Ndizodabwitsa kuti ndichifukwa chiyani imakhala mbalame yonyada, yokongola kwambiri yomwe imakhala ndi "manda" oyipa osayenerawa. M'mbuyomu, amakhulupirira kuti chiwombankhanga chimadya zovunda zokha, motero adazitcha kuti.
Komanso, chifukwa choti mbalame nthawi zambiri imakonda kuyang'ana zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa timitengo, idabweranso ndi tanthauzo "manda". Komabe, zidadziwika kuti chakudya chachikulu cha chiwombankhanga ndi masewera atsopano.
Koma, popeza mbalameyo singathe kutchingira dzina lake, palibe amene yasinthanso dzina lake. Malo oyikidwa m'manda - mdani wamkulu pakati pa mbalame. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi 83-85 masentimita, mapiko amafikira 2 m, ndipo chiwombankhanga chimalemera pafupifupi 4.5 kg. Chochititsa chidwi ndichakuti, akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna.
Mtundu wa maula ake, manda ake ali ofanana kwambiri ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, akuda kwambiri. Ndipo ndi wocheperako kuposa chiwombankhanga chagolide kukula. Mutha kusiyanitsa pakati pa mbalame ziwirizi ndi nthenga pamutu ndi m'khosi, zili ngati utoto kumanda, ndipo mumdima wakhungu.
Ziwombankhira zagolide sizikhala ndi “ma buluku” - mawanga oyera pamapewa awo. Koma zosiyana izi zimatha kuwoneka mwa mbalame zazikulu zokha zomwe zimakhala zaka zopitilira 5, mpaka nthawi imeneyo, achinyamata alibe mtundu "womaliza".
Mbalameyi imachita phokoso kwambiri. Chochitika chilichonse, ngakhale ndichoperewera, chimakhala ndi "ndemanga". Kaya ndi njira ya mdani, mawonekedwe a nyama kapena munthu, konse malo oyikidwa m'manda imakhudzana ndi mawu okweza, osokosera.
Ndipo ndizosowa kwambiri kuti munthu wofuula amangokhala chete pakusaka ndi kukopa kwa bwenzi. Mawu a manda akumveka kwambiri, amveka kumtunda wamakilomita. Malipowo amasiyana, nthawi zina amakhala ngati akhwangwala, nthawi zina amafanana ndi kubangula kwa galu, ndipo nthawi zina amaliza mluzu wautali, wotsika. Ziwombankhanga zotsala sizolankhula "kwambiri."
Mverani mawu a manda
Amakonda malo opondera, okhala m'nkhalango ndi malo achipululu, adasankha nkhalango zakumwera kwa Europe, Austria ndi Serbia. Amakhala bwino ku Russia, kumwera-kumadzulo, amatha kupezeka ku Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Mongolia ndi India.
Ngakhale amagawidwa motere, kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga ndizochepa kwambiri. Asayansi a ornithologists amadziwa kuchuluka kwake kwa awiriawiri komwe kuli. Zikuwonekeratu kuti ndi mphamvu yotere maliro adalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Ntchito yayikulu ya mbalame imagwera tsikulo. Dzuwa litangotuluka ndipo maudzuwo akudzuka kuchokera ku tulo tulo, chiwombankhanga chimawuluka pamwamba pamtunda. Akuyang'ana nyama. Ndiye m'mawa ndi masana pomwe masomphenya ake amakulolani kuwona ngakhale mbewa yaying'ono kutalika kwakukulu. Ndipo usiku mbalame imakonda kupuma.
Mphungu sizisunga m'matumba, zimathanso kupirira mavuto aliwonse ngati adani. Ndipo alibe adani oonekera, kupatula munthu. Ngakhale akuletsa kugwira izi, munthu amatenga manda ake kuti akagulitse. Mbalame ikakhala yachilendo, imawononga ndalama zambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, mizindayi yomwe imasefukira imasiya malo ocheperako kuti mbalame zimere, ndipo mizere yamagetsi yomwe magetsi amayenda imawonongeratu mbalamezi. Mbalame yonyadayo, sizingakhale pachabe kunyaza. Ngakhale iwo amene amasokoneza gawo lake, manda Choyamba akuchenjeza ndi kulira, ndipo pambuyo poti wolowerera wachinyengoyo apitiliza bizinesi yake, kunyalanyaza chenjezo, mbalameyo imawukira.
Pambuyo pa kuukiridwa kotere, ochepa amapulumuka. Komabe, chiwombankhanga sichimenya nkhondo ndi oyandikana nawo ndipo sichikuphwanya malire a gawo lokha. Inde, sizovuta - kulibe malo okumbirako mbalame ambiri, kotero, kuyika kwake malo amodzi kuli kochepa, ndipo gawo la mbalame imodzi ili ndi malo akuluakulu pomwe chakudya chimapezeka.
Zakudya zam'manda
Zakudya zazikulu za mbalame ndi makoswe ndi zinyama zazing'ono. Izi zimaphatikizapo gopher, mbewa, hamsters, marmots ndi hares. Chiwombankhanga sichiri chonyansa komanso chopanda tsitsi. Makamaka amakonda grouse ndi corvidae. Chochititsa chidwi ndi chakuti malirowo ali okwanira mbalame pokhapokha atanyamuka, ndipo chiwombankhanga sichikhudza mbalame zowuluka.
Izi zimachitika kuti mbalameyo imayenera kudya ndi kunola. Izi zimachitika pafupipafupi. Pakadali pano, si makoswe onse omwe adatha ndikutha, chifukwa chake manda, omwe adangofika kumene kuchokera nthawi yachisanu ndipo akukonzekera mawonekedwe a ana, salinso pomwepo posankha.
Mbalame imodzi imasowa chakudya cha 600 g. Nthawi zabwino kwambiri, chiwombankhanga chimatha kudya ma kilogalamu ochulukirapo, sichitha kufa ngati itadya chakudya chama 200 g. Koma mchaka, mphamvu ndizofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa chake, mitembo ya nyama zakufa ndipo mitembo ya nyama yomwe sinapulumuke nthawi yozizira imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Anthu okwatirana amakhala okhazikika. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale nthawi yozizira, mbalame ziwiri zimamatira. Chifukwa chake, zikafika kuchokera nthawi yozizira, masewera a matching amakonzedwa makamaka ndi ana a mphungu, omwe sanathe kupanga "conjugal" tandem.
Chiwombankhanga chimatha kuyamba kupanga mabanja awo ndi kubereka ana pokhapokha zaka zawo zikadutsa zaka 6-6. Ndipo kenako, mu Marichi kapena Epulo, amuna ndi akazi amakhala ovuta kwambiri. Amakwera m'mwamba ndikuwonetsa chilichonse chomwe angathe, amagwiritsa ntchito ma pirouette odabwitsa, kukopa chidwi cha munthu.
Maluso onsewa amaphatikizidwa ndi kufuula kopweteka, kosayima. Izi sizowonekera kwambiri, kotero awiriawiri amapangidwa mwachangu. Maanja okalamba amawulukira kumadera omwe adakhalako zaka zapitazo ndipo nthawi yomweyo amayamba kukonza nyumba yawo, chifukwa chotsatira chimadzala chaka chilichonse.
Chithunzi chake ndi chisa cha chiwombankhanga chamanda ndi mwana wankhuku
Mphungu, zomwe zinalibe chisa cholumikizira m'mbuyomu, zimayamba kumanga ndi malo osankha. Kuti muchite izi, mtengo wamtali umasankhidwa, ndipo mtunda wa 15-25 mamilimita kuchokera pansi, nyumba yatsopano ikumangidwa mumtambo wokulira korona. Yoyenera kumanga ndi miyala. Chidacho chimapangidwa ndi nthambi, khungwa, udzu wouma ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana, zomwe ndizoyenera monga zomangira.
Damu la chisa chomwe changomangidwa kumenecho limafikira masentimita 150, ndipo kutalika kwake kumafika masentimita 70. Zikuchitika kuti m'malo otetezeka "amapezeka othawirako komanso mbalame zopanda nzeru - mpheta, ngolo kapena ma jackdaw omwe amakhala pansi pa nyumba ya chiwombankhanga. Pambuyo pomanga, zazikazi zimayika mazira 1-3 ndikuzisaka masiku 43.
Chiwombankhanga chimathandizira kubala ana, koma chachikazi chimakhala nthawi zambiri. Nthochi zimawoneka popanda nthenga, komabe, zokutira zoyera. Sabata yonse, chiwombankhanga sichichoka kwa ana ake, chimawadyetsa ndikuwotha ndi thupi lake. Pakadali pano, mutu wa banja amasamalira chakudya cha mayi ndi ana.
Zikuchitika kuti ngati anapiyewo alibe 2, mwachizolowezi, koma 3, mwana wofowoka kwambiri amwalira, koma kufa kwa anapiye akuwombera kumakhala kotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, ndipo nthawi zambiri, anapiye amakula bwinobwino. Pambuyo pa miyezi 2 - 25, anapiyewo adaphimbidwa ndi nthenga ndikuyimirira pamapiko.
Komabe, amakhalabe pafupi ndi makolo awo. Ndipo amatha kutha msinkhu ngakhale atatha zaka 5-6. Chiyembekezo cha moyo wa chiwombankhanga chaulere kuchokera ku chiwombankhanga chokhala m'malo opangidwa mwaluso ndi chachikulu. Kuthengo, ndi zaka 15 - 20, ndipo mikhalidwe yopangidwa ndi munthu, imafika zaka 55.
Woyang'anira m'manda
Chiwerengero malo oyikidwa m'manda owopsa pang'ono. Adalembedwa mbuku la Red Book kwa nthawi yayitali, komabe, izi sizimapereka malingaliro otetezeka. Kubera, malo atsopano omanga, kudula mitengo - zonsezi zimawononga mawonedwe. Kuteteza chiwombankhanga, malo amapangika, mbalame zimagawidwa m'malo osungira nyama, zimapanga malo m'malo otetezeka. Tikukhulupirira kuti chiwombankhanga sichitha, koma chidzauluka mumlengalenga mwamtendere.
Chiwombankhanga chaching'ono ndichopepuka kuposa chiwombankhanga chagolide, chimakhala ndi mafinya ndi zibwano. Ino ndi mbalame yosamukira. Manda ake amakhala m'nkhalangoyi, mapiri, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala ngakhale m'malo owuma.
Kufikira - Mbalame zodya nyama
Banja - Hawk
Mitundu / Mitundu - Akula heliaca
Zambiri:
Kutalika: 80-85 masentimita, wamkazi ndi wamkulu pang'ono kuposa wamwamuna.
Wingspan: 190-210 cm.
Kutha msinkhu: kuyambira wazaka 4-5.
Nthawi ya Nesting: Marichi-Meyi.
Kunyamula: kwa 1 chaka.
Chiwerengero cha mazira: 2-3.
Kubowola: Masiku 43.
Kudyetsa anapiye: Masiku 65-77.
Zochita: Chiwombankhanga choikidwa m'manda (chithunzi) ndi mbalame zoopsa, zosungidwa awiriawiri, kusaka masana.
Chakudya: zolengedwa zazing'ono zazing'ono ndi mbalame, zovunda.
Kutalika kwa moyo: Zaka 15-20.
Chiwombankhanga, chiwombankhanga chachikulu chowala, ndi chiwombankhanga cha mtundu.
Chiwombankhanga cha m'manda m'mbali zake zonse ndichotetezedwa, koma, ngakhale izi zili, anthu akupitilizabe kuchepa. Nyama zochepa kwambiri zomwe zimapezeka ku Europe. Anthu ocheperako ochepera amatha kuonerera kuvina kosangalatsa kwa chiwonetserochi komanso chokongola.
Kufalitsa
Chiwombankhanga ndimtundu wa agogo omwe amakhala moyo wawo wonse ndi mnzake. Chaka chilichonse amabwerera ku chisa chomwechi. Kufika kuchokera kumayiko ofunda, manda amachita zovina zokhwima - mbalame zikuwuluka pamwamba pa chisa, kenako ndikuponya mwala, ndipo nthawi zina amagundana ndi miyendo yake ndikugwedezeka m'mwamba. Manda awiri palimodzi amamanga chisa cha nthambi pamtengo umodzi wamtali. Chikazi chimayikira mazira 2-3. Makolo onsewa amalowetsa mazira pamodzi. Mwana wankhuku yemwe amayambitsidwa woyamba amakhala wamkulu ndi wamkulu komanso wamphamvu kwa ena. Mwana woyamba kubadwa amadya kwambiri, ndipo nthawi zina amapha abale ake. Komabe, malo a maliro nthawi zambiri amakwanitsa kulera anapiye awiri. Kuchedwa kusachedwa ndi kuchepa kwa mitunduyi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mbalame m'malo ambiri azikhala otsika kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza wochita kupanga pantchito zaulimi sikukhudza kuchuluka kwa chiwombankhanga.
KULIMA
Ndi nyengo yachisanu ikayamba, ziwombankhanga zambiri zimawuluka kuchokera ku Europe kupita ku Asia kapena North Africa, kupita ku Peninsula ya Arabia ndi Middle East kupita ku Iran.
Kuzizira nthawi yozizira, mbalame zimapitabe. Kenako achichepere a iwo amachoka. Pakuuluka mtunda wautali, chiwombankhanga chochita maliro chimapulumutsa mphamvu ndipo chimagwiritsa ntchito mapiko ake akuluakulu pokonzekera mlengalenga.
Popeza atakwera msambo wokwanira, pang'onopang'ono amatsikira kumtsinje wina, womwe umadzutsanso mbalameyo. Malo okonzera maliro sikhala pachiwopsezo chambiri kuwuluka pamadzi ambiri, chifukwa kulibe mafunde ofunda m'malo ano ndipo mbalame zimachita khama kwambiri.
PAMENE AMAKHALA
Chiwombankhanga chokhala m'mizere, mapiri, nkhalango, zipululu, m'malo ena opanda zipululu. Mbalameyi imapezeka kudera lamapiri. Nthawi zambiri, chiwombankhanga choika m'manda chimakhala m'malo odera komanso udzu wokhala ndi mitengo yachilengedwe komanso mitengo yamitengo yamitengo. Awiriwa chisa pamalo akutali kwambiri kuchokera kwina, madera awo amagawanika ndi gulu losalowerera ndale. Malo osaka manda akuba pafupifupi 50 km 2.
Mu 1920s, ziwombankhanga zoika maliro zinkakhala ku Danube Delta ku Romania zochuluka, pomwe pamakilomita atatu aliwonse a mtsinjewo panali chisa chimodzi cha chiwombankhanga. Mbalame zambiri tsiku lililonse zimapita kukafunafuna chakudya kutali ndi chisa, motero gawo la awiriawiri limatha kukhala lalikulu kwambiri.
Kwa zaka makumi asanu zapitazi, kuchuluka kwa zinyama zomwe mbalame zodya izi zatsika kwambiri ku Europe. Kukula kwakukula kwaulimi kwasandutsa mapiriwo kukhala minda yayikulu komwe makoswe ang'onoang'ono samabadwanso mwachangu.
M'matanthwe a Central Asia, vuto linanso linawonjezeredwa ku vutoli - kusowa kwa mitengo yabwino yoyambira, yomwe imatha kupirira malo okhala mphungu. Masiku ano, chiwombankhanga cha maliro chimapezeka chocheperako.
ZONSE ZABWINO
Monga ziwombankhanga zina, malirowo amadyedwa ndi nyama yamoyo, koma osanyalanyaza zovunda, zomwe nthawi zina zimatha kukhala chakudya chake chachikulu - izi zimachitika munyengo yachisanu ikavuta kupeza chakudya.
Mphungu yamaliro imayang'ana wovutayo, atakhala pamtengo wamtali, ndikuzindikira, amathamangira kuchokera kumtunda. Pambuyo pofunafuna kwakanthawi, chiwombankhanga nthawi zambiri chimapezerera wolakwiridwayo ndikulikumbamo ndi mphamvu komanso cholimba, ngati masamba, malaya. M'mitundu yambiri, pamaziko a zakudya zamanda omwe amakhala m'manda amakhala ndi mavu, hamsters, agologolo pansi, akalulu ndi makoswe ena ang'ono. Mbalame yakudyayi imatha kugwira nyama yayikulu yolemera mpaka 5 kg. Amasinthanso mbalame, monga abakha aang'ono, atsekwe, akhwangwala, ngakhalenso malawi amoto.
Gulu laling'ono la Spain lomwe limakhala kumapiri a Central ndi Southern Spain limakonda kudya akalulu. Ziwombankhanga zam'manda sizimangokhala zokha, koma nthawi zambiri zimasaka awiriawiri: mbalame imodzi imawopa masewerawo ndikuyiyendetsa kupita nayo ku imzake, yomwe imakhala yokonzeka. Awiriwo atatha kugwira nyama, amadyera limodzi.
DZIWANI IZI:
- Awiri a manda chaka chilichonse amakonza zisa zawo, ndikuwonjezera nthambi zatsopano kwa iwo. Unyinji wa chisa ukukula nthawi zonse, ndipo nthambi yomwe amaikidwapo sikuti imathandizira izi, motero imatha kuthyoka.
- M'mayiko ena ku Europe, ngakhale aletsa boma, anthu amamenyabe nkhandwe ndi mimbulu ndi nyambo za strychnine, zomwe zimapha mitundu yambiri ya nyama, kuphatikizapo malo a maliro.
- Mibadwo ingapo ya chiwombankhanga cha maliro imatha kugwiritsa ntchito chisa chimodzi kwazaka makumi angapo komanso zaka zambiri.
- Ngakhale kukula kwake kuli kwakukulu, chiwombankhanga chimadyera nyama zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo, achule, abuluzi ndi tizilombo.
ZINSINSI ZOCHULUKA KWA DZIKO LAPANSI. KULAMBIRA
Ndege: Nthawi zambiri chiwombankhanga cha m'manda chimayenda mosakhazikika m'mwamba, kugwira nyama, kugwa kuchokera kumtunda ndi mapiko opindika.
Mazira: yaikazi imakhala yoyera ndi mazira awiri amkaka, omwe mbalame zonsezo zimagona kwa milungu isanu ndi umodzi.
Mlomo: Wamphamvu, wokutidwa - wowerama, wogwira ntchito kuti agwire.
Mapaipi: zofiirira, pafupifupi zakuda, pali mawanga oyera pamutu 1, mchira, khosi ndi mapiko. Mbalame zazimuna zonse ziwiri ndizofanana. Mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala ndi zowuluka zambiri. Mpaka zaka 5 zimadetsedwa.
- Malo okhala chiwombankhanga
PAMENE AMAKHALA
Chiwombankhanga chomwe chimayikidwa kum'mwera ku Europe, North-West Africa ndi Asia. Masabusikiripishoni a Spain amapezeka m'malo ochepa m'mapiri a Central ndi Southern Spain.
KUTETEZA NDI KUPULUMUTSA
Mphungu ya maliro yalembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira, momwe anthu ake amapangidwira mochititsa chidwi.
Malo oyikidwa m'manda a chiwombankhanga (1). Kanema (00:01:16)
Eagle Mogilnik adapezeka mu udzu ali ndi mapiko ovulala, ali opanda mphamvu mu Okutobala 2010.
Kanizani kuchipatala chanyama, popeza minofu yamapiko idadyedwa ndi mphutsi, madotolo azachipatala adadula mapiko. Mapikowo amalemera pakhoma lanyumba). Pakadali pano ali ndi thanzi lathunthu, amangodya nyama yokha. Chokhacho sichingawuluke, chomwe kwa iye ndi tsoka lalikulu.
Wakhala nafe zaka zitatu.
Kugonana kwa chiwombankhanga ndi zaka sizikudziwika.
Kodi amakhala kuti?
Chiwombankhanga chimapezeka kumpoto kwa Africa ndi ku Eurasia kuchokera ku Spain kupita ku Transbaikalia. Ku Russia, malirowo amakhala kum'mwera kwa nkhalango yosakanikirana, m'nkhalango ndi malo okhala gawo la ku Europe la Russia ndi Siberia wakummwera. Chiwerengero cha malo oyikidwa m'manda ku Europe Russia ndi 800 - 1000 awiri, ku Asia alipo ochepa.
Malo achisanu (komwe maliro amayambira mu Seputembara-Okutobala) amakhala ku South Asia ndi kumpoto kwa Africa.
Malo okhala nkhwazi zachifumu ndi malo osawoneka bwino okhala ndi mitengo yayitali ya pine, yozunguliridwa ndi malo otseguka, mitengo yolowera m'nkhalango, zisumbu za mitengo ya birch ndi oak.
Zizindikiro zakunja
Kunja, chiwombankhanga chozunguliracho chimafanana ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, chimapatsa mpata waukulu. Uwu ndi nthumwi yayikulu ya banja la hawk lomwe lili ndi mapiko amphamvu komanso mchira wautali wowongoka. Kulemera kwa mbalame kumachokera ku 2.5 mpaka 4.5 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi kumatha kufika 85 cm.
Pamanda a manda pamutu pake pali chikaso
Mtundu waukulu wa manambala ndi wakuda, pafupifupi wakuda. Dera lakhosi ndilopepuka, apa nthenga zimakhala ndi udzu wouma. Nthawi zambiri pamapewa a maliro munthu amatha kuwona zoyera, zotchedwa epauletti.Amuna ndi akazi okhwima mwakugonana amakhala osazindikirika kunja, koma amavala zovala zachikulire mchaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi kapena chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha moyo. Mazi ndi miyendo ndi chikaso, koma zibwano zamiyendo ndizimtambo wakuda.
Liwu la malirowo likumveka motikumbutsa zonse za tsekwe ndi galu wolira.
Zofunikira
Mbalame ya kumtunda woikira maliro ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu kwambiri, chofanana mu mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa utoto wa chiwombankhanga chagolide, koma yaying'ono kuposa icho. Kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi 70-80 masentimita, mapiko amasiyana kuchokera 175 mpaka 215 cm, kulemera kwamphongo ndi 2.5-5,5 kg. Akazi ndiakulu kuposa amuna. Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yabwino kwambiri yomwe imakhala ndi mawu okweza amtundu ndipo ndi ya banja la kambuku. Mtunduwu umakhala ndi zibwano zamphamvu, mulomo wolumikizidwa, komanso minofu yolimba bwino.
Chiwombankhanga chimakhala ndi khosi lolimba komanso miyendo yayitali, ndizizilombo zopanda nyama. Amakhala ndi mathalauza opangidwa bwino kwambiri ngati miyendo. Mbalamezo zimakhala ndi mapiko otambalala, kutalika kwake ndizochulukirapo masentimita 50. Chiwombankhanga chimawuluka kwambiri ndikutsata nyama popanda chovuta chifukwa chamaso ake abwino. Yendetsani awiriawiri kapena imodzi. Mphamvu ya fungo silimakula. Amakhala okhwima pazaka zinayi mpaka zisanu.
Moyo & Kuberekanso
Malo omwe ali m'manda amadyera nyama zosiyanasiyana. Izi ndizo nyama zazikulu zazing'ono: agologolo, ma hamsters, marmot, hares, jerboas. Amapezanso magawo, zinziri, agalu, atsekwe, abakha, anyani, oyenda pansi, ang'onoang'ono. Amadyanso zokwawa zosiyanasiyana komanso ngakhale zazikulu, ndipo samanyoza kunyamula.
Malo oyikidwa m'manda kufunafuna nyama
Nthawi zambiri nyengo yakukhwima imayamba mu Marichi. Pakadali pano, abambo amakonza ndege zowonetsa, kuyesa kukopa chidwi cha akazi. Mwa izi amayesa kukwaniritsa ungwiro, chifukwa tikulankhula za maubale! Wamphongo ndi wamkazi amakhala moyandikana ngakhale nthawi yachisanu, komanso ndege. Atasankha malo okonzera chisa, banjali limapitiriza ntchitoyo. Malo omwewa azogwiritsa ntchito zaka zingapo azigwiritsa ntchito. Chisa chimamangidwa pamtengo wakale, nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa 10 mpaka 25 mamita pamwamba pa nthaka. Zomwe zimapangidwazo ndi nthambi zazikulu ndi nthambi zazikulu, ndipo mkati mwa chisa muli linga, singano, manyowa kapena manyowa akavalo. Onse awiriwa amatenga nawo mbali pakukonzekera mtsogolo kunyumba, koma wamkazi ali ndi gawo lotsogolera. Ndi masiku awiri kapena atatu, amayikira mazira atatu kapena atatu, chifukwa anapiye sanabadwe nthawi yomweyo.
Dziwani Kuti Mphungu
Kuyambira pakuyamba kuyikira dzira loyamba, wamkazi amayamba kusewera, womwe umatenga masiku 43. Mu sabata yoyamba pambuyo poti anapiye awonekera, chachikazi chimakhala nthawi yonseyi mchisa, chikuwotha ndi kuteteza ofooka pansi. Pakadali pano, yamphongo imasaka ndikubweretsa nyama. Nthawi zambiri mwana wakhanda womaliza amamwalira, sangathe kupikisana ndi abale ake, koma izi zimachitika kawirikawiri. Anapiyewo amakhala ndi mapiko ngati patadutsa masiku 77-80 atachokapo m'ng'anjo.
Kuchulukana
Pakadali pano, zachilengedwe, kuphatikiza bwino kwa malo okhala malo abwino kumanda ndi chakudya chokwanira ndizosowa. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, moto, chitukuko cha zachuma m'magawo, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kuba, izi zonse zimakhala ndi zotsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa mitunduyi. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalamezi zimasakidwa kuti zizipanga nyama zoyikika kwa iwo. Ili ndi bizinesi yabwino kwambiri, makamaka ikamapita kukatumiza kunja. Manda achichepere komanso osadziwa zambiri amafa chifukwa cha kugwedezeka kwamagetsi pamitengo yamagetsi. Ena amakhala ovutitsidwa ndi ozunza pamayendedwe osamukira.
Mwambiri, mbalame zimasinthika kukhala ndi moyo muukapolo. Kuyambira 1990, ku Galichia Gora Nature Reserve pakhala pali malo osungirako malo okonzera manda. Malowo amatetezedwa m'malo osungirako Russian ndi malo osungirako mayiko.
Mawonekedwe
Mbalame yayikulu yakudya yomwe ili ndi mapiko aatali komanso mchira wautali, wowongoka. Kutalika kwa 72-84 masentimita, mapiko a mapiko a 180-215 masentimita, kulemera kwa makilogalamu 2.4-4,5. Nthawi zambiri, manda ake amafananizidwa ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, chifukwa mbalame zonse zimagwirizana komanso zimafanana, ndipo magawo ake amakhala mosiyanasiyana. Manda ake ndiocheperako pang'ono, ali ndi mchira wamfupi komanso wocheperako (chiwombankhanga chimakhala ndi mchira wowoneka bwino, wokhala ndi fanizi), ndipo woderapo, pafupifupi maula ambiri a thupi nthawi zambiri amakhala amdima kuposa chiwombankhanga chagolide. Komabe, ngati chomeracho chakweza nthenga pakhosi lachikasu, ndiye kuti maliro ake ndi opepuka - udzu. Kuphatikiza apo, mawanga oyera - "epauleuits" amatha kupangidwa pamapewa.
Mu mbalame zazikulu zamphongo zonse ziwiri, mbalame zoyambira mbalame zoyambirira zimakhala zakuda pamtunda, zofiirira pansipa zokhala ndi timizeremizere tofiirira m'mizere yakumaso. Zocheperapo pamwambapa ndi zofiirira zakuda, kuchokera pansi pofiirira mpaka bulawuni wakuda, komanso ndi bandi yolankhulidwa pang'ono. Mapiko okutira kuchokera pansi, moyang'ana kumbuyo kwa mapiko, amawoneka akuda kwambiri, akuda bii. Mchirawo uli ndi mawonekedwe a nsangalabwi, kuphatikiza miyala yakuda ndi imvi. Manda amapeza chovala chomaliza chokhacho pofika zaka 6-7. Mbalame zakubadwa zaka zambiri ndizopepuka - zambiri zopepuka zowoneka ndi mikwingwirima yakuda komanso mbalame zofiirira zakuda. M'zaka zotsatirazi, maula amada kwambiri mpaka matayala amadzala. Malo oyikidwa m'manda aku Spain, kutengera mtundu ndi mitundu ya ana, amasiyanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwake ndi mbalame zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono, zomwe zimakhala zowala komanso zopanda mikwingwirima, komanso zokhala ndi malire oyera kutsogolo kwa mapiko akuluakulu.
Utawaleza ndi wonyezimira kapena wachikasu, kapena wonenepa, wamtundu wamtunduwu, wokhala ndi buluu kumaso ndipo wakuda pamwamba. Sera, mkamwa ndi miyendo zachikasu, zibakuwa zakuda bii. Kuuluka, nthenga kumapeto kwa mapiko ndizowoneka ngati chala, kuuluka kwa mbalameyo kukukwera, pang'onopang'ono.
Mawu
Mbalame yolira bwino kwambiri, makamaka poyerekeza ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide ndi chiwombankhanga cha Kaffir, imachita bwino kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa nyengo ya kubereka. Mawuwo ndi ozama komanso othandizira kuposa chiwombankhanga chagolide. Kulira kwakukulu ndi mndandanda wamawu osokosera "Krav-Krav-Krav ..." kapena "kaav-kaav-kaav ...", nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magulu a 8-10 ndikukumbukira bwino galu. Kulira uku kumveka bwino pamtunda wa 0.5-1 km. Tapeza chakudya chomwe chilipo mdera lake, malirowo atakhala pachisa amatha kulira mokweza kuti "kokok k..k..k" kapena kulira kwamwano kosakumbutsa mawu a khungubwi.
Mitengo yazokongoletsa
Mbalame yocheperako, yaying'ono. Imakhala m'chipululu, steppe, nkhalango zowirira komanso kum'mwera kwa nkhalango ya Eurasia kuyambira ku Austria, Slovakia ndi Serbia kummawa mpaka ku chigwa cha Barguzin, pakati pa mapiri a Vitim ndi chigwa cha Onon. Chiwerengero chonse cha ku Europe sichichulukitsa 950, ndipo wopitilira theka, kuyambira pa 430 mpaka 680 (chidziwitso cha 2001) chisa kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Russia. Oposa khumi adalembedwa ku Bulgaria, Hungary, Georgia, Macedonia, Slovakia, ndi Ukraine; m'maiko angapo apakati ndi Kum'mawa kwa Europe, ndi chisa chochepa. Ku Asia, kunja kwa Russia kumakhala chisa ku Asia Minor, Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan, Iran, mwina Afghanistan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India ndi kumpoto kwa Mongolia.
Kumpoto kwa Europe ku Russia, kumakhala kumwera kwa zigwa za Voronezh (Lipetsk dera), Tsna (dera la Tambov), Pyana (dera la Nizhny Novgorod), madera otsika a Sura (Chuvashia), dera la Kazan, gawo lakumwera kwa dera la Perm komanso kumwera kwa dera la Sverdlovsk. Kum'mawa, malire akumpoto kwa malowa akudutsa kumpoto kwa Kazakhstan, ndipo akubwerera ku Russia kumwera kwa Central Siberia, komwe amakhala kumapeto kwa mapiri a Crasoryarsk kum'mawa kumapiri a Sayan, kumwera kwa zigawo za Achinsk ndi Krasnoyarsk. Malo akum'mawa kwambiri, okhala kwina kudalembedwa m'dera la Baikal (chigawo cha Ust-Orda Buryat ndi madera oyandikana ndi dera la Irkutsk ndi Buryatia) ndi Transbaikalia (Dauria).
Kusamukira
Kutengera ndi malo okhala, mtundu wosamukasamuka kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Mbalame zachikulire zochokera ku Central Europe, Dera la Balkan, Asia Minor ndi Caucasus zimangokhala nthawi yayitali, pomwe achinyamata amasamukira kumwera. M'madera akum'mawa ochulukirapo, mbalame zina zimakhalabe m'malo opondera, koma zimangoyang'ana kum'mwera. Ena onse amapita kumwera - ku Turkey, Israeli, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, India, Laos ndi Vietnam. Ku Africa, anthu amafikira ku Kenya. Mbalame zazing'ono ndizo zinali zoyambirira kuchoka m'malo odyeramo mu Ogasiti ndipo, monga lamulo, chisanu m'malo otsika. Kuchulukaku kumawulukira kumwera kuyambira pakati pa Seputembala mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala ndipo amabwerera theka loyambirira la Epulo.
Habitat
Poyamba, mbalame ya malo otetemera, m'malo ambiri chifukwa chofunafuna ndi kulima malo, idadzaza m'mapiri - malo omwe ndi chiwombankhanga chachikulu chagolide. Malo okhala zisautso zazikulu ndi maponda, mapiri, nkhwangwa, koma osatseguka kwathunthu, ngati chiwombankhanga, koma ndi mitengo yayitali kapena zisumbu zazitali. Ku Central ndi Eastern Europe, imakhala m'malo otsetsereka a mapiri pafupi ndi malo otseguka mpaka 1000 mamita, komanso malo ometera ndi malo olimapo chifukwa cha mitengo italiitali kapena mizere yamagetsi. M'mphepete mwa Dnieper ndi Don amakhala m'mphepete mwa nkhalango, kudula mitengo kale, kuwotcha. Dera la Ciscaucasia ndi Dera la Volga, limakhazikika m'malo otetezeka ndi chipululu, komanso nkhalango, komwe limakonda malo opanda mpumulo - zigwa za mitsinje, malo otsetsereka, mitsinje. Anthu ambiri akum'mawa amasankha nkhalango zachikhalidwe, mapiri ndi malo owoneka achipululu okhala ndi mitengo yamitengo, nthawi zina amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi. M'malo otentha nthawi yachisanu amasankha ma biotopu ofanana, komabe, omwe amagwirizana kwambiri ndi matupi amadzi.
Kuswana
Malo oika maliro amapeza zovala za nthenga zachikulire mu chaka chachisanu kapena chisanu ndi chimodzi cha moyo, ndiye nthawi zambiri amayamba kubereka. Ziwombankhangazi nthawi zonse, ngakhale nthawi yachisanu, zimakhalabe zazitali. Mating'i akuyamba kumayambika kumwera kwa Europe mu Marichi, m'dera la USSR kumapeto kwa Marichi - Epulo. Panthawi imeneyi, mbalame zimachita phokoso kwambiri, zikuwuluka ndikuuluka kuzungulira gawo ndikulira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri, abambo, ndipo nthawi zina akazi, amatembenukira mosakhazikika, kotchedwa "garland", akakwera mwadzidzidzi amatembenukira pafupi kwambiri ndikubowoka ndi mapiko osongoka ndipo kenaka amangoima kumiyendo yomwe ili m'mbuyomu. Kusinthana kwa kugwa ndikuwuka kumatha kubwerezedwa nthawi zambiri, ndikupanga kumverera kwa kugudubuza, pomwe amphongo amalira mokweza kwambiri. Nthawi zina, zazikazi zimayenda ndi abambo mu "ntchito" iyi, komabe amachita mwakachetechete komanso mwamphamvu.
Tsamba limodzalo lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito mosalekeza kwa zaka zambiri. Ziwombankhanga zambiri nthawi zambiri zimakonza zisa pamtengo pamtunda wa 10-25 mamita pamwamba pa nthaka. Popanda kukhalapo, zimatha kukhala pakati pa nthambi za chitsamba chotsika kwambiri, monga caragana, kapena kawirikawiri pamwala wawung'ono. Imakonda pine, larch, popula, birch, zomwe sizikhala ndi zambiri paphiri la oak, alder kapena aspen. Mosiyana ndi chiwombankhanga chagolide, momwe chisa chake nthawi zambiri chimakhala pakatikati pa korona, manda ake nthawi zambiri amasankha kumtunda kwake, pafupifupi pamwamba. M'malo okhala ndi mphepo zamphamvu (mwachitsanzo, ku Minusinsk kuvuta kum'mwera kwa Siberia) kapena komwe malo a malirowo adakhazikika posachedwa (monga ku Southern Urals), chisacho chimatha kupezeka pakatikati korona - pansonga mu thunthu kapena panthambi ya nthambi yayikulu. Zisa, kuchuluka kwa zomwe pamalowa zimatha kufikira ziwiri kapena zitatu, zimamangidwa ndi mamembala onse awiri, koma nthawi yayitali wamkazi. Zomera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mosinthika zaka zingapo, malinga ndi akatswiri ena, izi zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa majeremusi omwe amakhala momwemo - utoto wa mbalame, ntchentche za ntchentche ndi ma midges. Chidacho ndi chachikulu (ngakhale chaching'ono kuposa cha chiwombankhanga chagolide) ndipo chimakhala ndi nthambi zambiri ndi nthambi zambiri. Timbayi - yocheperako mkati mwa chisa - ili ndi nthambi zazing'ono zodziyimira, khungwa, manyowa akavalo, mpaka udzu wouma, ubweya ndi zinyalala zosiyanasiyana za anthropogenic. Mbalame zokongola kuthengo zimawonjezera nthambi zobiriwira zazing'ono pachisa - mkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri wa chiwombankhanga chagolide. M'litali mwake chisa chomangidwachi chimakhala pafupifupi masentimita 120-150, kutalika kwa 60-70 masentimita. M'zaka zotsatira, chisacho chimakulanso modabwitsa, mpaka pafupifupi masentimita 180-240 ndi 180 cm. Zina, mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakhala pamunsi pa chisa chakale - mwachitsanzo, kum'mawa kwa malo pafupifupi onse, malo okhala mpheta amadziwika, komanso zisa za ma Daudan jackdaws kapena ma cartala oyera. Mbawala zamtchire zimatha kukhalabe mu chisa chomwe chilibe kanthu, pomwe njuchi izi zimachita zankhanza zazikulu kupita nazo ku chiwombankhanga chokulirapo, ndikuthamangitsa chisa chawo.
Kuyika kamodzi pachaka, kumakhala ndi mazira 1-3 (pafupipafupi 2) omwe amayikidwa ndikutalika kwa masiku atatu. Kutengera ndi malo, izi zimachitika pakati pa kumapeto kwa Marichi mpaka kumapeto kwa Epulo kapena ngakhale koyambirira kwa Meyi. Tizilombo tokhala ngati mazira ndi opaque, woboola; Kukula kwa mazira ndi (63-83) x (53-63) mm. Pakutaya kumaso koyambirira, mkazi amatha kuikhazikitsanso, koma kale chisa chatsopano. Kumaswa kumayamba ndi dzira loyamba ndipo kumatenga masiku 43. Onse awiri a m'banjamo amakoloweka, ngakhale nthawi yayitali yokhala mchisa imakhala nthawi yayitali. Ming'alu yokutidwa ndi yoyera yoyera imawoneka mokhazikika momwe mazira anayikidwa. Yaikazi imakhala sabata yoyamba chisa, ikusilira ana, pomwe yamphongo imasaka ndikubweretsa nyama. Nthawi zina mwana wam'ng'ono akamwalira, sangathe kupikisana ndi m'bale kapena mlongo wamkulu komanso wamkulu, koma osati ngati chiwombankhanga chagolide kapena chiwombankhanga chachikulu. Pafupifupi zaka ziwiri, zisonyezo zoyambirira zimayamba kuoneka mwa anapiye, patadutsa masiku 35 mpaka 40 mutu ndi khosi sizikudziwika, ndipo patatha masiku 65-77 anapiyewo amapita kuphiko. Atachoka pachisa, anapiyewo amabwerera kwa kanthawi, pambuyo pake amamwazikana ndikuwuluka kukayamba nyengo yachisanu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Zimagwira makamaka zazinyama zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono - gopher, mbewa zam'munda, hamsters, ma voles am'madzi, agalu achichepere ndi marmots, komanso grouse ndi corvidae. Kaloti amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri m'zakudya - makamaka kumayambiriro kwa masika, pomwe makoswe akadali obisalira, ndipo mbalame sizinabwerere nthawi yachisanu. Nthawi imeneyi, ziwombankhanga zimawuluka mwapadera kuzungulira malo komwe nyama zomwe zagonja nthawi yachisanu zimatha kupezeka. Mtembo wa nkhosa, wosavomerezeka, kapena galu amatha kupatsa mbalame chakudya kwa masiku angapo. Nthawi zina, amadya achule ndi akamba.
Nyama, monga lamulo, ndizokwanira padziko lapansi, ndipo kwa mbalame, nthawi zina zimangonyamuka. Pofufuza chakudya, amawuluka kwa nthawi yayitali kumwamba kapena kwa olondera, atakhala pa dais.
Mkhalidwe ndi zinthu zochepa
Buku Lofiira la Russia chiwerengero chikuchepa | |
Onani Zambiri Malo oyikidwa m'manda (mbalame) patsamba la IPEE RAS |
Mu Buku Lofiira Lapadziko Lonse, manda ali ndi mtundu wamtundu wovuta (gulu Vu) ndikotheka kupitiliza kuchepetsa kuchuluka. Zomwe zimayambitsa kukuwonongeka ndikuwonongeka kwa malo oyenera nesting, chifukwa cha zochitika za anthu, kuthamangitsidwa, kufa pamitengo yamagetsi, kuwonongeka kwa zisa. Kuphatikiza apo, chakudya chachikulu cha chiwombankhanga - agologolo pansi ndi pansi - zidasowa m'malo angapo, zomwe zidakhudzanso kuchepa kwa mbalamezi. Mphungu imatetezedwa ndi Red Book of Russia (gulu 2), Kazakhstan ndi Azerbaijan. Zalembedwa mu CITES Appendix 1, Bonn Convention Appendix 2, Berne Convention Appendix 2, komanso mapangano apakati omwe asungidwa pakati pa Russia ndi India ndi DPRK pazakuteteza mbalame zosamukira.Kuyambira 1990, nazale loti lizibereketsa chiwombankhangachi lakhazikitsidwa kumalo osungirako a Galichya Gora.
Malo oyika maliro a mbalame :ofotokozera
Wachikulireyo utapakidwa utoto wokongola - umakhala ndi bulawuni wakuda, pafupifupi wakuda, wokhala ndi nthenga "mane" yokhala ndi nthenga zowoneka mbali yakumaso kwa khosi komanso kumbuyo kwa mutu. Malo oyera oyera okhala ndi nthenga zokhala ndi nthenga zazifupi (sizimakhala zotchulidwa nthawi zonse), mchira wa bulauni wokhala ndi mawonekedwe amdima wakuda komanso chingwe chofikira pamalo apamwamba, wobiriwira wachikasu. Masamba ake ndi achikasu ndipo zibwano zake ndi zakuda komanso zamtambo.
Chiwombankhanga chaching'ono chimakhala ndi nthenga zakuda komanso nthenga za mchira wake wokhala ndi ulusi wowala, thupi la utoto wonyezimira wachikasu wokhala ndi timabowo tambiri kumbuyo ndi pafupi ndi mapiko. Chiwombankhanga chimakhala ndi utoto wake womaliza pazaka zisanu. Utawaleza mu achikulire ndi wachikasu kapena wofiyira, mwa ana ndi bulauni. Pakuuluka, chiwombankhanga chimagwira mapiko ake moyang'ana. Mchira wa chiwombelo chomwe chikuuluka nthawi zambiri chimakhala chovuta.
Malo oyikidwa m'manda: malo okhalamo
Mbalame zimakhala m'malo opondera ndi nkhalango, ndikuphatikizanso, m'nkhalango zosakanikirana za ku Europe kwa Russia ndi Kumwera kwa Siberia. Amakonda nthawi yozizira kumadera otentha, kum'mwera, kumadera otentha ndi ku Europe. Kugawidwa mosagwirizana, m'malo ambiri ndi osowa kwambiri. Chiwerengero chaanthu chikutsika. Zisa za chiwombankhanga mu steppe ndi nkhalango zopondera m'nkhalango za ku Epasia. Malo omwe amakonda kwambiri amawaganizira kuti ndi nkhalango zowuma za pine, komanso nkhalango, momwe mumapezeka mitengo yamitengo monga birch, popula ndi thundu. M'mapiri, chiwombankhanga chimakhala pamalo okwera mamita 1000 pamwamba pa nyanja.
Moyo, zakudya
Amamadya kwambiri makoswe: hamsters, agologolo pansi, pansi. Nditha kusaka abakha, mapalishi ndi magawo ang'onoang'ono. Ngati chiwombankhanga sichitha kupeza nyama kwa nthawi yayitali, ndiye kuti imatha kudya chakudya. Mbalame ya m'manda yadyera nthawi yomweyo imadya nyama yogwidwa. Chiwombankhanga sichimagwira mbalame zouluka.
Malo omwe amafunikira zakudya pafupifupi 400-600 g patsiku. Atatha kudya, amamwa madzi ambiri ndipo kwanthawi yayitali amatsuka zodetsa zake. Monga lamulo, malo oyikidwa m'manda sakhala nthawi yayitali kusaka; manda akuwonetsetsa zinthu zambiri zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira iwo. Chiwombankhanga chimatha kusunga chakudya mu goiter, chifukwa chake sikuyenera kusaka tsiku lililonse.
Amakonzekereratu kukhala m'malo obisika m'nkhalango komanso m'nkhalango. Mbalame zimasamukira, pang'ono kapena kusuntha. Kufika kwa chiwombankhanga kumayambira pa Okutobala mpaka Epulo, ndipo kunyamuka mu Seputembara-Okutobala.
Kuswana, kuswana
Nyengo yakukhwima ya chiwombankhanga imayamba kumayambiriro kwamasika. Pakadali pano, abambo amayamba kuwuluka mowonekera, kuyesa kukondweretsa chachikazi. Mbalame yamanda yam'manda ndiyolankhula kwambiri panthawi yakukopa chidwi cha mkazi. Amuna a "Kra-Krav" otchuka amawaitanira akazi patsiku. Chifukwa chake, amasilira anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi anzawo.
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame zoyamwitsa. Panthawi ya ndege komanso nthawi yozizira, mabanja amamatirana. Ziwombazi zikangopeza malo abwino a chisa, zimayamba kumanga.
Zingwe zimapangidwa pamitengo ikuluikulu yakale, kawirikawiri pamtchire. Chidacho chimakhala ndi nthambi za mitengo, mkati mwake muli ndi udzu, mbewa, udzu ndi manyowa owuma zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chisa china m'mimba mwake chimafikira mita imodzi. Malowa pomwe ali pomwe akhala akugwiritsa ntchito ziwombankhanga kwa zaka zingapo. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amakonzekeretsa chisa, koma gawo lotsogolera ndi laakazi. Malo oyikidwa m'manda ndi makolo abwino kwambiri.
Pakadutsa masiku awiri, mbalameyi imayikira mazira, motero anapiyewo amabadwanso. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatenga masiku makumi anayi ndi atatu. Mu clutch pamakhala mazira amodzi kapena atatu amtundu wakuda wokhala ndi timaso tating'ono. Nthawi zambiri, wamkazi amayikira mazira, wamwamuna panthawiyi amapeza chakudya. Amatha kuyendayenda kwa maola angapo kufunafuna wozunzidwa. Chiwombacho chitangopeza nyama, chimakonda kuwononga ndi mlomo wamphamvu.
Anapiye a utoto woyera chipale chofewa amakhala ndi zovala zapamwamba, utawaleza wakuda. Nthawi zambiri, mwana wakhanda womaliza amafa, osatha kupirira mpikisano ndi abale okalamba. Sabata yoyamba kubadwa, wamkazi amasamba ndikuteteza anapiye osatetezeka. Pakadutsa milungu pafupifupi 9-11, anapiyewo amayamba kutuluka chisa, koma kwa nthawi yayitali amapitilizabe kukhala pafupi ndi makolo awo.
Buku lofiira
Pakadali pano, ndikosowa kwambiri kupeza malo oyenera kuperekera nkhuku m'manda ndi chakudya chofunikira.
Kukhazikika kwachuma kwamadera, kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala ophera tizilombo, moto, kuwononga mitengo, ozizira - zonse popanda izi, zikuwononga kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu amtunduwu. Nyama zokhazikika zimapangidwa kuchokera ku mbalamezi, ndipo iyi ndi bizinesi yokongola kwambiri. Mphungu zitha kuwoneka m'dera la Baikal National Park. Zalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ndi IUCN. Kulanda ndi kuwombera mbalame nkoletsedwa.
Zosangalatsa
Chiwombankhanga chokhala ndi manda chinapeza dzina losasangalatsa chotere osati chifukwa cha moyo wawo kapena sayansi, idatchedwa akatswiri azachilengedwe omwe amaphunzira mtundu wa Urals kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19. Adakumana ndi mbalame zomwe zidakhala pamitengo pafupi ndi mausoleums amwala. Pakadali pano, akatswiri ena akufuna kuwapatsa dzina labwino. Mwachitsanzo, achifumu. M'mayiko ambiri ku Europe ili ndi dzina la mbalame zopanda nzeru komanso zazikulu.
Chiwombankhanga chojambulidwa ndi chimodzi mwa mbalame zamphamvu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Ntchito zawo zankhondo ndi kusawopa kwawo akutamandidwa muukadaulo wakale wa mayiko ambiri.
Mwambo umadziwika, malinga ndi momwe thupi la womwalirayo limaperekedwera chiwombankhanga kuti chidyedwe. Popeza anthu amakhulupirira kuti mzimu wa munthu wakufa uli m'chiwindi, ndipo mbalameyo ikaudya, imalowa mphungu ndikupitilizabe kukhalapo. Mphungu imayimira nzeru, kulimba mtima ndi kuzindikira.
Mphungu kunyumba
Mukasankha kugula chiwombankhanga, ndiye kuti ndibwino kupeza anapiye, popeza munthu wamkulu amawagwiritsa ntchito ufulu ndipo sangathe kuzolowera moyo wokhala mu ukapolo. Kuti nestling ikule wathanzi komanso wamphamvu, iyenera kudyetsedwa bwino.
Malo oyikidwa m'manda ang'onoang'ono amakonda nyama yoyonda, kupatula nkhumba. Kuti muphunzitse anapiye kuuluka, muyenera kuthana nawo kwa ola limodzi patsiku. Sizingatheke kutulutsa chiwombankhanga kuthengo, chifukwa chidzafa.
Chiwombankhanga ndi mbalame yonyada, yabwino komanso yabwino. Amawonetsedwa pamakhalidwe amfumu a St. Petersburg monga chizindikiro chosonyeza mphamvu ya mzindawu ndi ukulu wake.