Zambiri za gudgeon wamba zimapezeka m'zaka za XVIII (Linnaeus, 1758) - ku England. Kupitilira apo, mtunduwu unaphunziridwa pa Nyanja ya Baikal (Georgi, 1775). M'madera onse omwe amakhala, mitunduyi ya gudgeon imakhala yambiri. Ku Russia, zidziwitso za mtundu uwu wa gudgeon zimapezeka koyamba mu ntchito ya “Fauna of the Russian Kingdom. Pisces ”(Berg, 1912). Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, gudgeon wamtunduwu waphunziridwa ndi ofufuza ambiri (Berg, 1914, Nikolsky, 1936, Bogutskaya, Naseka, 1996)

Kufalitsa

Poyamba anthu ankakhulupirira kuti mtunduwo ndi waukulu, ndipo mitundu ingapo yamtunduwu idatulukira (Berg, 1949 a). Malinga ndi kukonzanso kwaposachedwa kwa minnuni ya genus Gobio, malo okhala gudgeon wamba amakhala ndi matupi amadzi kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Europe: Great Britain, kumwera kwa Sweden, matupi amadzi mu maboma a White, Baltic ndi North Seas ndi mtsinje. Volga. Pakati pa maguluwa, anthu wamba a gudgeon amadziwika ndi ma morphological homogeneity (Vasilieva et al., 2004). Chifukwa chake, mkati mwa dera lino mitunduyi imangokhala m'chigwa cha mtsinje. Volga. Mwachitsanzo, kukhala kwake mumtsinje kumadziwika. Tereshka ndi mabungwe awo mkati mwa dera loyandikana ndi Radishchevsky la dera la Ulyanovsk (Artemyeva, Selishchev, 2005), mkati mwa mtsinje. Kurdyum m'maboma a Saratov ndi Tatishchevsky (Belyanin, 2006). Mkhalidwe wa taxonomic wa Minnins ochokera m'malo osungirako Don umafunika kufotokozedwa.

Kufotokozera kwapfupi

Makulidwe ake ndiocheperako - kutalika kwa 10-15 masentimita, koma zochitika ndizokulirapo. Maonekedwe ndi achindunji: thupi ndi fusiform, lathyathyathya pang'ono kuchokera kumbali yamimba. Makala akulu. Pofikira pakamwa, pakamwa pang'ono, pakamwa pocheperapo pakati pakatikati, pamakona amkamwa mumakhala tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta tinyanga tating'onoting'ono. Mu mzere wotsatira wa masikelo 40-45. Thupi lakumwambalo limapakidwa utoto wonyezimira, wonyezimira m'mbali, wokutidwa ndi mawanga amtambo kapena amtambo, nthawi zina amaphatikizika kumatanthira mumdima wakuda, mimba imakhala yachikaso. Zipsepse za dorsal ndi caudal zimakhala ndi malo amdima ambiri. M'madzi, ndikosavuta kuzindikira ndi zipsepse zazikulu zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimagawanikana, zomwe zimapatsa thupi mawonekedwe.

Mawonekedwe a Biology

Imafika pa msinkhu wofika zaka 3-4, pomwe kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala kosachepera 8 cm. Kuchulukitsa kwa amuna ndi akazi, malinga ndi zomwe amapezeka mumitsinje Sura, Moksha ndi Malaya Tsivil mu Julayi - Ogasiti, ndi pafupifupi (Artaev ndi Ruchin, 2007 b). Kukula kwa gawo, kumayamba pa kutentha kwa +7 ° C, nthawi yake yonse ndi miyezi 1.5-2. Chonde sichidutsa mazira 10,000 othinikizana, omwe amawaika pamiyala yolimba m'madzi osaya. Mazira amadzazidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, timchenga, tomwe amawonongeka. Mphutsi zamadzimadzi zokhala ndi zipsepse zazikulu za maso ndi maso owala kwambiri. Samvera kuwala ndipo amakhala pansi masiku ambiri. Pakutha kwa nyengo yokulira, nsomba zazing'ono zimafikira kutalika kwa 5 cm. Zimakhala zofanana ndi ma benthophages: mphutsi zimadyanso ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono (ma rhizopods, ma rotifers), nsomba zazing'ono ndi zazikulu zimadya ma buluzi ndi ma mollusks ang'onoang'ono, ndi mazira ena am'madzi.

Pescara: kufotokoza ndi mawonekedwe akunja

Nsomba zazing'ono zamchere sizikhala ndi mtengo wotsika pang'ono chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu komanso zovuta kupeza, koma zimapezeka kulikonse ndipo zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri. Makulidwe wamba a gudgeon wamba ndi 10cm, akulu - 15-18 masentimita. Mwapadera, chifaniziro cholemera 192 g ndi kutalika kwa 22 cm chimawerengedwa ngati chojambulira.

Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe achilendo, ndizotheka kumvetsetsa momwe gudgeon imawonekera popanda fano. Kulongosola mwachidule zomwe zikuluzikulu za nsomba ndizokwanira:

• Kutalika kwa thupi kumaonekera kale m'dera la mutu komanso pakati pa zipsepse zamkati ndi ziphuphu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwoneka ngati chopondera,
• mthunzi wobiriwira kumbuyo,
• mapaipi amphamvu m'makona amilomo yakumtunda akutuluka,
• maso akulu akulu ali kutsogolo kwa mutu,
• zipsepse zopangidwa bwino,
• mbali zoyala ndi mawanga amdima pakati pa mzere,
• m'mimba achikasu achikasu,
• masikelo akuluakulu (zidutswa 40 mpaka 40 kuchokera kuzinthu kupita kumchira),
• yaying'ono yaying'ono yomaliza ndikupanga pembera yayitali.

Pafupifupi gudgeon wamoyo amakhala pansi. Izi zikufotokozera chifukwa chake m'mimba mumakhala mulifupi ndipo mumatchucha. Mtundu waukulu wa zipsepse ndi imvi kapena chikasu.

Kuwombera pansi pamadzi gudgeon

Mwachilengedwe, nsomba zimasamala kwambiri, chifukwa zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zam'madzi zam'madzi, pike, nsomba, nsomba, ma perch ngakhalenso ruff. Kuti adziteteze kuopseza ndikuwona kuwopsa kwa nthawi, gudgeon amakhala m'matumba akuluakulu, omwe amaphatikizapo anthu azaka zosiyanasiyana.

Chakudya chopatsa thanzi

Ngakhale ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono, gudgeon amakonda zakudya za nyama ndipo amadya zokha mwa apo ndi apo. Momwe zakudya za akuluakulu zimakhalira ndi timadzi tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono, mphutsi, mphutsi, tizilombo, mazira a nsomba zina, koma amatha kudya zimbudzi zamanyama ndi zovunda.

Maluwa a meaty amatenga gawo la ziwalo zolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wopeza chakudya pakati pa miyala ndi miyala kapena m'miyala yapamwamba pansi. Pa nthawi yonseyi, nsomba izi zimadziwika ndi "ulesi" wobisalira. Kuti izi zitheke, imadzibisa kuchoka kwa olusa kuti azingoyenda pang'onopang'ono pansi ndikuyang'anira zinthu zomwe zikudutsa. Mtsinje ukangobweretsa kachilombo, dzira kapena khungubwe yaying'ono, nsombayo imakankhidwa mwamphamvu ndi zipsepse za mchenga zochokera pansi, imaponya mwadzidzidzi, ikuponya chakudya ndikubisalira mokhalamo.

Kufalikira

Kutulutsa kumayambira molawirira kwambiri, madzi akayamba kutentha + 7-8 ° C. Akazi okhwima azaka zakubadwa za zaka 3-4 amaikira mazira m'madzi osaya mu magawo masauzande angapo kwa miyezi ingapo, nthawi zambiri kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa Epulo mpaka kumapeto kwa Meyi. Kutulutsa kwa gudgeon kumeneku kumachulukitsa bwino kuchuluka kwa anthu ndipo kumakupatsani mwayi kunthawi yomweyo chifukwa chodya nsomba zamtundu wina.

Chinsinsi china chakuchita bwino kwa kupulumuka kwa mitunduyo ndi chinthu chomata pa mazira. Imangophatikiza kudalirana ndi gawo lokhazikika, komanso imatunga tizigawo ting'onoting'ono ndi zinthu zina zowononga, kumaphimba mazira mchenga pansi pamchenga wosasinthika.

Pakupita pafupifupi sabata, mphutsi zimatuluka ndi zipsepse zakunja, zomwe zimamira pansi kupitiliza kukula. Pakatha masiku owerengeka, amphongo amadya chakudya chochepa cha ma invertebrates.

Momwe mungasankhire malo ndi zomwe mungagwire gudgeon

Kulonjeza za usodzi kumatha kuonedwa kuti ndi matope oyenda pansi olimba (mchenga, mwala, miyala, dongo). Madzi osaya kwambiri, miyala ya m'mitsinje yamiyala, maenje otentha bwino komanso zimbudzi zozama zomwe zili mozama ndizoyenera kwambiri kupha nsomba za gudgeon.

Pecker amangolirira nyambo zoyambira nyama. Ponena za mkate, mtanda, mbewu monga chimanga ndi masamba ena aliwonse, sizigwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni.

Nyambo yapadziko lonse lapansi imatha kuonedwa kuti ndi nyongolotsi yazitsulo, koma popeza imaphatikizidwa ndi Buku Lofiyira la Russian Federation, ndibwino kusiya malingaliro awa ndikugwiritsanso ntchito zibonga zina.

Gudgeon amagwidwa bwino ndi nyongolotsi zamwazi, mphutsi, mphutsi za drozenka ndi caddis, nyongolotsi ya ndowe. Zoyambilira ziwiri zibzalidwe zonse payokha komanso mulu wa zingapo. Nyongolotsi imagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino kwambiri m'magulu, osapanga mchira wautali kwambiri wopachika.

Kusodza kwa Gudgeon sikutanthauza nyambo. Chosiyana ndi mipira yapadziko lapansi ndi kuphatikiza kwa nyongolotsi ndi ma magazi owuma, omwe, atatulutsidwa m'madzi, amapanga mtambo wamavuto omwe amadzaza nsomba.

Gudgeon wamba (lat.Gobio gobio)

Munjira ya Yenisei, gudgeon waku Siberiya ndi nsomba wamba. Amakhala mitsinje yayikulu ndi yaying'ono, mitsinje, nyanja, makamaka yoyenda, maiwe ndi malo osungira. Mu Yenisei, zimapezeka mpaka ku Arctic Circle. Amadziwika m'milandu yake yayikulu (Kan, Angara, Sym, Podkamennaya Tunguska, Lower Tunguska, Turukhan).

Gudgeon wa ku Siberia - Gobio gobio cynocephalus Gudgeon adadziwika ndi dzina loti azigwiritsa ntchito mchenga ndi mitsinje. Gudgeon amakhala ndi thupi lalitali, lozungulira, lophimbidwa ndi sikelo yayikulu. Pakamwa pake ndi yaying'ono, yotsika, yokhala ndi tinyanga wowoneka bwino pamakona.

Mtundu wa gudgeon ndi wachilendo. Msana wake ndiwofiirira, mbali zake ndi zazingwe, zokhala ndi mawanga obiriwira 6 mpaka 6 kuchokera kumphepete mpaka gulal fin, yomwe nthawi zina, makamaka mu nsomba zakale, imalumikizana mu gulu limodzi lakuda, pamimba limakhala lachikasu pang'ono. Zipsepse za dorsal ndi caudal ndizachikasu zachikaso ndi malo ang'onoang'ono amdima, ena onse ndi imvi.

Gudgeon amakhala ndi moyo wapafupi. M'chilimwe, m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, chimakhala pansi, m'malo omwe mumakonda - malo osaya ndi mchenga wotentha bwino, komanso m'mayenje osiyidwa ndi mchenga, mwala komanso pansi pang'onopang'ono.

Gudgeon ndi nsomba yomwe imangokhala, nthawi yayitali imakhala osasunthika, ikukakamiza pamimba pake mpaka pansi. Amagwira kwambiri masana, amakonda kuti asayende usiku. Samapanga mayendedwe akulu. Mukugwa amapita m'malo akuya kwambiri ndi mchenga pansi, ndipo nthawi yozizira amayang'ana kwambiri maenje.

Kutha kwa puccaria kumachitika mchaka chachiwiri kapena chachitatu cha moyo, kutalika kwa thupi masentimita 7- 9 ndi kutalika kwa 6-12 G. Kubala kwake kumachitika kumapeto kwa Meyi, Juni komanso, mwina, mu Julayi, m'malo osaya ndi miyala kapena dothi lamchenga. Caviar ndi yaying'ono, ndi mulifupi wa 0.7-0.8 mm, imasesedwa m'malo osiyanasiyana pansi pamchenga wamiyala ndi pamasamba. Pazinthu zomata, mtengo woboolerapo womwe umayikidwa pamiyayo, "umakhuthulidwa" ndi mchenga wochepa ndipo umayamba kuwoneka (osawoneka) kwa ogula caviar.
Kukula kwa gudgeon ndizochepa, kutengera zaka ndi kukula kwa nsomba ndikufika mazira 3,000. Pakudula, amuna amakhala osiyana ndi akazi chifukwa cha ma tubercles ambiri omwe amawoneka pamitu yawo ndi zipsepse.

Gudgeon wamkulu kwambiri amafikira kutalika kwa 16-17 masentimita, kulemera kwa 65-70 g ndi zaka 6-7 zaka (r. Turukhan, Kan). Komabe, zofanizira zoterezi ndizosowa, kukula kwake kwa nthawi zonse ndi 9.5-10 cm ndi 13-20 g.

Monga nsomba zina zambiri, ma crankaceic ang'onoang'ono a planktonic critaceans ndi zozungulira ndizomwe zimapatsa thanzi la ana a gudgeon. Asodzi achikulire amadya mphutsi za tizirombo tambiri, tomwe timayandama ndi ma chironomid, komanso ma mollusks ndi choletsa chomera, ndizomwe zimapezeka kwambiri.

Ilibe mtengo wotsatsa. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo pakusodza kwa taimen ndi burbot. Ndizosangalatsa zina ngati chinthu chosodza kwa asodzi amateur.

Kufotokozera

Gudgeon amakhala ndi thupi lalitali, lopindika, lomwe limakutidwa ndi sikelo yayikulu. Pakamwa pamakhala pansipa, m'makona ake mumakhala tinyanga imodzi. Maso ake ndi otambalala, maso ali odala. Kumbuyo kwake ndi kofiirira, masamba ndi m'mimba ndizoyera. Malo akuda amamwazika thupi lonse. M'mphepete amatha kuphatikizira gawo. Zipsepse za dorsal ndi caudal zimachita imvi ndi mizere yakuda ndi mawanga, zipsepse za patisiti ndi zamkati ndi zotuwa.

Kuswana

Gudgeon amakula pang'onopang'ono akafika masentimita 8. Amachulukana usiku kumapeto kwa chilimwe komanso kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe (Epulo-Juni), madzi akayamba kutentha mpaka 15 ° C. Kubalaza kumagawika, nthawi, m'malo osaya ndi miyala yamchenga. Mazira okhala ndi mulifupi wa 1.3-1,5 mm. gwiritsitsani pansi. Chonde 1-3 mazira. Caviar amakula pafupifupi masiku 8. Mphutsi ndi mwachangu amadya plankton ndi tinthu tina tating'ono tating'ono. Ana ake amasungidwa pafupi ndi gombe, ndipo akamakula, amasamukira kudera lakuya.

Moyo

M'mene nsomba zocheperazi zimakhalira mitsinje, nyanja, m'miyala ndi mitsinje yaying'ono ndi njira. Mukafika padziwe ndikuwona kuti madziwo ndi oyera, owonekera, komanso osayima, koma akuyenda, ndiye kuti mwina matumba aguloni amapezeka dziwe. Muyenera kuyang'ana nsomba iyi pamalo pomwe pansi pali mchenga (kwenikweni, dzina la nsomba) kapena yokutidwa ndi miyala yaying'ono. Gudgeon ndi gulu la nsomba.

Njira zophera nsomba

Amayamba kugwira gudgeon kuyambira kumapeto kwa Meyi. Popeza makamaka amakhala pamtsinje, njira yabwino kwambiri yophera nsomba ndi kuwedza. M'mitsinje ya gudgeon amagwira ndikuyika ndikutulutsa kosalira ma nyongolotsi amwazi, mphutsi kapena chidutswa cha nyongolotsi. Ndodo imafunikira nsonga yopepuka, yosinthika. Chingwe cha usodzi chizikhala chopyapyala, chokhala ndi mulifupi wa 0,1-1.15 mm, mbedza ayi 3-4, kutengera ndi kukula kwa phokoso, choyandama chopanda mawonekedwe, yaying'ono, chopepuka, chopangidwa bwino ndi chitho kapena nkhata, chosambira - pellet imodzi Na. 7.

M'malo ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi magetsi olimbikira, timalimbikitsidwa kuti tigwire ndi madzi oyenda okha. Gudgeon ndi nsomba yapansi, ndipo phokoso loti lizisungidwa pansi kwambiri. Mwayi woluma umakulitsidwa ngati mphuno yakokedwa pang'ono pansi. Ma pudeki a gudgeon mwaluso, amatha kugwidwa ndi ndodo imodzi.

Ndi isanayambike chisanu, amasodza ma nyongolotsi wamagazi m'malo ozama ndi njira yapakati. Mukasodza mumtsinje, ndikofunikira kusuntha madzi, chifukwa gudgeon imatha kuyandikira mitsinje yamatope, ndipo phokoso liyenera kuyambitsidwa nawo. Mu nthawi yophukira, m'malo opezekamo gudgeon pamtunda wa rap, imagwidwa ndi ndodo zazifupi zazifupi ndi mbedza ziwiri komanso chimango chonyira.

Mutha kudziwa zambiri za njira za usodzi za nsomba iyi mu gawo "Zolemba zokhudzana ndi usodzi" kapena kutsitsa imodzi mwamafilimu ophunzitsa za usodzi patsamba lathu. Muthanso kutsitsa mabuku kapena magazini pagawo la tsamba lathu "Fishing Editions".

Mulibe ufulu wokwanira wolemba ndemanga. Chonde lembani ku Portal kapena lowani muakaunti yanu.

Kuchulukitsa

Mawonekedwe

Maonekedwe a gudgeon wamba ndizosangalatsa komanso zosangalatsa, ngakhale kuti phale lokongoletsa ndi laling'ono. Ili ndi thupi lalitali, lochepera, lozungulira, lozungulira, lomwe limakulanso kutalika mpaka masentimita 12 mpaka 15. Gudgeon wa senti-25 amasunga zolembedwa pakati pa abale ake ndipo ndi osowa kwambiri, komanso makamaka, monga kusiyanasiyana. Kuchuluka kwa munthu wamba kumangofika magalamu 80 okha.

Pa thupi la gudgeon wamba pamakhala mafupia achidule ndi maini omwe alibe ma ray. Dothi lonse limakutidwa ndi masikelo akulu.

Kona iliyonse yamkamwa imapezeka pamlomo wamankhwala wolembedwa. Pakamwa pa gudgeon pamakhala mizere iwiri ya mano ooneka ngati pharyngeal, opindika pang'ono kumapeto. Mutu wake ndi wotakata komanso wosalala, wokhala ndi nkhope yowoneka bwino, nsagwada ya m'munsi ndi yofupikirapo kuposa kumtunda ndipo imawoneka bwino. Kutsogolo kwa mutu kuli maso akulu akulu, achikasu.

Thupi la gudgeon wamba limakhala ndi kumbuyo kwamtambo wonyezimira. M'mphepete mwa chikasu cha nsomba pali mizere ya malo amdima, ndipo nthawi zambiri imapanga mikwingwirima. Kumbali imodzi amachokera pa sikisi mpaka thwelofu, kutengera kukula ndi msinkhu wa nyama. Mimba ndi gawo lonse lakumunsi lakutidwa ndi zoyera kapena zasiliva, ndipo ziphuphu za pectoral, porral ndi anal zimapakidwa utoto wonyezimira ndi utoto wonimira. Zipsepse ndi ziphuphu zakuda zimakhala zofiirira komanso zamtambo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti ukalamba, nsomba zimasintha mtundu wake, kuchoka pamthunzi wopepuka kupita pamdima wakuda. Ndiye kuti mwina kubisa kumeneku kumathandiza achichepere kuti azitha kukhala osamalidwa ndi nsomba zazikuluzikulu zomwe amadya.

Momwe gudgeon amakhala

Moyo wa gudgeon wamba simapitilira zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kapena khumi. Koma nthawi zambiri nsomba zimadulilidwa pazaka zocheperapo zitatu ndi zitatu (4), pokhapokha ngati mwachangu atha kudutsa mzere wa chaka chimodzi. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa kuchokera ku nkhokwe yachilengedwe zimatha kusungidwa m'malo am'madzi, ndikumakhalabe zaka ziwiri mpaka zitatu.

Habitat, malo okhala

Gudgeon wamba amakhala m'madzi amchere omwe amayenda kum'mawa kwa Atlantic Ocean, North Sea ndi Baltic Sea. Zinyalala izi zikuphatikiza ngalande za Loire komanso zoloza kummaŵa, ngalande za UK ndi Rhone, Danube yapamwamba ndi Middle and Upper Dniester, ndi ngalande ya Bugai Dnieper mu beseni la Nyanja Yakuda. Chomwe chimagawanitsa nsomba zochuluka chonchi sichinafotokozedwe, koma nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'madzi, mitsinje ndi mitsinje yamitundu yonse, yomwe ili ndi mchenga kapena miyala yamiyala ndi madzi omveka.

Nyanja ya Atlantic, madambo a North ndi Baltic Seas, kuchokera ku ngalande za Loire kupita Kummaŵa, East Great Britain, ngalande za Rhone ndi Volga, ngalande zapamwamba za Danube ndi Middle and Upper Dniester ndi Dnieper zimadzaza mwanjira inayake ndi nyama yaying'ono iyi. Zimayambitsidwa kum'mawa ndi kumpoto kwa Italiya, Ireland, Wales ndi Scotland. Malire akum'mawa ndi akum'mwera a malowa sadziwika. Anthu ochokera ku Iberian Peninsula ndi Adur River Basin kum'mwera kwa France ndi mzinda wa Lausanne. Kuchuluka kwa beseni la Caspian kukhoza kukhala mitundu yosiyana.

The kudya wamba gudgeon

Nthawi zambiri nthenga zamphongo zimakonda kudya chilichonse chomwe chingapezeke pansi panthaka. Chakudya chimatha kukhala chomera kapena nyama. Koma popeza nsomba ndi nyama yolusa, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayang'anira nyama timasewera pamtengo. Mndandanda umaphatikizapo mphutsi za udzudzu, ma inthtebrates a benthic, nyongolotsi zazing'ono, daphnia, cyclops ndi tizilombo. Panthawi yolowera - nthawi yophukira, nyama yomwe imadya imatha kudya mazira a mitundu ina ya nsomba. A minnow akufunafuna chakudya pakati pamiyala ndi mchenga, pogwiritsa ntchito tinyanga touluka ngati vibrissas posaka.

M'malo okhala ndi mafunde okwanira, nsomba zanzeru izi zimakhazikitsa komwe zingabisalire. Kubisala mu kukhumudwa pang'ono, gudgeon amatha kudikirira pang'ono kakang'ono kapena kusambira posambira, kunyamula ndikudya.

Adani achilengedwe

Tsoka ilo, kuthengo kwake adakonzedwa mwakuti wadyera wamkulu amadya wofowoka ndi wocheperako. Gudgeon ndi nyambo ya anthu ambiri omwe amadya nsomba, monga Eurasian otter, carp, pike kapena wamba kingfisher. Ngakhale kuti nsomba yaying'ono ngati imeneyi singathe kukwaniritsa zofunika za nyama zazikulu zomwe zimadya, imakhala ndi moyo wa abakha, omwe ndi abusa awo. Chifukwa chake, kusaka iwo kumadzakhala kopindulitsa, chifukwa ngati mungatengere njira yoyenera, mutha kuthyola paketi, ndikugwira anthu angapo nthawi imodzi. Zimayamba kudabwitsanso pang'ono pang'ono nthawi imodzi ndi mchira wowongolera, pambuyo pake ndizosavuta kupitilirabe chakudya osathamanga, ndikungotola omwe agwera. Ku Central Europe, pamitsinje ndi mitsinje, minf adatha mpaka 45% ya chakudya cham'madzichi. M'madera ena, chiwerengerochi chimachokera ku 25-35%.

Koma sikuti ndi nsomba zokha komanso ma batchi omwe amadana ndi omwe amakonda kudya. Nsomba zazinkhanira zimatha kuvulanso anthu powononga achinyamata omwe sawona bwino, kwakanthawi atabadwa, akukwawira pansi.

Ziwopsezozi zimatha kubisalira kuthambo, komanso pamphepete mwa nyanja. Akuluakulu amalandila chakudya kwa mbalame zodya nyama komanso nyama zazing'ono. Komanso, ngakhale atakhala ndi malonda ochepa kwambiri, gudgeon amagwidwa ndi asodzi. Mutha kugwira anthu mazana pa ndodo wamba yabwinoko ndi nyambo yooneka ngati nyongolotsi. Kuti mutenge gudgeon, mumangofunika kutsitsa mbedza mpaka pansi, ndipo iye adzayankha nthawi yomweyo chakudya chomwe chikuwoneka patali.

Mtengo wosodza

Gudgeon wamba alibe kwambiri phindu pamalonda. Ngakhale paliwokoma kusangalatsa ndi kusavuta kwa nsomba, sikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni kuphika kwa anthu. Nyama yake ndi yosayenera kugulitsidwa, chifukwa nsomba ndi zochepa, ndipo nyamayo imakhala yokha. Mutha kuphika kuchokera pamenepo, koma kukangana sikungapeweke. Nsomba izi sizoyenera kuweta maumboni pazifukwa zomwezi. Nthawi zambiri, gudgeon imakhala chinthu chosakira nyama kapena ikagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyambo ya nsomba yayikulu kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, pike, carp, carp, kapena ngakhale nsomba ya mphaka. Komanso nsomba zodabwitsa izi zimatha kusungidwa. Amakonda madzi abwino atsopano komanso chakudya chochuluka. Minu mu aquarium mumachita mosazindikira, mwachangu, ngakhale atagwidwa kuthengo ali ndi msinkhu wochepera kapena wokhwima.

Ngakhale kuti nsomba zimakonda kutchuka chifukwa cha zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndizofunikabe kutchulanso phindu lake. Nyama ya Gudgeon ili ndi michere yambiri komanso michere yambiri. Ili ndi mavitamini a magulu A ndi D, calcium, selenium, phosphorous ndi fluorine. Palinso iodine yokwanira ndi omega-6 polyunsaturated mafuta acids mu nyama ya gudgeon.

Tikasenda, nsomba imapeza kaso yowotcha, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pa thanzi lamtima ndi m'mitsempha yamagazi, dziko lamawonedwe, khungu, mafupa ndi mano. Ayodini amene amapezeka mu nsomba amakhala ndi phindu pa chithokomiro cha chithokomiro. Nyamayo siothandiza kokha, koma imakhala ndi mafuta ochepa, yomwe imapangitsa kuti ikhale gwero labwino kwambiri pazinthu zofunikira mukamatsata zakudya zochepetsa thupi kapena nthawi yotsitsimula itadwala.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera

Nsomba - zolengedwa ndizakale kwambiri, zidawoneka zaka zoposa 520 miliyoni zapitazo. Yoyambayo inkawoneka ngati nyongolotsi kuposa nsomba, koma, zaka 420 miliyoni zapitazo, gulu la zoviyidwa ndi ray lidatulukira - lingaliro la mapangidwe awo a zipse zawo zinali zofanana ndi zamakono.

Izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa nsomba zochuluka zomwe zili padzikoli pano, kuphatikizapo gudgeon, ndizomwe zimakhala ndi ma ray. Koma pazaka mamiliyoni mazana angapo zapitazi, zakhala njira yayitali yosinthira, poyamba mitundu yomwe idakhala padziko lapansi mu nthawi ya Paleozoic idatha, kenako oimira a Mesozoic fauna adadzilowa m'malo.

Kanema: Gudgeon

Mitundu yambiri yamakono, kupatula "michere" yocheperako, yomwe idayamba munthawi ya Cenozoic, izi zimagwiranso ntchito kwa nsomba. Ndi omwe adayamba kulamulira m'madzi nthawi imeneyo, ndipo poyamba chuma chonse cha bony - ulamuliro kudawachokera.

Ndipokhapokha pomwe ma cyprinid oyamba adatulukira - omwe ndi nati ,iba. Zinachitika zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo. Pamene agogodiwo adayamba, sizikudziwika kuti pali ena omwe amapezeka zaka 1 miliyoni, koma ndizotheka kuti izi zidachitika kale.

Mitundu yomwe idafotokozedwa inali JL. de Cuvier mu 1816, adalandira dzina loti Gobio. Zimaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya nyama ndipo zimapitilirabe kufotokozedwa zochulukira. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2015 kokha momwe asayansi amafotokozera za mtundu wa tchangi, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi, artvinicus.

Kodi gudgeon amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Gudgeon mumtsinje

Kugawidwa kumpoto kwa Europe: imatha kupezeka pafupifupi mtsinje uliwonse womwe umayenda kulowa m'nyanja za Arctic Ocean. Mitsinje yonseyi imalumikizidwa chifukwa madzi ake ndi ozizira - awa ndi mtundu wa nthenga. Chifukwa sizachilendo m'mitsinje yotentha ya kumwera kwa Europe, kunyamula madzi kupita ku Nyanja ya Mediterranean - ndizokomera kwambiri nsomba zina.

Komabe, amakhala m'mitsinje ina ya m'mbali mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean, mwachitsanzo, ku Rhone. Mitsinje ya m'mbali mwa Nyanja Yakuda imakhalanso: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester. Amakhala m'mitsinje yambiri yaku Russia kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Ural, monga Volga, Don ndi Ural.

Amakhala m'madzi a Scandinavia. Adawonetsedwa ku Scotland, Ireland ndi Italy, adachulukana ndipo tsopano akukhala anthu wamba osungirako kumeneko. Kudera la Asia ku Russia, amapezeka ku Primorye, ndipo amapezeka m'malo osungirako ku Central Asia.

Kuphatikiza pa kutentha kwa madzi, mfundo zomwe ma gudgeon amakhazikika sizikukhazikika: nsomba izi zimatha kupezeka m'mitsinje yayikulu komanso mitsinje yamapiri yolimba, ndipo ngakhale m'mitsinje, imapezeka m'madziwe akuluakulu, ndi m'madziwe ochepa. Zimangodziwika kuti mwayi wokumana nawo ndiwokwera, wotsukira komanso wopatsa mpweya.

Amakondanso maiwe okhala ndi miyala kapena miyala yamchenga. Amakhala pafupi ndi pansi m'madzi osaya, ndipo nthawi zambiri samakhala komweko komwe adabadwira, ngati kuli kotheka ndikutha kudyetsa. Ngakhale mutasamukira (nthawi zambiri gulu lonse limachita nthawi imodzi), nthawi zambiri sayenda maulendo ataliatali, koma makilomita angapo kapena angapo.

Kugwa kulikonse amapita kumalo okuya, kukafunafuna malo owola kwambiri oti mtsinje ukaphimbidwa ndi ayezi. Dziwe likayamba kuyamba kuzizira, nthawi zambiri munthu amatha kuwona magulu agogo osonkhana pafupi ndi mafungulo, pomwe madziwo akupitilirabe. Mpaka posachedwa, amayesa kuyang'ana madera opanda madzi okhala ndi madzi okosijeni.

M'nyengo yozizira, amayesa kupeza malo omwe madzi amakhala otentha: amapita kunyanja kapena m'madziwe, amatha kusambira m'madzi apansi pansi kapena kuyang'ana akasupe otentha. Nthawi zambiri amangogona m'maenje pansi ndikuwotcha pansi pa silt. Ming'aluyo itakhazikika munyanja ndi madzi oyera, ndiye kuti imayang'anidwamo zaka zingapo, koma nthawi yomweyo sizifikira kukula kwa mtsinje.

Kodi gudgeon amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Common Gudgeon

Zakudya za gudgeon zimaphatikizapo:

Monga mukuwonera, nsomba iyi ndi nyama yolusa, ndipo imakonda kudya nyama zing'onozing'ono zosiyanasiyana. Minnow amathanso kudya chakudya cham'mera, koma m'malo ochepa, ndikudyetsa okha kusaka, komwe kumatha kupititsidwa kuyambira m'mawa mpaka madzulo. Nthawi zambiri amawononga nthawi imeneyi kuyang'ana pansi, kufufuza mosamala nyama, nthawi zina amaigaya, amamva chilichonse mothandizidwa ndi tinyanga tating'ono, komwe palibe chobisala.

Nthawi zina minnuni imathanso kubisala m'malo omwe kulibe kwambiri ndipo imanyamula nyama yambiri. Abisala pafupi ndi mtsinje, pafupi ndi mwala wina, kudikirira liziwitso kapena njira ina kuti asambirepo, ndipo akamadikirira, amausolola.

Mu nthawi yamasika ndi koyambilira kwa chilimwe, nsomba ina ikauluka, ma minnows amasinthana ndi kudya caviar ndi mwachangu, amawafunafuna mwanzeru ndipo nthawi zambiri amasambira kufufuzaku kuchokera pansi, nthawi zina mpaka pamwamba. Malingaliro amakopeka ndi mayendedwe, chifukwa chake, kuti awakope, nthawi zambiri madziwo amakhala balamamute.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: Ngakhale anthu samakonda kugwiritsa ntchito minnn kudya chakudya, ndizothandiza: nyama yawo ili ndi mavitamini ndi michere yambiri, ndipo kudya pafupipafupi kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamachitidwe a mtima, mafupa ndi khungu. Amakhalanso ndi ayodini wambiri, yemwe amathandiza pamavuto ndi chithokomiro cha chithokomiro. Nthawi yomweyo, mafuta omwe amapezeka ndi nyama ya gudgeon ndi ochepa, kuti amatha kuwamwa panthawi ya chakudya kapena mukachira.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Gudgeon Fish

Minnows nthawi zambiri imagwira ntchito masana, imangoyang'ana nyama, makamaka pansi, koma m'madzi osaya. Mwayi waukulu kwambiri wowagwira pafupi ndi miyala kapena mchenga. Usiku, mbozi zimapuma, zigwiritsitsa pansi ndi zipsepse, kotero kuti zamakono sizingawombere panthawi yopanda ntchito.

Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale dzuwa lisanalowe, amabisala pakati pa mbewu pafupi ndi rapid, kotero nthawi ino ndikofunikira kuwagwira ngati mukudziwa malo ngati amenewo. Koma sizichitika nthawi zonse: nyama zolusa zikakhala pafupi ndi ana, kuwasaka komanso kugwiranso ntchito masana, amayesa kugona pansi ndi kupita kukafunafuna chakudya madzulo.

Amawona bwino mumdima, chifukwa nthawi yomwe amakhala nayo pazinthu zotere siochuluka, ndipo nthawi yachiwiri yogwira ntchito imagwera m'maŵa. Kusintha kotereku masiku ano kumathandiziradi kusokoneza nyama zomwe zimadya nyama, koma zimathandiza pokhapokha kulibe nsomba kapena nyama zochepa zomwe zimadyera posachedwa.

Pescaras amatha kusambira mwachangu, kuphatikiza polimbana ndi chingwe cholimba, koma nthawi zambiri samawonetsa mphamvu kuchokera ku nsomba yaying'ono ngati iyi: amakonda kupuma ndikusambira nthawi zambiri ulesi, kuti athe kugwidwa ndi ukonde.

Chowoneka Chosangalatsa: M'masiku otentha kwambiri a chilimwe, minnuna imakhala yotupa komanso yosatetezeka. Pakutentha kwambiri, masana atapumira, amapuma kwa nthawi yayitali pafupi ndi mwala wina, osasunthika, pomwe amatchedwa kuti mzati.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Pescara ku Russia

Ndi pafupifupi 3 zaka minnows okonzeka kubereka. Nthawi yomweyo, monga paubwana, amapitilizabe kukhalabe m'gulululi. M'matumba a nsagwada, nsomba za mibadwo yonse zimakhala limodzi, kuphatikiza kumawonjezera mwayi wawo wopulumuka zikaukiridwa ndi mdani.

Chifukwa chake ndichowoneka kuti m'modzi wa iwo adzazindikira kale zomwe zawachitikirazi, ndipo owatsutsa sangathe kuukira zonse nthawi imodzi, ngakhale zitakhala zingapo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ambiri a paketiyo akhoza kupulumutsidwa. Koma zomwe abinawa sakudziwa ndizakuti nyama zina zodya nyama zikuluzikulu zimakopeka ndi moyo wawo wosasaka: Kusaka chifukwa cha minie imodzi sikumveka bwino kwa nsomba zazikulu, ndipo mutha kuzigwira zingapo kangapo.

Kukula kamodzi pachaka, kutchera kumayamba pambuyo pomwe madzi afundira mpaka 7-8 ° C. M'malo otentha, izi zitha kuchitika mu Epulo, ndipo kumpoto kokha mu June. Kubalaza sikumachitika nthawi, koma m'mabatani ndipo kumatha mpaka miyezi iwiri. Wamkazi mmodzi amatha kuikira mazira 8 mpaka 13,000. Amachita izi pafupi ndi kumene amakhala, komanso m'madzi osaya. Chifukwa chakuti pakukhazikitsidwa mazira, nsagwazi zimangokhala phokoso, zimakopa chidwi cha olusa omwe amatengedwa kuti adye mazira onse awiri ndi zinzake, chifukwa chake nthawi imeneyi ndiwowopsa kwambiri kwa iwo mchaka.

Mazira ndi ang'ono, amtambo. Amakhala ndi chipolopolo chomatira, ndipo chifukwa chake amamatira kumapeto, kumiyala kapena miyala pansi, amanyamulidwa ndi mchenga kapena silika, pambuyo pake zimakhala zovuta kuti nsomba zina zizipeza kuti zidye. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yowopsa kwambiri kwa iwo imangoyamba kuzengereza. Mu mphutsi, atangowonekera, zipsepse zamaso zazikulu ndi maso ndizosiyana kwambiri. Masiku 3-4 amangogona pansi, alibe chochita pakuwala panthawiyi. Nthawi imeneyi ikatha, amayamba kudya mwachangu ma detritus ndi benthos: ma invertebrates ang'onoang'ono osiyanasiyana omwe amakhala pansi.

Poyamba zimakula mwachangu ndipo, ngati chakudya chokwanira kuzungulira, m'miyezi itatu yokha imafika kutalika kwa masentimita 6. Kenako kukula kumachepa ndipo mpaka kukula kwa 12-14 masentimita, gudgeon amakula mpaka zaka 3-4, ndiye kuti amawerengedwa kale kuti ndi achikulire ndipo, osachepera ikupitilira kukula, koma pang'onopang'ono kwambiri. Chiyembekezo cha moyo chimatha kufikira zaka 8-10, koma popeza pali anthu ambiri omwe amafuna kupindula ndi gudgeon, ochepa a iwo amakhala ndi ukalamba, ambiri amafa osapitilira zaka 4-6. Popeza atapangidwa mwachilengedwe, ana a mame amatha kukhala m'madzi am'madzi, koma nthawi yomwe amakhala m'moyo woterewu imachepetsedwa - ngakhale nsomba zazing'ono sizingatheke kukhala ndi zaka zopitilira 3.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Gudgeon Fish

Ma Pescaras ali ponseponse, ndipo samakumana ndi kutha: m'mitsinje yambiri ku Europe ndi Siberia amapezeka ochulukirapo. Si mtundu wamalonda, koma asodzi ena adagwira: ngakhale ndizochepa, ndikukonzekera bwino, minning imatha kukhala yosakoma.

Koma zimasamba, ndipo mumakhala nyama zochepa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakangana kuposa zabwino, chifukwa sizigwirika. Ngakhale amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati nyambo ya nsomba zazikulu: ngakhale ma taisen olemera 20-25 makilogalamu amawadziunjikira, chifukwa chake asodzi samayesa kugwiritsa ntchito gudgeon, makamaka ngati yaying'ono.

Ma Pescaras amamva kuwonongeka kwa madzi - amachoka m'malo osavomerezeka, ndikusambira m'malo oyera. Chifukwa chake, m'malo ena, pafupi ndi mabizinesi amakampani ogwiritsira ntchito mankhwala, ndi zinyalala zina zomwe zimadetsanso madzi, zidasowa, koma pakadali pano palibe chifukwa chakuwopsezera mtunduwo kapena mtundu wake.

Chosangalatsa: Minnows nthawi zina amasungidwa m'madzi ndi madzi ozizira (22 ℃ kapena kutsika). Sakufuna nthawi yayitali kuti azolowere, kuti patatha masiku angapo atakhazikitsa aquarium, gudgeon azikhala ngati chilengedwe, ngati malo oyenera adalengedwa. Ngakhale anthu ogwidwa ndi akuluakulu amatha kukhazikitsidwa mu aquarium, kuphatikizanso, amatha kutuluka mwachindunji.

Ambiri okhala m'madzi abwino, gudgeon amakhala ngati chiwonetsero chabwino cha ukhondo wawo: ngati ukasowa mumtsinje, ndiye kuti "chemistry" yowopsa yambiri imalowa m'madzimo, ndipo posachedwa nsomba ina imatha. Gudgeon mutha kukhala mu malo am'madzi ndipo momwe zimakhalira ndizosangalatsa kuonera, komanso, ndizabwino kwambiri.