Pali nsomba zambiri, imodzi mwa mabanja ndi nsomba zoyera, zazikulu, zophunziridwa bwino komanso zamtundu wamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Oyimira banja lino amakhala ndi mlandu wololeza pang'ono komanso kamwa laling'ono chifukwa cha kukula kwawo, zomwe zimapatsa zovuta zambiri kwa okonda kusodza ndodo za usodzi. Milomo ya whitefish nthawi zambiri simalimbana ndi katunduyo pamene ikutulutsidwa m'madzi, ndipo, ikuswa milomo, niziwuluka.
Chifukwa chofanana ndi ulusi wa mutu wa nsomba yoyera yopanda mutu, nsomba yoyera imatchedwanso kuti hering'i, ndipo ma adipose okha ndi omwe amawonetsera poyera mgwirizano wawo. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa zilembo sikumatilola ife kukhazikitsa chiwerengero chenicheni cha mitundu yake: mu nyanjayi iliyonse mutha kukhazikitsa mitundu yanu yapadera, mwachitsanzo, mitundu 43 yokha idawululidwa pamadzi a Kola Peninsula. Pakadali pano, ntchito ikuphatikizidwa kuti iphatikize mitundu yofananira mu mtundu umodzi, zomwe zikuyenera kuyambitsa dongosolo la mitundu ya nsomba zoyera.
Kufotokozera kwathunthu pabanja
Kudera la Russia, pali mitundu yoposa 100 ya nsomba zam'banjazi zomwe zili ndi kukoma kwambiri komanso zinthu zina zabwino. Malo omwe amakhala ndi pafupi ndi malo osungirako zonse kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula kumadzulo kupita ku Kamchatka Peninsula ndi Chukchi kummawa. Izi nsomba amatanthauza nsombakoma nyama yake ndiyoyera, nthawi zina imakhala yapinki. Nthawi zambiri, ngakhale akatswiri oyimba mtima samangokayikira kuti Baikal omul ndi nsomba zofanana. Nayi mindandanda yayifupi ya mayina amnyumba zoyera:
- yoyera-yoyamwa ndi vereti yaku Europe (ripus), nsomba zoyera za Atlantic ndi Baltic,
- Whitefish Volkhovsky, Bauntovsky ndi Siberian (Pyzhyan), Baikal omul,
- Muksun, Tugun, Valaamka ndi Chir (kukumr).
Nsomba zamtunduwu sizikhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana, koma mamembala onse a banja ali ndi masikelo siliva ofanana ndi zipsepse zakuda. Mafuta abwino, omwe amadziwika ndi nsomba zamchere zonse, amapezekanso ngati nsomba zoyera. Makala osiyana ndi akazi ndi masikelo, mosiyana ndi miyeso yaimuna, ndiokulirapo ndipo amakhala ndi chikaso chosyanasiyana.
Monga nsomba, nsomba zoyera zimapezeka m'madzi atsopano ndi mchere. Kutengera izi, magulu awiri a nsomba zoyera amasiyanitsidwa:
- madzi oyera - nyanja ndi mtsinje,
- kudutsa kapena nsomba zoyera.
Zithunzi: nsomba zamtundu wa nsomba (zithunzi 25)
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi kufotokozera
Sigi ali m'gulu la nsomba zokhala ndi ray zomwe zimatuluka padziko lapansi kumapeto kwa nyengo ya Silurian. Poyamba, adakula pang'onopang'ono, ndipo pokhapokha ngati pafupifupi 150-170 Ma, chuma chamtengo wapatali cha bony chidawoneka - nsomba yayikulu ndi yake. Koma mitundu iyi isanawonekere komanso dongosolo la ma salmonid, omwe anali mbali yake, inali idakali kutali. Kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya Cretaceous komwe kudatulikanso chinzake - maonekedwe a hering'i. Adakhala ngati makolo a salmonid, ndipo adawonekera pakati pa Cretaceous.
Koma zokhudzana ndi izi, asayansi ali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana: nsomba zam'madzi zam'madzi za nthawi imeneyo sizinapezekebe, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe awo akadali chiphunzitso. Oyamba kupeza omwe adachokera ku Eocene, ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 55 miliyoni - anali nsomba yaying'ono yomwe inkakhala m'madzi atsopano.
Kanema: Sig
Poyamba, panali ma salmon ochepa, chifukwa kunalibenso zina zakale kwambiri, komanso m'magawo azaka 20-25 miliyoni zomwe zimapezeka, ndipo nthawi zambiri. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu kukukula pamene kukuyandikira zamakono - ndipo kale m'magulu amenewa nsomba zoyambirira zoyamba zimawonekera.
Dzinalo la mtundu - Coregonus, limachokera ku mawu akale achi Greek akuti "angle" ndi "mwanafunzi" ndipo zimachitika chifukwa chakuti mwana wamtundu wina wa nsomba zotsogola kutsogolo akuwoneka kuti ndi wopanda pake. Kulongosola kwasayansi kunapangidwa ndi Carl Linnaeus mu 1758. Pazonse, mtundu umaphatikizapo mitundu ya 68 - komabe, malinga ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, pakhoza kukhala chiwerengero china cha izo.
Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake
Chithunzi: Ndi choyera bwanji
Sigi amadziwika ndi kusiyanasiyana kwakukulu: Mitundu imatha kukhala yosiyana kwambiri, nthawi zina mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya66 ndi yosiyana kwambiri wina ndi mzake mu dziwe kotero kuti akhoza kuwonedwa ngati oimira genera losiyana kotheratu. Phokoso lokhalokha la humpback, komanso mawonekedwe ena a kamwa zimatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi zomwe zimakhudza onse: kukula kakang'ono kamkati kamkamwa, kusowa kwa mano pa fupa lopendekeka ndi kufupikitsa kwake. China chilichonse chimasintha, nthawi zina kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, ma stillens am'madzi ena mwa nsomba zokhala ndi 15, pomwe ena mpaka 60. Iwo okha ndi osalala komanso serata, ndipo thupi la nsombali ndi lalifupi kwambiri kapena lalitali.
Kukula kwa nsomba zoyera kumatha kusiyananso kwambiri, kuyambira ochepa mpaka wamkulu nsomba - mpaka 90cm kutalika ndi kulemera kwa 6 kg. Pali nsomba zoyera, nyanja komanso kusamukira kumayiko ena, nyama zodya nyama komanso kudya zilankhulo zokha: m'mawu, kusiyanasiyana ndikokhalidwe lawo lalikulu. Komabe, pazambiri zamitundu, mawonekedwe otsatirawa ndi mawonekedwe: thupi limakhala lodutsa, lothinikizidwa kumbali, makulidwe, masikelo achikuda, siliva wakuda. Kumbuyo kwawo kumakhalanso kwamdima, kumatha kukhala ndi mtundu wobiriwira pang'ono kapena wofiirira. Mimba ndiyopepuka kuposa torso, imvi yopepuka.
Chochititsa chidwi:Ndikosavuta kuwedza nsomba zoyera kumapeto kwa chilimwe, nsomba yanjala ikaponyera chilichonse. Ndizovuta, koma osati zochulukirapo, kuti mugwire chakumapeto, koma mphothoyo imakhala yayikulupo - nthawi yotentha imayamba kunenepa, imakhala yayikulu komanso yopepuka. M'chilimwe, kulumidwa ndi nsomba yayikulu kwambiri, pano muyenera kusankha nyambo mosamala, gwiritsani nyambo.
Kodi nsomba zoyera zimakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Whitefish ku Russia
Pafupifupi onse ku Europe, kuphatikiza gawo la ku Europe la Russia, amalowa m'malo ake. Amakhalanso kumpoto kwa Asia ndi North America.
Ku Europe, ndizofala kwambiri kumpoto ndi pakati, kuphatikiza:
Ku Russia, imakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yayikulu yambiri yoyenda munyanja za Arctic Ocean, komanso nyanja zambiri: kuyambira kumtsinje wa Volkhov kumadzulo mpaka ku Chukotka. Imapezekanso kumwera, koma pocheperapo. Mwachitsanzo, amakhala ku Baikal ndi nyanja zina za Transbaikalia. Ngakhale nsomba zambiri zoyera ku Asia zimagwera dera la Russia, nsomba izi zimakhala kunja kwake, mwachitsanzo, kunyanja za Armenia - mwachitsanzo, nsomba zazikuluzikulu za nsomba zimayedzedwa mu Sevan. Ku North America, nsomba zimakhala m'malo osungirako ku Canada, Alaska, ndi United States pafupi ndi malire akumpoto. Nyanja zikuluzikulu, komanso nyanja zam'madzi za ku Alpine ku Europe, kale zinkakhala ndi zinsomba, koma apa ndi apo mitundu yambiri yomwe inkakhalamo kale inatha, ena anasowa kwambiri.
Whitefish imakhala makamaka m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi a kumpoto chifukwa amaphatikiza zonse zomwe amakonda: madzi omwe amapezeka nthawi yomweyo amakhala ozizira, oyera komanso okosijeni. Sigi akufuna zonse zakumwambazi ndipo, ngati madziwo ali odetsedwa, amatha kuchoka m'dziwe kapena kufa. Nsombazi ndi zatsopano, koma pali mitundu ina yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito nthawi yambiri m'madzi amchere, monga om ndi venderi ya ku Siberia: amatha kukwera kukamwa ndikuyenda nthawi yambiri, kapena kusambira munyanja - koma amayenera kubwerera kumadzi abwino .
Tizilombo toyera tambiri timasambira pamwamba pamadzi ndipo nthawi zambiri timakhala pafupi ndi gombe, koma akuluakulu amakula, nthawi zambiri pamtunda wa 5-7 m, ndipo nthawi zina amatha kulowa m'mitsinje pansi pamtsinje ndikuyamba kusambira pafupi ndi madzi okha. Amakonda kukhala pafupi ndi rapid ndi akasupe ozizira.
Tsopano mukudziwa komwe nsomba yoyera imapezeka. Tiwone zomwe nsomba zimadya.
Kodi nsomba zadyera zimadya chiyani?
Sigi imatha kukhala ndi kumtunda kapena pansi zakudya - ndipo zina zimaphatikiza zonse ziwiri. Ndiye kuti, amatha kusaka nsomba zazing'ono, kapena kunyamula plankton.
Nthawi zambiri nsomba zadyera zimakonda kudya:
Nthawi zambiri amasamukira kukafunafuna malo ochulukirapo amtsinje, amatha kupita kumalo otsika chakudya, ndipo kumapeto kwa nyengo amabwereranso kumitsinje ikuluikulu, kukafunafuna malo omwe amapezeka mwachangu. Nthawi zambiri amadya caviar, kuphatikiza amtundu wawo, komanso amadya mwachangu amtundu wawo. Zoyala zazikulu zadyera zimakonda kuukira mwadzidzidzi, zisanayang'ane nyama yomwe yabisalira. Nsomba ndizosamala, ndipo sizithamangira mwachangu ku nyambo - poyamba imayang'anira momwe ikuwonekera. Nthawi zambiri amaukira gulu limodzi ndi gulu, kotero kuti owazunzawo sangathawe. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zoyera zazikulu zimangobisalira pansi ndikudikirira moleza mtima mpaka nsomba zina zimawadzera, pambuyo pake nkuziponya ndikuzigwira. Wogwiridwayo amatha kukhala nsomba yaying'ono komanso yayikulu, amatha kudya ngakhale abale. Tizilombo ting'onoting'ono tambiri timadyera m'madzi am'mphepete mwa mitsinje, tokhala ndi magulu angapo ang'onoang'ono, ma mollusks, mphutsi, ndi zolengedwa zina zazing'ono zazing'ono. Whitefish yomwe ikukhala pansi imadya benthos - wokhala pamadzi pansi pamtsinje ngati nyongolotsi ndi ma mollusks.
Chosangalatsa: Kumpoto, chakudya chokhala ndi nsomba zoyera ngati suda ndi chotchuka kwambiri. Ndikosavuta kukonzekera: nsomba zatsopano zimafunika kuzifutsa ndi zonunkhira ndipo pambuyo pa ola limodzi lokha mumatha kudya kale mufiriji.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Chithunzi: Whitefish pansi pamadzi
Whitefish imadziwika ndi chobisalira: nthawi zonse amakhala osamala ndikuyesera kukhala kutali ndi nsomba zina zofanana, ndipo kwambiri kuposa kukula kwawo. Nthawi yomweyo, amakhala ankhanza ndipo amakonda kutchera nsomba zazing'ono kuposa iwowo kuchokera m'madziwe. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi asodzi: amagwira nsomba zoyera m'malo ophatikizika ndi zinthu zazing'ono mchaka, pomwe amatha kukumana pafupipafupi, amawononga mwachangu. Zimakhala m'maenje, nthawi zambiri zimadziunjikira zambiri. Kusodza kwa dzinja ndikotheka pa iwo, muyenera kungopeza dzenje.
Mwambiri, machitidwe awo ndi moyo wawo zimasiyana kwambiri kutengera mawonekedwe. Pali nyanja, mitsinje komanso whitefish yosamukasamuka, ndipo zomwe oimira amodzi mwa mitunduyi ndiosiyana kotheratu. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba yomwe imakhala m'madziwe akuluakulu, imagawika m'mphepete mwa nyanja, pelagic komanso nyanja yakuya. Chifukwa chake, nsomba zoyera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja zimakhala pafupi ndi gombelo komanso pafupi ndi madzi - nthawi zambiri zimakhala nthumwi zazing'ono kapena nsomba zazing'ono, pelagic - mdera lomwe lili pakati pa pansi ndi pansi, nyanja yakuya - pansi kwambiri, nthawi zambiri pamiyala yayikulu kwambiri.
Izi zimasankha momwe nsomba zimakhalira, ndipo nsomba zazikuluzikulu zakuya zokhala ndi mawonekedwe ake ndizofanana kwambiri ndi gombe; ziyenera kuwonedwa padera. Whitefish yokhala ndi moyo imatha kukhala zaka 15 mpaka 20, koma pafupifupi ndi yotsika, ndipo nthawi zambiri imagwira nsomba zomwe zimakhala ndi zaka 5-10. Whitefish yaying'ono yamphamvu kwambiri, kwakukulu, imakhala yayikulupo kuposa nsomba zazikuluzikulu zingapo, ndipo imakhala ndi moyo wautali.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: Kodi nsomba zoyera zimawoneka bwanji?
Amuna a Whitefish amakhala okhwima pogonana mchaka chachisanu cha moyo, ndipo chachikazi chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri pambuyo pake. Nthawi yofalikira imayamba kugwa, theka lachiwiri la Seputembala, ndipo imatha kupitilira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira kapena koyambira kwa dzinja. Pakadali pano, nsomba zoyera m'makola akulu zimayenda kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumitsinje, kapena m'mapiri kumtunda kapena m'mitsinje ikuluikulu.
Adzakhala m'malo omwe omwe iwo adabadwira okha. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi madzi osaya, kutentha kwamadzi kopambana ndi 2-5 madigiri. Yaikazi imayikira mazira okwana 15-35, nthawi zambiri izi zimasankha madzi abwinobwino okhala ndi masamba. Akatulutsa chinsomba, amuna kapena akazi akafa - amatha kutulutsa chaka ndi chaka.
Koma makolo satenga nawo mbali pachitetezo cha caviar mwina - kutangwanika kokha, kumangoyandama. Mphutsi zosodwa zokha ndizochepa kwambiri - zosakwana masentimita kutalika. Gawo lodzaza limakhala mwezi ndi theka. Poyamba, mphutsi zimakhalabe pafupi ndi malo obadwira gulu la ziweto ndipo zimadyetsa plankton, ngati ili nyanja kapena madzi abata. Ngati ziwoneka mumtsinje, ndiye kuti zam'munsizi ziziwombera mpaka pomwe zimalowa m'malo opanda phokoso.
Akakula mpaka 3-4 masentimita, amakhala mwachangu, amayamba kudya mphutsi zazing'ono ndi crustaceans yaying'ono. Podzafika chaka cha whitefish chomwe chimayamba kuyenda momasuka mumtsinjewo, amayamba kufunafuna nyama zazikulu - kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, akhala akuchita zikhalidwe zazikulu za munthu wamkulu, ngakhale atakwanitsa zaka zambiri pambuyo pake.
Whitefish zachilengedwe adani
Chiwerengero cha adani a nsomba yayikulu imatha kusiyanasiyana kutengera ndi kukula komwe imakhalamo. Nthawi zina nsomba izi zimathamangitsa nyama zina zonse zazikulu, kenako zimakhala momasuka. Nthawi zina, ambiri aiwo, ndipo iwo eni ake si akulu kwambiri, nsomba zazikuluzikulu zimawagwiritsa ntchito, monga pike, catfish, burbots.
Komabe, zoopsa zina zimachokera m'madzi a nsomba zoyera. Anthu amakhala owopsa kwambiri kwa iwo, chifukwa nsomba zambiri zomwe zimachitidwa ndi nsomba izi, nthawi zina nyambo zimasankhidwa mwapadera, makamaka nthawi yozizira, pamene nsomba zoyera ndi zina mwa nsomba zomwe zimakonda kuluma. Ziwopsezo zambiri m'malo osungira makamaka mwachangu komanso makamaka caviar. Tizilombo tosambira timakonda kudya, ndipo mphutsi zawo zimadyanso caviar. Tizilombo timeneti nthawi zambiri chimakhala chotchinga chachikulu choletsa nsomba zoyera kuzisamba mu dziwe ndikulekanitsa ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba. Komanso, omwe amadana ndi mwachangu ndimayendedwe amadzi, zinkhanira zamadzi, nsikidzi. Omaliza amatha kupha ana obadwa okha, komanso nsomba zazing'ono zazing'ono zomwe zimakula pang'ono - kuluma kwawo kuli ndi poizoni ku nsomba. Mphutsi za chinjoka zimangodya zokha.
Amphibians, ngati achule, newts, nawonso ndi owopsa - amadya masewera osewera ndi nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo ngakhale ma tadpoles awo amakonda caviar. Palinso mbalame zowopsa: abakha amasaka mwachangu, ndipo anyani ndi mbalame za m'madzi zimatha kuukira ngakhale akuluakulu, ngati ndi aang'ono. Tsoka lina ndi helminths. Sigi amadwala helminthiasis nthawi zambiri kuposa nsomba zina zambiri, nthawi zambiri majeremusi amakhala m'matumbo ndi m'matumbo. Pofuna kuti asatenge kachilomboka, nyama iyenera kukonzedwa mosamala kwambiri.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Chithunzi: Whitefish River Fish
Mitundu imaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya mitundu, ndipo maudindo awo amatha kukhala osiyana kwambiri: ena sakhala pachiwopsezo ndipo palibe choletsa pakugwira kwawo, ena atsala pang'ono kutha. M'malo osungira ku Russia, komwe nsomba zoyera kwambiri ndizochulukirapo, zimachitika motere: kuchuluka kwake kumagwera pafupifupi kulikonse. M'mitsinje ina ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja, komwe kunali nsomba zambiri m'mbuyomu, tsopano anthu sangafanane ndi omwe adakhalapo kale. Chifukwa chake nsomba zoyera zimakhudzidwa ndi kugwira nsomba, makamaka makamaka ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, chifukwa kuyera kwamadzi ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa iwo.
Koma chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamitundumitundu, momwe zinthu zilili zimafunikira kupendedwa mosiyana pa chilichonse cha izo. Mwachitsanzo, kugulitsa vesi la ku Europe kuli ponseponse, ndipo mpaka pano anthu ake m'mitsinje ya ku Europe sakhala pachiwopsezo. Zomwezo ndi om, omwe amakhala kwambiri m'mitsinje ya Siberia komanso ku North America. Akupitilizabe kugwira ma pygian kumtsinje wakumpoto wa Russia - mpaka pano palibe mavuto ndi kuchuluka kwake komwe kwawonekera, kummawa - ku Siberia, Chukotka, Kamchatka, komanso ku Canada, akupitiliza kugwira chira, mpaka pano palibe chomwe chikuwopseza.
Koma nsomba za Atlantic zimapezeka m'mitundu yosatetezeka, chifukwa kuchuluka kwawo kwatsika kwambiri chifukwa chakuwedza, chifukwa chake aletsa ziletso. Chinanso chomwe chimawopseza ndi nsomba yoyera, yomwe imadziwika kuti imayimira mtundu. Pali nsomba zodziwika bwino zodziwika bwino, zamtundu wina zimapezeka mu Red Book.
Chosangalatsa: Whitefish ndi nsomba yowonongeka, yamafuta, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizike kuti ndi zatsopano: ngati nsomba zoyera zimasungidwa kapena kusungidwa m'malo osavomerezeka, zitha kupakidwa poizoni.
Whitefish walonda
Chithunzi: Red Book Sig
Umu ndi momwe zinthu ziliri ndi anthu: Mitundu ina imaloledwa kugwidwa momasuka, ina imatetezedwa ndi malamulo. Zomwe zimayikidwa m'malire a boma zimapambananso pamenepa: ngakhale mitundu yomweyo ikhoza kuloledwa kugwidwa m'dziko limodzi ndikuletsedwa kwina, ngakhale amagawana mtsinje womwewo.
Ku Russia, mitundu ingapo ndiyotetezedwa. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa nsomba za mtundu wa Volkhov kudasokonekera chifukwa chakumanga kwa nyumba yamagetsi yamagetsi pamtsinje mu 1926 - nsomba zidatsekedwa kuti zitha kufikira malo osungika, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo anthu ake azisamalidwa mothandizidwa ndi zobereketsa. Mbedza zodziwika bwino zomwe zimakhala ku Transbaikalia zimatetezedwanso: zisanachitike, nsomba zodziwikiratu zinkachitika, ndipo mazana a matani a nsomba adagwidwa, koma kuponderezana kumeneku kunasowetsa mtendere anthu. Nsomba zodziwika bwino zimatetezedwa kumadera ena a Russia.
Mitundu isanu imakhala m'malo osungirako a Koryak Autonomous Okrug nthawi imodzi, omwe sapezeka kulikonse, ndipo onse amatetezedwa ndi lamulo: adagwidwa mwachangu kale, chifukwa chomwe kuchuluka kwa mitundu iliyonse yamtunduwu kudatsika kwambiri. Ngati m'mbuyomu adatetezedwa pokhapokha pamalo osungiramo, tsopano amawongolera pamasamba a nsomba zomwe zili kunja kwake.
Mitundu ina ya nsomba zoyera imatetezedwanso m'maiko ena: kuli mitundu yambiri yamayiko ndi madera omwe amakhala mdera lawo kuti azikalemba zonse. Njira zothandizira kuchuluka kwa anthu zimatha kukhala zosiyana: Kuletsa kapena kuletsa kugwira, kulengedwa kwa malo otetezedwa, kuwongolera kwa mpweya woipa, Ulimi wa nsomba wokumba.
Whitefish - nsombazi ndizokoma kwambiri, ndikukhala kumpoto komwe kuli nkhokwe zambiri, motero ndizofunika kwambiri. Chifukwa chakuwedza, mitundu ina ya zinsomba yasowa kwambiri, chifukwa chake njira zimafunikira kuteteza ndi kubwezeretsa chiwerengero cha anthu. Ndizosatheka kuloleza kutsika kwake, apo ayi nkhokwe zakumpoto zitaya nzika zofunika.
Malo nsomba zapa nsomba
M'malo mwa nsomba izi paliponse. Oimira banja la salimoni amatha kupezeka munyanja za Pacific ndi Atlantic, komanso matupi amadzi oyera a North Hemisphere. Malo akuluakulu kwambiri omwe amawonekera pamitundu iyi amtundu wa Kamchatka, Sakhalin ndi zilumba za Kuril.
Kwambiri, iyi ndi nsomba yamalonda komanso yamtengo wapatali ya banja la nsomba; kukolola kwake, monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kumachitika osati kokha ndi nyama yokoma, komanso red caviar.
Khalidwe
Nsomba zapa nsomba za Salmon zili ndi gawo limodzi lodziwika. Zili choncho chifukwa chakuti nthumwi iliyonse yamtunduwu, ngakhale nsomba zam'madzi a kumpoto kwa banja la nsomba, zimatulukira m'mitsinje yamadzi oyera. Mwachitsanzo, anthu a ku Pacific amakonda kwambiri mitsinje ya Kamchatka. Munthawi imeneyi, maonekedwe a nsomba amasintha kupitilira kuzindikira, amasiyana mitundu komanso mawonekedwe. Ndipo mtundu wa nyama panthawiyi umachepetsedwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kusodza nsomba ndikamabvumizidwa ndizoletsedwa.
Pafupifupi nsomba zonse zimasungunuka pambuyo pake. Kuphatikiza apo, banja la nsomba limasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu ina ya nsomba ndi kukhalapo kwa mzere wotsatira.
Mitundu ya nsomba ya banja la nsomba
Mwa nsomba zamtunduwu mumapezeka madzi abwino komanso osamuka. Malinga ndi gawoli, pali magawano ogawana. Ndi nsomba ziti za banja la nsomba zomwe zilipo?
- Salmoni wakumpoto kapena nsomba.
- Whitefish.
- Nelma.
- Whitefish.
- Salimoni yapinki.
- Coho nsomba
- Chum.
- Chinook nsomba.
- Masimoni ofiira.
- Nsomba ya trauti.
Kufotokozera mwachidule za nsomba za nsomba. Salimoni
Tiyeni tikambirane mwatsatanetsatane zina zomwe nsomba za banja la nsomba. Mndandandawu umayamba ndi nsomba za kumpoto (zolemekezeka) kapena nsomba. Mitundu yayikuluyi komanso yokongola yam'madzi imakhala m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera. Nyama ya woimira salimoni iyi ndi yokoma kwambiri komanso yofewa, yofiira kwambiri. Muli ndi michere ndi mavitamini osiyanasiyana. Salmon imasiyanitsidwa ndi kukula kwake kwakukulu, kutalika kwake mpaka mita 1.5 ndi kulemera kwa 40 kg. Ndi mtengo wake, nyama ya salon ndiokwera mtengo kuposa ena onse oimira banja la nsomba.
Thupi la salimoni lophimbidwa ndi mamba a siliva ang'onoang'ono; mawanga omwe ali pamzere wapansi mulibe. Izi nsomba za banja la salmon zimadya crustaceans ndi nsomba zazing'ono munyanja. Akayamba kumera, amasiya kudya, motero amachepetsa thupi kwambiri. Pofika nyengo yakukhwima, mawonekedwe a nsomba amasintha kwambiri: thupi la nsomba limachita khungu, mawanga ofiira a lalanje amawoneka mbali ndi mutu. Amuna, nsagwada zimasinthanso; kumtunda kwake, mawonekedwe akunyumba, olowera m'nsagwada yam'munsi.
Ziphuphu za Salimoni pakugwa, m'malo ena komanso nthawi yozizira. Kutentha kwamadzi m'malo otumphuka sikupitirira madigiri 6, kotero kukula kwamazira kumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Mwezi wa May okha ana amayamba kuwononga mazira kenako ndikumakhala kwa nthawi yayitali m'madzi atsopano. Achinyamata sasiyana konse ndi abale awo achikulire - ndiwofatsa komanso wokongola. Pambuyo pazaka 5, amafika kumapiri ndipo, okufika masentimita 9-18, amapita kunyanja. Pakadali pano, matupi awo amaphimbidwa ndi mamba a siliva.
Whitefish
Whitefish imakhala mu Nyanja ya Caspian. Monga nthumwi zambiri zamtundu wa nsomba, nsomba zoyera zimakhala ndi nyengo yozizira komanso masika. Izi nsomba zakumpoto za banja la nsomba, monga nsomba zina zonse, zimadya. Panyanja, amadya abale ang'ono: hering'i, gobies, komanso crustaceans ndi tizilombo. Panthawi yophukira, iye samadya chilichonse m'mitsinje chifukwa chake amachepetsa kwambiri; mafuta omwe amapezeka munyengo imeneyi sapitilira 2%.
Iye ndi amodzi mwa nsomba zamtengo wapatali kwambiri. Nyama yake imakhala ndi zopatsa mphamvu zochepa. Whitefish imasankha Mtsinje wa Volga ndi mabungwe ake monga malo otumphukira. Imafika kutalika kopitilira mita, kulemera kwa 3 mpaka 14 makilogalamu, ndi kulemera kwa akazi - 8,6 kg, amuna - 6 kg. Whitefish imayamba kukhwima pazaka 6-7.
Nelma
Nelma ndi wachibale wa mitundu yapitayo. Malo omwe amakhala ndi mabeseni amtsinje wa Ob ndi Irtysh. Ili ndi kulemera kwa 3 mpaka 12 kg (pali anthu ena akuluakulu olemera mpaka 30 makilogalamu) komanso kutalika kwa masentimita 130. Nelma amaimira banja la nsomba za nsomba, chithunzi chomwe chili m'nkhaniyi chikuwonetsa momwe chikuwonekera. Ali ndi sikelo zazikulu zasiliva, caviar yaying'ono. Izi ndi nsomba zomwe zimakula pang'onopang'ono. Imafika zaka 20 mpaka 18, kutengera malo. Chovala chokomera panthawi yoluka sichimasiyana kwenikweni ndi chizolowezi. M'kamwa mwa nsomba yoyimirayi ndi yokulirapo, ngati nsomba. Ndipo kapangidwe ka chigaza chimasiyanitsidwa ndi nelma kuchokera ku nsomba ndi nsomba zoyera. Pankhani ya kukoma, nyama ya nelma imakhala yochepa kwambiri kuposa nyama yoyera.
Whitefish
Gulu laling'ono lalikulu lomwe limakhala ndi nsomba zoyera za salmon, mndandanda wamtunduwu ndi motere:
- Omul.
- Tugun.
- Wobwereketsa waku Siberia (Ob herring).
Thupi la nsomba zoyera limakanikizidwa pambuyo pake, ndipo mawonekedwe a nsagwada amatengera chakudya. Mwachilengedwe, pali oyimilira ang'onoang'ono amtunduwu (vendace amalemera pafupifupi 400 g) ndi anthu akuluakulu (mwachitsanzo, a lomweli woposa 3 kg). Chosangalatsa: mutatha kutuluka, aol amabwerera kwawo - kumapeto a mitsinje. Nyama ya nsomba zoyera ndizoyera komanso zanthete. Kukoma kwake kumatengera malo omwe agwidwa. Chosangalatsa cha malo okhalamo, chimasangalatsa nyama.
Far East ndi Pacific Salmon
Ngati tilingalira za oyimilira a Far East ndi Pacific a fauna a nsomba, titha kunena kuti banja la nsomba limaphatikizapo: nsomba za pinki, salmon, sockeye nsomba, chinook salmon, coho salmon. Otsiriza ndiye nsomba yamafuta ochepa kwambiri - 6%. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo, nsomba za Coho nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kuti nsomba za siliva (m'masiku akale - nsomba zoyera). Imatha kulemera makilogalamu 14, kutalika kwake kupitilira masentimita 80. Koma ambiri mwa anthu wamba, wolemera makilogalamu 7-8, amagulitsidwa. Coho salmon kumera mochedwa kuposa ma salmonids onse - kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Marichi, nthawi zina ngakhale pansi pa ayezi. Mukatulutsa, zazimuna ndi zazimuna za scoon zimakhala zakuda. Nyanja, amakhala pang'ono ndipo zaka 2-3 amapita pokhwima. Uyu ndiye woimira kwambiri thermophilic wa nsomba ku Pacific. M'zaka zaposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa nsomba za Coho kwatsika kwambiri.
Salimoni ya pinki ndi nsomba yomwe imakhala yoyamba kusodza pofuna kugulitsa. Nyama yake imakhala ndi mafuta pafupifupi 7.5%. Koma nsomba za pinki zimakhalanso nsomba zocheperako za banja ili, zolemera zake siziposa 2 kg. Kutalika kwa munthu ndi pafupifupi masentimita 70. Thupi lake limakutidwa ndi mamba ang'onoang'ono. M'nyanja, imapakidwa utoto wamasiliva, mchirawo umakutidwa ndi masamba ang'onoang'ono amdima. M'mitsinje, mtundu wa nsomba za pinki umasintha: mawanga amdima amaphimba mutu ndi mbali. Panthawi yophukira, mankhwalawa amakula amuna, nsagwada zimatalika ndikugwada. Nsomba zokongola panthawiyi zimangokhala zoyipa.
Maonekedwe a Chinook amafanana ndi nsomba zazikulu. Ndi nsomba yamtengo wapatali kwambiri komanso yayikulu kwambiri ku mitundu yonse ya Far East ya nsomba. Kukula wamba kwa chinook salmon kumafika masentimita 90. Kumbuyo, mchira ndi mafala omaliza amakutidwa ndi timiyala tating'ono takuda. M'madzi am'nyanja, nsomba zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi moyo kuyambira zaka 4 mpaka 7. Awa ndi oyimilira okonda banja la nsomba. Nsomba zamchere zonse za Pacific zimamera kamodzi m'moyo ndipo posakhalitsa zimafa pambuyo pake.
Nsomba ya Chum ndiyonso nsomba yamafuta ochepa. Ngakhale izi, mafuta omwe amapezeka mu nyama ndi apamwamba kuposa mafuta a pinki. Ichi ndi mitundu yayikulu, yofalikira komanso yochulukirapo ya banja lapa salmon laku Far. Imatha kutalika kuposa 1 mita. Keta amadziwika bwino ndi caviar yake yayikulu yowala lalanje.
Zovala zam'madzi zomwe nsomba zamasamba amavalira ndizopaka siliva, zilibe mikwingwirima kapena malo. M'mitsinje, nsomba zimasinthira mtundu wake kukhala wachikaso chakuda wokhala ndi mikwingwirima yakuda. Pakutuluka, thupi la chum limakhala lakuda bii. Kukula kwa mano, makamaka amuna, kukuchulukirachulukira. Ndipo nyamayo imakhala yopanda mafuta, yoyera komanso yoyaka. Nsomba imacha kuponya mazira kwa zaka 3-5 moyo. Iyamba kufalikira m'mitsinje ya Siberia:
Masimoni ofiira
Lingalirani za mtundu wina wa oyimira Far East, uyu ndi nsomba ya nsomba ya nsomba - sockeye salmon. Ndizosangalatsa chifukwa munthu amene agwidwa munyanja amakhala ndi mtundu wofiira. Nthawi zina amatchedwa nsomba zofiira. Nyama yake imakhala ndi kukoma kwabwino kwambiri. Ndipo ikatulutsa, imasandulika yoyera. Kukula kwa woimira banja la salmon sikupita 80 cm, kulemera kwakukulu kumakhala kuyambira 2 mpaka 4 kg. Salmon ya Sockeye siofala kwambiri m'dziko lathu monga nsomba za pinki ndi salimoni. Imalowa m'mitsinje yokha ya Kamchatka, Anadyr, mitsinje ya zilumba za Kuril.
Nsomba zofiira ndi mtundu wokonda kuzizira kwa nsomba. Simuyipeza munyanja, pomwe kutentha kumatentha kwambiri kuposa 2 degrees. Coskeye caviar ndi yaying'ono - 4.7 mm, ofiira kwambiri. Chovala chokomera cha sockeye ndichothandiza kwambiri: kumbuyo ndi mmbali zake ndi ofiira, mutu ndiwobiliwira, zipsepse ndi zofiira magazi. Zimamera mu dziwe komanso m'malo momwe madzi amatuluka. Nsomba zofiila zokhwima zimakonda kukhala mchaka cha 5-6 cha moyo. Panyanja, imadyera makamaka ma crustaceans a fauna.
Nsomba ya trauti
Izi nsomba za banja la nsomba zimapezeka ku Onega, Ladoga Nyanja ndi matupi ena amadzi a Karelia ndi Kola Peninsula, ndipo zimatha kuwonekanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baltic ndi White. Trout imabwera m'mitundu ingapo:
- Scottish
- Alpine.
- European.
- Waku America
- Mtsinje.
- Nyanja.
- Utawaleza.
Amakonda nsomba zamadzi oyera a banja la nsomba kuti azisungamo ozizira ndi madzi oyera. Nyanja trout ndizosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu. Oimira mtundu wa nsomba zamtunduwu akhala zinthu zomwe zimafunikira kusaka komanso kusaka nyama. Brook trout nthawi zambiri amatchedwa pestle chifukwa cha mtundu wake wowala; trout trown ili ndi dzina lachiwiri - trout.
Pestle amakula mpaka 25cm komanso kulemera mpaka 500. Amakonda mitsinje yachangu komanso yozizira. Zimamera m'dzinja kapena nthawi yozizira. Golide wonyezimira wagolide wokhala ndi malo ambiri akuda. Mitundu ya nsomba imeneyi imakhala yayikulupo kuposa mitsinje yamadzi. Amafika kutalika kwa 50 cm ndipo amalemera mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu (ngakhale anthu ena amakula mpaka 8 makilogalamu). Nyanja zikuluzikulu zimayambira mwezi wa Seputembala mpaka Januware, kutengera ndi madzi am'madzi, kaya pamitsinje yokhala ndi mwala pansi, kapena m'madziwe, m'malo omwe makiyi amenyedwa. Zakudya za Trout - nsomba zazing'ono, tizilombo ndi mphutsi, nyama zamkati. Nyama ya Trout imakhala yowoneka bwino, koma yokoma komanso yofewoka ngati ya oimira ena a nsomba, kuphatikiza, imathandizanso.
Nyama yamtengo wapatali komanso yokoma, caviar wofiira adapangitsa banja la nsomba kukhala mtundu wotchuka wamalonda. Kugwidwa kosavomerezeka kwa nsomba imeneyi kumakhala kwakukulu. Zotsatira zake, mitundu yambiri ya nsomba imalembedwa mu Red Book ndipo ikutetezedwa ndi boma.
Zochita ndi zokonda
Khalidwe lodziwika bwino kwa banja lonse ndi moyo waphukusi, lomwe limapangidwa molingana ndi zaka za anthu. Zokonda za Whitefish ndi madzi ozizira osadziwikiratu, omwe amapezeka ndi mpweya, womwe nthawi zambiri umapezeka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje komanso m'madziwe. Pakadali pano, gulu la nsomba zoyera zimathamangitsa nthumwi za mitundu ina ya nsomba m dzenje. Monga lamulo, zokulitsa nsomba, zimapitilira kuchokera kumtunda.
Kuchepetsa mphamvu mu nsomba, banja limapezeka pa zaka pafupifupi zitatu, ndipo m'mitundu ina, chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri pambuyo pake. Kutuluka kwa nyanja ndi madzi oyera kumachitika m'njira zofananira - onse, kuphatikiza nyanja, amakwerera kumitsinje ndi mitsinje yake. Imagona nsomba zoyera kugwa madzi akayamba kuzizira kuposa madigiri asanu. Malo owuluka ndi maenje akuya ndi madzi abata a mitsinje, otambasuka. Pano, caviar amachiritsa mpaka masika, pomwe mwachangu amawonekera kuchokera mazira ndi madzi ofunda.
Zakudya za banja la azinsomba, monga nyama zonse zomwe zimadyera, ndizachizilombo: zolengedwa zam'mimba ndi mbozi (mphutsi, mbozi ndi mbozi, ntchentche za caddis ndi kachilomboka. Kutengera msinkhu komanso, makulidwe a nyama yomwe amadya yokha, imagwira nsomba zomwe ndizocheperako. Koma pali ena mwa okonda nsomba za azungu omwe amatengedwa kuchokera pansi, komanso omnivores - ena omwe amadyera.
Nthawi yawo yamoyo pafupifupi awiri leT, koma nthawi zambiri nsomba zamiseche zimagwidwa. Zoyala zazikulu kwambiri nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazitali kupitirira theka la mita, ndipo zazikulu zazing'ono - kuchokera pamtunda umodzi mpaka theka.
Mitundu ya Whitefish
Monga lamulo, nsomba zoyera zimasiyanitsidwa m'magulu osiyanasiyana malinga ndi malo pakamwa pawo. Pakamwa pamatha kuwongoleredwa kumtunda - pakamwa pam'tsogolo, kutsogolo - komaliza, ndi pansi - pakamwa pansipa.
Pakamwa pake pali nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimadya zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi madzi. Izi ndi tizilombo komanso ma invertebrates - nyongolotsi ndi mbozi. Nsomba zokhala ndi kamwa yapamwamba zimayimiridwa makamaka vendace yaku Europe (ripus) ndi imodzi yayikulu ya Siberia. Nyumbayi ndi yotalika mpaka theka la mita, imakhala m'malo omwe mitsinje imalowa m'madzi amchere a nyanja, ndipo pafupifupi sizimapezeka m'madzi. Makulidwe-kukula, uyu ndi wokhalamo nyanja. Mitundu yonse iwiri yotsatsira ndi yogulitsa.
Sigi yokhala ndi kamwa kutsogolo (kumapeto) imanenanso za usodzi. Omul ndi nsomba yayikulu, yoposa theka la mita, yomwe imakhala, ngati vendace, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'chigawo cha mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda munyanja, pomwe imawombera. Zakudya za chom zimaphatikizapo crustaceans ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Baikal ej ndi mtundu wina wa nsomba zoyera. Mtundu wina wamtsinje wam'madzi ndi nsomba zoyamba (tchizi), sizilowa m'madzi am'nyanja, koma yayikulu monga vendace ndi om, kutalika kwake kuli ngati theka la mita. Anatengedwera kumalo osungirako a South Urals, komwe magawo ake siopatsa chidwi. Palinso wachibale wina wa nsomba zokhala ndi mlomo wowala - tugun, yemwe amakhala m'mitsinje ya Siberia. Kutalika kwake sikupita masentimita makumi awiri.
Sigi yokhala ndi kamunsi kotsika amakhala m'malo osungira aku Russia, pali mitundu isanu ndi iwiri. Koma pakadali pano, ntchito ikupita kuti ipatule, ndipo sizikupanga nzeru kupereka chidziwitso kwa iwo.
Nsomba zoyera
Mitundu yoyambira mitsinje - dzina lake, wokhala m'mitsinje, pomwe imachokera kunyanja kapena nyanja yayikulu ikamasunthira kukaphulika. Kulemera kwake kwabwinobwino kumakhala pafupifupi kilogalamu, sikumaposa ma kilogalamu awiri. Mu nyanjayi nsomba zoyera zimangokhala nthawi ya chisanu, nthawi zina zonse za chaka kumakhala ndi moyo wamtsinje. M'malo mwake, ndimtchire kapena whitefish yosamukasamuka yoyanjana ndi moyo wamtsinje. Caviar mumtundu wamtunduwu wa nsomba zoyera umakhala wambiri - mpaka mazira 50,000 ndi opepuka pang'ono kuposa trout caviar.
Pechora whitefish, chom chotchuka kwambiri, za zomwe zatchulidwa kale pamwambapa, pred, chir.Pelyad amafikira kutalika kwa theka la mita ndi kulemera kwama kilogalamu atatu. Chir imakhala yayikulupo, imatha kulemera makilogalamu khumi, imakhala m'madzi amphepete mwa mitsinje ya Pechora ndi njira zake.
Baikal ej amafika kulemera mpaka ma kilogalamu asanu ndi awiri, chakudya chake ndi cha crisaceans chaching'ono cha epishura, chomwe sichikhala chokwanira chomwe chimangopitilira kudya trifles za nsomba. Kuyambira mwezi wa Seputembala, Emm amatuluka kukhala mitsinje, kukonzekera kutuluka. Pamalo omwe malo amawonekera, masamba am'midzi ya Baikal amadziwika:
- Angarsk - kukhwima koyambirira, wazaka zisanu, koma ndi kukula pang'onopang'ono,
- Selenginsky - kukhwima ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri, kukula msanga,
- Chivyrkuisky - amenenso akukula msanga, amapita kukapezeka mu Okutobala.
Kutulutsa kwa Omul kumatha pamene matope ayamba kale kuwonekera pamtsinje ndi kusefuka kubwerera ku Nyanja ya Baikal kwa dzinja. Panthawi ina, nsomba zinali kugwidwa kwambiri ndi asodzi ogulitsa, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kunachepetsedwa, tsopano njira zikuchitidwa kuti ndikubala mwalawa.