Nyengo ndi yotentha kotheratu, makamaka chifukwa cha kulowa kwa mafunde am'mlengalenga kuchokera ku Atlantic komanso mpweya wotumphukira.
Kutentha kwa nyengo yozizira kumakhala -10-15 ° С, mu Urals mpaka -20 ° С, chilimwe + 20 + 25 ° С. Mitsempha ya mpweya wa Arctic imayendera limodzi ndi madzi oundana mpaka 30-30 ° C ndipo imayambitsa chisanu. M'nyengo yotentha, mphepo zochokera m'malo otentha zimakweza kutentha + 30 + 35 ° C, kubweretsa chilala.
Kukula kwamadzi ndi 600-700 mm / chaka ndi mvula yambiri.
Ntchito zachuma
Kuchita kwachuma m'nkhalango zambiri za Russia kumalumikizidwa ndi dothi lachonde komanso kupanga ma phosphorites ndi glauconite.
Masiku ano, malo ndi minda yolima imapezeka m'malo a nkhalango, nkhalango nazonso zidasowa m'malo amigodi, ndipo nkhalango za Prioksko-Terrasny, Bryansk ndi zina zachilengedwe zapangidwa kuti zisunge madera achilengedwe.
Zomera
Mitengo yokhala ndi mitengo yambiri ndi yosiyanasiyana. M'malo apamwamba mumakhala mitengo, mitengo, mapira, mitengo. M'maluwa ophuka, apulo wamtchire ndi peyala, hazel, mtengo wopota wa masamba, zipatso za zipatso, viburnum, chitumbuwa cha mbalame.
Chith. 1. Mtengo wopindika ndi warty.
Zitsamba zimayimiridwa ndi sedges, ferns, chives, mahatchi, nivyanik, kusaiwala ine ndi mbewu zina.
Masika a ephemeroids amphaka ndiofala - chipale chofewa, chisoti chofunda, anemone, anyezi wa tsekwe, zomwe zimawoneka kuchokera pansi pa chipale chofewa ndipo zimazimiririka mwachangu mpaka nyengo yamasika.
Chith. 2. Prioksko-Terrasny nkhokwe, galanthus kapena chipale chofewa.
Nyama
Kupezeka kwa mitundu yochokera kunkhalango zosakanikirana (zimbalangondo zofiirira, elk, lynx) ndi mitundu yakwanuko (ngwazi zofiira, nkhumba zamtchire, agwape, makoswe, mileme) ndizodziwika.
Kuyambira 1948, a Prioksko-Terrasnyi Zapovednik akhala akugwirizanitsa njati zolembedwera ku Red Book of Russia; nthawi yonseyi njati zoposa 600 zabadwa kuno, omwe abwerera kumalo awo akale ku Russia, Belarus ndi maiko ena; lero kuli anthu 50 m khola.
Chith. 3. Njati ku Prioksko-Terrasny Reserve.
Bonasi
- Mayeso Ogwirizana
- Nyama ndi mbewu za steppe
- Nyama za kuchipululu zaku Russia
- Mitengo yosakanikirana ndi yopanda chidwi
- Nyama za mchipululu Malo okhala nkhalango zotetezedwa ku Russia
- Makhalidwe a Taiga
- Nyama zakuthengo
- Makampani opangira ziweto
- Dziko lanyama ku Russia
- Zachilengedwe zaku Far East
- Zinyama
- Kuthekera kwachilengedwe ku Russia
- Usodzi
Mwa zofuna zodziwika, mutha tsopano: kupulumutsa zotsatira zanu zonse, kupeza mfundo ndi kutenga nawo mbali pazonse.
- 1. Polad Ismailov 503
- 2. Murad Alekperov 499
- 3. Valentin Drugakov 348
- 4. Vagif Ismailov 260
- 5. Adelia Avkhadeeva 255
- 6. Katya Deeva 249
- 7. Tatyana Galkina 193
- 8. Daria Markelova 192
- 9. Ksenia @@ 175
- 10. Julia Zharikova 164
- 1. Kristina Volosocheva 19,120
- 2. Ekaterina 18,721
- 3. Julia Bronnikova 18,580
- 4. Darth Vader 17,856
- 5. Alina Saibel 16,787
- 6. Maria Nikolaevna 15,775
- 7. Larisa Samodurova 15,735
- 8. Liza 15,165
- 9. TorkMen 14.876
- 10. Vlad Lubenkov 13.530
Omwe amachita nawo sabata yonse:
- 1. Victoria Neumann - khadi yamalonda yogulitsa mabuku kwa ma ruble 500.
- 2. Bulat Sadykov - khadi yamalonda yogulitsa mabuku kwa ma ruble 500.
- 3. Daria Volkova - ogulitsa mphatso pamakadi 500 ma ruble.
Opambana atatu omwe apambana mayeso 1:
- 1. Natalya Starostina - khadi yamalonda yogulitsa mabuku kwa ma ruble 500.
- 2. Nikolay Z - khadi yamalonda yogulitsa mabuku kwa ma ruble 500.
- 3. David Melnikov - khadi yamalonda yogulitsa mabuku kwa ma ruble 500.
Makhadi amagetsi (code), adzatumizidwa m'masiku akubwera ndi uthenga wa Vkontakte kapena imelo.
Nkhalango zowola
Nkhalango zokulirapo za ku Europe ndizovuta zachilengedwe. Zaka mazana ochepa zapitazo, adalanda ambiri ku Europe ndipo anali m'modzi wolemera kwambiri padziko lapansi. Mu XVI - XVII zaka mazana ambiri. nkhalango zachilengedwe za oak zidamera pa malo a mahekitala miliyoni, ndipo masiku ano, malinga ndi thumba la nkhalangoyi, kulibe mahekala oposa 100,000. Chifukwa chopitilira zaka mazana ambiri, malo a nkhalangozi achepera. Amapangidwa ndi mitengo yabwino kwambiri yokhala ndi masamba akuluakulu, nkhalango zokulirapo ndizofala kum'mawa kwa North America, Europe, Northern China, Japan, ndi Far East. Amakhala pakati pa nkhalango zosakanikirana kumpoto ndi mapiri, Mediterranean kapena zomera zam'mwera.
Nkhalango zokhala ndi mapiri otambalala zimamera malo okhala ndi nyengo yanyontho komanso yotentha, yomwe imadziwika ndi kugawa kwamvula yofananira (kuyambira 400 mpaka 600 mm) pachaka chonse komanso kutentha kwambiri. Kutentha kwapakati pa Januware ndi -8 ... 0 ° C, ndipo mu Julayi + 20 ... + 24 ° C. Kutentha komanso kotentha nyengo, komanso kugwira ntchito kwa zinthu za nthaka (mabakiteriya, bowa, ma invertebrates) zimathandizira kuti masamba awundike kwambiri komanso kuti azitha kuzungulira. M'madambo otambalala, m'nthaka zodula zobiriwira komanso dothi lofiirira limapangidwa, ndipo nthawi zambiri pamakhala mitengo yambiri.
Chingwe chapamwamba kwambiri m'nkhalango izi chimakhala ndi oak, beech, Hornbeam ndi linden. Ku Europe kuli phulusa, elm, mapulo, elm. Phula limapangidwa ndi zitsamba - hazel, warty spindle mtengo, honeysuckle wamtchire. Mu dothi lokwera komanso lalitali la nkhalango zowirira za ku Europe zomwe zimatalikirana kwambiri ndizobisalira, udzu wobiriwira, udzu wosokonekera, medunica, woodruff, sedge, kasupe ephemeroids: Corydalis, anemone, chipale chofewa, kuphukira, anyezi a goose ndi ena. chokhacho kumtunda uku. M'nkhalango zowirira za kum'mwera chakum'mwera, beech ya kumwera imapambana.
Mitengo yamakono yokhala ndi mitengo yambiri yamitundu yayitali yopanga zisanu mpaka zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo, pamene dziko lapansi linali kukutentha komanso mitundu yayikulu ya mitengo ikhoza kupita kumpoto kwambiri. Kwa zaka zikwizikwi zotsatira, nyengo idayamba kuzizira ndipo nkhalango zowonongera pang'ono pang'ono zidachepa. Popeza dothi labwino kwambiri kuchokera kudera lonselo lidapangidwa pansi pa nkhalangoyi, nkhalangoyi zidadulidwa kwambiri, ndipo malo olimapo adakhalapo. Kuphatikiza apo, thundu, lomwe limakhala ndi mitengo yolimba kwambiri, linagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pomanga.
Ulamuliro wa Peter I inali nthawi yoti Russia ipange zombo zoyenda panyanja. "Lingaliro la Tsar" limafuna nkhuni zambiri zamtundu wapamwamba, motero malo omwe amatchedwa kuti sitima amayang'aniridwa mosamala. Anthu okhala m'nkhalango ndi malo okhala m'nkhalango amadula mwachangu nkhalango zomwe sizinali gawo lotetezedwa pamtunda wamiyala. Mkati mwa zaka za XIX. nthawi yomwe zombo zapamadzi zimatha, zombo zam'madzi zidasiya kulondera, ndipo nkhalango zidayamba kuchepa kwambiri.
Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 Zidutswa zokhazokha zomwe zidalumikizana kale komanso zokulunga m'nkhalango zotambalala zomwe zimasungidwa. Ngakhale pamenepo, adayesa kubzala mitengo yatsopano, koma izi zidakhala zovuta: mitengo yaying'ono ya oak idafa chifukwa cha chilala chambiri. Kafukufuku wochitidwa motsogozedwa ndi wasayansi wamkulu wa jogala waku Russia V.V. Dokuchaev, adawonetsa kuti masokawa adalumikizidwa ndi kudula mitengo mwachidwi ndipo, chifukwa chake, zosintha mu kayendedwe ka hydrological ndi nyengo yam'deralo.
Komabe, m'zaka za zana la 20, nkhalango za oak zotsalazo zidadulidwa kwambiri. Tizilombo touluka komanso nyengo yozizira ya kumapeto kwa zaka zam'tsogolo zapangitsa kuti nkhalango zamtchire zitheke.
Masiku ano, m'malo ena kumene m'nkhalangozi pamamera nkhalango zazikulu, nkhalangozi ndi mitengo yobzala, momwe mitundu yambiri ya mitengo imafalikira. Ndikosatheka kubwezeretsa kapangidwe ndi mphamvu za nkhalango zachilengedwe za oak osati ku Russia, koma ku Europe konse (komwe anakumanapo ndi chidwi cha anthropogenic).
Makhalidwe
Zomwe zimachitika m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino ndizoti zimatha kusiyanitsa mitengo iwiri. Mmodzi wa iwo ndiwokwezeka, winayo ndi wotsika. Nkhalango zoterezi, maudzu omwe alipo kale amakula timiyala itatu, chivundikiro cha nthaka chikuyimiriridwa ndi lichens ndi mosses.
Chowonera china chake ndi mawonekedwe opepuka. Munkhalango zoterezi, nsonga ziwiri zowala ndizosiyanitsidwa. Yoyamba imawonedwa mchaka, pomwe mitengo sinakhale yokutidwa ndi masamba. Lachiwiri - mu kugwa, pomwe masamba akuonda. M'chilimwe, kulowa pang'ono ndizochepa. Njira yomwe ili pamwambapa ikufotokoza mawonekedwe a chivundikiro cha udzu.
Dothi la m'nkhalango zotambalala bwino muli mitundu yambiri ya michere. Zikuwoneka chifukwa cha kuwola kwa zinyalala zazomera. Mitengo yodula mitengo ili ndi phulusa. Makamaka zambiri zake mumasamba - pafupifupi magawo asanu. Ash, nayenso, ali ndi calcium yambiri (makumi awiri peresenti ya zonse). Mulinso potaziyamu (pafupifupi magawo awiri) ndi silicon (mpaka atatu peresenti).
Mitengo yodula mitengo
Mitengo yamtunduwu imadziwika ndi mitundu yambiri yamitengo. Omaliza pano akhoza kuwerengetsa pafupifupi khumi. Mwachitsanzo, nkhalango zowirira za taiga sizachuma pankhaniyi. Cholinga chake ndikuti nyengo za nyengo yozizira kwambiri ya taiga sizikomera kukula ndi kukula kwa maluwawo. Mitengo yambiri yamitengo yofunika dothi kuphatikizika ndi nyengo sikungokhala m'mikhalidwe yovuta.
Kummwera kwa dera la Tula kuli nkhalango yodziwika bwino. Zimapereka lingaliro labwino kwambiri la momwe nkhalango zotambalala zingakhalire. Dothi lamaderali ndilabwino pakukula kwa mitengo monga petioles, lindens-lilyens lindens, holly ndi mapu a minda, phulusa wamba, elm, elm, apulo wamtchire ndi peyala. Mitengo ya thundu ndi phulusa ndiwokwera kwambiri, ndikutsatira mapulo a holly, elms ndi lindens. Otsika kwambiri ndi mapulo akumunda, mapeyala akutchire ndi mitengo ya maapulo. Monga lamulo, malo otchuka ndi oak, ndipo mitengo ina yonseyo imakhala ngati satelayiti.
Ganizirani mwatsatanetsatane oimira pamwambapa a dendroflora.
- Oak. Ndilo nkhalango yayikulu yopangira nthambi zamitundu yonse ku Europe. Cherry oak ndi imodzi mwamitengo yayitali kwambiri komanso yayitali. Imapezeka m'malo a anthu pawokha. Chifukwa cha kuthekera kwa thundu kulekerera kudulira, ndikotheka kupanga matepi okongola kwambiri okhala ndi mawonekedwe, obovate, mawonekedwe a korona okhala ngati tenti.
Zitsamba
Zomera zamitengo yotambalala ndizodziwika ndi masamba akuluakulu ndi ambiri. Pachifukwa ichi, amatchedwa nkhalango za oak. Zitsamba zina zimamera zokha zokha, sizimapanga nthika zomwe sizingatheke. Ena, mmalo mwake, amapanga mtundu wamapangidwe ophimba malo akulu. Zitsamba zoterezi ndizopambana. Pakati pawo, chovala wamba, chokhala ndi ubweya ndi zelenchuk chikasu chimasiyanitsidwa.
Zomera zambiri zotchedwa herbaceous zomwe zimapezeka m'nkhalango zowola sizitha. Amakhala mpaka zaka makumi angapo. Monga lamulo, kupezeka kwawo kumachirikizidwa ndi kufalikira kwamasamba. Ndi mbewu zimabala bwino. Chizindikiro cha mbewu izi - mphukira zazitali pansi panthaka komanso pamwamba pake, zikukula msanga m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndikugwira dziko latsopano.
Zina mlengalenga za oimira ambiri a udzu waukulu kwambiri wamtchire zimafa m'dzinja. Mizu ndi ma rhizomes okha omwe amapezeka m'nthaka. Amakhala ndi masamba apadera, pomwe mphukira zatsopano zimapangidwa kasupe.
Fulumira Oak Ephemeroids
Mitengoyi ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa akatswiri omwe akuphunzira maluwa. Zina mwa izo ndi masisitere am'madzi, buttercup anemone, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya corydalis ndi anyezi a tsekwe. Zomera izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono kukula, koma zimakula msanga. Ephemeroids akufunitsitsa kuti abadwe nthawi yomweyo chithunzicho chitatha. Mphukira zina zowuma kwambiri zimadutsa chisanu. Pakatha sabata, wopitilira awiri, masamba awo akutuluka kale. Pakupita milungu ingapo, zipatso ndi mbewu zimacha. Zitachitika izi, mbewuzo zimagona pansi, kenako zimasanduka chikaso, kenako mbali yake yomwe ili pamwamba pa nthaka imafa. Kuphatikiza apo, njirayi imachitika kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe, pomwe, monga momwe zingawonekere, zinthu zomwe zikukula ndikukula ndizabwino momwe zingathere. Chinsinsi chake ndi chosavuta. Ephemeroids ali ndi mtundu wawo wamoyo, womwe umasiyana ndi nyengo yachilendo yazomera zina. Amangokhala pachilimwe, ndipo nthawi yachilimwe ndi nthawi yoti iwo afote.
Nthawi yoyenera kwambiri pa chitukuko chawo ndikumayambiriro kwamasika. Pakadali pano pachaka, kuunika kwakukulu kumawonedwa m'nkhalangomo, chifukwa zitsamba ndi mitengo sizinapeze chikuto chobiriwira. Kuphatikiza apo, nthawi imeneyi, dothi limakhala lodzaza ndi chinyezi. Ponena za kutentha kwambiri kwa chilimwe, ma ephemeroids safuna konse. Zomera zonsezi ndizosatha. Samfa pambuyo poti mbali yawo yapamwambayi iwuma. Mizu ya pansi panthaka imayimiriridwa ndi tubers, mababu kapena ma rhizomes. Ziwalo izi zimakhala ngati zophatikiza ndi michere, makamaka yotsika. Ndiye chifukwa chake zimayambira, masamba ndi maluwa amawoneka molawirira kwambiri ndipo amakula mwachangu kwambiri.
Ephemeroids ali ponseponse m'nkhalango zowuma za oak. Mokwanira pali mitundu pafupifupi khumi. Maluwa awo amapakidwa utoto wofiirira, wabuluu, wachikaso. Pa maluwa, ephemeroids amapanga kapeti wokongola wokongola.
Mitengo yodziwika bwino ya ku Russia ndi malo omwe mitundu ikuluikulu imamera. Mosiyana ndi nkhalango za taiga, pomwe mbewuzi zimapanga dothi lobiriwira lobiriwira, nkhono za m'nthambi sizimaphimba dothi mofananamo. Udindo wa mbewa zakuthwa m'nkhalango zowola ndizabwino kwambiri. Cholinga chachikulu ndikuti zinyalala zamasamba ovuta zimawononga mbewu izi.
Fauna
Nyama za m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino za ku Russia ndizosavutikira, zodya nyama, zosateteza, makoswe ndi mileme. Kusiyana kwakukulu kumawonedwa m'magawo omwe anthu sanawakhudze. Chifukwa chake, m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino mumatha kuwona agwape, nkhumba zakutchire, agwape osambira, abulu ndi agwape ofiira, elk. Dongosolo la olusa amayimiridwa ndi nkhandwe, mimbulu, martens, ermines ndi weasels. Nkhalango zokhala ndi mitengo yambiri, zomwe miyala yake ndi yolemera komanso yosiyanasiyana, ndi nyumba zopala, agologolo, muskrats ndi nutria. Kuphatikiza apo, maderawa amakhala ndi mbewa, makoswe, timadontho, ma hedgehogs, buluzi, njoka, abuluzi ndi akamba amvula.
Mbalame zamtchire zowola - nkhanu, mitengo, zikuni, tini, mbalame zouluka, zameza, nyenyezi. Khwangwala, mbawala, grouse wakuda, mitengo yolumikizira mitengo, zowolokera, ma jackdaw, ndi grouse amakhalanso kumeneko. Mbalame zodya nyama zimayimiridwa ndi akambuku, kadzidzi, kadzidzi, kadzidzi wa chiwombankhanga ndi mwezi. Ma Swamp - kunyumba kwa mbalame za m'madzi, akakhoti, maula, agulu, abakha ndi atsekwe.
M'mbuyomu, m'nkhalangoyi mudalinso njati. Tsopano, mwatsoka, pali ambiri a iwo omwe atsalira. Nyama zotetezedwa ndi lamulo. Amakhala ku Belovezhskaya Pushcha (ku Republic of Belarus), ku Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve (Russian Federation), m'maiko ena ku Western Europe ndi ku Poland. Nyama zingapo zinatengedwa kupita ku Caucasus. Pamenepo amakhala moyandikana ndi njati.
Chiwerengero cha agwape ofiira nawonso asintha. Amakhala ocheperachepera chifukwa cha zochita za munthu. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa komanso kulima minda kunaphetsa nyama zokongola izi. Deer imatha kutalika mamita awiri ndi hafu m'litali ndi makilogalamu mazana atatu ndi makumi anayi a kulemera kwake. Nthawi zambiri amakhala mu ziweto zazing'ono mpaka nyama khumi. Wodziwika nthawi zambiri amakhala wamkazi. Ana ake amakhala ndi iye.
M'dzinja, amuna amatenga mtundu waakazi. Pokumbukira za kulira kwa chitoliro, kubangula kwawo kumakhala kotengeka makilomita atatu kapena anayi kuzungulira. Khwangwala wopambana kwambiri, atapambana nkhondo za oyimbirana nawo, amatha kusonkhanitsa azimayi makumi awiri owazungulira. Chifukwa chake mtundu wina wa agwiritse ntchito. Kumayambiriro kwa nyengo yachilimwe, ana osamalira ana obadwa amabadwa.Amabadwa akulemera makilogalamu asanu ndi atatu mpaka khumi ndi limodzi. Mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi apeza kukula kwakukulu. Amuna azaka chimodzi amatenga nyanga.
Mbawala zimadyera pa udzu, masamba ndi mphukira za mitengo, bowa, lichens, mabango, chitsamba chowawa. Koma singano sioyenera kudya. Kuthengo, mbawala zimakhala pafupifupi zaka khumi ndi zisanu. Paukapolo, chizindikirocho chikuwonjezeka.
Beaever ndi anthu enanso okhala m'nkhalango zambiri zotambalala. Mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri kwa iwo imawonedwa ku Europe, North America, Asia. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa nyamayi ndi ma kilogalamu makumi atatu, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi mita imodzi. Beaver amadziwika ndi thupi lalikulu komanso mchira wolowa. Ziwalo pakati pa zala zakumaso zimathandizira kukhala moyo wam'madzi. Mtundu wa ubweya umatha kusiyanasiyana ndi mtundu wa bulauni mpaka wakuda. Kukulitsa tsitsi lawo ndi chinsinsi chapadera, ma beavers amatetezedwa kuti asanyowe. Mukamizidwa m'madzi, makutu a nyamayi, ndipo mphuno zimatseka. Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachuma mpweya kumamuthandiza kuti azikhala pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi 15.
Nkhumba zakuthengo ndi zina mwa anthu okhala m'nkhalango zotambalala. Amakhala ndi mutu waukulu komanso chithunzithunzi champhamvu kwambiri. Chida champhamvu kwambiri mwa nyamazo ndi ma fangali akuthwa, omwe amawerama kumbuyo ndi kumbuyo. Masomphenya a boarwo siabwino kwambiri, koma amachepetsa chifukwa chomva kwambiri komanso kununkhiza. Akuluakulu amafikira kulemera kwa ma kilogalamu mazana atatu. Thupi la nyamayo limatetezedwa ndi bulisiti yakuda. Ndiwokhazikika.
Nguluwe zakutchire ndizothamanga bwino komanso osambira. Nyama izi zimatha kusambira kudutsa pamadzi, m'lifupi mwake ndi makilomita angapo. Zomwe amadya ndizomera, koma titha kunena kuti nkhumba zamtchire ndizosowa. Chomwe amakonda kwambiri ndi ma acorn ndi mtedza wa beech; sakana achule, mbewa, anapiye, tizilombo ndi njoka.
Oyimira obwezeretsa
Mitengo yotambalala kwambiri imakhala ndi njoka, njoka, zokoka, mphukira, abuluzi wobiriwira komanso viviparous. Ngozi kwa anthu imayimiridwa ndi njoka zokha. Anthu ambiri amalakwitsa kuganiza kuti nsomba za mkuwa zam'madzi zimakhalanso ndi poizoni, koma sizili choncho. Zosangalatsa zambiri zamitengo yosanja ndi njoka.
Zinthu zothandizira
Dera lokhala ndi nkhalango zowoneka bwino (ndi zosakanikirana) ku gawo la ku Europe la Russia limapanga makona atatu osiyana, omwe maziko ake amapezeka kumalire a dzikolo, ndipo nsonga yake imadutsa mapiri a Ural. Popeza gawo ili lidaphatikizidwa nthawi yayitali ndi madzi oundana ku Quaternary, kupumula kwake kumakhala kopanda phokoso. Zovuta zowonekera kwambiri zakupezeka kwa Valdai Glacier zasungidwa kumpoto chakumadzulo. Kumalo amenewo, kudera lokhala ndi nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana ndizodzaza ndi mapiri achisangalalo, zitunda, mapiri otchingidwa ndi mabowo. Gawo lakummwera kwa gawo lomwe lalongosoledwali likuyimiridwa ndi ma sekondleine amphepete, omwe adakhazikitsidwa chifukwa chakuchepa kwa malo okhala kumapiri. Mpumulo wa nkhalango zosakanizika ndi zowoneka bwino zimadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa zigwa za mchenga zamitundu yosiyanasiyana. Zoyambira zawo ndi madzi amwala. Amakhala ndi vuto lodzuka, nthawi zina mumatha kuwona ndulu za mchenga.
Nkhalango zokongoletsa za Dera la Russia
Dera ili limapezeka m'malo otentha. Nyengo kumakhala kotentha, chinyezi. Dothi lamaderawa ndi sod-podzolic. Malo oyandikana ndi Nyanja ya Atlantic ndi omwe adatsimikiza za izi. Mphepete mwa mitsinje yopezeka m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino zimapangidwa bwino. Mayiwe ali ndi malo akuluakulu.
Ntchito yamadzi yotchinga madzi imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuyandikana kwa madzi apansi komanso nyengo yanyontho. Zomera zazikulu kwambiri pachikuto cha udzu zimakhala ndi masamba ambiri.
Pomaliza
Nkhalango zowirira zomwe zili ku Europe zimayesedwa ngati zachilengedwe zomwe zili pangozi. Koma ngakhale zaka mazana awiri kapena atatu zapitazo, anali amodzi mwamitundu yosiyanasiyana padziko lapansi ndipo anali ambiri ku Europe. Chifukwa chake, m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi ndi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, iwo adakhala m'dera lofanana mahekitala miliyoni. Masiku ano, kulibe mahekitala oposa zana limodzi.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, zidutswa zokha zokha za lamba wambiri zokulirapo ndizosavulaza. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lino, kumadera opanda anthu, kuyesera kuti apange mitengo yopanga. Komabe, izi zidakhala zovutirapo: kufa kwa mitengo yaying'ono ya oak kunayambitsidwa ndi chilala chosalekeza. Panthawiyo, maphunziro adachitika, motsogozedwa ndi Jokuchaev wodziwika bwino wa ku Russia. Zotsatira zake, zidakhazikitsidwa kuti zolephera pakulima mitengo yatsopano zimalumikizidwa ndi kudula mitengo yayikulu chifukwa izi zidasinthiratu ulamuliro wama hydrological ndi nyengo yam'deralo.
Masiku ano, m'malo omwe kale munkakhala nkhalango zowola, m'nkhalangozi pamamera mitengo yachilengedwe. Mitengo yofalikira imakhalamo. Tsoka ilo, monga akatswiri ati, mphamvu ndi kapangidwe ka nkhalango zachilengedwe za oak sizikuyenera kubwezeretsedwanso.
Makhalidwe a nkhalango zachilengedwe za Russia
Nkhalango zachilimwe zimapezeka m'malo achitetezo a taiga, ndipo zimakhala pafupifupi 70% ya nkhalango yonse m'dzikoli. Derali limadziwika ndi kutentha kochepa komanso chinyezi. Nkhalango zowongoka zodutsa kumalire a Russia kumalire a Verkhoyansk Range. Mitundu yayikulu yopanga nkhalango ndi spruce, pine, fir ndi larch.
M'nthawi yozizira, nkhalango zosakanikirana nthawi zambiri zimapezeka: coniferous yakuda komanso kuwala kofiyira. Mitengo yamtundu wobiriwira nthawi zonse imakula bwino. Photosynthesis imayamba masika ndikutuluka kwa nyengo yabwino. Kukula mu taiga kulibe. Pano podzolic nthaka komanso ambiri madambo. Conifers amaponyera singano, zomwe zikasokonekera, zimatulutsa mankhwala omwe ndi poizoni wazomera zambiri m'nthaka. Dzikoli lakutidwa, monga lamulo, ndi mosses ndi lichens. Zitsamba ndi maluwa ambiri amakula m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'malo amdima a nkhalangoyi ndi ochepa kwambiri. Pali lingonberry, ma junipers, phulusa lamapiri, maluwa abuluu ndi maluwa opindika.
Ndi nyengo zomwe zimatsimikizira dziko la Russia. M'nkhalango yotentha, nyengo yotentha ili ponseponse. Maluwa amakhala owuma komanso ozizira, ndipo amakhala miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Chilimwe chachifupi ndichotentha komanso chanyontho, chokhala ndimphepo zambiri. Monga lamulo, mwezi umodzi wokha udagawidwa m'dzinja ndi masika. Ma Coniferi sakukakamiza kutentha.
Oimira nyama zanyama amadya moss, lichens, bark ndi cones. Korona wamitengo yayitali amateteza nyama ku mphepo, ndipo nthambi zimapangitsa kuti zitha kupanga zisa. Oyimira wamba a nyama zam'madzi otentha ndi ma voles, ma oyera oyera, koloni, chipmunks. Mwa nyama zazikuluzikulu, nyalugwe za ku Siberia, chimbalangondo cha brown, lynx ndi elk zitha kudziwika, ndipo reindeer amachokera ku nkhalango ya tundra kupita ku nkhalango zachilengedwe. Mphungu ndi mimbulu zimawulukira kumwamba.
Matanda opindika ndi amodzi omwe amadziwika kuti ndi amtengo wapatali. Pafupifupi malo ake ndi mainchesi 5.8 biliyoni. Kuphatikiza pa kudula taiga, mafuta, golide ndi gasi akutulutsidwa. Nkhalango Zachuma cha Russia - nkhalango yayikulu. Amadwala moto wamasamba komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa. Chifukwa cha zochita zoyipa za anthu, nyama zosowa zimamwalira. Pali malo ambiri osungira, koma kuti nkhalango zizikonzedweratu, ndikofunikira kulinganiza bwino chitetezo ndikugwiritsa ntchito nkhalango zachilengedwe mdziko muno.
Makhalidwe a nkhalango zotambalala za Russia
Dera lokhala ndi mitengo yotalikilapo yochulukirapo kuyambira kumalire a Russia ndikupita kumapiri a Ural. Mitundu yayikulu ya mitengoyo ndi beech, oak, elm, linden, mapulo ndi Hornbeam. Nthambi zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana: chomeracho chimasinthidwa ndi chinsalu ndi chophukira, chomwenso chimakhala masamba obiriwira komanso zinyalala za m'nkhalango. Nthaka yokutidwa ndi mosses. Pali madera omwe korona wobiriwira amathetseratu kupusa. Udzu, kugwa, kuwola ndi kupanga humus. Dera lokhala ndi nthaka lili ndi zinthu zambiri zamagulu ena.
Mitengo ili m'malo otentha. Kutentha kuno kumatentha kwambiri kuposa taiga yoyandikana nayo. Chilimwe chimatha miyezi inayi, kutentha kwapakati pa nyengoyi ndi + 10 ° C. Izi zimathandizira kuti mitengo yopanga zipatso ikhale yabwino. Nyengo ndiye chinyezi, mvula yambiri. Kutentha kwapakati pa Januware kumatsikira mpaka -16ºº. Kutalika kokwanira kugwa m'chilimwe, palibe chivundikiro chozama cha chipale chofewa.
Masamba sangathe kupulumuka nyengo yozizira, ndi kugwa pakati yophukira. Chophimba chofiyira cha masamba, nthambi ndi makungwa zimateteza dziko lapansi kuti lisasanduke kwambiri. Dothi lili ndi zinthu zambiri zofufuza, limapereka mitengo pachinthu chilichonse chofunikira. Masamba agwa nthawi yachisanu chimakwirira mizu, amatiteteza ku kuzizira ndipo amathandizanso mizu kuti ipitirize kukula.
Kapangidwe ka ufumu wa nyama ku gawo la ku Europe ndizosiyana ndi nkhalango zaku Far East. Maiko aku Asia amabisa muluzu wa fern, ilmeni ndi linden. Elk, chimbalangondo cha Himalayan ndi Akambuku a Ussuri amakhala m'mitengo yayitali. Shchitomordnik, njoka ndi Amur njoka ndizofala. Nkhalango zazikulu za ku Europe zakhala nkhumba zodulira, nkhusu, agwape, nkhandwe, weasel, beaver, muskrat ndi nutria. Makoswe, abuluzi, njoka, timadontho ndi mbewa zimakhalamo. Mbalame zimayimiriridwa ndi grouse zakuda, owotho, kadzidzi, nyota, kumeza ndi anyani.
Dera lokongola lomwe linapangidwa kuyambira kalekale ndi anthu, makamaka kumadzulo kwa Russia. Anthu amayenera kuchepetsa kwambiri malo obiriwira kuti azidyetsa, kupanga mbewu komanso kumanga mizinda. Mitengo ndiyo zida zazikulu zogulitsa mitengo. Kukonzanso kubwezeretsa kwakhazikitsidwa. Madzi a pansi pano ali ndi mchere wambiri, ndipo m'mitsinje yayikulu mumatha kutukuka kwa hydropower.
Madera achilengedwe amachepetsedwa kwambiri, pomwe nkhalango zimadulidwa kale. Chifukwa cha zovuta za anthropogenic, zomera ndi nyama za Red Book zikufa. Anthu abizinesi osachita zachinyengo amadula nkhalango zazikulu. Kuti tisunge malo achilengedwe, malo angapo osungirako malo ndi mapaki adziko lakhazikitsidwa, koma izi sizokwanira. Mitengo yotambalala imakula mwachangu. Ndikofunikira kulinganiza kubzala mbande m'gawo la mitengo yodulidwa, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito nkhalango mosamala.
Makhalidwe a nkhalango zosakanizika za Russia
Mitengo yosakanikirana ili m'malo a Russian Plain, West Siberian Plain, Amur Region ndi Primorye. Kudera lino, mitundu yamitengo yamitundu yambiri imapezeka. Nkhalango izi zimadziwika ndi gawo lotchulidwa. Mapaipi, maini ndi ma spruces amatambalala. Pansi pa iwo pali mapu, ma elams, linden ndi oak. Masamba a zitsamba amaimiridwa ndi hawthorn, rose rose, rasipiberi ndi mabulosi akutchire. Lichens, mosses ndi udzu wotsika umaphimba nthaka.
Mitengo yosakanizika ya nkhalango imakhala ndi nyengo yozizira kwambiri kuposa nyengo yayikulu. Zomera zimalimba chisanu mpaka -30ºº. Mvula imasiyanasiyana madera. Pali chisanu chambiri mu nkhalango za ku Europe kuposa ku Far East. Mvula yambiri imapezeka munyengo yotentha. Chilimwe chofatsa komanso chonyowa. Nyengo imachokera kunyanja kupita kumayiko ena, kuyambira kumadzulo mpaka kummawa.
Kukonzanso kopitilira muyeso kobiriwira kumathandizira mitengo yopatsa thanzi ndikuyeretsa nthaka pazinthu zosafunikira. Anthu okhala m'nkhalango amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zonse zofunikira monga chakudya. Mbewu zolimba zimakopa mbalame, makoswe amadya mtedza, mphutsi pansi pa khungwa ndi chakudya cha mbalame zosavomerezeka.
Nyama zambiri nthawi ina zinawonongedwa chifukwa chosaka popanda kusamala. Muthanso kukumana ndi roe deer ndi nkhumba zakutchire. Njati ndi ngwazi zofiira zimangosungidwa m'malo osungirako okha. Nyamayi yotchuka kwambiri yolusa ndi nkhandwe wamba. Ku Europe, wolemba amakhala. Squirrel, mink, sleepy, marten, mphaka wa m'nkhalango, zimbalangondo zofiirira zimawerengedwa ngati nthumwi wamba zanyama za m'nkhalango zosakanikirana. Dziko la mbalame ndilosiyanasiyana, makamaka mitengo yamatabwa, capercaillie, njiwa zamtchire, mitengo yamkuntho ndi chisanu cha chisanu.
Masheya amtengo wamtengo wapatali ali m'chigawo cha Asia. Manchurian walnut, mitengo ya mkungudza ya ku Korea, mitengo yamtengo wapatali yamasamba ambiri ndi yotchuka chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo komanso kukana kuwola. Pazifukwa zamankhwala, Eleutherococcus ndi Schisandra amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Ntchito yodula mitengo imachitika ku Europe.
Nkhalango zosakanizika zavutika kwambiri ndi manja a anthu. Izi zadzetsa zovuta zingapo zachilengedwe. Kufunika kwa malo olimapo kwadzetsa kudula mitengo mwachangu mbali zofunikira. Chifukwa chakutaya kwamasamba, zachilengedwe zasintha. Kukula kwa malo okhala, makamaka kumadzulo, kwapangitsa kuchepa kwa kuphimba kwa nkhalango ndi 30%.
Masamba a mitengo amayenda bwino kaboni dayokisaidi. Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, komwe kwakhala kukuchitika kwakukulu, kwawononga mahekitala mamiliyoni. Chifukwa cha izi, mipweya yoyipa imadziunjikira m'mlengalenga, ndikupanga mpweya wobiriwira. Mazana a mitundu ya zinyama ndi zomera zokha amachoka padziko lapansi. Chifukwa cha vuto la anthu, moto wamitchi umapezeka womwe umasinthiratu chilengedwe. Mitundu yocheperako imasakidwa mosaloledwa. Zachuma zatha mphamvu, kungogwirizana kwa boma ndi nzika zokha ndi komwe kungaletse ntchito kuwononga nkhalango zosakanikirana za dzikolo.
Kufotokozera kwa nkhalango zazing'ono zaku Russia
Madera okhala ndi mitengo ing'onoing'ono yoyambira kumalire a kum'mawa kwa Asia kupita ku Far East. Tizilombo timatambalala m'lifupi, nthawi zina m'malo mwake panafalikira. Mitengo yokhala ndi mitengo yaying'ono ndiyonso nkhalango yachiwiri, ndikusintha mitundu yayikulu-yokhala ndi mitundu yambiri.
Mitundu ikuluikulu yopanga nkhalango ndi birch, alder ndi aspen. Masamba awo amasiyanitsidwa ndi tsamba laling'ono la masamba. Mitengo sikuchepetsa nyengo ndi nthaka. Nkhalango za Birch ndizofala kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri mitengo imamera pamalo a moto kapena kudula mitengo. Alder amafalikira ndi mphukira, ndi aspen - ndi mizu. Pomwe kunalibe nkhalango, mitengo imamera ndi mbewu. Chochititsa chidwi ndikukhoza kudziunjikira chinyezi. Matchera akadaulo ndi birch amatchinga njira yamoto, osalola kufalikira kwa mitundu yabwino.
Dziko la nyama limapangidwa mothandizidwa ndi mitengo yazachilengedwe. Mbalame zambiri. Mwa zinyama, mavu, lynxes, moose ndi agologolo amapezeka. Mikwingwirima yankhalango yaying'ono yosinthana ndi minda ndi malo omwe amakonda agalu a fodya.
Nkhalango zachiwiri zimathandizira kubwezeretsa malo obiriwira, ngakhale zimatenga zaka pafupifupi 180 kuti zikonzenso. Amakhala ngati chotchinga moto. Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhalango zing'onozing'ono zithandizira kukonzanso zachilengedwe m'nkhalangoyi.
Broadleaf Forest Zone wa Russia
M'nkhalangozi muli nkhalango zambiri za Russia. Pamwamba pake pali m'munsi mwa mapiri a Ural, ndipo m'munsi muli m'malire a dzikolo. Kufikako kwa mitengo yokhala ndi mapiri otambalala kumakhala mbali ya ku Europe: kumwera kwa Central Russia, madera a Middle Volga.
Kuchulukitsidwa kwa milu iyi kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu yamitengo ndi mitengo yomwe ikulira pano. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti nkhalango izi ndizomwe zimapezeka kwambiri m'maiko ambiri mdziko lathu chifukwa cha kusintha kwawo nyengo ndi nyengo yotentha.
Dera lokhala ndi nkhalango zowola mkati mwa Russia, makamaka gawo lake la ku Europe, lakhala likukonzedwa kwambiri ndi anthu kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo likufunika kutetezedwa mwapadera ndi mphamvu ya zomera ndi nyama zake.
Phulusa wamba
Mtengowo umafika mpaka makumi atatu mpaka makumi anayi kutalika. Mtengowu umadziwika ndi mtengo wowongoka wowongoka bwino, makungwa aimvi opepuka (amadetsa kwanthawi), korona wotseguka wopindika amene amatulutsa kuwala kambiri dzuwa. Mizu yake ndi nthambi, mphamvu, inflorescence ndi wandiweyani komanso mantha. Gawo lodzilekanitsa - limafunikira kwambiri pakapangidwe dothi. Phulusa wamba ndi imodzi mwazomera zazikulu zoteteza kuthengo. Ichi ndi chomera chofunda komanso chojambulidwa, sichilekerera masika a masika bwino. Maluwa a phulusa amapezeka m'mwezi wa Meyi, njira yovundukuka imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mphepo. Nthawi yakucha zipatso ndi Okutobala-Novemba. Zimagwa nthawi yozizira kapena koyambirira kwamasika.
Forest beech
Kupitilira ndikuwonetsedwa kwa mitengo yomwe imamera munkhalango yowola, wina sangathe kuzitchula. Imafika pamtunda wamamita makumi anayi ndi theka mulifupi. Makungwa a beech ndi imvi yopepuka, masamba ndi ofunikira. Madera omwe amakhala kwambiri kumadzulo kwa Europe, Caucasus, ndi Crimea. Mtengo waukulu wa mitengo ya mitengo ya zipatso ndi zipatso zake. Mtedza wachakudya umacha nthawi yayitali kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Okutobala. Ali pafupifupi makumi atatu muzana ophatikizidwa ndi mafuta owuma pang'ono, mafuta omwewo a nayitrogeni. Zipatso zamtengo wapatali ndizokhala ndi wowuma, dzuwa, asidi (malic ndi citric), ma tannins.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, alkaloid wapoizoni wotchedwa phagin amayamba kuwola akaphika mtedza. Chifukwa chake zimakhala zotetezeka kwathunthu ku thanzi la munthu. M'malo mwa khofi umapangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso, ndipo pansi, zimaphatikizidwa ndi ufa wamba pakukonzekera zopangidwa ndi ufa. Matabwa a beech ndi chinthu chokongola komanso cholimba chokongoletsera.
Malo okhala ndi mapu otambalala omwe ali kumbali ya ku Europe ya Russia, komanso ku Caucasus, amadziwika kuti ndi malo abwino pakupanga mapu acutifoliate (wamba). Mitengo iyi imakula mpaka mita makumi awiri. Masamba awo ndi akulu, obiriwira bii, osanjika asanu. Mtundu wa khungwa ndi imvi.
Mphukira ndi masamba a mtengo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza matenda osiyanasiyana. Mphatso izi zachilengedwe zimakhala ndi ascorbic acid, alkaloids, tannins. Zodzikongoletsera ndi infusions zimagwira mabala, kutupa. Amapanganso choleretic, diuretic, antiseptic ndi analgesic kwenikweni. Otsatira azitsamba amadziwa bwino lomwe mitengo yomwe ili m'nkhalango yowola kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, masamba a mapulo ndi mphukira amalimbikitsidwa kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a jaundice, miyala ya impso, kuti achotse mseru komanso kusanza.
Linden ndi nthumwi wamba yamadambo otambalala ndipo amakula mpaka 30 metres. Linden ali ndi thunthu lolunjika, korona wopota wowongoka. Nthambi zing'onozing'ono zokhala ndi masamba ndizosavuta kuzindikira ngakhale nthawi yozizira pomwe sipakhala masamba. Masamba ozungulira omwe azunguliridwa pamwamba amapezeka pakapikisano. Ndizosalala kwathunthu komanso chonyezimira, koma zimakhala ndi chinthu chimodzi - impso iliyonse imakhala ndi mamba awiri okha. Masamba oterewa sapezeka m'mitengo yathu ina.
Linden maluwa patachedwa kwambiri kuposa mitengo yathu yonse, kale pakati pa chilimwe. Maluwa ake amtundu wachikasu amtundu wachikasu ali ndi fungo labwino kwambiri ndipo amakhala ndi timadzi tokoma tating'ono. Linden ndi imodzi mwazomera zabwino kwambiri za uchi.
Linden ndi mtundu wololera mthunzi. Mwanjira iyi, ndi yachiwiri kokha kukhala beech, spruce, fir, Hornbeam. Makamaka olekerera mthunzi ndi mphukira za linden, zomwe zimakula bwino pamtunda wa udzu wokulirapo, ndipo zimafunanso mthunzi m'malo owonekera. Komanso, ili pansi pa nthambwe ya m'nkhalango yolekererapo ndipo imabisala kwambiri dothi.
Amayi
Zoyenda m'nkhalango zotchuka za Western ndi Eastern Europe: nkhumba zakuthengo, agwape (agwape ofiira, omwe ali m'nkhalango kunja kwa Europe zikhalidwe zawo monga nswala wofiira, wapiti, nswala wofiira), elk, agwape, njati, agologolo a nkhalango, chipmunk, beaver, vole ofiira, mbewa yokhala ndi chikasu, matalala Nyama zikuluzikulu zidangopulumuka m'magulu osiyana omwe sanawonongedwe chifukwa cha chuma cha anthu (mwachitsanzo, m'mapiri a Carpathian).
Zomera zakutchire zomwe zimatalikirana kwambiri ku Far East (Amur-Ussuri, Chitchaina, Korea) ndizachuma kwambiri, chifukwa malingaliro ochokera kumwera amalowa. Mwa nyama zoyamwitsa, Ussuri mole, Manchu hare, agwape, goral, Ussuri wakuda chimbalangondo (Himalayan, kapena chimbalangondo choyera), harza, galu wa raccoon, Amur tiger, nyalugwe waku Far East, mphaka wa Far Eastern ali ndi chikhalidwe.
Nyama yachilendo yodula mitengo ya masamba aku America ndi skunk. Pamodzi ndi chovala chakuda chakumaso kuyambira kumutu kupita kumchira waukulu wautali ndi milozo iwiri yoyera. Mtchi wina wokhala m'nkhalango ku America ndi fodya.
Mbalame
Mbalame zambiri zimakhazikika mumiyala yamtengo. Awa ndi mitengo yam'madzi ndi kumeza, abuluzi ndi mwezi, zikhwangwala ndi mausiku, akhwangwala ndi akabawi, tinsalu ndi mpheta. Nthawi zambiri m'madambo mumatha kupeza nkhunda, ng'ombe zamphongo, nkhuni, matsenga, nkhaka, orioles. Mwa mbalame zazikuluzikulu, ma pheasants ndi grouse wakuda, komanso kadzidzi ndi kadzidzi, amapezeka m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino. Mitundu ina yozizira m'nkhalango, ndipo ena amachoka kwawo ndikuwuluka kupita kumalo otentha kwambiri kugwa, kubwerera kumapeto.
Repitles ndi Amphibians
M'nkhalango zowola pali njoka ndi njoka, njoka ndi othandizira. Ichi ndi mndandanda waung'ono njoka. Pali abuluzi ambiri m'nkhalango. Awa ndi abuluzi obiriwira, mphete, buluzi wamaundipu. Achule a mitengo, ma batala, ma turshoni osunthika, achule owoneka ngati nkhungu, achule otenthedwa, salamanders owoneka amakhala pafupi ndi matupi amadzi.
Zonse zimatengera komwe nkhalango zodzaza ndi dziko lapansi zili ndi magawo omwe ali m'magawo awo. M'mitsinje, nyanja ndi dambo, nsomba ndi nsomba zina zimapezeka. Catfish, pike, minnows ndi mitundu ina imakhalanso ndi moyo.
Nkhalango imafunikira thandizo
Nkhalango za Broadleaf zimafunikiradi thandizo la anthu. Zodabwitsa monga zikumveka, koma ndi iye yekha amene amatha kuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe.
Kuti musunge nkhalango, muyenera:
- kubzala mbande m'malo omwe nkhalango zimasokonekera pazifukwa zilizonse,
- onetsetsani kutetezedwa kwa nkhalango zowirira ndi mitundu ina ya nkhalango kuti isakhudzidwe ndi ozunza komanso anthu ochita malonda osalabadira, podula mopanda madera akuluakulu zachilengedwe izi,
- Pangani zochitika zonse kuti nyumba ndi mizindawa zili kutali ndi nkhalango.
Zonsezi ndizovuta kuzitsatira, chifukwa ambiri sakhala olamulidwa ndi boma. Makampani abizinesi amakhala ndi zinthu zochuluka kwambiri mu mlengalenga. Nkhalango zokhazo zomwe zingathandize kuyeretsa mpweya. Chifukwa chake, kusamalira kwawo ndikofunikira kwambiri ku tsogolo la dziko lapansi.
Mitengo yotsekemera, monga nkhalango zina, ndi Earth Earth. Popanda nkhalango, dziko lathuli silingakhale momwe limagwirira ntchito ndikukula tsopano.
Zomwe zimafunika kuti chilengedwe chikhale chathanzi ndizoteteza nkhalango. Izi sizovuta, poganiza kuti m'dziko lathu lokha ndi mitengo yotambalala yomwe imamera, yomwe silingafanane padziko lapansi kutalika kwake. Popeza chuma chotere chimakula m'gawo limodzi, chimangofunika kutetezedwa.
Kodi nkhalango yowola
Nkhalango zokhala ndi masamba ambiri zimaphatikizapo nkhalango momwe mitengo yokhala ndi masamba obiriwira ambiri amakulira. Mukugwa, mitengo yotere imagwetsa masamba, motero imatchedwanso kuti deciduous. Izi zimaphatikizapo, choyambirira, mitengo yazipatso, pachifukwa ichi nkhalango zambiri zotambalala nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa mitengo ya oak.
Koma nthawi zambiri, nkhalango zoterezi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yambiri yazipatso zamitengo, yomwe ilinso yofala:
Mtengo wamtunduwu umakhudza gawo lalikulu ku Western Europe, mutha kuwapeza ku Poland, Ukraine, Russia, madera akumpoto kwa China, Korea, Japan, North America.
Malo omwe ali ndi nkhalangoyi ya Russia
M'nkhalangozi muli nkhalango zambiri za Russia. Pamwamba pake pali m'munsi mwa mapiri a Ural, ndipo m'munsi muli m'malire a dzikolo. Kufikako kwa mitengo yokhala ndi mapiri otambalala kumakhala mbali ya ku Europe: kumwera kwa Central Russia, madera a Middle Volga.
Makamaka okhala ndi mafutawa komanso malo ena achilengedwe ku Russia
Amaphatikizanso madera ang'onoang'ono kumadera akumwera kwa Far East. Nkhalango zotere sizimapezeka ku Siberia chifukwa cha nyengo yozizira kwambiri.
Dziko la nyama
Nkhalango zowirira za Russia ndizosiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yazinyama zomwe zimakhala ndi nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, nyama za m'nkhalango za pakati komanso kum'mwera kwa Far East zimasiyana kwambiri.
Munkhalango za Far East zomwe muli ndi mitengo yambiri mutha kukumana ndi oimira nyama zosiyanasiyana, monga:
- Ussurian tiger,
- Njoka ya Amur,
- Kamba waku China
- chimbalangondo chakuda,
- Kambuku yakum'mawa
- Manchu hare.
Kudera la ku Europe, mitundu mitundu ya zolengedwa zomwe zili mgulu lonselo zomwe sizipangidwe ndi anthu.
Zomera zodula mitengo
Mitengo yodziwika bwino ya ku Russia, Europe komanso Far East, ndi yosiyana mitundu ya mitengo, zitsamba, udzu. Nthawi yomweyo, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi nyama, mitundu yokhayokha kudera lino imapezeka ku Far East.
Mbali ina ya chilengedwechi ndi mitengo yayitali kwambiri. Apa mutha kuwona zikwangwani zautali, mitengo ikuluikulu.
Komanso m'nkhalango zowirira za ku Far East zimamera:
- mafuta owoneka bwino
- Amur linden,
- Manchu phulusa
- ilmen
- Mkungudza waku Korea
- Manchurian walnut.
Mwambiri, nkhalango yamtunduwu imadziwika ndi kufalitsa mbewu ndi pansi kapena tiger.
Zovuta | Zomera zamakhalidwe |
Choyamba (pamwamba): mitengo yayitali kwambiri. |
|
Chachiwiri: mitengo yayitali yayitali. |
|
Chachitatu: zitsamba. |
|
Wachinayi ndi ma forbs. |
|
Pakati pa nkhalango yotambalala, oak o wolamulira. Zomera zotsalazo ndi amzake. Mtengowu ndi wamtundu wa thermophilic, chifukwa chake umakula m'chigawo chapakati cha Russia, kuyambira ku Urals kupita kumalire akumadzulo a dzikolo.
Imafunikira nthaka yachonde, samalekerera chinyezi chake chambiri. Mtundu wopezeka wa oak: Korona ndi wowotchera, makungwa ndiwotakata, omangika ndi ming'alu yambiri, nthambi zikufalikira ndikugwirira. Mitengo yayitali kwambiri imamera m'nkhalango, pomwe pakati pa zomerazo pamakhala kulimbana kosatha.
Mumapikisano oterowo, chisoti chachifumucho sichiri chachikulu kwambiri, kuyambira kumtunda kuchokera pansi. Mtengowu ukamakula pang'onopang'ono, umatha kukhala wotsika kwambiri, koma wokhala ndi korona wokongola kwambiri komanso wotambalala, wokhala pansi.
Oak ali ndi matabwa olimba kwambiri, omwe amtengo wapatali pakupanga mipando.
Nthawi zambiri m'nkhalango yowola mumatha kupeza linden. Sichimva kuzizira ngati thundu, motero chimamera kumpoto ndi nyengo yozizira. Komanso, linden imakhala ndi kukana kwambiri ndi mthunzi, korona wake ndi wofiyira. Chomera ichi ndi chomera chokongola cha uchi.
Maluwa ake aang'ono achikasu, onunkhira bwino, ali ndi timadzi tokoma. Matanda a Linden ndi ofewa. Kuyambira kale, mbale zamatabwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapakhomo zimapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo. Tsopano imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pantchito zaluso.
Mwa zitsamba za m'nkhalango za oak, hazel zimapezeka nthawi zambiri. Zipatso zake zimafunidwa ndi anthu komanso okhala m'nkhalango: agologolo, mbewa. Ma Hazelnuts ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali, popeza ali ndi vitamini A, vitamini B, mafuta ambiri azamasamba amakhala nawo kwambiri - pafupifupi 60%.
Pakati pa zitsamba zamtchire m'nkhalango za oak, malotowo ndi omwe amasiyanitsidwa kwambiri. M'nkhalango zakale za thundu, mumapezeka mitengo yayitali. Timapepala tating'ono tingadyedwe. M'madera ena imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika msuzi wobiriwira wa kabichi, ngati nettle kapena sorelo.
Zomera zosangalatsa ndi ephemeroids a nkhalango zowola. Amakhala osatha, koma nthawi yawo yakukula ndiyifupi kwambiri, milungu yochepa chabe. Mwachitsanzo, buttercup anemone. Maluwa ake achikasu owoneka bwino amatha kuwonekera kuthengo, chisanu chikasungunuka. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, zimayambira ndi masamba achomera zimatha popanda kufufuza.
Muzu umatsalira pansi. Ndipo chakumapeto kotsatira adzapatsa mphukira zatsopano. Galu wocheperako wokhalamo ndi wa mbewu zomwezo. Ziphuphu zake zofiirira zowoneka bwino zimayamba kumayambiriro kwamasika ndikuphuka m'masiku ochepa chabe.
Dothi lotsogola
Mitundu yotsatira ya dothi imakhala yofanana m'nkhalango zowuma:
- imvi
- zofiirira
- nkhalango yamdima yakuda
- chernozems - nthawi zina.
Dothi lamtundu wamtundu wa brown limapangidwa chifukwa cha kuvunda kwa masamba, zomera ndi kuchuluka kwa humus. Muli zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe ndipo zimadziwika ndi chonde.
Mitundu ya Gray ilinso ndi humus yambiri, ndipo, motero, michere yazomera. Uku ndikusintha pakati pa mitengo ya chernozems yomwe imapezeka munthaka komanso dothi losakanikirana la sod-podzolic.
Dothi la nkhalango zotambalala zambiri limadziwika ndi chinyezi chokwanira kwambiri. Ndikokwanira, koma osati zochulukirapo, popeza mitundu iyi ya nthaka ndi yothiridwa bwino.
Mavuto azachilengedwe
Nkhalango zambiri za Russia zikuvutika chifukwa chakuti kwa zaka zambiri mitengo idulidwapo. Chofunika kwambiri ndi thundu. Matabwa ake amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamkati, mipando, ndi zinthu zapakhomo. Pazifukwa izi, gawo la nkhalango za oak latsika kwambiri.
Ndikosavuta kubwezeretsa nkhalango ya oak yomwe idadulidwa. Malo osungirako mitengo yakale yokalamo imakhala mwachangu ndi aspen kapena birch, osalola kukula kwa mitengo yaying'ono ya oak. Pali kusintha kwa mitundu, mitengo ya birch kapena mitengo ya aspen imawoneka patsamba la nkhalango zakale za oak.
Nkhalango zokhala ndi mitengo yambiri zimadulidwanso kuti zikwaniritse kulima mbewu, ntchito yomanga malo, misewu yayitali, magawo a njanji. Zonsezi zimabweretsa imodzi mwazovuta kwambiri zachilengedwe - kudula mitengo. Zimasunthira pamlingo wowopsa - pazaka 10 zilizonse, oposa mamiliyoni lalikulu mamilimita amatha. km yamitchire.
Kuyaka moto m'nkhalango kumayambitsanso kuwononga nkhalango zowononga. Zomwe zimayambitsa si nthawi yotentha chabe yopanda mvula, komanso moto wowonekera bwino womwe umayiwalidwa ndi alendo, osankha bowa kapena osaka. Komanso, anthu nthawi zambiri amawasiya kumbuyo kwawo kukhala mapiri am zinyalala. Kapangidwe ka malo obisika okhaokha pakati pa nkhalango sikungobweretsa kuwonongeka kwa malo obiriwira.
Mankhwala omwe amapezeka muzinyalala amalowa mu dothi ndi madzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe chonse - kuyambira kumaluwa mpaka kumaluwa.
Kusintha kwanyengo ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya sikutha popanda kuchoka m'nkhalango. Zomera zamatchire zimavutika ndi mvula yodzala ndi mankhwala. Amayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa njira za photosynthesis, zomwe zimapangitsa kusokoneza mitengo ndikukula.
Zonsezi movutikira zimakhala chifukwa chakuti m'malo ena kukhulupirika kwa nkhalango zotambalala kumaphwanyidwa, ena aiwo athera pansi kwathunthu.
South Ural State Reserve
Imapezeka makamaka m'dera la Bashkortostan, gawo laling'ono la nkhokwe limapezekanso kudera la Chelyabinsk. Nkhalango yofalikira imakhala malo opitilira mahekitala 8 miliyoni m'malo otetezedwa. Imatambalala chingwe chakumtunda kwa mapiri a Kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Ural, palinso zigawo zake zamapiri.
Mitundu yayikulu:
- Chingerezi oak
- phiri ilm,
- Linden,
- mapa mapa
M'madera ena, amakhala osakanikirana ndi birch ndi aspen. Ndi gawo la malo osungirako komwe kumalire akum'mawa kwa gawo logawa mitengo yayikulu yotambasuka.
Mitundu yoposa 250 ya zinyama idabisala pobisalira: Mitundu yopitilira 1000 ya mitengo yayitali, lichens, mosses ndi bowa imakula. Mitundu 8 ya mbewu ndi mitundu itatu ya lichens adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia.
Sikhote-Alin State Biosphere Reserve
Imodzi mwa yakale kwambiri ku Far East, idakhazikitsidwa mu 1935. Tsopano akukhala pafupifupi 350,000 ha. Ili ku Primorsky Territory. Makilomita a nkhalango, mapiri ambiri - m'gawo lino kuli malo ovuta kufikako kumene nyama sizinawonepo anthu.
Mitengo yamtchire imatha kumera kuno, nkhalango zazikuluzikulu zikuluzikulu, phulusa, ma elm, ndi ma alder asankha zigwa. Zomera za mayiko awa ndizosiyanasiyana kwambiri kotero kuti kafukufuku wake sanamalize. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya mbewu zapamwamba, mitundu ingapo ya ma moss, bowa, algae limamera pano, pali mbewu zosinthika ndi mitundu yazomera.
Zinyama zamtunduwu ndizosiyanasiyana: zolengedwa zachilengedwe ndizoposa 60, mbalame ndizoposa 300. M'dera lotetezedwa, chisamaliro chapadera chimaperekedwa kwa tiger ya Amur, maphunziro akuchitika kuti asunge ndi kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa nyama yosowa iyi.
Bolshehehtsirsky State Reserve
Ali ku Khabarovsk Territory. Dera - oposa 44,000 ha.Pano pamodzi ndi nkhalango za coniferous (fir ndi spruce) pali mitengo ya mkungudza. Komanso, mitengo ya thundu ya ku Mongolia imamera pamalo osungirako phulusa, phulusa, alder, ndi popula zimapezeka m'malo a mitsinje komanso m'malo osalala.
Zomera za malo osungidwa zimayimiriridwa ndi mitundu yoposa 750 ya zomera, nyama - mitundu 267 ya nyama. Pali mitundu yachilendo yomwe yalembedwa mu Red Book. Mwa mbewu, iyi ndi venus slipper, Brazil, ya nyama - mphaka wa m'nkhalango ya Amur, ufulu waku Far East.
Mitundu ya maluwa
Mitundu yayikulu ya mitengo yosakanikirana ndi mitengo ndi mitengo ikuluikulu ya mitengo yopanda.
p, blockquote 4,0,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Oak
p, blockquote 5,0,0,0,0 ->
Linden
p, blockquote 6.0,0,0,0,0 ->
mgoza
p, blockquote 7,0,0,0,0 ->
Maple
p, blockquote 8,0,0,0,0 ->
Beech
p, blockquote 9,0,0,0,0 ->
Hornbeam
p, blockquote 10,0,0,0,0 ->
Elm
p, blockquote 11,0,0,0,0 ->
Phulusa
p, blockquote 12,0,0,0,0 ->
Ku North America, kuli mitengo ya oak, beech-maple ndi nkhalango za oak-hickory.
p, blockquote 13,0,0,0,0 ->
Zomera za thundu
p, blockquote 14,0,0,0,0 ->
Beech ndi mapulo grove
p, blockquote 15,0,0,0,0 ->
Mitundu yotsatirayi imapezeka mu nkhalango za ku Europe:
p, blockquote 16,0,1,0,0 ->
Chitumbuwa cha mbalame
p, blockquote 17,0,0,0,0,0,0 ->
Euonymus
p, blockquote 18,0,0,0,0 ->
Hazel
p, blockquote 19,0,0,0,0 ->
Holly Holly
p, blockquote 20,0,0,0,0 ->
Yewu mabulosi
p, blockquote 21,0,0,0,0 ->
Heather
p, blockquote 22,0,0,0,0 ->
Mkulu
p, blockquote 23,0,0,0,0 ->
Rasipiberi
p, blockquote 24,0,0,0,0 ->
Viburnum
p, blockquote 25,0,0,0,0 ->
Dogrose
p, blockquote 26,0,0,0,0 ->
Mwa zina zam'mera zopatsa mphamvu za m'nkhalango zowola bwino, pali chipale chofewa komanso anyezi, ma chives ndi Copepods, Corydalis ndi anemones, clover dothi ndi caustic buttercup.
p, blockquote 27,0,0,0,0 ->
Chipale chofewa
p, blockquote 28,0,0,0,0 ->
Uta wa Goose
p, blockquote 29,0,0,0,0 ->
Zubyanka
p, blockquote 30,0,0,0,0 ->
Matchulidwe
p, blockquote 31,0,0,0,0 ->
Corydalis
p, blockquote 32,1,0,0,0 ->
Anemone
p, blockquote 33,0,0,0,0 ->
Dongosolo clover
p, blockquote 34,0,0,0,0 ->
Caustic buttercup
p, blockquote 35,0,0,0,0 ->
Mosses ndi lichens, komanso ferns, amakula pano.
p, blockquote 36,0,0,0,0 ->
Kutayika
p, blockquote 37,0,0,0,0 ->
Lichen
p, blockquote 38,0,0,0,0 ->
p, blockquote 39,0,0,0,0 ->
Malo osungirako "nkhalango ya Bryansk"
Ali ku dera la Bryansk. Dera - mahekitala oposa 12,000. 80% ya malowa ndi nkhalango. M’chigwa cha mtsinje wa Nerussa, mitengo yambiri yotambalala, monga mitengo ndi phulusa, imafalikira. Kusungidwa kwa nkhalango za oak poyambilira inali ntchito yayikulu kudera lino. Komanso m'nkhalango izi muli mapulo ndi linden. Pali malo omwe thundu limayandikana ndi spruce.
Zomera zimapangidwa ndi mitundu yoposa 780, makamaka imakhala nkhalango zotchuka za ku Europe. M'malo osungiramo nyama zamtundu 272. Ntchito ikupitilira kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa zimbalangondo zofiirira, kusungitsa tsinde la anthu akuda omwe akuphatikizidwa ndi Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Kusungitsa "nkhalango ku Vorskla"
Ichi ndi gawo la nkhokwe yayikulu "Belogorye" mdera la Belgorod. Malo awa ndi apadera chifukwa nkhalango zakale za oak zasungidwa pano m'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Vorskla. Mitengo yambiri yadutsa mzaka zana limodzi. Ndipo pamalo omwe ali ndi malo opitilira mahekitala 150, kuli nkhalango za oak, zomwe zaka zake zimaposa zaka 300.
Zomera ndi nyama zachikhalidwe zimakonda kukhala m'nkhalango zambiri za Russia.
Zambiri zosangalatsa za nkhalango zowola
Mtengo waukulu wankhalango yowuma - thundu - imatha kukula mpaka zaka 500. Nthawi yomweyo, korona wake amawonjezeka chaka chilichonse ndi mamita 1. Kwa tsiku limodzi, thundu la zana limodzi limatha "kumwa" mpaka malita 600 amadzi. Nthawi yomweyo, mtengowo umangotenga 1/10 pazinthu zonse zofunika kuti ukhale ndi moyo ndikukula kuchokera m'nthaka. Zotsalazo zimatengedwa kuchokera mumlengalenga.
Dulani nkhalango za oak ndizovuta kuyambiranso. Pakadali pano, makilogalamu 80 okha azinthu zomwe zakonzedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito zimatha kusunga mtengo umodzi.
Mtengo wina wotambalala - linden - umakula mpaka zaka 400. Koma pali akatswiri a zaka zana omwe adadutsa mzere wazaka 1000.
Zoyambira mayina ambiri pakati pa Asilavo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi linden: Lipki, Lipovets, Lipetsk, Lipno, Podlipki. Pakati pa mitengo yomwe ikukula mofulumira kwambiri ndi mapulo. Mtengo wopendekera motere ungathe kukula ndi mamita 2 mchaka chimodzi chokha. Mapu amakondedwa ndi njuchi chifukwa ndi mbewu zabwino za uchi. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zambiri zimabzalidwe pafupi ndi njuchi.
Mitengo yokhala ndi mitengo yambiri siikhala yayikulu ku Russia. Udindo wa nkhalango yayikulu kwambiri osati mdziko muno, komanso padziko lapansi umachitika ndi Sibiga ya Siberian. Koma akukhulupirira kuti inali gawo lakulitsa nkhalango zosakanizika ndi zofalikira zomwe zinali gawo lomwe miyambo, zikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu aku Russia zidapangidwa.
Kapangidwe kake: Vladimir Chachikulu