Martes pennanti, yemwe amadziwikanso kuti msodzi wa amphaka, ndi mbewa wamba wachikazi ku North America. Imalumikizana kwambiri ndi marten waku America, koma imaposa kukula kwake.
Ilka amwazika pakati pa kontrakitala, kuchokera ku nkhalango ya kumpoto kwa Canada kumpoto kwa United States. Mitundu yake yoyambirira inali chakum'mwera, koma m'mbuyomu nyamazo zinkasakidwa, choncho m'zaka za m'ma 1900 zinali zitatsala pang'ono kutha. Zoletsedwa pakuwombera ndi kutchera zinayambitsa kubwezeretsedwako kwamtunduwu mpaka pomwe adakhala ngati tizirombo m'mizinda ina ku New England.
Ilka ndi nyama yolusa yomwe imakhala yocheperako komanso yopyapyala. Izi zimamupangitsa kuti azithamangitsa munyenje za mitengo kapena kumera pansi. Nthawi zambiri amatchedwa asodzi. Ngakhale dzina lake, nyamayi imakonda kudya nsomba. Mfundo yake yonse ndi kusokonezeka kwamaina m'zinenero zosiyanasiyana. Dera lake lachifalansa ndi lolemera, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti thovu. Zotsatira za kusinthidwa kophatikizidwa "kolondola" mu Chingerezi, zidapezeka kuti zomwe zimatanthawuza "asodzi", ngakhale atakhala ofanana pa asodzi.
Mawonekedwe
Zinyama zazimuna zazimuna, pafupifupi, ndizazikulu kuposa zazikazi. Kutalika kwamunthu wamwamuna wamkulu kumayambira 900 mpaka 1200 mm. Kulemera kwa thupi sikupitirira 3500-5000 gramu. Thupi la chachikazi limayambira 750 mpaka 950 mm kutalika ndi 2000 mpaka 2500 magalamu kulemera. Kutalika kwa mchira wa amuna kumasiyana pakati pa 370 ndi 410 mm, ndipo kutalika kwa mchira wa akazi kumayambira 310 mpaka 360 mm.
Mtundu wa ubweya wa ilka umasiyana kuchokera pakatikati mpaka bulauni. Pakhoza kukhalanso ndi golide ndi siliva pazithunzi zomwe zimakhala pamutu ndi mapewa a nyamayo. Mchira ndi miyendo yake yokutidwa ndi ubweya wakuda. Komanso pachifuwa cha nyama zomwe zimadyedwa zitha kukhala malo opepuka a beige. Mtundu wa ubweya ndi mawonekedwe ake amasiyanasiyana pakati pa anthu, kutengera jenda ndi nyengo. Ilka ali ndi zala zisanu, zikhadabo zawo sizokwanira.
Ilka
Ilka Ndi ya nyama zoyamwitsa zochokera ku banja la marten. Ilka ndiye woimira wamkulu wa genus marten. Mwanjira ina, imatchedwa pecan kapena marten-angler. Ngakhale dzina ili, nyama iyi samadya nsomba. Komwe mawu oti "asodzi" akuphatikizidwa ndi asodzi achi Ngerezi, fichet yosinthidwa yaku France, kutanthauza kuti ferret.
Habitat
Mtundu uwu wa marten ndi wokhala m'nkhalango za North America, kuyambira California, Mount Sierra Nevada, ndipo umatha ndi West Virginia, dera la Appalachian. Malo omwe amakhala ndi nkhalango zachonde komanso nkhalango zobiriwira, zomwe zimadziwika ndi korona wakuda. Itha kusakanizika, kusakanizira kapena nkhalango zowongoka.
Mtundu womwe umakonda ngati nkhalango ya coniface yokhala ndi mitengo yambiri yopanda mabowo, yolimba pansi, mitengo yakufa ndi zophulika. Nthawi zambiri, ilka imakhazikika pamtundu wa mitengo monga fir, spruce, thuja, ndipo nthawi zina pamitundu ina. Amakhala kutali ndi malo okhala anthu.
Nyama zoterezi zimakhala ndi moyo wathanzi masana. Ngakhale kuti ilka imakwera mitengo bwino, ndikofunikira kuti iyende pansi. M'nyengo yozizira, nthumwi yoyimira njandayi nthawi zambiri imakhazikika m'ming'alu, komwe maukono ataliitali amayikiramo, ndikukumba matalala.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Malo odyetserawa ndi nkhwawa, mavu, muskrats, beavers, agologolo, mbewa, mbewa komanso mbalame. Ilka amapha nyama chifukwa choluma m'mbali yakumapeto kwa mutu kapena khosi. Akasaka, amafufuza malo obisika monga mulu wa zinyalala kapena mitengo. Kufunafuna nyama sikumapezeka pamtunda wautali. Amadyanso zipatso ndi zipatso, monga maapulo, mtedza, moss ndi ferns. Ilka sanganyoze zovunda, monga nyama zakufa zokhala ndi ubulu.
Komabe, chakudya chomwe ndimakonda kwambiri chamadyera ndi nkhuni. Kuukira, ilka imayang'ana nkhope ya porcupine, yomwe ilibe chitetezo ngati mawonekedwe a singano zolimba. Amalumphira kwambiri ndikumugwiritsa ntchito osasunthika. Zikafika pamenepa, kachilomboka kamagwera ndi mphamvu ndipo imagwera osakakamiza mbali yake, ndipo nyama yolusa imagwira m'mimba ndi mano ake. Marten wa porcupine imodzi monga gwero la chakudya ndikwanira kwa masiku angapo. Komabe, Ilka samapambana nthawi zonse; anthu ena amatha kuvulala kwambiri kapena kuphedwa kumene.
Ilka ndi woimira wina wa banja la marten (marten waku America) ndi ena mwa nyama zochepa zomwe zimayesa kuthamangitsa zigamba ndi mitengo. Amasaka nthawi iliyonse masana, usiku komanso masana. Amatha kupumula pamalo obisika, ngati mtengo wobowola, wosweka m'thanthwe kapena pansi pa snag.
Kuswana
Ilka amadziwika ndi moyo wapadera. Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa kupanga, mawebusayiti payokha ali ndi kukula kwakukulu ndipo amasiyana 4 mpaka 50 sq. Km, chiwerengerochi ndi 25 km. Amuna ali ndi madera akuluakulu kuposa achikazi.
Kuphatikiza kumachitika pokhapokha pakukhwima, komwe kumatha kumapeto kwa dzinja mpaka kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachisanu. Nyengo yonseyi, nyama zimamveka zaphokoso kwambiri. Mwamuna mmodzi akalowa m'gawo la mnzake, ndiye kuti akhoza kukhala kuti ali ndi vuto pakati pawo. Pofuna kudziwa malire a gawo lawo, amagwiritsa ntchito mkodzo komanso zinsinsi za tiziwalo timene timakhala pamatumbo a paws.
Mwa mkazi, kutenga pakati kumapitilira chaka chonse. Mwachangu mokwanira atabereka, ali wokonzekanso kukhwima. Ng'ombe zimabadwa zamaliseche komanso khungu. Mu ana amodzi amatha kupitirira 5. Amakhala odziimira patha mwezi wa 5 wa moyo. Kutalika konse kwa moyo wa ilka kumatha kufikira zaka 10.
Mtengo wamunthu
Mamuna amagwiririra, ngakhale pali ubweya wake. Ilka nthawi zina amalowa madera ena am'midzi ndipo amawerengetsa zovomerezeka. Amathanso kusaka agalu ochepera ndi amphaka. Ilka ikhoza kukhala tizirombo tambiri komanso imanyamula matenda a canine, brucellosis, matenda a chiwewe komanso matenda ena.
Ilka amatenga nawo gawo pakuwongolera kuchuluka kwa tizirombo ta m'mimba zomwe zimawononga mitengo yaying'ono ndi mbewu.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ilka ndiwanzeru komanso wokwera mitengo. Komanso, nthawi zambiri nyama izi zimayenda pansi. Ali okha. Palibe umboni kuti ilki adayendapo awiriawiri kapena m'magulu awiri, kupatula nthawi yakukhwima. Kuwonetsedwa kwa nkhanza nthawi zambiri kumawonedwa pakati pa amuna, zomwe zimangotsimikizira moyo wawo wachikondi chosangalatsa. Zidyerazi zimagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku. Amatha kukhala osambira osambira.
Nyama izi zimagwiritsa ntchito malo osinthira, monga mabowo amtengo, zitsa, maenje, masamba a nthambi ndi zisa kuchokera m'nthambi, nthawi zonse pachaka. M'nyengo yozizira, nyumba zawo zimakhala ngati matope. Ilka amatha kukhala zisa chaka chonse, koma nthawi zambiri imakhala m'masiku a masika ndi yophukira. Kwa hibernation, amamanga nyumba zopangira chipale chofewa zomwe zimawoneka ngati zingwe pansi pa chipale chofewa, zopangidwa ndi tinthu tating'ono tambiri.
Ndizosangalatsa! Simungakumane nawo pafupipafupi, chifukwa ali ndi "chinsinsi."
Kukula kwa malo otetezedwa kumasiyana makilomita 15 mpaka 35, avareji pafupifupi 25 kilomita. Gawo lililonse laimuna ndi lalikulupo kuposa chachikazi ndipo limatha kusokonekera ndi iwo, koma iwo, monga lamulo, sagwirizana ndi magulu a amuna ena. Anthu a Ilka amatha kudziwa fungo labwino, kumva komanso kuwona. Amalumikizana wina ndi mnzake mwa kununkhira.
Ngakhale m'zaka zaposachedwa kuchuluka kwa owononga awa m'malo ena, makamaka kum'mwera kwa Ontario ndi New York, akuchira kale. M'malo awa, amasinthika kwambiri ndi kukhalapo kwa munthu kotero kuti adakhazikika mu malo okhala. M'malo awa, malipoti angapo akuwukira kwa ziweto komanso ana adalembedwa.
Ndikofunikira kuvomereza kuti nyama zodyerazi zimangoyesa kupeza chakudya ndikudziteteza, koma ndizovuta kwambiri kuzitcha kuti zabwino. Kuti atsimikizire chitetezo chawo, nzika zakomweko zidapemphedwa kuti zileke kugwiritsa ntchito zinyalala, chakudya china ndi nkhuku. M'mikhalidwe yovuta, ilki amatha kuchitira nkhanza anthu omwe akuwopseza. Oyimira odwala omwe ali pamitengo amathanso kuchita zinthu mosayembekezereka.
Moyo
Ngakhale dzina lake, pine marten samakonda kugwira nsomba. Chakudya chake chachikulu ndi masheya ndi makoswe, monga mbewa, agologolo, ma beavers ndi muskrats. Koma kuphatikiza pa zinyama zazing'ono, ma pecans amathanso kusaka ma Rfishon, repitles, amphibians, ndi mbalame. Ngati ndi kotheka, amadya mazira a mbalame. Mwina wopandirayo sananyalanyaze zovunda, ngati zili ndi njala. Nthawi zina ma pecans amadya zipatso ndi zipatso.
Nyamayi imagwira anthu omwe ali pansi, pamitengo, komanso kulowerera. Ichi ndi nyama yogwira ntchito kwambiri, zikuwoneka kuti usana ndi usiku, nthawi iliyonse pachaka, ma pecans akufuna kusaka nyama. Koma nthawi zina, inde, amapuma pakusaka. Kenako martenyo amakwera kulowa, dzenje kapena kansalu, komwe amagona, kupumula - kubwezeretsa mphamvu.
Mu chisanu chozama, ma pecans nthawi zina amaukira nyama zazikulu - agulu ang'ono.
Ngati nyengoyi itakhala yanjala kwambiri, ma pecan amatha kuwonekera m'malo obisika amtunda ndikulowa kunja kwa mizinda. Pakhala pali zochitika za ma pecans omwe akuukira ziweto ndi ana.
Makungu iwonso ayenera kusamala za nyama zazikuluzikulu zomwe amadya. Adani achilengedwe a nyamayi ndi nkhandwe, anyani, mikango yamapiri. Zoyenda nazo za Marten ndi mbalame zodyedwa zimasakidwa: kadzidzi, mbawala, chiwombankhanga. Kwa munthu, marten-angler ndi chidwi chifukwa cha ubweya wake wakuda. Komabe, ubweyawu sunakhale wokongola komanso wosangalatsa kukhudza, kotero osaka nyama za ubweya amaimira chiopsezo chachikulu kwa ma pecans.
Ngati chiweto chikufuna kupumula, ndiye kuti chimakonda malo obisika.
Marten angler ndi nyama imodzi. Amayenda mozungulira malo omwe akusakirako ndi malo pafupifupi 25 km ndipo, atazindikira gawo lawo munthu wamtundu womwewo, ndiwankhanza. Tizilombo tating'ono timayang'ana malire amalo a malo osakira tokha ndi mkodzo komanso chinsinsi cha tiziwala tambiri.
Zosangalatsa
Pecan imatha kuchita chimodzi chosangalatsa: nyamayi nthawi zina imatha kupha porcupine. Malingaliro a duel ndi motere: marten amayesa kuluma kachilomboka m'manja mwake mosatetemera ndi singano, kambukuyo imangokhala zipsinjo, kuyesera kuti ibwereko ndikuwukiridwa, imatuluka, imagwera mbali yake, ndipo pecan imamatira m'mimba mwake. Koma, ziyenera kudziwika kuti zotsatira za masewerawa sizimakhala zovutitsa nthawi zonse.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Chovala chansodzi - ndi chiyani?
Ngati mungasankhe kugula malaya kuchokera kwa asodzi, ndiye chisankho chabwino. Chifukwa cha ubweya wautali komanso wopepuka, uzitha kutentha ndi kuzizira, pomwe ukuwoneka koyambirira kwambiri.
Fisher imalimbikitsidwa kwa iwo omwe sakhutitsidwa ndi ubweya wamba wam mbewa, koma amafuna zomwe zidachokera. Mothandizadi, imakopa chidwi, chida chothandizira pamtunda - china chiti chomwe chimafunikira kuchokera ku chovala cha ubweya?
Ubweya wa pecan uli ndi gawo limodzi. Imakhala ndi ubweya wopepuka komanso wamfupi pakhosi, ndipo pansi pake imakhala yamdima komanso yayitali. Chifukwa chaichi, kuyika kwa zikopa m'zimalizidwe kumakhala kovuta - ndikosavuta kumenya kusinthaku kotero kumawoneka ngati kusuntha kwamapangidwe ndikuwoneka okongola.
Mawonekedwe apamwamba ndi mawonekedwe a khosi mmwamba ndikukhazikika pansi, motalika. Zovala izi za ubweya zimawoneka zoyambirira kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a ubweya, wowongoka, nthawi zina wokhazikika, zovala za ubweya nthawi zambiri zimasoka. Masitayelowo ndi osavuta momwe angathere - zovala zothira ubweya zimapindulira chifukwa cha ubweya wokha. Sizachilendo kuti mankhwala asungunuke. Kutalika nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwapakatikati komanso kochepa.
Zinthu zonse ziwiri za akazi ndi amuna zimasoka kuchokera kwa phisher. Zikuwoneka zabwino kwambiri pazochitika zonsezi. Ma jekete ochokera pamenepo, ma vests a ubweya ndiwopambana kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa kolala, ma hood.
Mtundu wachilengedwe wa ubweyawo umachokera ku mtundu wakuda, pafupifupi wakuda mpaka wofiirira. Nthawi zambiri, malaya a ubweya wa Fisher-Pecan amapaka utoto pansi pa sable, choncho ubweya wakunja umafanana nawo. Koma nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira.
Fisher fur: ndi chiyani?
Ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi ubweya wasodzi - ndi nyama yanji? Ndipo palibe chodabwitsa pamenepa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti pali chisokonezo chachikulu chomwe ogulitsa opanda chinyengo amalimbikira kuchita m malo ogulitsa ubweya. Tidzazindikira ndipo simungayike kusokoneza ubweyawu ndi ena.
Koma choyamba, ponena za momwe amagulidwira: kuvala kwa fischer ndikufanana ndi kufera, koma muyenera kuganizira kutalika kwa msana. Fisher ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera pakhungu: pakhosi, ubweya ndiwolimba, wopendekera komanso wotsika, pang'onopang'ono kusunthira muluwo kukhala ubweya wakuda komanso wofera. Izi ndizosiyana ndi Pecan. Chilombochi chimapezeka ku North America kokha!
Kunja, ubweya ndi "kumasulidwa", umakhala ndi zotsatira zachilendo kwambiri - mukadzawona, simusakaniza ndi chilichonse. Ichi ndi nyama yayikulu mpaka mita, kutalika, kuchokera ku banja la marten.
Pofuna kukhudza, ubweyawo umakhala pafupi ndi marten. Koma khungu likakulirakulira, lidzakhala lolimba komanso losasalala.
Anthu ambiri amayerekeza phisher ndi sable, ndipo nthawi zambiri m'masitolo mumatha kumva za ubweyawu, amatero. Popeza mtengo wake umakhala wotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi woyenera wa ku Russia, kwa ambiri, phisher akuwoneka kuti ndi yosangalatsa.
Kulingalira koteroko komwe kumayandikira ku chowonadi, tidzapenda pansipa.
Sable kapena marten?
Pano pakuyamba chisokonezo chachikulu, chomwe ogulitsa amawotha, amasokoneza ubweya ndi nyama. Chovala cha ubweya kapena chovala cha pecan ndichabwino chokha ndipo ubweyawu suwonedwa kukhala wotsika mtengo, koma samatchulidwa poyerekeza ndi sable.
Chingwe ndi chofewa komanso chofewa; ndizosiyana kwambiri. Fisher ndi wolemera komanso wowuma. Mitengo imasiyana kwambiri!
Fisher - Ichi ndi pine marten-angler. Ku Canadian - Awa ndi marten (wofunikira) waku Canada. Izi ndi nyama zosiyana, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakanikirana. Ndipo otchedwa American sable ndi yemweyo mitundu yaku Canada.
Ngati mukuwona njira yeniyeni, simusokoneza ndi asodzi.
Iwo omwe adatsimikizika ndiogulitsa kuti izi ndizofanana, siding yokha ndiyodula komanso yopezeka mosavuta, ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti awa ndi mitundu yosiyana kwambiri. Nthawi yomweyo, ilka-pitcha -fish ndi ubweya wabwino kwambiri, kungoyerekeza ndi sable ndikupereka m'malo mwake ndikosadabwitsa.
Habitat, malo okhala
Ilka amapezeka ku North America kokha, kuchokera ku Sierra Nevada ku California kupita kumapiri a Appalachian, ku West Virginia ndi Virginia. Zambiri zawo zimafalikira ku Sierra Nevada ndi kumwera m'mphepete mwa mapiri a Appalachian. Sipezeka m'malo a boma kapena kum'mwera kwa United States. Pakadali pano, chiwerengero chawo chatsika kum'mwera kwa magulu awo.
Nyama zotere zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zachilengedwe, koma zimapezekanso m'malo osakanikirana.. Amasankha malo okhala ndi nkhokwe zazitali za nesting. Amakopedwanso malo okhala ndi mitengo yambiri yopanda kanthu. Izi nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizira m'nkhalangozi komwe kuli spruce, fir, thuja ndi mitundu ina yokongola. Monga zikuyembekezeredwa, kukonda kwawo malo kumawonetsera mitundu yomwe amakonda omwe amakonda.
Zakudya ilki
Ilka - adani. Ngakhale oimira ambiri amakhala othandizira pazakudya zosakanikirana. Amamwa zakudya zonse za nyama ndi masamba. Zomwe amakonda kwambiri ndizovala zam'minda, zopondera, agologolo, mahatchi, mbalame zazing'ono ndi zomata. Nthawi zina anzeru ochenjera amakhala kuti amagwira nyama ina kuti adye nawo ngati nkhomaliro. Amathanso kudya zipatso ndi zipatso. Ilki amasangalala kusangalala ndi maapulo kapena mitundu yonse ya mtedza.
Ndizosangalatsa! Maziko a zakudya akadalipo nyama, momwe muli mitundu ya nyama zapadziko lapansi.
Mtunduwu, wofanana ndi martens waku America, ndiwopezeka konsekonse, oledzera. Amatha kudzipezera okha chakudya pakati pa nthambi zamitengo, ndipo m'mingala yadothi, m'maenje amitengo ndi m'malo ena oyenda. Ndiwosaka ali okha, chifukwa chake akuyang'ana wolimbana yemwe palibe wamkulu kuposa iwo kukula. Ngakhale ilki amatha kugonjetsa nyama zokulirapo kuposa iwowo.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Ilki amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri la adani pazachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri amapikisana pakasaka zakudya ndi nkhandwe, nsabwe za m'miyendo, coyote, wolverines, martens aku America ndi ma ermines. Amakhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso samadwala matenda aliwonse. Nthawi zambiri, ilki imakhala yoponderezedwa ndi manja a anthu chifukwa cha ubweya wa ubweya wawo. Kuchepetsa zakale, komanso kudula mitengo mwachangu komanso nkhalango zosakanikirana, zidakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa nyama izi.
Ndizosangalatsa! M'madera a North America, monga Michigan, Ontario, New York, ndi madera ena ku New England, zikuwoneka kuti chiwerengero chachulukirachulukira posachedwapa. Chiwerengero cha anthu akumwera kwa Sierra Nevada adaganizidwa kuti adzayankhe ngati angayiteteze ku Endangered Species Act.
Kuwonongeka kwa malo awo omwe akukonda sikusiyira mwayi kwa nyama zodya nyama zomwe zimakonda kudya. Zoo zinkakumana ndi zovuta kugwira ndikugulitsa nyama izi, koma zinatheka. Zowonadi, pakadali pano pali anthu ambiri otukuka komanso athanzi la ilka. Pulogalamu yapadera idapangidwanso kuti izisamalira ndi kusamalira mphamvu za nyamayi m'ndende.