Zovala zankhondo zimakhala ndi fupa lophimbidwa ndi chinthu chonyansa (mikanda yolimba ndi zishango zolumikizidwa ndi nsalu zokulungika, zomwe zimatsimikizira kuyenda konse, poyang'ana koyamba, kapangidwe kake.
Manja atasinthidwa kukhala mpira wathunthu
Tsitsi limapangidwa pamimba ndi pakatikati pa miyendo. Mumitundu yambiri, tsitsi lililonse limamera pakati pazingwe kumbuyoko. Mtundu wa chigobachi umasiyana ndi pinki (makamaka mwa nyama zazing'ono) mpaka bulauni kapena imvi. Zida zoterezi zimateteza nyamayi kwa adani. Komabe, mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira, mitundu iwiri yokha yamtundu wa armadillos (Tolypeutes) watatu yomwe imatha kupanga mpira wolimba. Enawo ali ndi ma plates ambiri ndi malamba a izi.
Malo okhala ndi malo okhala
Armadillos ndi anthu okhala m'mphepete momasuka (mapiri, zipululu), koma ena amakhala m'nkhalango, amatha kuthamanga kwambiri ngakhale kulumpha. Monga pobisalira mumagwiritsa ntchito zingwe. Digger ndizabwino kwambiri. Thandizo labwino mukakumba mabowo - miyendo inayi kapena isanu-yopingasa yokhala ndi zibwano zamphamvu, zazitali, zokhota. Miyendo yam'mbuyo ndiyopindika. Zodabwitsa kuti, chilombo chophimbidwa ndi zida zoyambira bwino, chimadutsa mitsinje yambiri. Armadillos imatha kuwonjezera kukomoka kwa thupi pomeza mpweya. Amatha kulowa pansi - kotero, nkhondo yankhondo yamiyendo isanu ndi inayi ikhoza kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi zisanu ndi chimodzi.
Armadillos ndi osakwatiwa, iliyonse imakhazikitsa malo akeawo. Amuna amayang'anira dera lawo mosamala, galu wofanana ndi galu kapena mphaka. Nthawi yomweyo mkono wobwera kumalo osungira nyama ukamwalira chifukwa chodana ndi madzi: nthawi iliyonse atatha kuyeretsa bwino ndendende, analiwumba.
Kodi armadillos amadya chiyani?
Zakudya za armadillos zimaphatikizapo zakudya za nyama ndi zomera, ngakhale zimakoma kwambiri ndi nyerere ndi chiswe. Nyama zimatsegula m'misinga tizilombo tokhala ndi zikhadabo, kenako zimatola nyama zawo ndi lilime lalitali. Mitundu yambiri imakhala yovuta kwambiri: imamwa mosangalala ma invertebrates komanso ma vertebrates ang'onoang'ono (mwachitsanzo, abuluzi, makoswe, mbalame), zipatso, ndipo samanyoza zovunda ndi zinyalala za chakudya.
Kuswana
Pakati pa zolengedwa zoyamwitsa ndi kubadwa kwa armadillos. Choyambirira ndikuchedwa kuchepa kwa mluza, womwe umatha kufika miyezi iwiri kapena inayi (nthawi zina zaka ziwiri). Izi zimathandiza mkazi kuti "azilingalira" mphindi yakubadwa kwa nyengoyo ndi nyengo yabwino kwambiri (chakudya chochuluka, kutentha koyenera). Mbali yachiwiri ndiyakuti mu mitundu ina (mwachitsanzo, ma armadillos a miyendo isanu ndi inayi) mapasa amodzi a dzira amabadwa (mwa nyama zina, kuphatikiza anthu, izi zimachitika mosiyana ndi).
Kuchuluka kwa ana kumakhala kofanana mpaka anayi, koma nthawi zonse amakhala achimuna kapena amuna. Ma armadillos obadwa kumene amakhala ndi chipolopolo chofewa cha mtundu wa pinki. Popita nthawi, imawuma chifukwa cha kukula kwa mafupawo. Pafupifupi palibe chomwe chimadziwika pokhudzana ndi moyo wa armadillos m'chilengedwe. Ali mu ukapolo, adakhala zaka 4 mpaka 20.
Adani a Armadillo
Ngakhale pali zida zankhondo, nyama izi zimakhala ndi adani ambiri achilengedwe: mitundu yambiri yamphaka wamtchire ndi canine, mamba. Amphaka am'nyumba ndi agalu amatha kukhala owopsa kwa akuluakulu makamaka achinyamata armadillos. Anthu amakhalanso nyama zamtundu wina: anthu amderali amadya nyama, ndipo zipolopolo zimagulitsidwa kwa alendo monga alendo. Ma armadillos ambiri amawonongeka m'misewu yayikulu. Kumapeto kwa XX century. Chiwerengero chawo chatsika kwambiri, motero mitundu 12 yalemba mu International Red Book, ndipo ma lamellar ndi ma armadillos akuluakulu akuwopsezedwa kuti atha.
Pa kukula kwa kusinthika, zida zankhondo, monga gulu lonse la xenartre, zikufika poti ziwonongeka pang'onopang'ono. Koma pali chinthu chimodzi chokha - nkhondo yankhondo ya miyendo isanu ndi inayi. Pazaka zana la 20, mtunduwu unapanga "kugunda" modabwitsa kumpoto, kuposa momwe unayambira. Kalelo mu 1880, armadillos amakhala kumalire a United States ndi Mexico, pang'ono kumpoto kwa Rio Grande River. Podzafika mu 1905, adalowa kumadzulo kwa dziko la US ku Texas. Kuyambira pamenepo, mtunduwu wakhala ukukula mosalekeza ndipo walanda mayiko a Kansas ndi Missouri. Zomwe zakukulaku sizikudziwikabe.
Kubwera kwa armadillos
Kupambana mtsogolo kungayembekezeredwe kuchokera ku makina odabwitsa awa ankhondo. |
Dupuis de Lom, popanga zombo zonyamula mfuti ndi mfuti zolemera, adayesa ngati zoyesa (1822) za wamkulu wa ku France kuchokera ku zida zankhondo zaku Pecsan.
Timafunikira ziphuphu zazing'onoting'ono zazing'onoting'ono, tikuwombera zipolopolo zophulika ndi bomba lalikulu lophulika kuchokera kumitunda yayikulu pa chombo chamatabwa. Zida zankhondo zachitsulo zimafunika kumbali za sitima zankhondo motsutsana ndi bomba. |
Chidziwitso chatsopano cha lingaliro chinali chakuti chinali chofunikira kuwombera osati pamakwerero oyendetsa sitimawo munjira yolumikizidwa, koma m'mbali mwa mphindikati. Pakuwombera kumeneku, A. Peksan adapanga mfuti zophulika momwe kamphepo kake kanapangidwira kuti apatse mphamvu zochulukirapo, makina amachotsedwa, mawonekedwe a chipindacho adasinthidwa kuti azikhala ndi ndalama zochepa, ndipo pofuna kutsegula, kugwa kunapangidwa. Kuyesedwa ku Brest ndi Kronstadt koyambirira kwa 1830s kunawonetsa kuti bomba lomwe linaphulika kumbali yonyamula matabwa limaphulitsa malo omwe ali ndi mita yopitilira mita ndikugwetsa sitima yamatabwa kuchokera kuwombera 20-25 pamtunda wa 500-1000 metres. Pa Novembala 18, 1853, Admiral Nakhimov anawononga zombo zaku Turkey ku Sinop. Pano, kwa nthawi yoyamba, mfuti zophulitsa zidayesedwa kunkhondo.
Ponena za zida, adayiwala za izi pafupifupi zaka 20. Izi zidachitika chifukwa nduna ya zankhondo yaku France, Admiral Makot, atayang'anitsitsa lingaliro la Peksan ndikuonetsetsa kuti zida zankhondo ndizothandiza kwambiri, adalemba zotsatila zake kuti pakachitika nkhondo ndi England azisungira zombo zake mwadzidzidzi. England adayamba kuyesa zida zankhondo kumapeto kwa 1840s. Koma zinafika poti ma nati, kubaya chinsalu, kumapereka chidutswa cha zidutswa. Maonekedwe awo komanso mipanda yolimba idadabwitsa omwe adatenga nawo mayeso ndipo m'gulu la Chingerezi pamakhala malingaliro olakwika pankhani yonyamula zida. Koma kumbuyo kwa zidutswazo, a Britain sanawone mfundo ziwiri zofunika. Poyamba, kumenyedwa kwa zida zoonda nthawi zambiri kumagawanitsa bomba, ndipo chachiwiri, a Britain sanabweretse makulidwe amtokoma wa zida zomwe kunenepa sikunatheke kuzilowetsa.
Nkhondo yoyamba pakati pa zombo zankhondo yonyamula zida zankhondo idachitika pa nthawi ya nkhondo yapakati pa America ku Hampton Roadstead pa Marichi 9, 1862, pakati pa armadillos USS Monitor ndi CSS Virginia ndipo kutha mwanjira.
Nkhondo yoyamba yodzaza ndi zida zankhondo inali nkhondo ya ku Liss pa Julayi 20, 1866 (tsopano chisumbu cha Vis, Croatia) pa Nkhondo ya Austro-Italiya ya 1866-1867. Ngakhale kuti anthu a ku Italiya anali ndi ukadaulo, nkhondoyi inatha mopambana kwa a Austrian, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira zamalamulo.
Casemate Armadillos
Mfuti zamtunduwu zombo zamtunduwu zinkakhazikika m'malo amodzi ndikutetezedwa ndi zida zazikulu kwambiri. Nkhondo yoyamba yamtundu uwu ndi Chingerezi Hms bellerophon.
Mwa zida zonse zankhondo zapanyumba, Bellerophon imakhala ngati galu wapaulendo yemwe angalowere padoko la mdani ndipo mwina awononge gulu lankhondo ngati lakhazikika kapena likuyendetsa munyanja. |
Barbet Armadillos
Ma barret fr. barbette -malo oteteza mozungulira mfuti yojambula. Mu 1873, gulu lankhondo loyamba la "barbet" la "Novgorod" lidakhazikitsidwa.
Mu 1875, Vice-Admiral Popov Barbet armadillo idakhazikitsidwa (ndikuyika kwa Kiev mu 1874).
Tilibe zombo zomwe zitha kuyenda mumadzi osaya ndipo tikumenya nkhondo ndi zida zankhondo zaku Russia. "Popovka" "Vice Admiral Popov" ndiye woyamba kuyendetsa chombo padziko lonse lapansi, atanyamula mfuti 19 inchi (356 mm) ndi mfuti 40-ton (305 mm). |
Mtundu wa Armadillo Amiral duperre anali ndi barbet yoteteza 300 mm, ma cellars akutsogolera kupita nayo anali ndi zida za 100 mm, ndipo mzere wonse wamadzi umatetezedwa ndi lamba woonda wa 550 mm pakati pa khwangwala ndi 250 mm mu uta ndi kumbuyo.
Armadillos wokhala ndi zida
Sitimayi yankhondo yonyamula zida yomwe ili kumbuyo kwa parapet. Sitima yoyamba yamtunduwu inali Chingerezi Hms kuwonongeka.
Mu 1869, polojekiti ya Popov ku St. Petersburg, padoko la Galerny Island, woyendetsa "Cruiser" adagonekedwa pansi, adasinthidwa mu 1872 "Peter the Great".
Anthu a ku Russia adatha kutidutsa tonse malinga ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi sitima zomwe zilipo, komanso pokhudzana ndi njira zatsopano zomangira. "Peter the Great" wawo amatha kupita kumadoko achingelezi, chifukwa ndi sitima yamphamvu kwambiri kuposa zida zathu zilizonse. |
Citadel Armadillos
Tayerekezerani kuti pali boti lamadzi lokwana mikono 200 (33,5 mita) m'litali ndi 75 (23), lalitali mamita 3 pamwamba pamadzi ndipo lalikuta ndi nsanja ziwiri zokhala ndi mfuti ziwiri. Mvetsetsani kuti mfuti izi zimatha kuwombera nthawi imodzi mu uta, kumbuyo ndi kutembenuka konse, komanso awiriawiri - nthawi iliyonse kumtunda. Valani gawo lam'munsi lamadzi lamtunduwu ndi chinsalu chokhala ndi nkhosa pamaondo ndi zikwanje ziwiri ndi chowongolera kumbuyo - ndipo mudzapeza chithunzi cha sitimayi. |
Kusintha kwa armadillos
M'malo movomera mtundu wina wa zombo zakale, tikuwona kuti polojekitiyi sikufanana nayo, ndipo titha kunena kuti ndizosemphana nawo kwathunthu m'njira zonse. Chombo chomwe chiziwuluka m'mlengalenga sichingakhale kutali ndi lingaliro wamba ngati polojekiti yapansi pamadzi yomwe imadula kapena kulowa m'madzi. Ikuwonongeranso kusiyana pakati pa mphamvu ya sitima ya mfuti ya 100 ndi batire yozungulira yamfuti iwiri. M'mawu akuti, polojekiti amaonetsa nthawi yatsopano m'mbiri ya mayiko. |
Sitima iliyonse yomwe ikuyenda panyanja yayikulu imayenera kukwera pamwamba pa madzi, kuyatsidwa bwino ndi kunyamula zida zofunikira, ndiye kuti, momwe zingathekere, moyang'anizana ndi "Monitor". |
Cooper Coles mu 1861 adaganizira njira ina yopangira mabatire oyendetsa batire, kupangira malo ojambulira mu nsanja. Sitima yoyamba HMS Prince albert otsika kwambiri kunyanja kwa HMS Wankhondo chifukwa cha magalimoto ofooka, koma kuthamangira komwe cholinga kunakopa chidwi cha Admiralty, motero HMS idamangidwa Kaputenikoma pamayesero adamira. A Edward Reed adanenanso njira ina yosinthira ma battery a battery pomanga HMS Bellerophon mu 1865. E. Reed amakonzanso gulu lankhondo la HMS Kudzipereka ndipo ngakhale idayikidwa pambuyo pake kuposa "Peter the Great" waku Russia, idalowa kale. Nathaniel Barnaby, yemwe adalowa m'malo mwa Reed, amapanga gulu lankhondo la HMS citadel mu 1876 Kusasunthika.
Omanga zombo zaku Russia ndi ku France amakonda kupanga ma barbet omenya nkhondo. Kupanga zankhondo zoterezi kunayambitsidwa ndi Deputy Admiral Popov, aku French adatenga baton pomanga mtundu wa armadillo Amiral duperre.
Omanga zombo zaku Italy adapita njira yachitatuyo, ndikupanga zida zowerengetsera zida pomanga zombo za mtunduwo Italia mu 1885. Kuteteza gombeli, zida zodzitchinjiriza zam'madzi zidapangidwa. Korona wa chitukuko cha zida zankhondo anali omenyera ufulu wankhondo, omwe adasandulika gulu lankhondo. Mapeto a nthawi ya armadillos adayamba kugwira ntchito mu 1906 ndi English HMS Zosawidwa ndipo nyengo yovuta idayamba.
Armadillo Heirs
Nkhondo zankhondo (zomwe poyamba zimatchedwa kuti makala a nkhonya) zinakhala olowa m'malo mwa magulu ankhondo oyendetsa ndege, zomwe zimawonekera chifukwa cholimbikitsanso luso laukadaulo komanso kukula kukula. Zida zopepuka m'mbuyo mu 1870s ndizo zinali kutsogola kwa oyendetsa zombo zankhondo. Zombo zomaliza zimatcha kuti armadillos (iyo. Panzerschiffe ), adakhala zombo za ku Germany za mtundu wa "Deutschland" ("ma boti omenyera matumba"), omwe mu 1940 adasinthidwa osintha maulendo ataliatali.
Zochitika zazikulu
Zina mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi komanso zokhudzana ndi nkhondo zapamadzi za Russia ndi kutenga nawo mbali pazida ndi:
- Pa nthawi ya Nkhondo Yachiweniweni ku America pa Marichi 9, 1862, nkhondo idayamba ku Hampton Raid pakati paomwe adayambitsa gulu la USS Monitor ndi gulu lankhondo la CSS Virginia. M'mbuyomu nkhondoyi idatha, ngakhale kuti mbali zonse zidanena kuti nkhondoyi ipambana. "Southerners" adatsutsa kuti adapinda zombo ziwiri za adani ndipo USS Monitor adachoka kunkhondo, "kumpoto" adayankha kuti blockade sanachotsedwe, ndiye cholinga sichinakwaniritsidwe. Koma akatswiri adati chida chidapambana.
- Nkhondo yoyamba ya zombo zankhondo pafupi ndi chisumbu cha Lissa Julayi 16, 1866 (tsopano chisumbu cha Vis, Croatia) pa Nkhondo ya Austro-Italiya ya 1866-1867. Pankhondo iyi, nkhondo ya ku Italy Re d ltalia anamenyedwa ndikunyongedwa ndi nkhondo yankhondo yaku Austria Erzherzog Ferdinand Max.