Chifukwa chakuti cholengedwa chilichonse chimapatsidwa ziwalo zopumira, tonsefe timapeza zomwe sitingakhalepo popanda - mpweya. Mu nyama zonse zapadziko lapansi ndi anthu, ziwalozi zimatchedwa mapapu, omwe amatenga mpweya wambiri kuchokera mumlengalenga. Njira yopumira imakhala ndi nsomba zomwe zimapangira mpweya, zomwe zimakoka mpweya m'madzi, komwe ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa mlengalenga. Ndizotheka chifukwa cha izi kuti kapangidwe ka thupi la cholengedwa china chapadera ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi zolengedwa zonse zam'mimba. Talingalirani zonse za nsomba zomwe zimapangidwa, kupuma kwake ndi ziwalo zina zofunika.
Mwachidule za nsomba
Choyamba, tiyeni tiyesere kuwona kuti ndi zolengedwa zamtundu wanji, momwe timakhalira komanso momwe timakhalira, ubale womwe ali nawo ndi anthu. Chifukwa tsopano tikuyambitsa maphunziro athu a biology, mutu wakuti "nsomba zam'nyanja". Ichi ndi malo ochulukirapo a nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala zokha m'madzi am'madzi. Chowoneka ndichakuti nsomba zonse ndi zodyetsa, komanso zokhala ndi zofunikira. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zizindikirozi ndizodziwika kwa mtundu uliwonse wa nsomba, ngakhale kukula kwake ndi kulemera kwake. M'miyoyo ya anthu, gawo laling'ono ili limachita gawo lachuma, popeza ambiri mwa oimira ake amadyedwa.
Amakhulupiriranso kuti nsomba zinali koyambirira kwa chisinthiko. Ndi zolengedwa zotere zomwe zimatha kukhala pansi pa madzi, koma sizinakhale ndi nsagwada, kale zinali zokhazokha padziko lapansi. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, nyamazo zasanduka, zina mwa izo zasanduka nyama, zina zakhala pansi pamadzi. Ndilo maphunziro onse a sayansi. Mutu "nsomba zam'nyanja. Kupendekera mwachidule m'mbiri" kumalingaliridwa. Sayansi ya nsomba zam'madzi imatchedwa ichthyology. Tiyeni tsopano tipeze kuphunzira kwa zolengedwa izi mwaukadaulo.
Chotsimikizidwa ndi katswiri
1) Ziwalo zopumira zomwe nsomba zimagawika ndimadzi (khungu lawo ndi ma gill) ndi mpweya (chikhodzodzo chosambira, matumbo, ziwalo zam'mwamba, komanso, khungu).
2) Amphibians amadziwika ndi kupuma mothandizidwa ndi mapapu, omwe amapereka maziko osinthira magawo awo othandizira gasi ndi ziwalo zowonjezera (khungu ndi kukhazikika kwa mucous ya oropharyngeal patsekeke).
3) Ali ndi mapapu amtundu wa matumba, omwe amalumikizidwa ndi maukonde amitsempha yamagazi, iliyonse yomwe imatsegukira yokha paliponse pamitsempha ya laryngeal-tracheal. Mpweya wolowa m'mapapu umatheka ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa oropharyngeal patsekalo pansi.
4) Chofunikira kwambiri kupuma ndi mapapu, omwe amakhala mumtengo wamsana, amathandizidwa ndi chiwindi ndi matumbo ochokera pansi, komanso ochepa khosi kuchokera kumtunda.
5) Kuchokera pamkono wamkamwa umatsika, ndikudutsa mu trachea, yomwe imadutsa mosinthana ndi bronchi yayikulu, imathera m'mapapu.
6) Kupangidwa bwino kuposa ophibians. Ali ndi dera lalikulu ndipo amasiyanitsidwa bwino. Njira yopumira imaphatikizira chifuwa ndi minyewa yam'mimba komanso yopumira. Ndikosavuta kuti rep reples ipume molondola poyenda mwachangu, chifukwa amagwiritsa ntchito magulu amodzimodzi a minofu kutulutsa mpweya ndikusuntha.
7) M'chifuwa. Pansi pali malire a chiwindi, m'mimba ndi matumbo. Kuchokera kumwamba - khosi komanso mkamwa.
8) Ziwalo zopumira mu mbalame zimayimiriridwa ndi malo amphuno, omwe amadutsa mumkono wam'mphuno, kenako kupita kumtunda wapamwamba, kenako kupita ku trachea, yomwe imagawidwa mu bronchi ikulowa m'mapapu.
9) Pamalo ogawa bronchi, pamakhala larynx yachiwiri - zida zama mbalame. Kuphatikiza apo, a bronchi amapanga ma sacs ma air, omwe amafunikira kuti akwaniritse gawo la mtundu wa pampu womwe umawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'misewu ya ndege.
10) Matupi opatsirana amapezeka pachifuwa, kumbuyo kwa keel. Pamwambapa ndizoletsedwa ndi khomo lam'mphuno, ndipo pansipa - ndi ziwalo zamkati.
11) Nyama zam'madzi zokhala ndi kupuma kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa nyama zonse. Mapapu awo ndi omwe amasiyanitsidwa kwambiri, ali ndi mpweya wambiri kuposa wina aliyense, amatha kutambasuka kwakukulu ndikuthandizira kusinthana Kwabwino Kwambiri ndi Magazi. Minofu yawo yopuma imapangidwa kwambiri, imakhalanso ndi diaphragm - minofu yopangidwira kupuma, yomwe imalekanitsa pamimba pachifuwa. Momwe mpweya ndi mpweya umatulutsira madzi ndi mkamwa.
12) Yopezeka pachifuwa, yokhala ndi nthiti komanso sternum. Kuchokera pamwambapa, amachepetsa ndi khomo lamkati ndi mphuno, ndipo kuchokera pansi - ndi diaphragm.
FISH KULENGA MABODZA
Mitundu iwiri ya kupuma imadziwika ndi nsomba: madzi (mothandizidwa ndi ma gill ndi khungu) ndi mpweya (mothandizidwa ndi khungu, chikhodzodzo, matumbo komanso ziwalo za suprajugal). Ziwalo zopumira zam'mimba zimagawidwa: 1) main (gill), 2) yowonjezera (ena onse).
Zida zazikulu zopumira. Ntchito yayikulu ya ma galu ndi kusinthana kwa gasi (kusintha kwa mpweya ndi mpweya wa kaboni dayokisaidi), nawonso amatenga nawo mbali mumchere wamchere, secrete ammonia ndi urea.
Mu cyclostomes, ziwalo zopumira zimayimiriridwa ndi ma gill sacs (endodermal chiyambi), omwe adapangidwa chifukwa chodzipatula ku pharynx. Lamprey ali ndi ma pawiri asanu ndi awiri a ma gill sacs okhala ndi mipata iwiri mu umodzi uliwonse: kunja ndi mkati, zomwe zimatsogolera ku chubu chopumira ndipo amatha kutseka. Chubu chopumira chinapangidwa chifukwa chogawa pharynx m'magawo awiri: kupumula kwapansi ndi kugaya kwapamwamba. Chubu imatha khungu, ndikulekanitsidwa ndi khomo lamkamwa ndi valavu yapadera. Mphutsi za nyale sizili ndi chubu chopumira ndipo zotseguka zamkati zimatseguka mwachindunji mu pharynx. M'malo osakanikirana ambiri, malo otseguka a gill mbali zonse amaphatikizidwa ndi njira imodzi, yomwe imatsegulira kuposa gawo lomaliza la gill. Kuphatikiza apo, kutseguka kwammphuno mu myxines kumalumikizana ndi pakhosi. Madzi mu cyclostomes amalowa kudzera pakamwa kotseguka mkati mwa pharynx kapena chubu chopumira (mwa akulu, lamprey ndi myxinum), kenaka kulowa m'matumba a gill, komwe amakankhidwira kunja. Magetsi akakhala opakidwa, madzi amawamwa ndikuwatsitsa kudzera pazitseko zakunja. Povindikira, madzi amalowa m'matumbo a gill kudzera pamphuno.
M'mazimba am'madzi, kupuma kumachitika chifukwa cha mapangidwe amitsempha yamagazi pamasamba a yolk ndi polola. Pamene phukusi la yolk limayambiranso, kuchuluka kwa mitsempha ya magazi pazolipika, mbali, komanso mutu kumawonjezeka. Mu mphutsi za nsomba zina, zamkati zakunja zimayamba - kutuluka kwa khungu komwe kumakhala ndimitsempha yamagazi (kupumira kawiri, nthenga zambiri, mkanda, ndi zina).
Ziwalo zopumira zazikulu za nsomba zachikulire ndi ma gill (ectodermal source).
Nsomba zambiri zokhala ndi cartillaginous zimakhala ndi magawo asanu a malo otseguka gill (ena 6-7) komanso chiwonetsero chofanana cha ma gill. Palibe chivundikiro cha gill, kupatula kumakhala mutu-wonse (ma chimera), momwe ma gill amatsekedwa ndi khola la khungu. M'masamba, mabowo a gill amakhala pambali ya mutu, ndi m'miyala, pansi pamunsi pa thupi.
Gill iliyonse ya nsomba zamatumbo amtunduwu imakhala ndi: 1) gill arch, 2) petals gill, 3) gill stamens.
Septum yapakati-paubweya imachoka kumbali yakumapeto kwa gill, gill imalanda mbali ziwiri, pomwe mbali yakumbuyo ya septum imakhala yaulere ndikuphimba kutseguka kwakunja kwa gill. Magawo a gill amathandizidwa ndi ma cartilaginous othandizira. Ma gill stamens amapezeka mkati mwa chipilala cha gill. Mitsempha yamagazi ili m'munsi mwa septum ya patental: 1) gill artery yomwe magazi amayenda, 2) mitsempha iwiri ya gill yokhala ndi magazi ochepa.
Gill lobes yomwe ili mbali imodzi ya septum amapanga theka-gill. Chifukwa chake, gilili imakhala ndi magalasi awiri okhala mgawo lomweli, ndipo kuphatikiza kwa magalasi awiri oyang'anizana ndi gill imodzi kumapanga ganchial sac. Pa magawo anayi oyamba a ma gill, pali ma gill awiri, ndipo pamapeto pake, ma gill lobus kulibe, koma mu gill yoyamba pa hychic arch pali theka-gill. Zotsatira zake, nsomba za cartilaginous zimakhala ndi magalasi anayi ndi theka.
M'madzi a cartilaginous, zopopera zomwe zimayimira gulu lopopera zimatha kutchulidwa kuti ziwalo zopumira. Amakhala kumbuyo kwa maso ndipo amalumikizana ndi oropharyngeal patsekeke. Pali ma valavu pakhoma lakutsogolo la munthu wowaza, ndipo pakhoma lakumbuyo pali gill yabodza yomwe imapereka magazi ku ziwalo zamasomphenya. Kupopera kwa cartilaginous ndi sturgeon kulipo. M'madzi a cartilaginous, mosiyana ndi nsomba yamafupa, makatani samatulutsa zinthu zopangidwa ndi nayitrogeni komanso mchere.
M'masamba, mukamapuma, madzi amalowa pakamwa ndikutseguka kudzera pakatikati. Mu masiketi, madzi amalowa mu oropharyngeal patsekeka kudzera ma mavuvu osakanizira osakanizira, ndipo ma valvu atatsekedwa, amatuluka kudzera m'makola a gill.
Nsomba za Sturgeon m'matumbo zili ndi magawo apakati pa gill. Kuchepetsa kwawo kumalumikizidwa ndikuwoneka kwa chivundikiro cha gill, komwe ma membala a branchial amatambasuka, akumata ma gill kuchokera pansi. Ma Sturgeons (komanso nsomba za cartilaginous) ali ndi magulu awiri a zipilala zakumbuyo; pa zipilala zomaliza za branchial, zobisika pansi pa khungu, kulibe miyala ya branchial. Mzere wakutsogolo kwa mabowo gill umapezeka pakatikati pa gofu ndipo amapanga theka la gofu wopangidwa kuchokera ku tsekwe. Ma sturgeon, onga amtundu wa cartilaginous, ali ndi magalasi anayi ndi theka. Ma gill stamens ali m'mizere iwiri mkati mwa chipilala cha gill.
Asodzi a nsomba za Bony ali ndi zipilala zinayi zakumbuyo komanso kuchuluka komweko kwa ma gill (pambuyo pake, yachisanu, chipilala cha branchial sichimakhala ndi ma gill). Gill iliyonse imakhala ndi ma gill awiri, koma chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa chivundikiro cha gill, gill septum imachepetsedwa kwathunthu, ndipo gill lobes imalumikiza molunjika ku gill arch, yomwe imakulitsa kupuma kwa gill. Pansi pa phirilo pali chipilala cha mafupa, pomwe ma gill a mawonekedwe apatatu ali. Ma gill lobes kumbali zonse ndi yokutidwa ndi ma gill lobes (kapena makutu kupuma), komwe kusinthana kwa gasi kumachitika. Pansi pa malo opangira gill pali maselo a chloride omwe amachotsa mchere m'thupi. Kujambula kozungulira kwa cartilaginous kumadutsa m'mphepete mwenimweni mwa gill lobe, komwe kumatsika mtsempha wa lobe, ndipo mbali inayo, mtsempha wa lobe. Pansi pamipanda ya branchial, kubweretsa ndi kuchita minyewa ya branchial kumadutsa. Zowoneka bwino zazikuluzikulu ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana zimakhala mkati mwa chipilala cha gill.
Pa kupuma kwa gill nsomba zamfupa, madzi amadutsa mkamwa kupita pakhosi, kudutsa pakati pa malo opondera gill, amapatsa mpweya m'magazi, amalandila mpweya woipa ndipo amachoka m'matumbo. Kupuma kwa gill kumatha kukhala: 1) kugwira ntchito, madzi amayamwa mkamwa kupita mu pharynx ndikusambitsa ma gill gill chifukwa kuyenda kwa zokutira kwa gill (mu nsomba zonse), 2) kungoyambira, nsomba zimasambira ndi pakamwa pawo komanso zotchingira gill zotseguka, ndipo madzi amatuluka ndi Kusuntha kwa nsomba yokha (m'madzi okhala m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wambiri).
Zowonjezera kupuma. Pakusintha, ziwalo zina zopumira zimapezekanso m'madzi am'mafupa okhala m'matupi am'madzi momwe kuperewera kwa oxygen kumapezeka.
Kupuma kwa khungu ndizofala pafupifupi nsomba zonse. M'masamba a madzi ofunda oyenda, pafupifupi 20% ya okosijeni omwe amamwa amalowa pakhungu, nthawi zina mtengo uwu umatha kukwera mpaka 80% (carp, crucian carp, tench, catfish). M'madzi omwe amakhala m'matupi am'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wambiri, kupuma kwa khungu sikupitirira 10% ya kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Ana, monga lamulo, amapumira kwambiri pakhungu kuposa akuluakulu.
Mitundu ina imadziwika ndi kupuma kwam'mlengalenga, komwe kumachitika pogwiritsa ntchito ziwalo za suprajugal, zomwe zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyana. Kumpoto kwa pharynx, ambiri a iwo amakhala ndi zipinda zopanda mabowo (ma suprabaric patimitengo), komwe nembanemba ya mucous imapanga timizere tambiri timene timalowetsedwa ndi ma capillaries am'magazi. Mukusomba (labyrinth) nsomba, makulidwe amtundu wa mucous amathandizidwa ndi ma cell a mafupa osinthika am'magulu oyambira kuchokera ku chigawo choyamba cha branchial (kukwawa, cockerels, gourami, macropode).
M'malo ochepa, timatabwa tomwe timakhala pamwamba, kumbuyo kwa timuyo timachoka. M'matumba amtundu wankhono, ziwalo zowonjezera zopumira ndizovala m'matumba akhungu atali kuchokera kumiyendo ndikukula pansi pa msana mpaka mchira. Nsomba zokhala ndi ziwalo za suprajugal zimasinthika kupuma mpweya wam'mlengalenga ndipo, atalephera kuyimirira ndi kumeza mpweya pafupi ndi pamwamba, amafa chifukwa chokwanira kupezeka m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wambiri.
Nsomba zina zimapuma matumbo. Pakatikati mwa matumbo mulibe tiziwalo timene timagwira ntchito m'mimba ndipo limapatsidwanso mwayi ndi ma capillaries amwazi, komwe kusinthana kwa gasi kumachitika. Mpweya womwe umamezedwa mkamwa umadutsa m'matumbo ndikutuluka kudzera mu anus (loach) kapena umakankhidwira ndi kutuluka kudzera mkamwa. M'malo mwa nsomba zingapo zam'malo otentha, m'mimba kapena kutuluka kwina kwam'mimba komwe kumadzazidwa ndi mpweya kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupumira mpweya.
Chikhodzodzo cha nsomba chimakhudzanso kusinthana kwa mafuta. Mu nsomba zopumira kawiri, zidasinthidwa kukhala mapapu achilendo, zimakhala ndi ma cell ndipo amalumikizana ndi pharynx. Mukamapuma, mpweya umalowa m'mapapu kudzera mkamwa kapena kutulutsa mphuno. Mwa nsomba zomwe zimapuma kawiri-kawiri pali m'mapapo amodzi (dzino lowoneka nyanga) ndi mapapu awiri (protopter, lepidosiren). M'mapapu amodzi, mapapuwa amagawika magawo awiri ndipo mapikirowa amakulitsidwa bwino, motero amatha kupuma mofananamo m'mapapu ndi m'matumbo. Pafupipiri, chikhodzodzo chokhazikika, mapiraginiwo amapangika. Nsombazo zikakhala m'madzi, mapapu ndi ziwalo zowonjezera zopumira, ndipo m'madziwe owuma, akakumba pansi, mapapu amakhala chofunikira kupuma.
Chikhodzodzo cha kusambira ndi chiwalo chowonjezera chopumira mu nsomba zina zotseguka (mnogoper, amia, pike yonyamula, ma characins). Imalowetsedwa ndi maukonde owopsa amitsempha yamagazi, ndipo ena amawoneka ma cellularity, omwe amawonjezera mkati.
N.V. ILMAST. Mawu Oyamba Ichthyology. Petrozavodsk, 2005
Machitidwe a nsomba.
Chigawo chachikulu cha nsomba kupumira ndi makutu. At nsomba zamatumbo gill magoli ali ndi magawo, chifukwa chomwe ma gill amatsegukira kunja mabowo osiyana. Izi ndizosavuta kuzindikira pazitsanzo za asodzi kapena raala. Kutsogolo ndi kukhoma kwa malinga awa kuli magawo gill petalswokutidwa ndi netiweki yamagazi.
Bony nsomba, mosiyana ndi ma cartilaginous, omwe ali ndi zotchingira mafupa oyenda bwino, ndipo magawo apakati pa gill amachepera. Gill lobes za nsomba zoterezi zimapezeka mu awiriawiri pazomangira gill.
Kusinthanitsa kwa gasi pakupuma kumachitika ndi kutenga kwa mitsempha yamagazi pama gill gill. Kuphatikiza pa mpweya woipa, zinthu zina za metabolic, monga ammonia ndi urea, zimathanso kumasulidwa kudzera m'matumba. Mipira imaphatikizidwanso mumchere wamchere ndi madzi. At nsomba zopumira chiwalo chowonjezera chopumira ndi chikhodzodzo. Imagwira ntchito yam'mapapo.
Kusambira - Ichi ndi chiwalo chomwe chimapezeka pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya nsomba, chimapangidwa pamlingo wa chitukuko cha embryonic ndipo chimapezeka mgulu lanyama la nsomba. Kutengera mawonekedwe a kuwira, ndimakhalapo lotseguka mitundu ya nsomba (bubble umalumikizidwa ndi pakhosi moyo wonse) komanso zotsekedwa ndi bubble nsomba (kulumikiza kwa bubble ndi pharynx panthawi yopanga chitukuko kumatayika). Panyumba chikhodzodzo ntchito – hydrostatic. Mothandizidwa ndi kuwira, nsomba imatha kusintha mphamvu yake, komanso kuzama kwa kumiza.
Kupumira ngati njira
Pafupifupi zamoyo zonse zapadziko lapansi "ndizomangika" ndi okosijeni: mpweya wopatsa moyo uwu umakhudzidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa zinthu zochuluka kwambiri. Inde, pali mabakiteriya a anaerobic, bowa ndi algae, koma amangopatula pamalamulo oyambira.
Nsomba zimapumira mofananamo, zimangotulutsa oxygen makamaka kuchokera kumadzi, osati kuchokera kumlengalenga. Madzi am'nyanja ndi m'madzi amadzala ndi mpweya wabwino modabwitsa, koma m'malo osungira madzi abwino ndi zovuta zake mumakhala mavuto. Madzi amatha kusandulika mpweya wopatsa moyo chifukwa cha:
- kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kutentha,
- kutsitsa mulingo wazofunikira,
- kuseka ndi ayezi wamphamvu komanso kuchepa kwaulere,
- Kubola mbewu pansi pa madzi oundana,
- onjezani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zamoyo,
- ntchito za anthu.
Kaya chifukwa chakuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni, nsomba zimasankha ziwiri: kusinthana, kapena kufa. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chilengedwe chimapatsa nsomba zamakono zambiri kuti zitheke, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa magazi komanso kuchepetsa kufunikira kwa okosijeni, nthawi zina yabwino kwambiri.
Chifukwa chiyani gill nsomba
Zachidziwikire kuti mumadziwa kuti mapilitsiwo ndiye gawo lofunikira kwambiri kupuma mwa nsomba. Palibe kusiyanasiyana pamalamulo awa: palibe nsomba zopanda ma gill (chabwino, pafupifupi, koma zina pambuyo pake). Koma kachipangizo kawo ndi kosiyana kwambiri: nthawi zina ziwalo zophatikizika kwambiri zimakumbutsa aliyense za kutchukira kwa crucian carp kapena carp.
- bulu - Chisa
- cartilaginous - lamellar,
- ma cyclostomes ndi sacciform.
Maukonde a nsomba zam'madzi ndizovuta kwambiri, ndiye kuti, ambiri mwa anthu okhala m'madzi omwe timawadziwa. Ali ndi chipangizo chovuta kwambiri ndipo chosagwiritsidwa ntchito mosapambana: kuthekera kwa 30% ya mpweya wosungunuka kuchokera kumadzi ndi cholembedwa chosagwirizana ndi mapapu a zinyama (monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito kumlengalenga, kumene).
Kapangidwe ka mapira a nsomba za bony
Ma gill a nsomba zam'madzi ndizovuta kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala:
- Zipilala za Branchial. Awa ndi magulu omwe ali ndi mapangidwe omwe ali ndi netiweki yama capillaries. Mu mtundu wakale, pali ma arc khumi, asanu mbali iliyonse (anayi nthawi zambiri amakulitsa, amwano chimodzi).
- Pamakhala. Zili pa chipilala chilichonse cha branchial kuchokera panja mizere iwiri. Pachilichonse chachikulu pamakhala mitundu yambiri yaing'ono yachiwiri. Ndiwofunika kwambiri pazomwe zimayambitsa mpweya komanso madzi amchere wamchere.
- Asitima. Ziwalo zazing'onozi zimaphimba ma arc kuchokera mkati ndikuchita ngati zosefera, kuteteza zida zowoneka bwino za gill kuchokera ku mitundu yonse yamitundu.
- Nthambi zonyamula zombo. Imayamba ndi msempha ndipo umatha ndi unyinji wa ma capillaries ochepera kwambiri, omwe ndi ochepa kwambiri mwakuti amatha kufananizidwa kukula ndi erythrocyte. Popuma, amapatsa magazi "ogwiritsidwa ntchito", omwe ali ndi mpweya wofanana ndi kaboni ndi zinthu zowola, m'matumba ndikuwachotsa, atanyamula nsomba zodzaza ndi mpweya m'thupi lonse.
- Gill chimakwirira. Mitundu yolimba iyi ya mafupa simagwira ntchito yoteteza kokha: imagwira ma mavuvu oterowo, ikupereka mphamvu inayake yamadzi oyenda mukamapuma. Mwa njira, makonzedwe awo ndi odabwitsa: zimapezeka kuti mutha kudziwa molondola zaka za nsomba kuchokera m'mafupa awa. Amakutidwa ndi zokutira ndi mphete, ngati mphete zokulira!
Mwa nsomba zonse zokhala ndi bulu, kamwa limalumikizana ndi zida za gill. Pakulimbikitsidwa, nsomba imatsegula pakamwa pake, "ndikupopera" madzi m'magulu otupa (zotsekazo zatsekedwa nthawi iyi). Ma petals kudzera m'matumboni amachotsa zofunikira za oxygenation m'chilengedwe ndikuthandizira magazi ndi mpweya. Pakupuma, pakamwa amatseka, zotseguka zotseguka, zotulutsa zimachedwa, zinthu zowola zimapita kumalo achilengedwe.
Mpweya wapa cartilage
Nsomba za Cartilaginous, omwe ndi shaki ndi mbola, ali ndi zida zosiyana siyana. M'mawamba ambiri, ndimitundu yambiri pomwe madzi amalowera m'malo otsetsereka. Zovala zaimpso sizikupezeka, motero, asodzi sangathe kupuma mokwanira poyendetsa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito zida za gill.
Kupuma kokha kumachitika pokhapokha ngati mukuyenda, pomwe mapilitsi otseguka amasambitsidwa ndi madzi (mwamwayi, mnyanja zimakhala ndi mpweya wabwino). Chifukwa chake, nyama yolusa imakakamizidwa kusunthasunthika, ngakhale ikagona (njira zomwe akatswiri azamatsenga amatsutsanabe), apo ayi zingowonjezera. Njira yopumira imathandizidwanso ndi kuphukira kwapadera komwe kumakhala kuseri kwa maso ndikupereka madzi abwino kumapeto.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti kupuma komwe kumakhalanso timitengo tating'ono, komwe nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsa ntchito matupi a shaki. Pali kuthekera kotere mu nsomba ndi mackerel, ngakhale mutakhala ndi zokutira kwa gill zonse zili bwino.
Pafupi za cyclostomes
Ndizosatheka kuyitanitsa Cyclostomata ndi nsomba - akatswiri a sayansi amawaika m'magulu osiyana. Pakati pawo, zoikapo nyali ndi mitundu yosakanikirana ndizodziwika kwambiri. Awa ndimagulu oyambira kwambiri achikale kwambiri, makamaka parasitic kwa oyimira ena a ichthyofauna. Zida zawo zapakamwa zilibe nsagwada, koma zokhala ndi mano akuthwa, zomwe zimalola kukukuta khungu la "eni" omwe angathe.
Zida zopumira za cyclostomes zimayimiriridwa ndi matumba apadera. Mwachitsanzo, mu nyale yomweyo muli magawo asanu ndi awiri a matumba opumira, lirilonse lomwe lili ndi mipata iwiri (lamkati limatsogolera ku chubu chopumira, lakunja kupita kumalo achilengedwe). Izi zimathandizira kuti lamprey apumike pansi pazinthu zilizonse: sizimavutika ndi mpweya wa oxygen, ngakhale kuyikidwa mchenga kapena kumamatira kwa "mwini".
Zothandizira kupumula
Monga lamulo, chilengedwe "chimapinda" mu nsomba ndi ziwalo zothandizira kupuma. Ndipo akapanda kusamalira bwino moyo wawo, mothandizidwa ndi ziwalo zothandizirazo, zimawakulitsa mavuto.
Zinapezeka kuti nsomba zambiri zimalowetsa m'matumbo maini. Inde, amachita ntchito yothandiza, koma kufunika kwake sikungakhale kopindulitsa. Kusunthika kwa zipsepazo kumathandizira kuti madzi azithamanga kwambiri komanso kutsuka kwa ma gill, omwe ndi ofunika kwambiri m'madzi osakhala ndi okosijeni m'malo osungira ochepa.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti ma gaba amagwira ntchito m'madzi okha: amalephera kutulutsa mpweya kuchokera mumlengalenga. Pamtunda, zimawuma ndipo zimamatirana, zomwe zimayambitsa kufa kwamunthuyo. Zovala zowononga kwambiri za m'mimba zomwe zimatha kubisa zomwe zimakhala zowuma, ndizomalizira kuti nsomba sizikhala ndi madzi. Ndiye chifukwa chake hering'i, carp siliva, trout amwalira nthawi yomweyo, ndipo carp, carp, kapena crucian carp amatha kugona mu udzu wonyowa kwa maola ambiri kapena masiku osawoneka ovulaza thanzi lawo.
Polekerera kuti nsomba ikhale nthawi yovuta, chilengedwe chimawapatsa mphamvu zotha kusunga, nthawi zina zodabwitsa.
Tiyeni tidye pang'ono pang'ono pamutu wa nsomba ndikukumbukira pores pakhungu lathu. Mu Middle Ages, osawunikiridwa kwambiri, zaka zambiri, nthawi zina anthu ankaphimbidwa ndi utoto kuti awapatse fanizo losema (kuponderezana kwa mphamvu zomwe zili, choti achite). Ngati utoto utasiyidwa pakhungu kwa maola angapo, kenako ndikutsukidwa, sizingawononge thanzi lanu. Koma ngati musunga chophimbacho chodzaza ndi poizoni kwa masiku angapo, munthu akhoza kufa: adzachira ndipo adzakwanira nthawi yomweyo. Tsopano tidziwa kuti khungu liyenera kupumira!
Njira yofananira imawonedwa ndi nsomba - zimakhala zowonjezereka kapena zochepa pokhudzidwa ndi kupuma kwa khungu. Zachidziwikire, simungalandire mpweya wambiri kudzera pakhungu, koma muyenera kuganizira kuti thupi la nsomba lambiri mlengalenga limalidya kambiri. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti nthawi zambiri, khungu lonyowa lokha ndi lomwe lingathe kupumira mwa oimira ichthyofauna.
Sturgeon likulu lakhala ulemu kwa nthawi yayitali, koma ukadaulo wa kuzizira sunawoneke posachedwapa. M'mbuyomu, ma sturgeon akuluakulu amabweretsedwa ku likulu lanyumba zamatenti a tarpaulin, ndipo chovalacho chaching'ono - mumabasiketi odzaza ndi moss yonyowa. Nthawi zina ma tampon omwe amadzaza ndi mowa wamphamvu amawayika mkamwa mwa sturgeon, chifukwa chomwe nsomba zimadyeka ndikulolera ulendo womwe umatenga masiku angapo bwino.
Kusambira
Mwina nsomba zilibe chiwalo chambiri kuposa chikhodzodzo. Ichi ndi chiwalo chofanana, komanso chopumulitsira, chomwe chimalimbikitsa kukhathamira ndi ma siginidwe ena, ndi mtundu wa "moyo buoy", womwe umalola kuti nsomba ikhale pamtunda wamadzi osankhidwa, osayesera pang'ono.
Pafupifupi onse oimira ichthyofauna omwe amakhala m'malo athu osungira madzi amatha kupopa ndikutulutsa magazi kuchokera ku chinthuchi, koma nsomba zina zidaphunziranso kupuma! Mphepo ya Atmospheric imamezedwa, osangoyiyendetsa kungopita ku ma gill, komanso ku bladder, yomwe anthu ambiri okhala ndi matupi amadzi (amva "carp" ndi carp m'matumba?), Koma gawo ili limagwira ntchito yonse ya kupuma kokha mu mpweya wopanda mpweya, womwe tikambirana pambuyo pake.
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti ntchito yoyambira ya chikhodzodzo mu mitundu ya prehistoric inali kupuma kolondola, ndipo pokhapokha, ndikuwoneka ngati nsomba ya bony, idasinthidwa kukhala hydrostatic.
Matumbo
Inde, mudamva zolondola: pali nsomba zomwe zimatha kumeza mpweya ndikuzipatsira m'migawo kuti zijambulitse thupi ndi mpweya. Chitsanzo chosangalatsa kwambiri cha izi ndi nsomba zam'madzi za Corydoras.
Pankhani imeneyi, sitingangotchulapo zokhazo zomwe tikuzidziwa: matumbo ake ndi gawo lofunikira pakupuma. M'mikhalidwe yabwino, chiunochi chimapumira ndimatimu, koma kuperewera kwa mpweya, kumaphatikizanso chiwalo chothandizira. Imameza mpweya wam'mlengalenga, imadutsa m'mimba ndi matumbo, imakhala yolumikizana ndi ma network okwera, kenako imatulukira mwanjira.
Zopanda pake? Koma ndizothandiza: nsomba yaying'onoyi imatha kupumira m'mlengalenga ngakhale kudzera m'matanthwe, kumadikirira mvula kapena madzi akulu m'malo otetezeka.
Maze
Chiwalo chapadera chopumira chomwe chimatchedwa "labyrinth" chimalola oimira ena a ichthyofauna kupuma pafupifupi mlengalenga. Chiwalochi ndichophatikizika, chomwe chili pamwamba pamatimu. Pakupuma, mpweya wamlengalenga umalowa m'zipinda za labyrinth, zokutidwa ndi mitsempha yamagazi, ndikulemeretsa magazi ndi mpweya.
Anthu okhala m'malo athu osungirako sangadzitamande chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa thupilo (kupatula, mwina kumutu kwa njoka), koma nsomba zam'madzi zambiri zimatha kupuma molondola kudzera pakabowo. Chinsinsi chake ndikuti nsomba izi mwachilengedwe zimakhala m'malo otentha, pomwe nthawi zina madziwo amakhala osakwanira ndi okosijeni, ndipo chilala sichachilendo.
Nthawi yomweyo gourami amakwera pamwamba pamadzi kuti amme mpweya. Mwa njira, ngati mumawalanda mwayi woterewu, amangolemba, ndiye kuti, ma bili omwe ali pamalopo amagawana ntchito yopuma ndi maze, koma osangoikapo.
Lungfish
Pali nsomba zomwe zimatha kutenganso mpweya kuchokera ku madzi ndi mlengalenga. Apa atha kutchedwa opambana enieni pakupulumuka, omwe simudzaopa nawo omwe ali ovuta kwambiri.
Kupumira - m'modzi mwa oyimira akale a ichthyofauna. Kwa nthawi yayitali amawonedwa kuti ndiosoweka, ndipo zaka pafupifupi 150 zapitazo, akatswiri a ichthyologists adapeza zodabwitsa: madera ozizira a Africa ndi Australia, anthu opumira amakhala ndi moyo wabwino!
Chowonadi ndi chakuti kuphatikiza pa zomwe tili m'matumba, ma pulotifomu nawonso ali ndi chiwalo chofanana ndi ntchito m'mapapu athu. Zimatsimikiziridwa kuti adayamba kuchokera ku chikhodzodzo ndikuyamba kupanga ma cellular komanso kulumikizana ndi ma capillaries pa chisinthiko. Ophunzira ena amakhulupirira kuti inali nsomba yomwe imapumira kawiri yomwe imayembekezera kuti nyama zizitulutsidwa pansi.
Dziwe likauma, protopterus wa ku Africa amakumba mchombo, pomwe ukaphwa, umapangira kamwana kenaka kuzungulira thupi lake. Pamenepo, protopterus imabisala, imapumira mpweya mumlengalenga, kenako ikhoza kugona kwa zaka zingapo motere. Madzi atangosungunula coco, protopterus adzuka ndikuyamba kutsogola moyo wonga nsomba. Koma dzino lomwe lili ndi nyanga (vuto laku Australia) likukumana ndi chilala m'misasa yakumaloko, likupuma mlengalenga chabe - mumakhala mpweya wochepa kwambiri m'matumba.
Zosangalatsa
Kodi simunatope kudabwa? Ndiye mfundo zina zosangalatsa kwambiri:
- Mud Jumper. Simungathe kuyitanitsa jumper mumawu ophunzira, koma amakhazikitsanso zolemba zokhala kunja kwa madzi. Chozizwitsa chodabwitsachi chimakhala nthawi yayitali yambiri padziko lapansi, muli chinyezi. Mwa njira, amadumpha bwino kwambiri ndikukwera mizu yamitengo kukafunafuna tizilombo, komwe amadyera makamaka (ziphuphu zakumaso zosinthidwa kukhala miyendo yolimba). Nthawi yomweyo, nsombayi imapumira paliponse pakhungu, ndipo mchira umachita gawo lalikulu pakukhudzana ndi mpweya. M'malo am'madzi, amasinthira njira yomwe amapumira.
- Crucian. Wachilendo crucian amatha kupulumuka m'malo ovuta kwambiri. Kapangidwe kake ndimapadziwe odzala, komwe kuperewera kwa oxygen kumachitika kawirikawiri. Amapuma khungu bwino, ndipo amatha kumeza mpweya mumlengalenga. Musakhulupirire: m'madzi owuma nthawi zonse a Kazakhstan, anthu am'makomo akupezeka omwe adagonera silt yoposa chaka!
- Perch slider. Pamaso pathu pali nsomba inanso yodabwitsa, mawonekedwe a ichthyofauna a South Asia - chinanazi kapena wowonda. Amachitcha kuti pokhapokha chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nsomba yolingana - otsetsereka amapanga gawo lina. Chifukwa chake, labu yolembedwayo imagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kotero kuti imapereka mwayi wokhala masiku angapo kunja kwa madziwo, posaka mphutsi ndi tizilombo. Amakhulupirira kuti zinanazi zimatha kukwera mitengo (pali umboni wa owona ndi maso), koma okayikira amakhulupirira kuti mbalame zodya nyama zimanyamula kumeneko.
- Eel. Chozizwitsa china chochokera mdziko la ichthyofauna ndi eel. Sikuti nsomba zokha zimawoneka ngati njoka, zimapumuliranso mpweya wamlengalenga, zikukwawa kwathunthu pakati pa njoka mwanjira yopanda njoka. Eel amakakamizidwa ndi mtundu wobala: imayenera kuyenda ma kilomita masauzande kuchokera ku matupi amadzi aku Europe kupita ku Nyanja ya Sargasso, chifukwa imangotuluka pamenepo. Eel amayenda pamtunda makamaka usiku ndi m'mawa kwambiri, m'mbali mwa udzu wopanda mame, wopanda madzi kwa maola angapo, omwe amathandizidwa ndi kupuma kwambiri kwa khungu.
- Arapaima. Pamaso pathu pali nsomba yayikulu kwambiri yamadzi (imakhala ku Amazon), yomwe imadziwikanso yokha. Koma kwambiri, wina. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ana aang'ono okha ndi omwe amapuma ndi ma gills m'mwezi woyamba wamoyo. Akuluakulu amagwiritsa ntchito chifukwa ichi chikhodzodzo, chomwe chimapangidwa bwino kwambiri komanso mapangidwe ake abwino ndipo ndi chifanizo pafupi. Achinyamata arapaim amakakamizika kutulutsa mpweya pakapita mphindi 2-3 zilizonse, akuluakulu - kamodzi pamphindi 6 mpaka 10. Mukawaletsa mwayiwu, adzatsamwitsidwa, ngati kuti izi sizikumveka kuti akufuna nsomba.
Buku ili lili ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri pakupumula kwa oimira osiyanasiyana a ichthyofauna, koma palinso zina zambiri. Dziko lansomba ndi lodabwitsa kwambiri komanso lopangidwa kuti liziphunziramo zokha kuchokera kuzowoneka bwino kwambiri!
General kapangidwe ka nsomba
Mwambiri, titha kunena kuti thupi la nsomba iliyonse imagawidwa m'magawo atatu - mutu, thunthu ndi mchira. Mutu umathera m'chigawo cha gill (kumayambiriro kwawo kapena kumapeto kwake - zimatengera superclass). Thunthu lake limathera pamzere wa anus mwa oimira onse pagululi la anthu okhala m'madzi. Mchira ndi gawo losavuta kwambiri la thupi, lomwe limakhala ndi ndodo komanso fin.
Mawonekedwe a thupi amadalira kwambiri moyo. Nsomba zomwe zimakhala m'madzi apakatikati (salmon, shark) zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe a torpedo, kawirikawiri sizimachita kusesa. Omwe amakhala m'madzi omwe amayandama pamwamba pansi amakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Izi zimaphatikizaponso zozungulira, nkhandwe za mnyanja ndi nsomba zina zomwe zimakakamizidwa kusambira pakati pa mbewu kapena miyala. Amakhala ndi malo osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito omwe amafanana ndi njoka. Mwachitsanzo, eel ndi mwini wake wa thupi lalitali kwambiri.
Nsomba yamakadi a bizinesi - zipsepse zake
Ndizosatheka kulingalira kapangidwe ka nsomba zopanda zipsepse. Zithunzi, zomwe zimaperekedwa ngakhale m'mabuku aana, zimatisonyeza gawo ili laanthu okhala m'madzi. Kodi ndi ziti?
Chifukwa chake, zipsepse ndizopakidwa ndi zopanda pake. Wolocha komanso m'mimba, omwe amayenderana komanso amayenda motsatana, amadziwika kuti amaphatikizidwa. Zosavomerezeka zimaperekedwa ngati mchira, ziphuphu za dorsal (kuyambira chimodzi mpaka zitatu), komanso anal ndi mafuta, omwe amapezeka kumbuyo kwa dorsal pomwepo. M ziphuphu zomwezo zimapangidwa ndi cheza cholimba komanso chofewa. Kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma ray awa komwe fomesamu amawerengedwa, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti adziwe mtundu wanomwe wa nsomba. Malo a Fin amatsimikiziridwa m'malembo achi Latin (A - anal, P - pectoral, V - m'mimba). Kenako, manambala achi Roma akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa ma ray olimba, ndipo Chiarabu - chofewa.
Gulu la nsomba
Masiku ano, pamsonkhano, nsomba zonse zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri - cartilage ndi fupa. Gulu loyamba limaphatikizapo anthu okhala kunyanja, mafupa omwe amakhala ndi cartilage osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana. Izi sizitanthauza kuti cholengedwa choterechi chimakhala chofewa komanso chosavuta kuyenda. Mwa oimira ambiri a superclass, cartilage hardens, ndipo mkati mwake amakhala ngati mafupa. Gulu lachiwiri ndi nsomba zamafupa. Biology monga sayansi imati chapamwamba ichi chinali poyambira chisinthiko. Poyamba, panali mtundu wina wa nsomba zomwe zinatha, zomwe zimayambira padziko lapansi mwina zinangochitika zokha. Kenako, tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane kapangidwe ka thupi la nsomba iliyonse mwa mitunduyi.
Chingwe
Mwakutero, kapangidwe ka nsomba za cartilaginous sichinthu chovuta komanso chachilendo. Ichi ndi mafupa wamba, omwe amakhala ndi cartilage yolimba kwambiri komanso yolimba. Pulogalamu iliyonse imakhala ndi mchere wa calcium, chifukwa cha momwe mphamvu imawonekera mu cartilage. Kuyeserera kumasungidwa mawonekedwe ake moyo wonse, pomwe kumachepa pang'ono. Chigoba chimalumikizidwa ndi nsagwada, chifukwa cham'mimba mwake mumakhala nsomba. Mphesa zimaphatikizidwanso - caudal, pamimba pamimba komanso pectoral. Nsagwada zili pamphepete mwa chigoba, ndipo pamwamba pake pali mphuno ziwiri. Mafupa amkati ndi minyewa ya nsomba zotere zimakutidwa kunja ndi mamba wandiweyani wotchedwa placoid. Muli dentin, yomwe kapangidwe kake ndi ofanana ndi mano wamba pazanyama zonse zapadziko lapansi.
Momwe cartilage amapumira
Mphamvu ya kupuma kwamagalofu oopsa a cartilaginous imayimiridwa makamaka ndi kutsika kwa gill. Amakhala pakati pa awiriawiri mpaka asanu ndi awiri pa thupi. Mpweya wabwino umagawilidwa ziwalo zamkati chifukwa cha mpweya wozungulira womwe umadutsa mbali yonse ya nsomba. Chizindikiro cha cartilage yonse ndikuti alibe chikhodzodzo. Ndiye chifukwa chake amakakamizidwa kuti azikhala osunthika, kuti asamire pansi. Ndikofunikanso kudziwa kuti nsomba zam'madzi amkati, zomwe zimakhala m'madzi amchere, zimakhala ndi mchere wochepa kwambiri. Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti izi zimachitika chifukwa choti m'magazi a superclass iyi mumakhala urea wambiri, womwe umakhala makamaka ndi nayitrogeni.
Mfupa
Tsopano tiwona m'mene mafupa am'madzi amtunduwu amaonekera, ndikupezanso zina zomwe oimira gulu ili.
Chifukwa chake, mafupa amawonetsedwa ngati mutu, thunthu (iwo amapezeka padera, mosiyana ndi mlandu wapitalo), komanso miyendo yolumikizika komanso yopanda waya. Bokosi la cranial limagawidwa m'madipatimenti awiri - okhathamira ndi visceral. Lachiwiri limaphatikizapo malaya a nsagwada ndi ma hyoid, omwe ndi gawo lalikulu la zida za nsagwada. Komanso m'mafupa a nsomba zam'mafupa mumakhala timiyala tating'ono, tomwe timapangidwa kuti tigwirizitse zida za gill. Ponena za minofu ya nsomba zamtunduwu, zonse zimakhala ndi gawo lina, ndipo zopangidwa kwambiri mwazomwezo ndi nsagwada, fin komanso branchial.
Zida zopumira za anthu okhala munyanja
Mwinanso, zikuwoneka kale kuti aliyense amatha kupumula kwa nsomba zazikulu kwambiri. Zimapezeka pazipilala zazikumbutso. Ma gill slits ndi gawo lofunika la nsomba zotere. Amakutidwa ndi chivundikiro cha dzina lomweli, lomwe limapangidwa kuti nsombayo ikhoza kupumira ngakhale pamalo osasunthika (mosiyana ndi cartilage). Mamembala ena a superclass amatha kupuma kudzera pakhungu. Koma omwe amakhala molunjika pansi pamadzi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo samamira kwambiri, m'malo mwake, amalanda mpweya ndi mlengalenga kuchokera mumlengalenga, osati kuchokera kumadzi.
Kapangidwe ka mapilo
Maphala - chinthu chapadera chomwe m'mbuyomu chinali chilengedwe chonse m'madzi oyambira amoyo padziko lapansi. Mmenemo mumakhala kusinthana kwa gasi pakati pa hydraulic sing'anga ndi thupi lomwe amagwira ntchito. Zojambula zamkati zamasiku athu ano sizili zosiyana kwambiri ndi zomwe zidafa zomwe zidalipo kale zomwe zili padziko lapansi.
Monga lamulo, zimaperekedwa mwa mawonekedwe a mbale ziwiri zofanana, zomwe zimalowetsedwa ndi maukonde okwanira amitsempha yamagazi. Gawo lofunikira pa mapilowo ndi madzi a coelomic. Ndiamene amagwira ntchito yosinthanitsa mafuta pakati pa madzi am'madzi ndi chinsomba. Dziwani kuti malongosoledwe amtunduwu wa kupuma sikuti amangokhala nsomba zokha, komanso kwa anthu ambiri okhala m'madzi am'nyanja ndi m'mitsinje. Koma zokhudzana ndi momwe ziliri ndendende ziwalo zopumira zomwe zili mthupi la nsomba zomwe ndizokha, zimawerengedwa.
Kodi mapiritsi ali kuti?
Njira yopumira m'mimba yamadzi imakhazikika kwambiri pakhosi. Mmenemo ndi pomwe zipolopolo zazombo zimakhazikitsidwa, pomwe ziwalo zosinthana ndi mpweya za dzina lomweli zimakhazikitsidwa. Amawonetsedwa ngati ma petals, omwe amalola mpweya ndi zinthu zina zofunika zomwe zili mkati mwa nsomba iliyonse kuti zidutse. M'malo ena, pharynx imabedwa ndi gill slits. Ndi kudzera mwa iwo pomwe mpweya wabwino umadutsa mkamwa mwa nsomba ndi madzi omwe amametsa.
Choonadi chofunikira ndichakuti poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa matupi a anthu ambiri okhala m'madzi, zomwe amapita zimakhala zazikulu kwambiri kwa iwo. Pamenepa, mavuto ndi osmolarity wa madzi amadzi am'magazi awo zimatuluka m'thupi lawo. Chifukwa chaichi, nsomba nthawi zonse zimamwa madzi am'madzi ndikuwutulutsa kudzera m'matayala, motero imathandizira njira zosiyanasiyana za metabolic. Imakhala ndi magazi ochepa kuposa magazi, motero imapereka ma gill ndi ziwalo zina zamkati ndi oxygen mwachangu komanso moyenera.
Njira yopumira
Nsomba zikangobadwa, pafupifupi thupi lonse limapumira. Chiwalo chilichonse, kuphatikizapo chipolopolo chakunja, chimalowa m'mitsempha yamagazi, chifukwa mpweya, womwe umakhala m'madzi am'nyanja, umalowa mthupi lonse. Popita nthawi, aliyense mwa anthuwa amayamba kupuma movutikira, chifukwa ma gill ndi ziwalo zonse moyandikana nazo zimakhala ndi ma network akulu kwambiri amitsempha. Ndipo kusangalala kumayamba. Kupumira kwa nsomba iliyonse kumadalira mawonekedwe ake automiki, chifukwa chake mu ichthyology ndimakonda kuigawa m'magawo awiri - kupuma mwachangu komanso kungokhala. Ngati zonse zili zomveka ndi tinsomba (nsomba imapuma “mwanjira iliyonse”, ndikusunga mpweya m'matumbo ndikuwachiritsa ngati munthu), tiyesetsa kuthana ndi yemwe samangomva mwatsatanetsatane.
Kupuma kwapang'onopang'ono ndi zomwe zimatengera
Kupuma kwamtunduwu ndizochilendo kwa anthu oyenda kunyanja ndi nyanja zamchere. Monga tanena pamwambapa, asodzi, komanso ena oyimilira a cartilaginous superclass, sangakhale popanda kuyenda kwanthawi yayitali, chifukwa alibe chikhodzodzo. Palinso chifukwa china, ichi, kupuma kwapang'onopang'ono. Nsomba zikasambira mothamanga kwambiri, zimatsegula pakamwa pake, ndipo madzi amafika pomwepo. Akuyandikira trachea ndi ma gill, mpweya umasiyanitsidwa ndimadzimadzi, womwe umadyetsa mphamvu zomwe zimakhala m'madzi zomwe zikuyenda mwachangu m'madzi. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kwanthawi yayitali osasuntha nsomba imadzipatsa mphamvu yopuma popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake ndi mphamvu zake. Pomaliza, tazindikira kuti asodzi ndi oimira onse a mackerel ndi amodzi mwa anthu othamanga kwamadzi amchere.
Minofu yayikulu ya nsomba
Chosavuta kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka mtima wa nsomba, komwe, timazindikira, m'mbiri yonse yamoyo wa gululi, sizinasinthe. Chifukwa chake, chiwalochi ndichipinda chachiwiri. Imayimiriridwa ndi pampu imodzi yayikulu, yomwe imaphatikizapo zipinda ziwiri - atrium ndi ventricle. Mtima wamatumbo umapopa magazi okhaokha. Mwakutero, kayendedwe kazungulire mu mitundu iyi ya moyo wam'madzi amakhala ndi njira yotsekeka. Mwazi umazungulira m'makutu onse am'magazi, kenako ndikuphatikizira m'matumbo, ndipo kuchokera pamenepo umasunthiranso m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amapereka ziwalo zotsalira zamkati. Pambuyo pake, magazi "omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito" amasonkhanitsidwa m'mitsempha (pali awiri mwa nsomba - hepatic ndi mtima), pomwe amapita kumtima.
Pomaliza
Chifukwa chake phunziro lathu lalifupi la biology latha. Mutu wa nsomba, monga momwe zidakhalira, ndizosangalatsa, zosangalatsa komanso zosavuta. Zamoyo zam'nyanja zamcherezi ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti ziwerengeredwe, chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti anali oyamba okhala padziko lathuli, chilichonse ndichofunikira kuti chilengedwechi chisinthike. Kuphatikiza apo, ndizosavuta kuphunzira kapangidwe ndi kagwidwe ka nsomba kuposa china chilichonse. Ndipo kukula kwake kwa anthu okhala munkhokwe zam'madzi ndizovomerezeka kuti zilingaliridwe mwatsatanetsatane, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, machitidwe onse ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi osavuta komanso opezeka kwa ana azaka za sukulu.