Mapiko a lalanje akuda okhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda ndi mizere iwiri yaying'ono yoyera m'mphepete - gulugufe wa monarch (Danaus plexippus) amadziwika mosavuta ndi mtundu wake wowala. Izi ndi tizilombo mapiko ake omwe ali pafupifupi 10cm, amayenda maulendo ataliatali ndipo amatha kuwuluka pa Nyanja ya Atlantic. Tiyeni tiwone komwe dzina lachilendo lotereli limachokera, gulugufe wamfumu amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji, komanso momwe akupitirizira mtundu wake.
Kutchulidwa koyamba ndi mbiriyakale ya dzinalo
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda takhala tikudziwana ndi sayansi kwazaka zambiri. Kafotokozedwe koyamba ka mawonekedwe a agulugufe adalandiridwa mu 1758, pomwe Karl Linnaeus adatchula izi mu buku lake la "System of Natural" pansi pa dzina la "Papilio plexippus". Komabe, patatha zaka 32, wopanga zachilengedwe Jan Krzysztof Kluk adawerengedwa ndi mtundu wina - "Danaus plexippus". Mwachiwonekere, dzinali lidaperekedwa polemekeza mmodzi wa otchulidwa mu nthano zakale za Greece. Mayina odziwika amapezeka kawiri. Mmodzi anali wa mwana wa wolamulira wa ku Aigupto Danai. Wachiwiri ndi Danae, mdzukulu wake.
Mawu akuti "monarch" pofotokozera zamtunduwu adatchulidwa koyamba mu 1874 ndi katswiri wazomera zam'madzi a Samuel Scudder aku America. Ananenanso kuti kachilombo kameneka pakati pa agulugufe ndi amodzi mwa malo akuluakulu ndipo "amalamulira madera akuluakulu" - amakhala m'madera akuluakulu. Gulugufe samaloleza kuzizira ndipo samatha kupeza chakudya kudziko lachilengedwe, chifukwa chake amakakamizidwa kupita kumayiko ofunda. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati muphunzira zithunzizi, zimawonekeratu kuti amawoneka wokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha utoto wake.
Kodi pali chiwopsezo chachikulu cha kutha kwa mitunduyi kapena ayi? Pakadali pano, chiwerengerochi chatsika kwambiri chifukwa cha kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, motero gulugufe limayang'aniridwa mosamala m'maiko osiyanasiyana.
Onani mafotokozedwe
Gulugufe Dananaida Monitor amalowa banja la nymphalid. Mapiko a tizilombo atafalikira, amachokera ku 8 mpaka 10 cm. Nthawi zambiri mumatha kuwona agulugufe ofiira. Amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa zazikazi kukula, mapiko awo ndi okulirapo komanso opepuka.
Tizilombo tambiri timapezeka ku North America. Mutha kuwaonanso ku Australia ndi Africa. Ku New Zealand, agulugufe amapezeka m'zaka za m'ma 1800. Masiku ano, imakhala ku Canary, Madeira ndi ku Russia. Gulugufe wa Danaida amakhalanso malo osungidwa zachilengedwe opangidwa m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Imodzi mwa zazikulu komanso zotchuka kwambiri ku Mexico..
Gulugufe wamtunduwu amatha kuwoneka m'malo osungidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
Agulugufe a monarch sakonda kutentha kwamwadzidzidzi, chifukwa cha kuzizira amatha kufa. Kuuluka kumabwera mchaka. Njira ya tizilombo itha kukhala makilomita 4,000, ndipo kuthamanga kuli pafupifupi 35 km / h. Yaikazi imanyamula mazira mkati nthawi yosamukira kuti ikawaike malo atsopano.
Kutalika kwa mboziyo ndi masiku 42 okha. Munthawi imeneyi, amakwanitsa kudya chakudya, chomwe kulemera kwake kumakhala kokwanira 15,000 kuposa zake. Kachitidwe kakang'ono pa thupi la kachiromboka, kamene mumatha kuwona m'chithunzichi, mumachulumutsa kuchokera kwa mbalame. Otsatira amazindikira nthawi yomweyo kuti mboziyo ili ndi poyizoni, chifukwa cha mikwingwirima yakuda, yoyera komanso yachikaso. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nyamayi imadya masamba a mbewu zomwe zimakhala ndi ma enzyme oopsa. Pazifukwa izi, poizoni amalimbitsa thupi.
Chimbudzi
Khwangwala wamkulu amakula mpaka masentimita 7. Nthawi zambiri amaikira mazira pangozi, masamba ake omwe amakonda kudya. Ndi kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yozizira, agulugufe amamwa timadzi tokoma - muyenera kukonzekera kuthawa. Tizilomboti titafika malo achisanu, timamizidwa m'madzi otentha, omwe amakhala miyezi inayi. Kuti mukhale otentha, muyenera kugona m'midzi yolumikizana - tizirombo tigwiritsitsa nthambi zonse ndikuwakhomera ngati masango a mphesa.
Kudzuka pambuyo pa kubisala kwa agulugufe, amfumu amayamba ndi chinthu chimodzi chophweka chomwe chimathandizira kutentha musanachitike ndege - amatsegula mapiko awo kenako ndikuyamba kuwapukusa. Thanzi tsopano limakhala makamaka ndi mbewu zomwe zimapanga chakudya chambiri. Zakudya za gulugufe zimaphatikiza timadzi tokoma maluwa - tizilombo timasankha asters, lilacs ndi clovers.
Kusamuka kwa gulugufe
Kusamukira ndiko njira yosamutsira unyinji pomwe anthu achoka kudera limodzi nawulukira kudera lina. Zimachitika kuti nyengo yabwino ikakhala kuti, tizilombo timabwerera kumayiko awo. Pali mitundu 250 ya agulugufe okhaokha omwe amasamukira, pomwe 20 okha ndi omwe amatha kupirira kuthawa kwakanthawi. Kuwerenga kwazinthu izi kwakhala kukuchitika kuyambira mkati mwa zaka zana zapitazi. Asayansi amaika chizindikiro pamapiko a agulugufe, omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito utoto wa mafuta amitundu yosiyanasiyana:
- chikasu ku Austria
- Phokoso ku Switzerland
- zobiriwira ku Germany.
Njira inanso yophunzirira kusamuka imadziwika ku America. Gulugufe wa monarch pamapiko ake amalandira ulemu wocheperako, momwe amawerengetsera. Asayansi amafufuzanso za anthu omwe amasamukira kudziko lina, omwe amawona kuchuluka kwake.
Ku North America, gulugufe wamfumu yotchedwa Dananaida imapita kumwera. Nthawi zambiri kusuntha kwa agulugufe kumachitika kumapeto kwa chilimwe mpaka chisanu choyamba. Zambiri mwa tizilombo zomwe zinali kum'mawa kwa Rocky Mountain zimamaliza ulendo wawo ku Mariposa Monarch Biosphere Reserve, yomwe ili ku Michoacan. Pamitengo mungathe kuwona anthu ambiri - mpaka 100,000 pakamodzi. Nthawi yoyenda imaposa kwambiri moyo wa tizilombo to vivo. Kusamukira kwa agulugufe kumera ku Texas ndi Oklahoma.
Ku America, mitundu - Danaus plexippus Megalippe ndiyofala. Agulugufe awa sasamuka, popeza nyengo yofatsa pamalo omwe akukwanira imakwanira.
Kuswana
Nyengo yachikulire ya agulugufe amfumu ndi masika. Asananyamuke kupita kumayiko ofunda, anyani amphongo amayambanso kusamalira zazikazi - zimagwira ndikuuluka, kuyesa kukopa chidwi, ngati kuti akumenya mapiko awo, kenako ndikukankha osankhidwa pansi. Kusintha kwa matendawa kumachitika, pomwe amuna amadutsa thumba lapadera ndi umuna. Sikuti amangofunika kubereka, komanso zimathandizira gulugufe kuti asataye mphamvu pakuyenda. Zachikazi zimayikira mazira oyera kapena achikasu akakhala ku chilimwe kapena chilimwe. Mazira ndi otalika pafupifupi 1 cm ndi 1mm mulifupi.
Kwangotsala masiku anayi kuti chimbudzi chiwoneke. Choyamba, amadya dzira lake, kenako amapita masamba. Mbozi zamaluwa sizimakonda agulugufe amfumu chifukwa cha kususuka kopitilira muyeso - alendo osawadziwa angachititse ngozi yayikulu. Kwa milungu iwiri ya moyo, tizilombo timayesera kukhala tokwanira kuti tipeze mphamvu zofunika.
Kenako pakubwera gawo lina - pupae. Pakadali pano, mbozi imapachika nthambi kapena tsamba. Thupi lake limafanana ndi chilembo "J". Zoyimira tizilombo, kugwetsa chigamba chakale. Kenako pupa imasintha mtundu - imakhala yoyera komanso yowonekera. Asanachitike munthu wokhwima, pafupifupi masiku 14 akudutsa. Gulugufe amatulutsa mapiko ake owuma, omwe pang'onopang'ono amadzaza madzi. Tizilombo timangodikirira kufikira atakhala wovuta, kenako ndikupita kukafunafuna chakudya.
Kodi gulugufe wamfumu amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji? Amadziwika kuti nthawi yayitali yapaulendo padziko lapansi munthawi yachilengedwe, kuyambira masiku 14 mpaka 60. Agulugufe otha kusamukira amatha kukhala nthawi yayitali - mpaka miyezi isanu ndi iwiri.
Kanema
Agulugufe awa ndiofala kwambiri ndipo amakondedwa ku America kotero ndi chizindikiro cha mayiko otsatirawa:
Gulugufe wamfumuyi adasankhidwa ngakhale mchaka cha 1990 ngati chinyama cha America. Komabe, kuvomerezedwa kwa akhoti sikunatheke. Nthawi zambiri m'masukulu mu kalasi amapatsa mbozi zokulira. Pambuyo pake, ana amasula anthu okhwima ndi mapiko okongola a lalanje kupita ku ufulu.
Kumene adachokera
Dzina lodziwika bwino "monarch" lidagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba mu 1874 ndi American Sokder katswiri wazamaphunziro: "gulugufe uyu ndi amodzi mwa akuluakulu, ndipo amalamulira mayiko akuluakulu." Malinga ndi zofalitsa zina, dzinalo likadaperekedwa polemekeza a William III waku Orange, wogwira ntchito ku Netherlands ndi mfumu ya England ndi Scotland.
Dera la mtundu Danaus mwina amachokera m'mazina a anthu akale onena nthano zachi Greek: Danai (mwana wamwamuna wa mfumu ya ku Aigupto) kapena mdzukulu wa mdzukulu wake wa Danai.
Kusamukira
Kugwa kulikonse, mamiliyoni a agulugufewa amasamukira nyengo yachisanu kuchokera ku Canada kumwera, ku California ndi Mexico, ndipo amabwerera kumpoto ku Canada nyengo yotentha. Ndiye gulugufe yekhayo amene amasamukira kumpoto kupita kumwera, monga zimachitira mbalame. Koma chodabwitsa kwambiri ndikuti palibe gulugufe yemwe amayenda ulendo wathunthu. Izi ndichifukwa moyo wa gulugufe ndi wamfupi, ndipo kuyambira mibadwo 3 mpaka 4 ya agulugufe amasintha nthawi yonse yosamuka. Agulugufe ena otchedwa monarch nawonso ndi amodzi mwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe titha kuwoloka Atlantic. Asanasamuke, amasonkhana m'magulu akuluakulu pamitengo yodziyimira, ndikuwatsata kuti mitengoyo imatembenuza lalanje ndi nthambi zazitali. Kuwona kodabwitsa kumeneku kumakopa alendo ambiri.
Kusamukira kwa amfumu nthawi zambiri kumayamba mu Okutobala chaka chilichonse, koma kumatha kuyamba kumayambiriro nyengo ikazizira. Amayenda kuchokera pa 1200 mpaka 2800 km, kuchokera ku Canada kupita ku nkhalango yapakati ku Mexico, komwe kumatentha. Ngati mfumuyi ikukhala kum'mawa, nthawi zambiri kum'mawa kwa Rocky Mountain, imasamukira ku Mexico komanso nthawi yozizira pa conifers. Ngati amakhala kumadzulo kwa Rockies, nthawi yachisanu amatha nthawi yozizira ku Pacific Grove ku California, pamitengo ya eucalyptus. Ndizodabwitsa kuti agulugufe amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo yomweyo nthawi yachisanu pachilimwe, chifukwa sizimayimira mbadwo womwewo wa agulugufe omwe analiko chaka chatha. Momwe agulugufe adatha kubwerera kumalo amodzi nthawi yachisanu, kukhala ndi phokoso mibadwo ingapo, ndikosadziwika kwa asayansi. Amakhulupirira kuti njira zoyendetsera ndege zimabadwa. Kafukufuku wina akuwonetsa kuti agulugufe amagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe a dzuwa mlengalenga ndi mphamvu ya dziko lapansi yopanga mawonekedwe apansi.
Kodi nchifukwa ninji kusuntha kwa gulugufe kumachitika?
Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wamtunduwu wa tizilombo udawoneka m'dera la equatorial, lomwe lili mkati mwa America. Maziko ake adapangidwa poyambira agulugufe akhazikika. Pamapeto pa nyengo ya madzi oundana ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu, mitunduyo imayamba kukulira kumadera aku kumpoto kwa America. Koma nyengo mu magawo amenewa sizinali zoyenera kuchitira kuti agulugufe okonda kutentha azizizira, choncho agulugufe omwe amakhala kumeneko amakakamizidwa kupanga ndege zazitali. Kuti izi zitheke, moyo watsopano wasintha momwe zinthu zinasinthira. Pali lingaliro linanso, malingana ndi momwe anthu osamukira ku America okhala mosakhalitsa amakhala m'malo otentha ndi opalasa, kenako ndikukhazikika padziko lonse lapansi.
Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu akhala akudabwitsidwa pomwe mamiliyoni amfumu omwe amakhala kumapeto kwa Canada kutha nthawi yozizira. Mu 1937 pokhapokha, katswiri wodziwa zinyama waku Canada F. Urkhart adayamba kutsatira kayendedwe ka agulugufe, ndikuwonetsa mapiko a anthu masauzande ambiri. Zaka 38 pambuyo pake, mothandizidwa ndi anthu masauzande odzipereka m'dziko lonselo, asayansi anazindikira komwe kungakhale malo ogona agulugufe oyamba pachisanu pamwamba pa Mount Michoacan ku Mexico, makilomita masauzande angapo kuchokera pomwe ananyamuka. Malowa ndi World Heritage Site ndipo amadziwika kuti Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve. Pali malo ambiri ku Mexico, ndipo amatetezedwa ndi boma la Mexico, monga malo achilengedwe.
Asayansi apeza kuti kubereka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kumafunika kupezeka kwa mitengo ya mitundu yapadera. Ichi ndichifukwa chake kudula mitengo sikuloledwa m'chilengedwe. Kupadera kwa malo osungirako izi adavomerezedwa ndi UNESCO, omwe adaliphatikiza pakati pa cholowa chachilengedwe cha anthu.
Tsoka ilo, madera akuluakulu achisanu nthawi yomweyo akuwopsezedwa ndi kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Kwa zaka zingapo zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa agulugufe amfumu omwe amaliza kusamukira ku nkhalango ya Mexico kwatsika kwambiri m'zaka makumi awiri. Izi zinali choncho makamaka chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa komanso kuchuluka kwachilimidwe. Malinga ndi kuwerengera pachaka kwa nkhondoyi, yomwe idachitika mu Disembala 2012, malo omwe nkhalango zomwe agulugufe amatulutsa zimatsika kuchokera pa mahekitala 50 mpaka 2.94.
Zizindikiro zakunja kwa mfumu yamutu wakuda
Fumu yokhala ndi mutu wakuda imafika kutalika kwa masentimita 16. Onse awiri amuna ndi akazi ali ndi mtundu wowala wa buluu pamutu, pakhosi, kumbuyo, pachifuwa. Amuna ali ndi khungu lakuda kumbuyo kwa mutu wawo, ndipo "pakhosi" la mtundu womwewo limawonekera pakhosi. Thupi lotsika limakhala loyera. Utoto wachikazi ndi azure wotumbululuka, umakhala ndi ma toni amtundu wakuda ndi kumbuyo, ndipo mamaso akuda palibe.
Mfumu yokhala ndi mutu wakuda (Hypothymis azurea).
Ndipo michira ndi mapiko ake ndizabwino kuposa amphongo. Dzina lachi China lachifumu lakumaso lakuda limamasuliridwa kuti "pilo wakuda", kutanthauza kachidutswa kakuda pamutu pake. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo komanso mtundu wa buluu wowoneka bwino, mbalamezi amazitcha "zabwino za buluu". Miyendo ya mbalame ndiyifupi komanso yofooka, chifukwa chake amfumu okhala ndi mutu wakuda amakhala pansi ngati "squat".
Mwa mitundu yambiri, mitundu yodzilekanitsidwa ndi amfumu okhala ndi mutu wakuda imasiyana pang'ono mu utoto wamitundu ndi kukula kwa thupi. Mbawala zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi zolemba zakuda zakuda komanso zoyera zoyera za zochulukazo zimakhala pachilumba cha India. Amuna omwe amapezeka ku Sri Lanka ndi a subspecies a H. a. ceylonensis, kukhala ndi nape wakuda, ndipo palibe chingwe chakuda pakhosi. Mapulogalamu ochokera ku zilumba za Andaman, tytleri, amasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yaimvi - yamtambo pansi pa thupi.
Mbalame zomwe zimakhala ku zilumba za Nicobar, mtundu wa idiochroa, zimakhala ndi khungu loyera, ndipo nicobarica wochokera kum'mwera kwa Nicobars ndi yaying'ono kukula komanso yokongola pomanga, ndipo mtundu wake ndi wobiliwira chikasu. Mu H. a. ceylonensis palibe mzere wakuda pakhosi, womwe umadziwika ndi subspecies ina.
Chifukwa cha zitsamba zolimba zam'mphepete mwa mulomo, mtundu wa dengu logwirira mitundu ya tizilombo.
Zojambula za mtsogoleri wamutu wakuda
Amfumu okhala ndi mutu wakuda ndi mbalame zam'madera. Amakhala awiriawiri kapena mosiyanasiyana.
Kunja kwa nyengo yakuswana, amasonkhana pamagulu ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame.
Pofunafuna chakudya, magulu ang'onoang'ono a mbalame amafufuza mwachangu msipuwo. Khalidwe la mbalamezi ndizosokonekera, sizikhala phee, zimapeta michira yawo, ndikuwombera mapiko awo.
Mchira wa nsapato zokhala ndi mitu yakuda imakwezedwa nthawi zonse ndikuzungulira mozungulira.
Mbalame zimagwira tizilombo mumlengalenga, kuthamangitsa nyama, kuthamangitsa nthambi zobindikira. Mafumu amaika tizirombo tokhala ngati tambo. Kenako poko, kuthyola tinthu ting'onoting'ono. Mafumu okhala ndi mutu wakuda samasiyanitsidwa ndi luso lodabwitsa lamawu. Maitanidwe amuna amuna ndi mndandanda wamitundu yakuthwa kwambiri komanso yamtopola.
Kulankhulana pakati pawo, mbalame zimapereka mokweza.
Habitats Wakuda Wamutu wakuda
Mafumu okhala ndi mutu wakuda amakhala m'malo okhala mitengo.
Masamba ambiri amfumu okhala ndi mutu wakuda amakonda magawo otsika kapena apansi pansi pa nkhalango ndipo amakonza zisa pansi.
Amakonda kukhazikika m'nkhalango zosakanizika za paini ndi mitengo yolimba pamalo okwera mamita 1300 pamwamba pa nyanja. Zimapezeka munkhokwe za bamboo m'migwaji ya mitsinje.
Mbalame ku Taiwan zimasankha magawo apamwamba komanso apakati pansi pa nkhalango, ndiye kuti ntchentche zamutu wakuda sizowoneka pansi.
Ndi kutentha kochulukirapo kwa mbalame, mbalame zimasamukira kumalo otentha kwambiri pamalo okwera, kukalima malo, kukhala m'nthambi za bamboo.
Mwana wankhuku wamutu wakuda.
Makhalidwe a mfumu yoyimitsa zakusamala
Mafumu okhala ndi mutu wakuda ndiofala kwambiri ndipo sakhala amtundu womwe uli pachiwopsezo chachuma padziko lonse lapansi. Chiwerengero chonse cha anthu sichinafotokozedwe. Pomwe chiwerengero cha anthu ku Taiwan chikuyerekeza pafupifupi 10,000-100,000 pawiri ndipo zimawoneka kuti ndizokhazikika. Zoyambitsa: Kusowa kwa umboni wa kuchepetsedwa kapena chiwopsezo chachikulu.
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