakatha miyezi 9 ndipo pang'onopang'ono amatha zaka ziwiri.

Puma kittens amayamba kudya chakudya chachikulire pazaka 6, koma mkaka umaphatikizidwanso muzakudya zawo. Cordars achichepere amakhala ndi amayi awo kwa zaka ziwiri, nthawi yomwe amatha kuphunzira maluso onse othandizira kupulumuka ndikusaka, kupitiliranso pawokha.

Pambuyo pake, ana amphongo amapita kukafufuza malo awo osaka, koma amatha kukhala m'magulu ndi abale ndi alongo kwa miyezi ingapo atachoka kwa amayi awo.

Mphaka wamkulu kwambiri ku America alibe adani achilengedwe. Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amasankha kumenya nkhondo ndi phokoso lalikulu komanso lopusa. Pokhapokha, zolengedwa zina zazikuluzikulu zimatha kudana ndi ana aang'ono komanso osazindikira.

Ngati mumakonda nkhaniyi ndipo mukufuna kuwerenga za nyama zamtchire, lembetsani zosintha zamasamba athu kuti mukhale oyamba kulandira zolemba zaposachedwa komanso zosangalatsa kwambiri zokhudzana ndi nyama zosiyanasiyana za padziko lathuli.

Mawonekedwe

Puma ndiye fulu wachinayi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo chachiwiri ku America, nyalugwe, mkango ndi jaguar ndizokulirapo. Mphakayu amafikira kutalika kwa 100-180 cm, ndi mchira kutalika kwa 60-75 masentimita, kutalika kwake kufota kwa 60-90 cm ndi kulemera kwa ma kilogalamu 105 (amuna). Wamphongo wamba wamwamuna wamba wamtundu waukulu wolemera makilogalamu 60-80. Akazi ndi ochepera 20-30% kuposa amuna.

Thupi lamphangalo limasinthasintha komanso kutalika, miyendo ndiyotsika, mutu ndizochepa. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yayikulu kwambiri kuposa kutsogolo. Mchirawo ndi wautali, wopanda minyewa, wogawana bwino.

Mawaya ndi otakata, okhala ndi mawoko akuthwa othinkhana, zala zinayi zamiyendo inayi, ndi mikono yakutsogolo 5. Zikwangwani zobwezeretsa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukoka ndi kugwira nyama, komanso kukwera mitengo. Mapiritsi azala zam'manja ndizovunda, pa chidendene pali mabatani atatu osiyana - chinthu chodziwika kwa amphaka onse.

Chumbayo ali ndi mano makumi atatu: ma incisors, 6 canines, 6 (kumtunda) ndi 4 (pamunsi) underolar ndi 2 molars pa nsagwada. Fomula wamano: I 3 3 C 1 1 P 3 2 M 1 1 = 30 chiwonetsero I <3 kupitilira 3> C <1 pa 1> P <3 kupitilira 2> M <1 kupitirira 1> = 30 >. Mafangayi aatali amagwiritsidwa ntchito kugwira nyama komanso kubaya khungu ndi minofu, zofunikira zazing'ono zimathandizira kuchotsa ubweya kapena nthenga kuchokera kwa nyama. Mano olimba amphaka amtunduwu amasinthidwa kuti azing'amba minyewa yolimba ndikuphwanya mafupa.

Mkhalidwe wamano ndichimodzi mwazizindikiro zazikulu zodziwira zaka za mphaka. Mano a mkaka m'miyala amayamba kuphulika ndi miyezi 4 ya moyo. Mano okhazikika amayamba kuphulika ndi miyezi 6-8, ndipo pofika zaka 1.5-2 zimayamba kuphulika. Ndi zaka, ma fangil ndi ma incisor amapera kwambiri ndikuchita khungu.

Ubweya wa pumas ndi wokulirapo, koma waufupi komanso wozungulira. Pamodzi ndi jaguarundi, mitengo ya cougars ndi amphaka okha aku America omwe amapakidwa utoto womwewo, motero dzina la asayansi lautunduwu konkriti, omwe amamasulira kuchokera ku Latin kuti "monochrome". Akuluakulu, ma pazi ndimtundu wonyezimira kapena wonyezimira achikaso, mbali yakumbuyo ya thupi ndi yopepuka kuposa kumtunda. Mwambiri, mtundu wa ma pumas umafanana ndi mtundu wa agulu awo, agulu. Pali zikwangwani zoyera pa chifuwa, pakhosi ndi m'mimba mwa chimbudzi, zilembo zakuda pamphuno, makutu akuda, mchira wokhala ndi nsonga yakuda. Zinyalala zochokera kumalo otentha ndizochepa komanso zowongolera, pomwe mitengo ya kumpoto imachita imvi.

Mtundu wa ma cougars achichepere ndi wosiyana ndi mtundu wa achikulire. Tsitsi lawo limakhala lokwera, yokutidwa ndi malo amdima, mikwingwirima kutsogolo ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, ndi mphete kumiyala. Ziphuphu zatsopano zimatsegula maso awo patatha masabata awiri atabadwa. Poyamba, amakhala ndi khungu lamaso abuluu, koma pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi limasinthira kukhala bulauni kapena amber. Mawanga pa ubweya amayamba kutha pambuyo pa miyezi 9 ya moyo, ndipo amazimiririka pakatha zaka ziwiri.

Amadziwika kuti miyala yoyera komanso yoyera, komanso yamtundu wakuda, imapezeka makamaka ku Latin America (omalizawo adafotokozedwa ndi J. Buffon monga couguar noire) Albino cordars ndi melancts sizikudziwika zachilengedwe.

Ntchito Zogawa ndi Magulu Aang'ono

Pakalepo, ma puma akhala ali wamkulu kwambiri mwa zolengedwa zonse zam'madzi ku America. Ngakhale pakadali pano, pankhani ya kutalika, puma ndiyofanana (kuchokera kumayendedwe) pokhapokha ndi mtundu wamba, trot wofiira, mphaka wa m'nkhalango ndi nyalugwe. Poyamba, ziphuphu zimapezeka pafupifupi kulikonse kuyambira kumwera kwa Patagonia mpaka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Alaska, dera lomwe amagawidwenso limagwirizana molingana ndi mtundu wake wa nyama yake yayikulu - agwape osiyanasiyana. Tsopano ku United States ndi Canada, nkhokwezi zimasungidwa makamaka kumapiri akumadzulo. Kumpoto kwa North America, gululi lidawonongedwa kwathunthu, kupatula ochepa anthu wamba Puma concolor coryi ku Florida.

Pakadali pano, dera la puma limafikira kutalika kwa 100 ° - kuchokera ku Yukon (Canada) mpaka kumwera, ndikufikira pafupifupi South America yonse mpaka ku Patagonia.

Maubwenzi a Cougar

Magulu akalewo, pamakhalidwe omwe adasungidwa mpaka 1999, adagawa masamba 24-30 a phokoso:

• Puma concolor acrocodia - kuchokera kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Mato Grosso kupita ku Bolivia ndi kumpoto kwa Argentina,
• Puma concolor anthonyi - kumwera kwa Venezuela,
• Puma concolor araucanus - Chile ndi Argentina,
• Puma concolor azteca - kuchokera ku Arizona ndi New Mexico kupita ku Mexico City,
• Puma concolor bangsi, wopezeka kumpoto kwa Andes, kuchokera kumadzulo kwa Colombia kupita ku Ecuador,
• Puma concolor browni - kuchokera ku Arizona kupita ku Baja California (Mexico),
• Puma concolor calvivica, wopezeka ku California ndi kumpoto kwa Baja California,
• Puma concolor concoror - makamaka Venezuela, Guyana,
• Florida Cougar ( Puma concolor coryi ) ochokera ku Arkansas ndi Louisiana kupita ku Florida,
• Costa Rican Cougar ( Puma concolor costaricensis) amapezeka ku Central America, kuyambira ku Nicaragua kupita ku Panama,
• Cougar wam'mawa ( Puma concolor couguar) adapezeka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa United States komanso kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Canada, kuyambira Tennessee mpaka kum'mawa kwa Michigan,
• Puma concolor discolor - Amazonia,
• Puma kota hippolestes - kuchokera North Dakota kupita ku Wyoming ndi Colado,
• Puma konsoror mercera - Kumwera kwa Baja California
• Puma concolor incarum - kumpoto kwa Peru ndi kumwera kwa Ecuador,
• Puma concolor kaibabensis - Nevada, Utah ndi Northern Arizona,
• Puma concolor mayensis - kuchokera ku Guerrero ndi Veracruz (Mexico) kupita ku Honduras,
• Puma concolor missoulensis - kuchokera ku British Columbia kupita ku Idaho ndi Montana,
• Puma concolor oregonensis - kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Briteni, Washington ndi Oregon,
• Puma concolor osgoodi, ku Bolivia Andes,
• Puma concolor patagonica - Patagonia,
• Puma concolor pearsoni - Patagonia ndi kumwera kwa Chile,
• Puma concolor pumaopezeka pakati pa Chile ndi kumadzulo kwa Argentina,
• Puma concolor soderstromiMabungwe othandizira ku Ecuadorian
• Puma concolor shorgeri - kuchokera ku Minnesota ndi ku Wisconsin kupita ku Kansas ndi Missouri (kutayika),
• Puma concolor stanleyana - kuchokera ku Oklahoma ndi Texas kupita kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Mexico,
• Puma concolor vancouverensis, subspecies za. Vancouver

Gulu lamakono

Gulu lamakono, malinga ndi kafukufuku wamtundu, limasiyanitsa mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya phangalo, yomwe ikuphatikizidwa ndi magulu 6 a phylogeographic:

• Puma concolor couguar - North America (kuchokera kumwera kwa Canada kupita ku Guatemala ndi Belize),
• Puma concolor costaricensis - Central America (Nicaragua, Costa Rica ndi Panama),
• Puma concolor capricornensis - kum'mawa kwa South America (kuchokera pagombe lakumwera kwa Amazon ku Brazil kupita ku Paraguay),
• Puma concolor concoror - Kumpoto kwa South America (Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia),
• Puma concolor cabrerae - chigawo chapakati ku South America (kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Argentina, Uruguay),
• Puma concolor puma - Kummwera kwa South America (Chile, kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Argentina).

Florida zakudya

• Florida zakudya (Puma concolor coryi) Kodi mitundu yocheperako kwambiri ya mkatewu ndi iti? Kuchuluka kwake m'chilengedwe mu 2011 kunali kosaposa anthu 160 (ndipo mu 1970s kudatsikira kwa 20 anthu). Amakhala nkhalango ndi madambo akumwera kwa Florida (USA), makamaka m'malo osungirako.Nyengo Yaitetezo Ya Big Cypress. Cholinga cha kutha kwake chinali makamaka kutulutsa kwa ma swamp, kusaka masewera, poyizoni komanso kuchepa kwa zinthu zamtundu, zomwe zimatsogolera pakupezeka. Florida cougar ndi ochepa kukula komanso ali ndi ma tchuthi apamwamba. Mtundu wa malaya ndi wakuda, wofiyira. Zotsatira zakulandila, anthu amtunduwu adapeza gawo lomata la mchira. Pali chikonzero chodutsa ma cordars a Florida ndi ma cougars a subspecies ena kuti apange gulu lokhazikika, lodziyang'anira lokha.

Masabusikiripishoni ena a East America, a Wisconsin cougar (Puma concolor shorgeri), adamwalira pofika 1925

Moyo ndi Zopatsa Thanzi

Ziphuphu zimapezeka pamalo okwera mosiyanasiyana - kuchokera kumapiri kupita kumapiri okhala ndi kutalika kwa 4700 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ndi m'malo osiyanasiyana: m'mapiri otentha, m'nkhalango zotentha, pamapiri, m'malo opezeka madambo komanso ambiri m'malo aliwonse ali ndi chakudya chokwanira komanso pogona. Komabe, ku South America, miyala yamiyala imayesetsa kupewa madambo komanso malo otsika omwe nkhwangwa zimasankha. Nyama zoterezi zimatha kuzolowera kukhala ndi moyo pamalo oyamba. Chifukwa chake, chifukwa cha miyendo yawo yolimba, amatha kudumpha mpaka 6 m kutalika ndi 2,5 m, kuthamanga kuthamanga mpaka 50 km / h (ngakhale mtunda waifupi). Puma amasuntha mosavuta m'mbali mwa mapiri, amakwera mitengo ndi miyala mosavuta, ngati nkofunika, amasambira bwino.

Mosiyana ndi zikhulupiriro zambiri, phangalo ndi nyama yokhala chete. Kufuula kokweza, kofanana ndi kulira kwa anthu, amangolira pakukhwima.

Ma Cougars amakhala moyo wamtundu wanokha (kusiyanitsa ndi okwatirana m'masiku 1 mpaka 6 a nthawi ya mating ndi amayi omwe ali ndi ana amphaka). Kuchulukana kwa chiwerengero chawo, kutengera kupezeka kwa masewerawa, kumasiyana kuchokera pa munthu mmodzi pa 85 km² kupita kwa anthu 13 pa kilomita 54. Malo osakira nyama wamkazi amatenga kuchokera pa 26 mpaka 350 km² ndipo nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwaimuna. Ziwembu zazimuna zimakhala 140 mpaka 760 km² ndipo sizimagawanika. Amuna akuluakulu sawoneka kawirikawiri palimodzi, kupatula ana achichepere omwe achoka kumene amayi awo. Mkati mwa chiwembu chake, puma imapanga kayendedwe ka nyengo, nthawi yozizira ndikuwuluka m'malo ake osiyanasiyana. Malire a gawo amadziwika ndi mkodzo ndi ndowe, komanso zikande pamitengo.

Puma amasaka makamaka usiku. Pazambiri zamtunduwu, zakudya zake zimakhala ndi mitundu yopanda zinthu monga: zodetsa zakuda, zoyera-zoyera, pampas deer, wapiti (ngwazi zofiirira zaku America), moose, caribou, nyama zazikulu ndi nyanga. Komabe, phirili limatha kudya nyama zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku mbewa, agologolo, zotheka, akalulu, muskrats, sloths, agouti, nyani, porcupins, Canada beavers, raccoons, skunks ndi armadillos, coyotes, lynxes, alligators komanso ena cougars. Amadyanso mbalame, nsomba, ngakhale nkhono ndi tizilombo. Monga akambuku ndi nyalugwe, phokoso silingasiyanitse pakati pa nyama zakuthengo ndi zoweta, kuukira ziweto, agalu, amphaka ndi nkhuku mwayi ukapezeka. Nthawi yomweyo, amadula nyama zambiri kuposa zomwe amadya. Maphikidwewa amathanso kuwukira achinyamata achabechabe, palinso umboni wosonyeza kuchuluka kwa ziphuphu zomwe zimapha ziphuphu zazikulu kapenanso grizzlies. Alfred Brem amafotokoza kuti mphaka ndi nyama yolimba mtima komanso yolimba mtima.

Mukasaka, puma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chinthu chodabwitsacho - chimagwira nyama yayikulu, kenako imalumphira kumbuyo kwake ndikuphwanya khosi lake pogwiritsa ntchito unyinji wake, kapena, monga amphaka ena onse, kumugwira pakhosi ndi mano ndikuyamba kutsinana. Puma imodzi imadya makilogalamu 860-1300 a nyama pachaka, pafupifupi 48 osabera. Ziphuphu zimabisala nyama yosawonongeka, ndikuyikoka ndikugonetsa masamba, burashi kapena chisanu. Amabwereranso ku zobisika zobisika, nthawi zina mobwerezabwereza. Phimbalo limatha kukoka nyamayo mtunda wautali, kupitirira kasanu kuposa kulemera kwake. Mafuko a Amwenye omwe amakhala kumwera kwa California adagwiritsa ntchito chizolowezi cha pumas, kunyamula mitembo yomwe inali yathunthu kapena yopanda maphunziro.

Phirili lilibe adani achilengedwe, koma zilombo zina zitha kuyika pangozi njuchi: ankhandwe, milulu, mimbulu, zimbalangondo zakuda, ng'ona, zikuluzikulu zakuda ndi mbalame zazikulu za Mississippi. Zipatso ndi zotayidwa mokhudzana ndi zakudya zam'madzizo, zimagwira ngati majeremusi, kulanda gawo la nyama.

Kuukira anthu

Mosiyana ndi amphaka akuluakulu ambiri am'miyendo, ma cougars samazunza anthu, amakonda kuwapewa.Pakati pa 1890 ndi Januware 2004, kuukira pafupifupi zana limodzi kudalembedwa ku United States ndi Canada, ambiri mwaiwo anachitika kokha ku Vancouver Island. Nthawi zambiri ozunzidwa anali ana kapena anthu afupia, ndipo kuzunzidwa kumachitika madzulo kapena usiku. Cougars imatha kukhala ndi chiwonetsero chazovuta ngati munthu asunthira mwachangu ndikukhala payekha.

Kuswana

Pumas alibe nthawi yeniyeni yobereketsa, ngakhale kuti kumpoto kwa mtunda kumakonda kuyambika kuyambira mu Disembala mpaka pa Marichi. Mating, monga amphaka ena, amaphatikizidwa ndi ndewu ndi kulira kwakukulu kwa amphongo, yamphongo imayesa kuphimba zazimuna zonse zomwe zimakhala m'chigawo chake. Zisonyezero mu akazi zimatha pafupifupi masiku 9.

Nthawi ya bere ndi masiku 82-96. Mu zinyalala kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 6 cubs masikono 226-453 g ndi kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 30. Mtundu wawo ndi woderapo ndi mawanga akuda, amasintha pofika zaka chimodzi. Maso a Kittens amatseguka pakatha masiku 8-10. Nthawi yomweyo, mano awo oyamba amaphulika ndipo amayamba kusewera. Pazaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, amayamba kudya zakudya zachikulire, koma amapitilizabe kulandira mkaka. Pakadali pano, mayi ayenera kubweretsa katatu zochulukirapo kuposa masiku onse. Kufikira miyezi 15 mpaka 26, ana ake amakhalabe ndi amayi awo, kenako ndikupita kukasaka ziwembu zawo zakusaka, ngakhale atakhala m'magulu kwa miyezi ingapo atachoka kwa amayi awo. Akazi amatha kutha msinkhu ali ndi zaka 2,5, ndipo amuna azaka zitatu.

Mwachilengedwe, mbalameyi imakhala zaka 10 mpaka 13 (zokulirapo mwa akazi kuposa amuna), mpaka 20 mu malo osungira nyama.

Mkhalidwe Wopezekera ndi Chitetezo

Ngakhale kuti ma cougars amagwira ntchito yosaka ndipo mtundu wawo umachepetsedwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, masamba ambiri amakhala ambiri, popeza ma cougars amatha kusintha moyo wawo m'malo osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi kuwonongedwa ku USA kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20, tsopano kuchuluka kwa ma pumas kumadzulo kwa dziko lino kuli pafupifupi anthu 30,000 ndipo akupitilizabe kum'mawa ndi kumwera.

Ma subspecies atatu omwe adapangidwira adalembedwa mu CITES Appendix I: Puma concolor coryi, Puma concolor costaricensis, Puma concolor couguar. Kusaka ma pumas ndi koletsedwa konse kapena koletsedwa, ngakhale akupitilirabe kuwonongedwa chifukwa cha kuvulala kochitidwa ndi ziweto komanso kusaka.

Ma subspecies okha omwe adalembedwa mu Mndandanda Wofiira wa IUCN wokhala ndi "ovuta" (pangozi), Ndi chakudya cham'madzi ku Florida Puma concolor coryi.

Ndizosangalatsanso kudziwa kuti tsopano anthu ena anayamba kuwumba ma cougars ngati ziweto zawo.

Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe

Puma amatchedwa mosiyana. Kuphatikiza pa chinthu chachikulu, mayina adafalitsika: mkango wamphiri, phokoso. Mwa zolengedwa zofananira, chilombo chimakhala m'malo anayi wachinayi, pambuyo pa njati, agalu, mkango. Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika pa 180 cm, mchira mpaka 70 cm, kulemera kwa munthu kumakhala pafupifupi 80 makilogalamu, koma oyimira akuluakulu amafikira oposa 100 kg. Makulu amchere Akazi ndi ochepera kuposa amuna ndi 25-30%.

Mphaka wamtchire wamtchire

Thupi la nyama zomwe zimadyazo zimasinthasintha modabwitsa. Tizilombo tambiri, tambiri tating'onoting'ono timagwiritsidwa ntchito kukola nyama. Pa miyendo yakumbuyo, yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa kutsogolo, chimbalangondocho chili ndi zala 4 kutsogolo - zala zisanu. Zovala zakuthwa zimathandiza mitengo ya cougars kupitirira pamitengo. Monga amphaka onse, pali zopondera zitatu zazitali zidendene.

Mutu wawung'ono wovekedwa korona ndi makutu ozungulira. Cougar mu chithunzi nthawi zonse ndi maso owoneka ozingidwa ndi mkombero wakuda. Iris imakhala imvi, hazel, zobiriwira. Mano olimba, nyama zimathyola mafupa, zong'amba minofu. Mkhalidwe wa fangs ndi incisors ndizomwe zimatsimikizira zaka za amphaka amtchire.

Mtundu wa ubweya wabwino kwambiri ndi wotuwa komanso wa imvi kapena wachikasu. Msana ndi mutu nthawi zonse zimakhala zakuda kuposa mitundu yakumbuyo ya nyama. Zizindikiro zoyera za whitish zimapezeka pachifuwa, pakhosi. Zizindikiro zakuda pamutu pa phokoso, nsonga ya mchira, makutu.

Nyengo imakhudza mtundu wa ubweya: kumadera akutali, ubweya wa nyama ndi imvi, m'malo otentha ndi ofiira. Ku Latin America, anthu osowa kwambiri, oyera, oyera khungu amapezeka. Palibe maalubino ndi kusungunuka pakati pa miyala. Cougar wakuda, heroine wa zojambula "Mowgli", ndi nthano yopanga mwaluso. Nthawi zina cougars wakuda amatchedwa molakwika ma panthers.

Cougar pamtengo wouma

Mtundu wa miyala yaying'ono ndiyosiyana. Ubweya umakutidwa ndi mawanga akuda, mikwingwirima yakuda pamiyendo, mchira wamphete. Pakadutsa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ya moyo, matendawa amatha, amawonekeratu ndi zaka ziwiri. Chovala chanyama ndichopanda, chofowoka.

Kusuntha kwamphako kumakhala kovuta, mwachangu, kumadumphira mchira mwachangu. Mosiyana ndi nthomba zogwirizana, akambuku, kulowa mu msampha sikutha muzochita zamisala, koma mwa chiyembekezo chosaka chalenje pambuyo poyesera kangapo kuti adzipulumutse.

Mosiyana ndi mikango yayikulu, nyalugwe wa chipale chofewa, akambuku, mikango satha kubowula kapena kubangula. Koma amakhala purr, ngati okhala m'nyumba, polumikizana ndi ana, nthawi zina amafuula panthawi yachaka.

Paphirili pali adani ochepa achilengedwe. Zofooka, nyama zazing'ono zitha kugwidwa ndi anyani, grizzlies, alligators. Choopsa chachikulu kwa olusa ndi munthu amene amawapukusa, amatchera misampha. Zinyama zanyama zamtchire Nthawi zambiri sizivuta munthu. Zinthu zankhondo ndizododometsa anthu, ana, kudutsa njira zamtchi usiku. Kuthana ndi chisamaliro m'malo okhala nyama ndizokwanira kupewa kukakumana ndi zosasangalatsa.

Cougar m'nyengo yozizira

Ku America, komwe kuli nyama zazikuluzikuluzi, nyama zambirimbiri zinawonongedwa. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa ma cougars kutengera malo achilendo omwe amayendetsedwa ndi njira zotetezera, kuchuluka kwa anthu kukubwerera pang'onopang'ono.

Mitundu ya Cougars

Kugawidwa kwamakono kwa cougars kumakhazikitsidwa ndikumangiriza nyama kudera linalake, kusiyana kwa genomes.

Puma concolor couguar - Mitunduyi imakhala yodziwika ku North America, kuphatikiza Florida cougars. Habitat m'madambo akumwera kumwera kwa Florida. Gulu laomwe amadyera ali m'Buku Lofiira chifukwa cha zovuta.

Florida Puma Pangozi

Nyamayi ndi yaying'ono kukula, yofiira pamtundu, yokhala ndi ma thunzi apamwamba. Kuyambika kwanyama komwe kumakhudzana kwambiri kunayambitsa kuwoneka ngati mchira wokwera. Zomwe zimayambitsa kuzimiririka ndikumakoka madambo, poyizoni, kusaka nyama. Izi zikuphatikizira puma yakum'mawa, yomwe inatha mu 1925.

Puma concolor costaricensis - amakhala ku Central America.

Puma concolor capricornensis - Malo ogawa kum'mwera kwa South America.

Puma concolor concoror - yogawidwa kumpoto kwa South America.

Puma concolor cabrerae - khalani pakati ku South America.

Puma concolor puma - Malo ogawa kumwera kwa South America.

Pakadali pano, kusaka ma pumas ndizoletsedwa, ngakhale akupitilirabe kuwononga chifukwa cha zovuta zomwe akuweta.

Cougar wa ku Middle East

Moyo & Habitat

Puma amatchedwa mphaka waku America chifukwa amakhala m'malo opezeka North America ndi South America. Nyamayi imakhala yamapiri mpaka 4700 metres, nkhalango, zigwa, malo otsetsereka. Kutha kuzolowera chilengedwe chatsopano kumasunga kuchuluka kwa nyama ngakhale kuti pali zovuta zina zomwe zimapulumuka. Ziphuphu ndizofalikira paliponse pakutha kwawo kukwera mitengo, malo otsetsereka kumapiri, komanso kusambira m'madzi amadzi.

Nyamayo imatha kudumpha mpaka mamita 6-7 m'litali, kudumphira pamtunda wa mamita 2.5-4,5, ndikupanga liwiro la 50 km / h. Mbali ya cougars ndimayendetsa mwachangu kwa mtunda waufupi, ndiye kuti amatsitsidwa. Chifukwa chake, nyama nthawi zambiri zimakwera pamalo okwera. Mlanduwu wafotokozedwa pamene wopondera mphesa adathawa pamwamba pa khola lalikuru, kuthawa gulu la agalu.

Cougar amakhala munjira imodzi, kupatula nthawi yakukula. Malo osaka achikazi amalanda gawo lamalire a amuna, amakhala 26-350 km². Amuna ndi okulirapo kukula - 140-760 km², osadutsana. Amuna samakumana palimodzi, kupatula nthawi yotsala ya moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Malire a ziwembu amalembedwa ndi zikwangwani pamitengo, mitengo ya nyama. Mchigawo chake, nyengo zomwe zimadyedwa zimachitika. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumatengera kuchuluka kwa masewerawa.

Puma amasaka nthawi zambiri usiku - amakhala ndi maso abwino, amatha kununkhira. Pofunafuna nyama, nyama ili ndi njira yake. Amakumana mosayembekezereka - amalumpha kuchokera kumbuyo, ndikumugwetsa pansi ndi unyinji wake. Pafupifupi nyama za 45-50 artiodactyl pachaka zimazunzidwa. Mitambo yanyama yosawonongeka imagona masamba, nthambi, chisanu.

Pakapita kanthawi, amabwerera nyama yobisika, nthawi zina nyama zomwe zimadyera zilibe mtunda wawutali. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti kukula kwa mtembowo kumatha kupitilira chiwopsezo ndi nthawi 5-7. Masana chimbudzi - chinyama waulesi. Imakhala nthawi yopuma kuphanga, ikukhala nthawi yabwino dzuwa. Mphamvu, mphamvu, kupusa, kuchenjera kwa nyamayo kunapereka mwayi wokhulupirira kuthekera kwapadera kwa wolandirayo. Zingatheke bwanji totem nyama, chakudya cham'madzi zomwe zikuwonetsedwa pazanema za ojambula.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Kusaka mkango wamapiri kumayamba kucha, kumapitilira usiku. Artiodactyls, wopitilira puma kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake, asandulika zinthu. Pokangana momasuka, nkhondoyi ikhoza kutha pogonjera kwa mlenje. Koma kuchenjera ndi luso, chinthu chodabwitsa - zabwino zazikulu za nyama yamphongo. Nyama imasankha malo oti ikabisalire kumbali ya leeward, kuti fungo lake lisadziwike kwa amene angayigwire.

Cougar amathamangitsa nyama

Kudikirira kwakanthawi, kulumpha kolondola ndi mwachangu pamsana wovulalayo sikupereka mpata wolimbana ndi mbewa kapena ng'ombe yayikulu. Wosangalatsa amaponya khosi lake, kwinakuku. Nthawi zambiri nyama zomwe sizimadya zomwe zimakonda kudya nyama komanso makoswe zimalowa m'zodyerazo, koma wolusa sakana nyama zina. Mndandanda wake ukuphatikizapo:

• gwape, kuphatikizapo caribou, wapiti, wamisala yoyera, etc.,
• mphalapala
• nkhosa yotseka
• mafinya
• ma lynxes
• wobowa
• zotheka
• nyani
• coyotes
• agologolo
• zokongoletsa
• akalulu
• armadillos, etc.

Nthawi zina, phangalo lakhala likuwoneka mu cannibalism. Kusaka mbalame zazikuluzikulu, zotulutsa, zozikika zimakhazikika mkati mwa kugwidwa ndi mbalame, usodzi, tizilombo, ngakhale nkhono. Chodabwitsa chake chimathandiza kuti chilombo chizitha kukhalabe ndi nthawi yopeza chakudya. Nthawi zina puma amalipira moyo wake chifukwa chogwirira ziweto, minda, komwe samasamalira amphaka, agalu, mbalame.

Cougars wamwamuna (kumanzere) ndi wamkazi

Pakati pajumpha vyaka vinkhondi, vikurya nyama pafupifupi 1300 kg. Chizindikiro cha nyama yomwe imadyetsa chilako ndicho kufuna kupeza chakudya chomwe chingadzapatse zamtsogolo mtsogolo. Puma amasamutsa zotsalira za mitembo yosadyedwa, amabisala m'malo obisika, kudzaza nyama ndi masamba, nthambi. Amwenye, omwe adaphunzira zizolowezi za phalaphala, adamutsatira kuti atenge mitembo yaminyama. Amphaka omwe ali ndi nkhokwe zakhala zochulukirapo kuposa kamodzi kwa adani ena.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Dzinali limachokera ku chilankhulo cha amwenye a ku Peru. Fuko lino limakhulupirira nthano kuti cougar ndi mwana wotayika yemwe adasankha njira yolakwika ya moyo. Mwina chonchi chawoneka chifukwa chakuti ma cougars nthawi zambiri amasaka ziweto.

Dzina lina la phokosoli ndi mkango waku America. Dzinali adapatsidwa kwa iwo osamukira ku New World. Okhala m'nyumba adanyadira moyo wawo, kuti amayenera kukhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri, komwe nyama yowopsa iyi ikhoza kuwaukira nthawi iliyonse.

Chosangalatsa: Puma imaphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe dziko lapansi lachita ndipo zalembedwa mu Guinness Book of Record ngati nyama yokhala ndi mayina ambiri. Ndi ma Chingerezi okha omwe ali ndi zinthu zopitilira 40 za mphaka wachifumu.

M'mbuyomu, zidakhulupirira kuti pali mitundu yoposa 25 ya nyama izi. Koma mdziko lamakono, pamaziko a mayeso a majini, mitundu isanu ndi umodzi yokha ndiyomwe imasiyanitsidwa, mwaayi 4 adatha:

• Puma pardoides,
• Puma unexpectatus,
• Puma pumoides,
• Puma trumani.

Puma concolor wapano ndi Puma yagouaroundi amakhala ku America. M'mbuyomu, masamba a jaguarundi adadziwikiratu monga mtundu wina wa Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858. Komabe, kafukufuku pamlingo wa maselo apeza ubale wapakati pa mitunduyi, chifukwa cha momwe ma systemarics omwe amawagawana ndi gulu lomweli.

Chosangalatsa: Mapulogalamu akuda a puma sanapezebe umboni wotsimikizira sayansi kuti ulipo ndipo mwina ndi nthano chabe. Nthawi zambiri, awa ndi mafimbi okhala ndi tsitsi lakuda, omwe amatha kulakwika chifukwa chakuda kuchokera kutali.

Kafukufuku wina waku DNA adawonetsa kuti nyalugwe ndiye wachibale wapamtima wa amphaka amphaka awa. Thupi lake losazolowereka lidamupangitsa kudzipatula ku banja lina la Acinonychinae, komabe, ubale wapamtima ndi ma cougars komabe adakakamizidwa kuti apangire banja la amphaka ang'ono.

Kanema: Puma

Tsitsi lalifupi komanso lalifupi kwambiri lilibe njira yotchulira. Ubweya wake ndi wofiyira, wamchenga, wofanana ndi mtundu wa mkango. Zosiyana - kukula, kusowa kwa maneya, ngayaye pa mchira ndi mphuno zapinki. Pali yoyera pamimba. Ana obadwa kwa ana amabadwa opanda banga, ngati ubweya waubweya, ubweya wawo umakhala wokulirapo komanso wosalala.

Ng'ombe zimatseguka m'maso patatha masabata awiri chibadwire. Mwa makanda, ma pumas amakhala ndi mtundu wamaso amtambo, koma pakatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi amasintha kukhala bulauni kapena amber. Mtundu wa chovalacho umayamba kuzimiririka wazaka 9, mawanga amatha ndikusowa kwathunthu muzaka ziwiri.

Kodi phokoso limakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Mammal Puma

Malo okhala a Puma amachokera kumapiri a Rocky ku North America mpaka ku Patagonia kumwera. Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa malo okhala, malo okhala nyama zodyerazi ndizosiyanasiyana - kuyambira m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso mapiri kumapiri otentha nkhalango ndi madambo. Nyama izi ndizobisalira ndipo zimapewa malo otseguka kwambiri.

M'mbuyomu cougars ankakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana aku America, kuchuluka kwawo kunali kwakukulu kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zolengedwa zina zonse zomwe zimayamwa. Koma chifukwa cha kuchulukitsidwa kambiri, nyamazo zinayenera kusiya malo okhala. Malo awo amakhala mogwirizana ndi nyama zawo zazikulu. Njira zazikulu zosankhira malo ndi pogona ndi chakudya chochuluka.

Kuchulukana kwa malo komwe nyamazo zimapezekera kwachititsa kuti nzika za m'deralo ziwapatse mayina olondola kapena a ndakatulo. Ma subspecies ena adatchulidwa malinga ndi malo awo okhala. Komwe mdaniyu amakhala. Koma kwenikweni onse amakonda malo okhala ndi malo ochepa komanso amatha kubisala.

Popeza amphaka akuluakulu ndi amphaka, abambo amadzisankhira madera akuluakulu, omwe ali pamtunda wamakilomita 20 mpaka 50. Pomwe akazi ndi osafunikira ndipo amakhala m'malo otalika ndi 10-20 kilomita.

Kodi chakudya champhongocho chimadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Puma Cat

Puma ndi nyama yolusa mwachilengedwe. Zolakalaka zake nthawi zambiri zimaposa mphamvu yodya nyama. Pa avareji, amadya nyama mpaka 1300 kg pachaka pachaka. Awa ndi anthu osakhulupirira 48.

Amasaka nyama zamitundu mitundu, kutengera malo omwe amakhala:

Ziphuphu sizimasiyanitsa zoweta ndi nyama zamtchire, choncho nkhosa zamphongo, amphaka, agalu mwina ndi omwe amawazunza. Popeza amatha kunyansidwa ndi skunk yokha, amasakanso achule, tizilombo, nkhono. Ma skunks nthawi zambiri amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zida zawo zonunkhira ndipo zibonga zimanyalanyaza nyama izi.

Mikango yamapiri ndi nyama zolimba mtima ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwirira nyama kwambiri kuposa kukula kwake. Choyamba, amatsatira ziwopsezo pogona, pogona mwakachetechete, kenako nkuwakankhira kumbuyo kwawo ndikuphwanya khosi pachibelekeropo kapena kutsamwitsa. Kuthamanga kwathamanga komanso kuthekera kukwera mitengo kumathandizira kuti phirili lizitha kugwira nthiwatiwa ndi kugwira nyani m'mitengo.

Nyama izi ndizabwino kwambiri. Sadzapereka chakudya chosakwaniritsidwa ndipo sadzagawana. Ma cougars nthawi zonse amabwerera kumalo opha anthu kapena kubisa zotsalira mu chipale chofewa kapena kuwakwirira m'masamba. Ma Cougars sakonda kuthamangitsa omwe akukumana nawo. Ngati kulumpha koyamba sikumenya nyama, amphaka sathamangitsa nthawi yayitali.

Malo ochitira masewera olimbitsa thupi, ma armadillos, coyote, marmog, agologolo, tizilombo, mbalame zazing'ono za mikango yaku America kuwala, osati kokhutiritsa. Pofunafuna nyama, mitengo yamisinga imawoneka yochititsa chidwi komanso yokongola kulumpha.Nthawi zambiri amasaka mumdima, tsiku lotentha amakonda kugona m'mphepete dzuwa.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Cougar

Popeza ma cougars ndi odzimana mwachilengedwe, munthu aliyense amakhala ndi katundu wambiri. Zoyang'anira ziziwonetsa m'malire a gawo lawo ndi mkodzo, ndowe ndi nthonga zamitengo. Magawo a omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amatha kusamvana, koma amuna samalowa mgawo la wina ndi mnzake ngati akuwona kuti katundu wawo ndi mbuye wawo.

Zimachitika kuti amphaka amtchire amasintha zinthu chifukwa cha zochitika. Atha kuyesayesa kuti achoke kudziko lina ndikukhala nawo paulere. Mseuwu uli kutali kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, maluwa ochokera ku Wyoming adakumana ku Colorado, ndipo awa ndi makilomita mazana asanu.

Mikango yamapiri ndiyopirira kwambiri komanso nyama zopanda chete. Ngati kambuku agwedezeka mumsampha poyesa kudzipulumutsa, phokosoli lizichotsa msamphawo ngakhale zitatenga masiku angapo. Ikapanda kuleka kumasula, igwera pansi ndipo ingagonepo.

Ma Cougars samazunza anthu ndikuyesera kuwapewa m'njira zonse zomwe angathe. M'posadabwitsa kuti kudzichepetsa kumawerengedwa. Phimbalo silingasonyeze mkwiyo mpaka likhale ndi njala kwambiri kotero kuti lidzakhala pafupi kutopa kapena kuyesera kuteteza ana ake.

Chochititsa chidwi: Amwenye aku North America amakhulupirira kuti ma cougars ndi zolengedwa za mdierekezi. Kubangula kwawo kunapangitsa aliyense kugwedezeka ndi mantha. Koma phokoso la beep losatulutsa mawu, amphaka awa amatuluka ali okwiya, nthawi yonse yomwe amatsuka ngati amphaka.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Puma Cub

Nyengo yakukhwima ya mikango yaku America sichikhala nthawi yayitali - kuyambira Disembala mpaka March. Vapors mawonekedwe pafupifupi milungu iwiri, kenako kuvunda kachiwiri. Amphaka okha omwe ali ndi gawo lawo omwe amakonda kubereka. Amuna amathanso kukwatirana ndi akazi angapo okhala m'malo oyandikana nawo.

Pakadali pano, pakati pa amuna mumakhala ndewu ya osankhidwa ndi mkokomo waukulu. Wopambana amayesa kuphimba zazikazi zambiri momwe angathere kuchokera kumalire a chiwembu chake. Estrus imatha masiku 9. Panthawi yakukhwima, ngati amphaka ena, miyala ya mphonje imalira.

The kubereka kwa ana pafupifupi 95 masiku. Mu lita imodzi, ana amphaka awiri kapena asanu ndi amodzi amatha kuwoneka, kutalika mpaka 30 cm komanso kulemera mpaka kilogalamu. Pakupita milungu ingapo, ana amatsegula maso, makutu, mano oyamba kuyamba kukula. Ndi zaka, zojambula za thupi ndi mphete za mchira zimazimiririka.

Kuwona amayi odyetsedwera kumalo osungirako zinyama, zinaonekeratu kuti zazikazi sizilola kuti aliyense alandire ana amenewo ndipo sanawalole ngakhale kuti aziwayang'ana. Kutulutsa koyamba kudzachitika pafupifupi mwezi umodzi kuchokera pakubadwa. Kufikira mwezi umodzi ndi theka, ana amadyetsedwa mkaka wa amayi, ndiye amasinthana ndi chakudya cholimba.

Amayi amasamalira ana osakwana zaka ziwiri, kenako achinyamata ayenera kupeza zawo. Kwa kanthawi amatha ku gwiritsika gululo, koma kenako aliyense amayenda momwe akufunira. Akazi ali okonzeka kubereka azaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, amuna amuna pa 3. Pafupifupi, amakhala zaka 15-18 kuthengo, ali mu ukapolo - zaka zopitilira 20.

Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe

Chithunzi: Puma Animal

Cougars pafupifupi alibe adani achilengedwe. Komabe, amaopabe zimbalangondo zakuda, anyani, agwape, ng'ona, akadaulo akuda, mapikidwe a mimbulu ndi zikuluzikulu zazikulu za Mississippi. Baribals ndi grizzly nthawi zambiri amatha kusangalala ndi nyama yodyedwa. Nthawi zambiri nyama zamtunduwu zimatsutsana ndi zibonga zofowoka, zakale kapena zovulala.

Mmodzi mwa adaniwo ndi munthu yemwe amatchera misampha ndi misampha pagamba, amawombera amphaka kuti apange phindu. Cogars ndi nyama zothamanga kwambiri, ndipo ngati atha kuwombera mfuti, ndiye kuti msampha umamupweteketsa nthawi yayitali. Ngati sichikwaniritsidwa, iye amayembekeza mwakachetechete.

Purezidenti waku US Theodore Roosevelt adapanga gulu lachitetezo cha nyama, koma nthawi yomweyo adaloledwa kupha ma cougars osavomerezedwa ndi mtsogoleri wa gulu lanyama lazanyama ku New York. Mchigawo cha America zitatha mazana mazana mikango yamapiri itawonongedwa.

Kubwera kwa Azungu ku America, kuwonongedwa kwa ma cougars kudayamba chifukwa chakuwombera kwa nyama zodya ziweto ngati ndalama zosavuta. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zalandilidwa m'maboma angapo amatchedwa "wankhondo wa akavalo." Pambuyo pake, kusaka cogars ndi agalu kunayamba, ndikuwayendetsa mumitengo, pomwe amphaka amatha kuwombera mosavuta.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Puma Predator

Ngakhale kuti kusaka maapozi ndizoletsedwa pafupifupi m'maiko onse, kuwonongedwa kwa mikango yaku America kukupitilizabe chifukwa chakuwombera minda yamafamu. Koma, ngakhale malo awo amakhala osaneneka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, chifukwa chosinthika mosavuta ndi malo okhala, mitundu yambiri ndiyambiri.

Pokhala pafupi kutha kwa zaka za zana la 20 ku United States, kuchuluka kwa ma pumas kumadzulo kokha kuli ndi akuluakulu pafupifupi 30,000 ndipo akupitilirabe kumwera ndi kummawa. Kusinthasintha kwina kulikonse kumathandiza kuti ma cordars akule.

Chifukwa chakulanda kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mikango yamapiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu obisalako ku Florida afika pamikhalidwe yoopsa ndipo pakali pano ali pachiwopsezo. Kusaka, kukhetsa madambo komanso kugwa kwa nkhalango zotentha kunapangitsa kuti mitunduyi ithe. Mu 1979, panali anthu pafupifupi 20. Kubala kwachilengedwe sikuthekanso ndipo amphaka amtchire amatetezedwa.

Umphawi wa chibadwa umatsogolera kubadwa kwa ana olumala ndi kuwonongeka, chifukwa chomwe chitetezo chokwanira chimachepa ndipo chiwopsezo cha matenda chikuchulukirachulukira. Pakadali pano, anthu onse amakhala m'malo a Florida Reserve ndipo kuchuluka kwawo ndi magawo 160.

Kwa nthawi yayitali, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti nyama yakumbuyo yakum'mawa, yochokera ku Canada ndi United States, inali pamndandanda wazomwe zitha. Koma mu 1970s, akuluakulu angapo adapezeka ku New Brunswick, omwe adayang'aniridwa nthawi yomweyo. Kwa zaka zingapo amatha kubereka mpaka anthu 50.

Pum chitetezo

Chithunzi: Puma kuchokera ku Red Book

Malonda atatu a ma cougars adalembedwa mu Zakumapeto I CITES: Puma concolor couguar, Puma concolor coryi, Puma concolor costaricensis. Kuzisaka ndizoletsedwa m'maiko onse kapena ochepa. Komabe, abusa kapena eni kusaka akupitiliza kuteteza minda yawo kwa mikango yamapiri popha ziweto zosaka ng'ombe.

Florida puma Puma Pore concolor coryi amalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane mu Mndandanda Wofiyira wa IUCN ndipo ali ndi udindo "wovuta". Imayang'aniridwa kwambiri, malo osungirako nyama ndi malo amtchire amapangidwa, pomwe ma radiyo amaikidwa kuti azitsatira mayendedwe a nyama. Mu malo osungira nyama amamera bwino ndipo amabala ana.

Asayansi akugwira ntchito kuti athe kudutsa mitundu ya zakudya zam'madzi ku Florida ndi ena onse. Takonzedweratu kuti mikango yaku America ichokere ku mayiko ena, koma ntchitoyi siyophweka. Nkhalango za Florida zimazimiririka nthawi zambiri mwachangu, mwachitsanzo, nkhalango za ku South America.

Pakadali pano, akuyesayesa kuti amphaka amtchire agwedwe. Komabe, pamakhala chiwopsezo cha chitetezo cha anthu nthawi zonse. Iwo amene akufuna kubweretsa nyama yachilendoyo kunyumba kwawo ayenera kukumbukira kuti nyama zamphamvu izi komanso zokoma sizimvera aliyense ndipo zimakonda ufulu.

Cougar - cholengedwa chamtendere choyenerana ndi munthu. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti amapewa anthu amtali. Omwe amachitiridwa nkhanza ndi ana kapena anthu odabwitsidwa omwe amayendayenda mkango wamapiri usiku. Mukakumana ndi nyama, sikuvomerezedwa kuthamanga, yang'anani m'maso mwake ndikufuula.

Puma - wadyera chete komanso wachisomo

M'banja la mphaka puma ndinawona mmodzi wa oimira nyama zokoma kwambiri, zamphamvu, zokongola, zoyambirira kufotokozedwa mkati mwa zaka za zana la 16. Dzina lina la mphaka wamkulu uyu ndi cougar, kapena mkango wamapiri.

Maonekedwe ndi malo okhala

Nyama yayikulu kwambiri, yotsika malo osungirako malo okhalamo anyani okha, imatalika pafupifupi masentimita 120-170, ndipo yokhala ndi mchira mpaka 2,5. Kutalika kwa thupi la mphaka wamkulu kuyambira 60 mpaka 75 cm, kulemera kwake ndi 75-100 kg . Amuna ndi akulu kuposa akazi ndi pafupifupi 30%.

Ubweya wofiyira pakhosi ndi pachifuwa ndi mthunzi wopepuka, pamutu pali imvi, ndipo pamakutu ndi mchira wa mchira - matalala akuda, pafupifupi akuda. Mwambiri, thupi lakumunsi ndilopepuka kwambiri kuposa kumtunda.

Ziwonetserozi zomwe zimakhala ku North America zimasiyanitsidwa ndi ma siliva, ndipo oimira ma pampas akumwera ndi malo otentha ali pafupi kwambiri ndi matani ofiira. Awa ndi amphaka okha aku America omwe ali ndi utoto wowoneka bwino. Ubweya wa nyama ndi waufupi, wosalala komanso wandiweyani.

At nyama yanyama mano amphamvu, omwe amawazindikira zaka za mdani. Mafangayi amagwira nyama kugwira nyama, ndipo zotsogola zimang'amba minofu ndikuphwanya mafupa. Mchira wolimba wolimba umathandizira kuyerekeza ndikusuntha ndikudumphira kokasaka mphaka waku America.

Thupi lotha kusintha limasiyanitsidwa ndi chisomo chapadera. Mutu umakhala wocheperako, makutu ndi ochepa kukula, ozungulira mawonekedwe. Ziwawa ndizotsika, mulifupi. Miyendo yakumbuyo imakhala yolimba komanso yayikulu kuposa kutsogolo. Chiwerengero cha zala zakumaso ndizosiyana: zinayi kumbuyo ndi zisanu kutsogolo.

Habitat Cougars olusa Pali malo osiyanasiyana: onse malo okhala ndi nkhalango zam'malo otentha, mapepala, malo otsetsereka, ndi mapiri okhala ku South ndi North America mpaka pakati pa Canada. Mikango yokhala ndi silvery imapewa zitunda zakumpoto.

Kukhazikika kwa nyama kumakhala kwakukulu, koma kumayambiriro kwa zaka zapitazi, ma pumas ku United States anali atatsala pang'ono kuwonongedwa. Chinyama chodziwika bwino cha puma ngakhale adayamba kuwonongeka. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pake, zinali zotheka kubwezeretsa chiwerengero, chofanana kukula kwake ndikugawidwa ku nyalugwe, lynxes. Anaona kuti amakhala pagulu makamaka kumene zinthu zazikulu za kusaka kwake zimakhala - mbawala. Ngakhale mtundu wa ubweya wawo ndi wofanana.

Khalidwe ndi moyo

Zinyama - Zinyama Zakutchirekukhala moyo wabata wekha. Nthawi yakukhwima yokha imadzutsa chikhumbo cha wina ndi mnzake mwa iwo, ndipo kulira kwamphaka kwakukulu kumawonetsa kupangika kwa okwatirana.

Ziphuphu zimadzisankhira madera okhala, malire ake omwe amakhala mozungulira mzere wazikuta pamitengo ndi mkodzo. Masamba achilengedwe ayenera kudzazidwa ndi zinthu zosaka ndi malo okhalamo. Tili m'nkhalangozi ndipo tili ndi mitengo yabwino kwambiri.

Kuchulukana kwa nyama zodyera zimatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya ndipo zimatha kuyambira pa anthu 1 mpaka 12 pa 80 km². Malo osakira amuna amatenga gawo lalikulu kuyambira 100 mpaka 750 km².

Mapanga amiyala achikazi ndi ochepa kwambiri, kuyambira 30 mpaka 300 km². Kuyenda kwa zinyama m'madela awo kumalumikizidwa ndi nyengo yapadera. Puma amatha nthawi yozizira ndi chilimwe m'malo osiyanasiyana.

Masana, nyama zimakhala kwinakwake padzuwa kapena zimapuma pobisalira. Madzulo ndi usiku, ntchito zimachulukana. Yakwana nthawi yosaka nyama. Nyama zomwe amazisintha kuti zizisuntha kumapiri otsetsereka, zimakwera mitengo bwino, kusambira.

Amalumpha mwamphamvu 5-6 m kutalika, kupitilira 2 m ndikukwera mwachangu mpaka 50 km / h osasiya mwayi kwa wozunzidwayo. Mphamvu ndi kupirira kwa ma cougars zimawathandiza kuthana ndi kunyamula mitembo, kulemera kwake komwe kumakhala kochulukirapo ka 5-7 kuposa zawo.

Mwachilengedwe, phokosoli alibe mdani aliyense. Zokha zomwe zimadya kwambiri zomwe zimatha kuthana ndi cougar, bola cougar'yo itafooka chifukwa cha kudwala kapena kuchepa kwa ziweto zazing'ono. Ma phukusi a nkhandwe, mbewa, mbewa zazikulu nthawi zina zimawombera chimpanda ndi ana ake, ngati akumva kuti ndiopambana.

Ziphuphu sizimawombera anthu, pokhapokha ngati munthu wazindikiridwa kuti ndi wotsutsa: amasunthira mwachangu, modzidzimutsa, makamaka nthawi yamadzulo kapena kusaka usiku. Nthawi zina, nyama zimapewa kukumana ndi anthu.

Puma ndi nyama yodwala. Mosiyana ndi nyalugwe, yemwe wapenga mumsampha, wofunsayo amatha kuchotsa mimbayo, ngakhale zitatenga masiku angapo.

Mtundu

Chophimbacho ndichachikulu, chachifupi komanso choperewera. Mtundu wake ndi monophonic, m'mbale wamkulu - wotuwa kapena wachikasu, m'mimba amakhala owala pang'ono pang'ono kuposa kumbuyo. Zizindikiro zoyera za thumba zikupezeka pachifuwa, kummero ndi pamimba, pamakhala malo akuda pa muzzle, makutu ndi amdima, ndipo mchira uli ndi nsonga yakuda. Mwachilengedwe, pali miyala yoyera komanso yoyera, ndi yoyera. Zowoneka m'malo otentha ndizochepa komanso zowonjezera, ndipo okhala kumpoto kwa mitunduyi amapaka utoto wamtundu. Mwambiri, mtundu wa phokoso umakhala wofanana ndi mtundu wa nyama yoyamba kugwirira - mbawala. Ubweya wa anawo ndi wokulirapo, wokutidwa ndi mawanga amdima, mikwingwirima pamiyendo, ndi mphete pamchira.

Zinthu Zosaka

Popita kusaka, puma amapezerapo mwayi modzidzimutsa: iye amalumphira chakumphindi chakumadzulo ndikudumphira kumbuyo kwake, akuthyola khosi ndi kulemera kwake, kapena kugwira pakhosi pake ndikuyamba kusokoneza chinyama. M'chaka cha puma, makilogalamu 860-1300 a nyama (48 yotulutsa) amafunikira. Phimbolo limabisalira zotsalira za nyama, imagona masamba ndi masamba osungirako mitengo, kuti mubwererenso ku nyama yobisikayo.

Kodi amakhala kuti?

Malo okhala pum ku America anali ochuluka kwambiri, mitunduyi inkapezeka kulikonse kuyambira kumwera kwa Patagonia mpaka kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Alaska. Tsopano olusa adathawa ku USA ndi Canada, kumapiri a kumadzulo, komanso ku South America mpaka ku Patagonia. Kumpoto kwa North America, ma cougars adachotsedweratu, kupatula owerengeka okha a Puma concolor coryi ku Florida.

Khalidwe

Cordars amakhala onse kumapiri ndi kumapiri pamtunda wa 4700 m pamwamba pa nyanja, pamitunda yosiyanasiyana: nkhalango zamtchire, nkhalango zotentha, mapiri a udzu, mapepala, malo otsetsereka. Njira zazikulu zosankhira malo amoyo opangidwako ndi kupezeka kwa malo okhala ndi nyama. Zingwe zam'mimba zopangika zimathandizira wolusa kuti azilumpha mpaka 6 m kutalika komanso mpaka 2,5 m kutalika, kukulira kuthamanga mpaka 50 km / h pamtunda wochepa. Ziphuphu zimayenda mosavuta m'mbali mwa mapiri, zimatha kukwera mitengo ndi miyala, zimasambira bwino.

Nyamayi imangokhala chete, ndipo imalira, ndikumakumbukira kulira kwa munthu, imangotuluka nthawi yakubzala.

Mimba ndi mphaka

Mimba imatenga masiku 82 mpaka 96. Pali zinyalala za 1-6 kwa ana, zomwe zimalemera 226-453 g ndi kutalika kwa thupi pafupifupi 30 cm. Utoto wawo ndi wofiirira wokhala ndi mawanga akuda. Maso amatseguka masiku 8-10 pambuyo pobadwa. Mano oyamba amadulidwa nthawi yomweyo. Kuyambira milungu isanu ndi umodzi, mphaka zimayamba kusintha pang'onopang'ono kuzakudya za akuluakulu. Amayi akupitilabe kuwadyetsa mkaka ndi kubweretsa nyama. Mpaka miyezi 15-26, makanda amakhala ndi amayi awo, kenako amapita patsamba lawo.

Zochititsa chidwi:

• Ziphuphu sizimazunza anthu, zimakonda kupewa. Ngati munthu ayenda mwachangu ndikukhala payekha, ndiye kuti madzulo kapena usiku phokoso limatha kumulakwitsa kuti awononge komanso kumuukira.
• M'badwo wamphwando umatsimikiziridwa ndi momwe mano ake aliri. Mano amkaka mwa chinyama amaphulika miyezi 4. Mano okhazikika amawonekera m'miyezi isanu ndi itatu, ndipo pofika zaka 1.5-2 zidayamba kuphulika. Popeza ali ndi zaka, amatha kupera komanso kuda.
• Puma imatha kukoka nyama yake kwa mtunda wautali, ngakhale italemera nthawi 5-7 kuposa momwe imadyera yokha. Mafuko a amwenye omwe amakhala ku California adagwiritsa ntchito nyama iyi yopangira zakudya zambiri, ndipo adatola mitembo yomwe idadyedwa ndi osadyedwa ndi nyama zolusa.