Geophagus wofiira tapajos tapajos mutu wofiyira * Nsomba

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Spotted Mchira Lamprologus
S. Anikstein

Oimira ambiri a ichthyofauna a Nyanja ya Africa ya Tanganyika ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 10-15 kapena kupitirira. Komabe, palibe mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yomwe imapezeka pakati pangoziyi. Chimodzi mwa "zinyalala" zokongola kwambiri ndi 6-cm Lamprologus caudopunctatus. Mtundu wawo wamtundu, wochokera ku mawu achi Latin akuti cauda (mchira) ndi punctum (dontho, banga), nsomba zimachokera ku mawonekedwe omwe adawoneka pa caudal fin.

Poyambirira "akuti" mtundu wa Lamprologus wa fuko la Lamprologini, kachlidyu kwa nthawi yayitali anali wa mtundu wa Neolamprologus yemwe adatulukamo ndipo adawonetsedwa mu nomenclature ndi Colomb (Colombe) ndi Allgayer (Allgayer) potengera kusiyana kwa kapangidwe ka chigaza, makamaka wamkulu wa nsomba. mkhalidwe wakuthokoza kukonzanso kwa Poll (Poll) mu 1986. Komabe, kafukufuku waposachedwa wapangitsa kuti nyamayo ibwerere komwe inali kale. L.caudopunctatus amakhala kum'mwera kwa Nyanja ya Tanganyika pakuya kwa 1 mpaka 10 m m'malo osinthika kuchokera ku rockotot kupita ku mchenga.

Anthu ena amaganiza kuti ali m'dera la Kabeye, kum'mawa kwa Kasaba Bay ku Zambia. Pali mitundu 6 ya ma morphs, okongola kwambiri omwe, mwa lingaliro langa, ndi Karatra. Katsitsi kakang'ono kameneka (5-6 cm) kamawoneka kokongola kwambiri. Thupi la pinki lophimbidwa ndi madontho owoneka bwino, chikasu chamtondo wachikasu chikongoletsa thupi lokongola, ndipo maso akuda amakongoletsa chidwi. Amuna amakhala ndi kutalika kwa 6 cm, zazikazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zazing'ono - mpaka 4 cm.

Kuwala kwam'madzi mu nsomba izi sikufotokozedwa bwino, kupatula kutalika kwa thupi ndi mawonekedwe a papilla yamtundu, yomwe imakhala yayitali komanso yowonjezereka mwa akazi. Mukhozanso kuwona kuwongola pang'ono pang'ono kwa kowongolera kwa abambo aimuna. Komabe, wosaka nsomba wa m'madzi atha kudziwa mtundu wa nsomba mwa machitidwe awo, makamaka pakaterera kapena pang'onopang'ono. M'magawo a morphometric, nyali yamalonda yokhala ndi bala ili pafupi kwambiri ndi Lamprologus leloupi, ndizosiyana pang'ono pokha. Mikwingwirima itatu yoyambirira ya caudopunctuses imaphimba theka lam'mimba, ena onse ali ngati chessboard, ngati Lamprologus leloupi. Inde, ndipo ma biotopes m'mitundu yonseyi ndiofanana.

Zofunikira za nsomba izi zimakhazikika m'malo otsetsereka akuda am'mbali mwa nyanja, ndikuwomba mozama mpaka mamita 20. Pansi apa pamakhala miyala yambiri, ndikupanga matanga osiyanasiyana amiyala ndipo amaphatikizidwa ndi "mchenga" wamchenga. Palibe mbewu zamadzi zapamwamba, koma carpent yamphamvu yamchere imatha kupezeka ngakhale pakuzama kwambiri. Pamodzi, chilengedwe chotere chimakhala malo okhala ndi pofikira onse a L. caudopunctatus ndi ma cichlids oyandikana amitundu ina. Ndipo ngati mutha kubwereza zamkati mnyumba yanu posungira, ziweto zidzakondwera.

Ndakhala ndikulakalaka za nyali zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono ku Russia, motero ndinali wokondwa kulandira gawo kuchokera ku L.caudopunctatus kuchokera ku Germany. Maphwandowa anali ndi achichepere 7 a nsomba zotalika 2.5-3 masentimita omwe ali oyenerera bwino kulowa mumadzi am'madzi okwana 200 okhala ndi achinyamata a Callochromis melanostigma. Zotsatira zake pambuyo pake, malo ambiri obisalamo omwe amakhala ngati miphika yodongo ndi mapaipi apulasitiki anali osafunikira - adagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nsomba pokhapokha kumatulutsa. Chakudya chomwe chimapatsa akuluakulu nyali zamtundu wamtunduwu pamikhalidwe yachilengedwe, monga lamulo, mitundu ingapo yaying'ono, mphutsi zomwe zimakhala pansi, komanso zooplankton, zomwe ndizambiri mnyanja (mwachitsanzo, Mysis spp.). Ndipo mwachangu mu chilengedwe, chakudya chachikulu, mwina, ndi oimira a Сopepoda - Diaptomus spp. - ndi mitundu yambiri ya phytoplankton. Mu malo osungirako zinyama, L.caudopunctatus amawonetsa kupatsa chidwi kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kudya mwa kudya mtundu uliwonse wa chakudya chouma ndi chouma. Makamaka, mayadi anga kuyambira masiku oyambira anameza ma Cyclops, Coretra, ndimayendedwe osiyanasiyana ndi zopukutira kuchokera kwa opanga odziwika ku Western. Ponena za zokonda za caudopunctus, iwo, m'malingaliro anga, amapatsidwa kwa brine shrimp ndi coronet. Mikhalidwe yokhala m'ndende inali motere: dGH 10-20 °, pH 7.5-8.5, kusefedwa kwabwino komanso boma la okosijeni (mpweya wozungulira pafupifupi 10 mg / l), T = 24-27 ° C.

Monga tanena kale, m'chilengedwe, nyali zamoto zokhala ndi matalala zimakonda kusintha kosinthika kuchokera ku mwala kupita pa mchenga, pomwe mukuyenda malo omwe kuli zipolopolo zambiri za Neothauma spp. "Nyumba" zachilengedwe zamtunduwu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chingwe cholumikizira, chodalirika, ndikuziponyera mumchenga. Mukasungidwa mu malo osungirako zinyalala, zipolopolo zopanda kanthu za ma Black Sea, monga rapans, komanso ma ampoules akulu kapena mphesa, ndizoyenera. Nsomba zokhala ndi utoto wabwino ndizosaiwalika! Ndipo kuti mukwaniritse matani ambiri, muyenera kupanga malo oyenera mu dziwe lanu. M'malingaliro mwanga, nyali zamagetsi izi zimawoneka zopindulitsa kwambiri poyatsa, osati zowala kwambiri poyang'ana malo owoneka bwino. Zowala zokha zomwe mukufuna ndizoyambirira .. Pakuwunikira, ndimagwiritsa ntchito nyali za Hagen Life Glo ndi Aqua Glo. Amapangitsa mtundu wa nsomba kukhala wokongola kwambiri, kutsindika mtundu wa zipsepse zachikasu ndi lalanje. Koma kukongola kwa caudopunctuses kumapangidwanso kokwanira ndi magwero owunikira ndi kutentha kwa 6500-10000K. Pafupifupi, aquarium yamacichlids awa ayenera kukhala ndi malo okhala okwanira ndi zipolopolo zopangidwa ndi miyala kukula kwa mpira wa tenisi. Ndikofunikira kuti zonsezi zigonekedwe pamchenga wabwino, momwe (makamaka pansi pa miyala ikuluikulu) nsomba zimakonda kukumba.

Zomera sizingakonde chidwi chokha kwa anthu ochepa, komanso osatinso m'malo otetezeka, koma m'malo otetezeka. Awiri mwa “nyali zamchere” zoterezi ndi okwanira chombo chokhala ndi malita 50. Zitha kusungidwa pamodzi ndi nthumwi zina zamtunduwu, koma pakhale kuchuluka kokwanira komanso kuchuluka kwa malo okhala. Kuphatikiza pa abale apafupi kwambiri, mu malo oyenerera a aquarium L.caudopunctatus amakhalanso bwino ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya Cyprichromis, Paracyprichromis ndi ena aciconids a Tanganyika, omwe amakonda magawo apakati amadzi, motero samapikisana ndi caudopunctuses, omwe amasungidwa makamaka pansi. Ndikofunikira ndikofunika kukumbukira kuti posunga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma cichlids a Nyanja ya Tanganyika, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti malo omwe akukwana ndi ofunika. Makina opanga nyali zofowoka amadziwika ndi nkhanza yofooka ya intraspecific, kotero kuti amatha kusungidwa awiriawiri (mwachilengedwe amapereka kukonda njira yokhayo), komanso gulu.

Kuberekanso, monga momwe zimayimira ambiri ena amtunduwu, kumachitika m'misasa. Mtunduwu ndi "phanga" lenileni, chifukwa nsomba zomwe zimawonekera zimagwiritsa ntchito miyala ikuluikulu ndi zipolopolo za "mwana wamasiye". Wamkazi amateteza mazira ndi ana. Wamphongo amateteza gawo, ndipo kukwiya kwake sikungokulira kwa achinyamata omwe amaloledwa pamtunda wofalikira. Pafupifupi, sindinawonepo munthu wamkulu amadya mwachangu, kapena, mwana wokonda kucheza ndi abale ang'onoang'ono. Khalidweli ndi lodziwika mwa ma cichlid ambiri a "mwala" wa Nyanja ya Tanganyika - izi zimapangitsa kuthekera kwa mgwirizano wamibadwo yambiri. M'mabuku a Azungu, ndidawerenga kuti zobereketsa, ziweto zanga zimafunikira malo okhala, ming'alu pakati pa miyala yamiyala, mapoto osweka a maluwa, etc. Koma kuwaza kumatsatira pambuyo pokhapokha nditayika chipolopolo. L. caudopunctatus amakhala ochenjera kwambiri ndipo amatha nthawi yawo yambiri moyandikana ndi zipolopolo zazikulu ndi zokutira. Chifukwa chake, sizophweka kudziwa ngati kutulutsa kudachitika kapena ayi. Msodzi wosadziwa zambiri wazaka zam'madzi adzadabwa kuwona kuyamwa tating'ono pakhomo la pobisala. Mwachitsanzo, ndimaphunzira kuti kuwaza kudachitika ndi zomwe oyendetsa nyali: banja limathamangitsa mwankhanza onse oyandikana nawo omwe amawoneka pafupi ndi chipolopolo, mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwawo. Ngakhale mwana wamwamuna wazaka zambiri Callochromis melanostigma anagwidwa mobwerezabwereza, ndipo ndiyenera kunena, ndi "nsomba yokhala ndi mawonekedwe." Clutch yoyamba idakhala yochepa kwambiri - mazira 10 okha, ndipo chifukwa - 9 mwachangu. Pa 26 ° C, kuwaswa kwa mphutsi kumachitika pakapita masiku atatu, ndipo mwachangu amayamba kusambira ndikudya mwachangu patatha masiku 4-6. Kuyambira tsiku loyamba, wachinyamata Lamprologus caudopunctatus adayesetsa kugwira artemia nauplii, koma chakudya chinali chokwanira kwambiri kwa iye. Ndinafunika kugula mwachangu "bearberry". Kwa masiku atatu kudya mwachangu pamatumbo, kenako ndidawapatsanso mphutsi za crackacean yamadzi. Pakadali pano chakudya chidakhala chothandiza.

Nsomba zimamera pang'onopang'ono. Ngakhale kudyetsa ka 5-6 ndikusintha tsiku lililonse mpaka 50% ya kuchuluka kwa madzi (chifukwa chake, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa zoletsa achinyamata - nitrate - sizinapitirire 5-10 mg / l). Pakatha mwezi umodzi, achinyamata amafikira 1 cm zokha. Monga makolo, amatsatira moyo wa pelagic, koma moyandikana kwambiri ndi pansi kapena pobisalira. Poyamba, mwachangu "msipu" womwe siuli kutali ndi malo omwe amatumphukira, koma akafika masentimita awiri amodzi amawachotsa kale makolo awo, omwe nthawi imeneyo amakhala otetezeka kwambiri. Achinyamata amawoneka osakonzekera, nthawi zambiri amawonetsa opsinjika - utoto "wopanda". Mwa njira, mwa akulu, imadziwonekera yokha pokhapokha ngati pakuchitika zoopsa kapena nthawi zina zadzidzidzi. Usito wa caudopunctuses ndi wamanyazi. Kusuntha konse koyandikira pafupi ndi aquarium kumayambitsa momwe amaonekera ma nyali mwa iwo: kuthamanga kwachangu - ndipo kulibe nsomba (ndi kwinakwake m'gobolomo). Izi mwina zimathandiza mwachilengedwe kuthawa adani. Popita nthawi, aang'ono a L. caudopunctatus ali ngati makolo ndipo pofika miyezi iwiri ali kuti atenga kale utoto wawo. Ndizoseketsa kwambiri kuwona nsomba ya 2 centimeter ikuchita ngati nsomba yayikulu: kamwa yake imatseguka ndipo zipsepse zotseguka, kuti zitha kuwoneka ngati "zowopsa".

Kukhala mwachilengedwe

Kwa nthawi yoyamba, geophagus wokhala ndi mutu wofiira adagwidwa ndi asitikali achi Germany (Christop Seidel ndi Rainer Harnoss), mumtsinje wa Tapajos, kum'mawa kwa Brazil.

Fomu lachiwiri lolimba, losiyanako pang'ono, linadzapangidwa pambuyo pake monga G. sp. 'Orange head Araguaia', yemwe amakhala m'chigawo chachikulu cha Mtsinje wa Tokantins.

Mtsinje wa Shingu umayenda pakati pa Tapajos ndi Tocantins, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu aziganiza kuti pali subspecies ina.

Komabe, pakadali pano ndizodziwika bwino kuti mutu wofiira ndiwopezeka, ndipo umakhala m'munsi mwa Mtsinje wa Tapajos ndi mabungwe awo, Arapiuns ndi Tokantins.

Mtsinje wa Arapiuns ndi njira yofananira yamadzi ku Amazonia, yokhala ndi madzi akuda, mchere wochepa komanso pH yotsika, komanso mawonekedwe apamwamba a ma tannins ndi ma tannins, omwe amapatsa madziwo mtundu wakuda.

M'maphunziro apamwamba, Tapajos ili ndi madzi otchedwa oyera, okhala ndi pH, osakhazikika, koma okhala ndi dongo komanso silt, akumapereka mtundu wake woyera.

M'magawo onse awiriwa, malo okonda kwambiri a geophagus wofiyira ndi malo am'mphepete, okhala ndi silika kapena pansi pamchenga. Kutengera malo okhalamo, omwe amapezekanso mu snag, pakati pamiyala ndi m'malo okhala ndi masamba ambiri obola pansi.

Pakusinthika kwa mitsinje ya Tapajos ndi Arapiuns, ma redhead amawoneka m'madzi oyera (mawonekedwe mpaka mita 20), ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba komanso pansi pomwe mabwalo amagugudubuduza, pomwe panali malilime ataliatali pakati pawo.

Pali mbewu ndi mabatani ochepa, kusaloledwa kwamadzi, ndi nsomba zokhwima zimasambira awiriawiri, ndipo achinyamata ndi osungulumwa amasonkhana m'masukulu a anthu 20.

Kufotokozera

Ma geophagus ofiira ofiira amakula masentimita 20-25. Kusiyana kwakukulu, komwe adalandira dzinalo, ndi malo ofiira pamutu.

Mphesa zamkati ndi caudal zokhala ndi tint yofiyira ndi mikwingwirima yofiyira.

Mikwingwirima yofatsa imapita m'thupi, malo akuda mkati mwa thupi.

Poganizira kuti nsomba zimakhala pagulu, makamaka zazikulu, ndiye kuti musunge muyenera kukhala ndi ma 400 malita.

Gawo lofunika kwambiri pankhani yokongoletsa ndi nthaka. Iyenera kukhala yabwino, yabwino mchenga, womwe mutu wofiira womwe umakumba ndikufewa, ndikuuponya m'magawo.

Ngati dothi ndi lalikulu, ndiye kuti amalipeza mkamwa, ndikungomulavulira, komanso ngakhale litakhala laling'ono. Mphepo ikunyalanyazidwa, kukukangana pakati pake.

Zokongoletsera zina zonse ndi zogwirizana ndi malingaliro anu, koma mawonekedwe a biotopu amakhala ofanana komanso owoneka bwino kwambiri. Driftwood, echinodorus, miyala yayikulu yozungulira.

Kuwala kofinyira, koyandama pamtunda ndi chomera choyenera - mawonekedwewo ndi angwiro.

Mtundu wa malo oterowo ndi kukhalapo kwa masamba ambiri omwe agwa pansi, koma pankhani yokhala ndi mutu wofiyira, ndi ma geophagus ena aliwonse, izi zikuwoneka kuti masamba asamba adzayandama mu aquarium ndikutseka zosefera ndi machubu.

Akufunikira pamtunda wam'madzi komanso kusinthasintha kwa magawo amadzi, ndibwino kuyiyendetsa mu aquarium yoyenera kale.

Ndili ndekha, ndazindikira kuti ndinayambitsa zatsopano, nsomba zimakhala ndi moyo, koma zidayamba kudwala chifukwa cha zovuta.

Zosefera zakunja zamphamvu zokwanira ndikusintha kwamadzi nthawi zonse ndikofunikira, ndipo kusefa kwamakina ndikofunikira kwa wakunja, apo ayi mitu yofiira imapanga msanga.

kutentha 26 - 30 ° C
pH: 4.5 - 7.5
kuuma 18 - 179 ppm

Kudyetsa

Ma Bentophages amadya nthaka ndikumata pamatayilo, ndikudya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Mimba za anthu omwe agwidwa mwachilengedwe anali ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya tizilombo ndi mbewu - mbewu, detritus.

Monga tanena kale, kwa geophaguses gawo lapansi ndilofunikira. Amakumbamo ndikuyang'ana chakudya.

Poyamba, ankandidikirira pansi, popeza m'mbuyomu ankakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana okhala ndi nsomba zomwe zimachedwa. Koma, adazindikira mwachangu kuti kunali koyenera kuti asasokonekere ndi zipsera ndipo adayamba kukwera m'matumba am'mwamba ndi apakati pamadzi podyetsa.

Koma, chakudya chikadzagwera pansi, ndimakonda kuchidyetsa pansi. Izi zimawonekera makamaka mukapatsidwa magawo ang'onoang'ono. Gulu limafufuza kumene linagwera.

Amadyanso chakudya chamoyo, chisanu komanso chongopanga (malinga ngati amira). Amadya chilichonse kuchokera kwa ine, samadwala chifukwa chosowa chakudya.

Ndikofunika kwambiri kudyetsa m'njira zosiyanasiyana, akamakula, amasintha zakudya zamasamba. Ma Geophaguses amadwala kwambiri hexamitosis ndi tapajos sichoncho. Ndipo ndikudya kwamitundu yambiri komanso mukamadyetsa masamba, masamba omwe akudwala amachepa.

Kugwirizana

Wamanyazi, mu aquarium kuti amamatirane, nthawi zina amuna ankakonda kuwonetsa mphamvu, komabe osavulala komanso ndewu. Chodabwitsa ndichakuti, mutu wofiyira umagwirizana ngakhale ndi neon, osakhudza nsomba, ngati atakhala mamilimita ochepa kutalika.

Mndandanda wa nsomba zomwe zikugwirizana sizikhala zopanda malire, koma zosungidwa bwino ndi nsomba zomwe zimakhala ku Amazon - scalars, corridors, cichlids yaying'ono.

Amakhala ankhanza pobzala, kuteteza chisa chawo.

Kuswana

Mafupa ofiira ofiira amatuluka pansi, chachikazi ndikusaka caviar mkamwa mwake. Palibe machitidwe apadera oyambira kutulutsa omwe awona; kudya bwino komanso kuyeretsa kwamadzi, komwe kumayenera kusinthidwa sabata iliyonse, gwiritsani ntchito.

Popeza nkovuta kwambiri kusiyanitsa chachikazi ndi chachimuna akadali aang'ono, iwo amagula gululo, makamaka poganizira kuti nsombazo zimamatirana ndikupanga gulu lawolawo.

Ubwenzi umakhala mozungulira kuzungulira wamkazi, kufalitsa zozungulira ndi zipsepse, ndi zina zofananira. Pakuchepa, amatha kusankha zigoba kapena mwala, ndi pansi pa aquarium.

Malo osankhidwa amatsukidwa ndikuwatetezanso ku mbanda. Kutulutsa kumakhala chifukwa chakuti wamkazi amayala mazira, ndipo mwamunayo umamufetsa, njirayi imabwerezedwa kangapo kwa maola angapo.

Atamera, nyamayo imakhala pafupi ndi mazira, kuwateteza, ndipo yamphongo imateteza gawo lakutali.

Pakatha maola 72, mwachangu amayamba kubisala, ndipo pomwepo wamkazi amatenga mkamwa.Amuna akasambira, chisamaliro cha ana chidzagawika pakati, koma zonse zimatengera chachimuna, ena amakhudzidwa kale, ena pambuyo pake.

Akazi ena amathamangitsa amuna ndi kusamalira mwachangu okha.

Nthawi zina, makolo amagawanitsa mwachangu ndipo amasinthana nawo pafupipafupi; kusinthaku kumachitika m'malo otetezeka.

Mwachangu imayamba kusambira pambuyo pa masiku 8-11 ndipo makolo amawamasula kuti adyetse, pang'onopang'ono kuwonjezera nthawi.

Pakabuka zoopsa, zimapereka chizindikirocho kwa zipsepse ndipo mwachangu zimazimiririka mkamwa. Amabisanso thukuta mkamwa mwawo usiku.

Koma, akamakula, mtunda womwe kuyamwa kumakulira, ndipo pang'onopang'ono amasiya makolo awo.

Ndiosavuta kudyetsa mwachangu, amadya phala yophwanyika, artemia nauplii, microworms ndi zina.

Ngati kutumphuka kwachitika mu malo osambira anthu ambiri, tikulimbikitsidwa kuti tichotse kachikazi pamalo ena okhala m'madzi, chifukwa mwachangu amatha kukhala ovuta kwa ena.

Magawo amadzi

Geofagus ndi wonyalanyaza pamadzi, amakhala mosavuta ndi magawo amadzi aliwonse. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kukhazikitsa:

kutentha 26 - 28 ° C,
acidity 5.5 - 7.5 pH,
kuuma 20 - 180 ppm.

Ndikofunika kuti pakhale zotulukapo zam'madzi, chifukwa nsomba imamverera bwino. Pakukwaniritsa madzi ndi mpweya ndi kuyeretsa, fayilo yamphamvu ndi dongosolo lothandizira likufunika.

Zomera

Pakhoza kukhala zovuta ndi zomerazi. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti tapajos kukumba pansi, ndikuchotsa mbewu. Kuti mupewe izi, tikulimbikitsidwa kuyika mbuto zam'madzi mu aquarium. Mutha kupezanso mitundu yomwe imatha kumera pama snags (mwachitsanzo, Javanese moss). Masamba a nsomba samata.

Njira zabwino zadothi ndi mchenga wamtsinje. Matumba sayenera kuyikidwa, nsombazo, kuyesera kuyeserera kudzera mu izi, zimatha kuvulaza pakamwa pawo.

Kusiyana pakati pa amuna ndi akazi

Amuna ndi okulirapo kuposa akazi, mikwingwirima yofiyira imakhala yodzaza, mawonekedwe a pacidal ndi dorsal fin amakhala okwera kwambiri.

Kusiyana kwa kugonana kumayamba kuonekera pamene mwachangu afika 5 cm.

Matenda ndi Kuteteza

Katemera wa geophagus ndi wamphamvu. Kuchuluka kwa nthumwi zamtunduwu kumadalira chakudya ndi nyengo. Chiyembekezo chamoyo ndi zaka zingapo.

A Tapajos amadwala pokhapokha ngati mndende simukugwirizana ndi zovomerezeka. Matenda okhala ndi ma cichlids amachitika. Wodwala amasiyanitsidwa nthawi yomweyo ndi athanzi.

Nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chakuchepa kwa chitetezo chokwanira komanso kufa kwa ziweto ndi mtundu wotsika kwambiri wamadzi, zomwe zimakhala ndi nitrate ndi ammonia kwambiri. Popewa, ndikofunikira kusunga kusefedwa koyenera komanso kuthandizira, musaiwale za kusintha kwa madzi kwakanthawi.

Ngakhale kukhala ndi madzi oyenera, ma geophagus amakhala nthawi yayitali, akusangalatsa ndi kukongola kwawo komanso mawonekedwe ake apachiyambi.

Zina zambiri

Geophagus (Geophaginae) - gulu la nsomba zokhala ndi ray kuchokera ku banja la Tsikhlov. Mulinso ma genera angapo apamtima omwe amakhala ku South America ndipo ali osiyana kwambiri kukula kwake kwamtundu, maonekedwe, komanso machitidwe.

Dzinalo gululi limachokera ku mawu awiri achi Greek "geos" - dziko lapansi ndi "phagus" - kudya. Chifukwa chake, geophagus ndi "wakudya." Dzinalo Lachilatini limawonetsa chizolowezi chomwe aliyense m'banjamo akameza mchenga kuchokera pansi pa mitsinje. Chowonadi ndi chakuti unyinji wama invertebrates - mphutsi za tizilombo, mphutsi, ndi mapira - amakhala pamchenga ndi miyala yamchenga. Geophaguses amawagwira limodzi ndi chidutswa cha gawo lapansi ndikusefa zinthu zabwino kwambiri mkamwa, mchenga umatuluka kudzera m'matumba.

Ma Geophaguses amayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi okonda ma cichlid, ngakhale mitundu ina imafuna ma aquariums okhala ndi malita a 400-500. Alinso ndi malingaliro anzeru a makolo.

Mawonekedwe

Geophaguses imakhala ndi thupi lamphamvu, lomwe pambuyo pake limapanikizika. Mbali yodziwika ndi mutu wokhala ndi maso akulu. Nthawi zambiri imapanga kapu yayikulu yamafuta. Pakamwa pake timawongoleredwa, milomo yokhala ndi minofu, yosinthika kuti idye chakudya kuchokera pansi. Zipsepse zimapangidwa bwino, dorsal imachokera pamutu ndikukula pafupi ndi mchira. Maluso a caudal ndi olembetsedwa amodzi, kuwala kwake kopitilira muyeso kumatha kupitirira. M zipsepse za patchire zimatha ndi zotuluka zofananira zomwezo.

Kukula kwapakati pa geophagus ndi 10-12 masentimita, koma palinso mitundu ikuluikulu yomwe imakula mpaka 30 cm.

Geophagus Altifrons. Mawonekedwe

Mtundu wa geophagus ndi wosiyana. Pali mitundu yokhala ndi chikasu chobiriwira, maolivi, mabuluu ndi mitundu inanso ya masikelo. Pazinthu zodziwika bwino, munthu amatha kusiyanitsa mawonekedwe achitsulo a mawanga ambiri omwazikana m'thupi ndi zipsepse, ndikupanga mizere. Zojambula m'mitundu yambiri zimakhala ndi malo aang'ono akuda. Kugonana kwamanyazi ndi kofooka.

Chiyembekezo cha moyo wam'madzi ndizaka 15.

Habitat

Ma Geophaguses amakhala kumadera okhala ku equatorial ndi kotentha ku South America. Zimapezeka m'milandu yambiri ya mitsinje yayikulu - Amazon ndi Orinoco. Ma Geophagus amakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu: amatha kupezeka onse ali m'mitsinje ndi mphamvu yapompopompo, komanso m'mitsinje yopanda pang'onopang'ono ndi madzi "otentha" otentha, okhala ndi zinthu zozizira kuchokera pamasamba owunduka ndi nthambi. Maulamuliro otentha nawo satenganso gawo lapadera ndi nsomba. Mitundu ina imatha kuvomereza mosavuta usiku kugwa kwamadzi kutentha kwa + 10 ° C.

Geophagus Steindachneri (Geophagus steindachneri)

Muli gawo la Colombia yamakono. Mtundu wina wa biotopu ndi madzi abwinowa komanso okhala ndi mchenga.

Mtundu wa thupi umasiyana kuchokera pachikaso mpaka kufiyira kutengera dera lomwe amakhala. Nsombayo imakula mpaka masentimita 11 mpaka 15. Kwa amuna akuluakulu, kukula kwamafuta pamutu ndi khalidwe.

Steindahner Geophagus

Geophagus wofiyira (Geophagus sp. Tapajos)

Mtunduwu ulibebe kulemba kwathunthu asayansi, chifukwa chake umadziwika bwino pansi pa dzina la malonda a geophagus-red-cap-Tapazhos. Nsomba zimakhala ku Brazil, zofanizira zoyambirira zidagwidwa mumtsinje wa Tapajos, kuchokera komwe dzina loyambirira lidachokera. Sankhani madzi akuda "akuda" ndi magetsi apano.

Amatha kukula mpaka masentimita 20-25. Chochititsa chidwi ndi malo ofiira owoneka bwino pamutu. Zipsepse zimakhala zofiirira ndi mikwingwirima yayitali yokhala ndi turquoise. M'mphepete mumatha kuwona mikwingwirima yakuda ndipo, nthawi zambiri, malo amdima kumbuyo kwa gill. Voliyumu yovomerezeka - kuchokera ku malita 300. Mitembo yamanyazi yomwe imagwidwa ndi zoweta.

Mafupa ofiira

Geophagus altifrons (Geophagus altifrons)

Malo okhala zachilengedwe amaphatikizapo Rio Negro River Basin. Nsomba zimakonda m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi madzi oyera komanso oyera.

Kukula kwakukulu kwa ma altifrons geophagus ndi masentimita 22. Mtundu umatengera dera lomwe unachokera ndipo ungasiyane ndi mtundu wamtambo wobiriwira mpaka lalanje. Kugonana kwamanyazi sikunafotokozeredwe. Kuchuluka kwakukonzedwa ndikusowa malita 500. Mukakhala m'magulu akuluakulu am'madzi, gawo laukali limatsika. M'malo opsinjika, anthu amphamvu amawukira omwe afooka.

Geophagus Altifrons

Geophagus surinamese (Geophagus surinamensis)

Mwachilengedwe, mtundu wamtunduwu wa geophagus ukhoza kupezeka m'malo otsika mumtsinje womwe umayenda m'chigawo cha Suriname ndi French Guiana. Amakhala pafupi ndi pansi, ngati kutuluka pang'onopang'ono komanso magawo ocheperako.

Nsomba zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimatha kukula mpaka 30 cm. Mtundu wonyezimira kuchokera ku maolivi obiriwira maolivi mpaka imiyala ya ngale. Kugonana kwamanyazi ndi kofooka. Kuti mukonze, mukufunikira ma aquarium osachepera 500 malita. Mu chidebe chotere, mutha kuyesa nsomba 5-8. Amasiyanitsidwa ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika, chankhanza pokhapokha patadutsa.

Geofagus Surinamese

Brazil Geophagus (Geophagus brasiliensis)

Imodzi mwa ma geophagus okongola kwambiri opezeka kumwera kwa Brazil ndi Uruguay. Nsomba zimakhala m'malo akumphepete mwa mitsinje.

Mphesa ya ku Brazil yotchedwa peophagus imatchulidwanso kuti pearl cichlid chifukwa cha malo ambiri owoneka bwino. Kukula kwa amuna kumatha kufika 25 cm, nthawi zambiri akazi amakhala ocheperako - osaposa masentimita 15. Amuna ndi amtundu wowala, akuluakulu amakhala ndi mawonekedwe a mafuta pamutu.

Kuti musunge nsomba zingapo mukufuna ma aquarium 300 malita. Mosiyana ndi ma geophagus ena ambiri, kubzala sikofunikira. Nsomba zimatha kukhazikitsidwa zokhazokha kapena ziwiri, ngati wina wapanga. Khalidwe limakhala loseketsa, makamaka munyengo yamthumba. Kuti musunge ndi mitundu ina, mufunika malo okhala ndi malita osachepera 500 okhala ndi malo okhala ambiri.

Mtsinje waku Brazil

Geophagus balzanii (Gymnogeophagus balzanii)

Geofagus balsani amapezeka ku South America mitsinje ya Parana, Paraguay, Guapor. Amakonzanso phokoso lamadzi abwinoko.

Mtundu wa nsombowu sungatchedwa wowala. Thupi limangokhala ndi madontho amtambo obalalika pamenepo. M'mphepete mwa thupi pali mikwingwirima yakuda 5-8. Kukula kwakukulu kwa nsomba zam'madzi ndi 20 cm.

Calm cichlid, imagwirizana bwino ndi mitundu ya nsomba. Balsani geophaguses amakhala ndi moyo wama benthic, koma, mosiyana ndi abale awo apamtima, kawirikawiri samawomba pansi.

Kuti musunge, mukufunikira madzi am'madzi okwanira 300 malita. Amuna samalolerana wina ndi mnzake, kotero payenera kukhala akazi ambiri. Ndipo, zoona, ndikofunikira kukonza magulu ambiri obisalamo.

Geophagus Balzani

Geophagus Weinmiller (Geophagus winemilleri)

Cichlid wobadwira kumtsinje wa Orinoco samapezeka kawirikawiri m'mizinda yamchere. Amakonzekera kukhala m'mitsinje yokhala ndi madzi oyera, omveka bwino m'mphepete mwa nyanja.

Mawonedwe akulu omwe amatha kufikira 20 cm kutalika. Mtundu waukulu wa thupi ndi wachikasu-lalanje wokhala ndi mizere ya mikwaso ya buluu. Kumbali iliyonse kuli malo ena okuda owoneka bwino. Kugonana kwamanyazi ndi kofooka.

Imasungidwa bwino m'magulu ang'onoang'ono (mpaka anthu asanu) mumadzi am'madzi kuchokera ku 500 malita. Amakhala mwamtendere.

Weinmiller Geophagus

Kusamalira ndi kukonza

Ndibwino ngati geophagus ikhala m'madzimo mwa anthu 5 mpaka 15. Zikatero, amakhala omasuka momwe angathere. Nsomba zidzakhala zolimba komanso zogwira ntchito. Munjira, munthu amatha kuwona kumvana kwa ubale wapakati pa anthu, ndipo mwayi wobereketsa bwino umakulitsidwa kwambiri. Poganizira kukula kwa geophaguses, kuchuluka kocheperako kwam'madzi kuyenera kukhala osachepera 300 malita, moyenera kuchokera ku 500.

Mitundu yambiri ya geophaguses imafuna kusamalira

Mfundo yotsatira ndikusankha dothi. Chikhumbo chofuna kulowa mkati mwake chimadzamizidwa ndi nsomba pamlingo wachibadwa, ngakhale zitakhala kuti ma cichlids safunikira kudzipezera chakudya pawokha. Chifukwa chake, mchenga wabwino wa quartz umakhala chisankho chabwino kwambiri, chomwe chingapangitse ma geophagus kuti awononge bwino kudzera m'mapiritsi.

Njira yabwino kwambiri yoowonetsera malo ndi miyala ndi miyala yachilengedwe, yomwe imakhala malo okongola. Magawo ndiwofunikanso chifukwa amatulutsa tannins m'madzi. Kukumba ndi dothi la geophagus, mwatsoka, kumayika zoletsa zina pakugwiritsa ntchito nyama yamoyo pakupanga. Nsomba zimatha kukumba mizu ya chitsamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chomera tiwolokere. Nthawi zambiri mu aquarium yokhala ndi ma cichlids amagwiritsa ntchito anubias, cryptocorynes, echinodorus. Mitundu iwiri yomaliza ndibzalidwe bwino m'miphika kuti isawononge mizu.

Geophagus amafunika dothi lamchenga

Kuwala sikuyenera kukhala kowala, ma geophaguses amakonda kuwala kwamadzulo. Ndikofunikira kukonza kusefera koyenera mu aquarium. Izi, zimagwirizananso ndi chizolowezi chodzichera nsomba mumchenga. Pakachitidwe kameneka, kuyimitsidwa kambiri kumakwera m'madzi, komwe kumapangitsa kuti pasakhale kusefedwa kwakanthawi. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira nthawi zonse kuyeretsa pansi pamadzi kuchokera kuzotsalira zama organic. Madzi ayenera kudzazidwa ndi mpweya, chifukwa ma geophaguses ndi nsomba zambiri. Izi ndizomwe zimachitika makamaka kumitundu yomwe imakhala m'mitsinje yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yake pompopompo. Woyang'anira kutentha amafunikanso pokhalabe thermophilic geophaguses.

Magawo abwino am'madzi pazomwe zili: T = 24-27 ° C, pH = 6.5-7.5, GH = 6-18.

Kusintha kwa sabata kumafunikira kuti madzi azisowa kwambiri. Kwa iwo omwe amakonda madziwe am'madzi otentha, kuwonjezeranso pafupipafupi mawonekedwe a Tetra ToruMin, ndi kothandiza.

Kuswana ndi kubereka

Geophaguses amabereka bwino kunyumba. Izi zimachitika kawirikawiri mu aquarium wamba. Njira yosavuta ndiyo kupanga awiriawiri ndi gulu la geophaguses. Kuyesa kupanga "mgwirizano" wochita kupanga nthawi zambiri kumatha polephera chifukwa cha khwimbi la nsomba.

Kutha msanga kumachitika pa geophaguses wazaka pafupifupi chaka chimodzi. Ndi kuyamba kwa kufalikira, amphongo amakhala ndi utoto wowoneka bwino ndipo amakonza zovina zodzikongoletsa, zotchetchera m'maso ndikupanga zipsepse. Mukatulutsa, nsomba nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa nkhanza. Chomwe chimakulimbikitsani kutuluka kwamoto ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kusintha kwa madzi.

Awiriwo atapangidwa amapeza malo abwino, pomwe wamkazi amadzikira mazira 200. Geophagus ali ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino la makolo: atatenga umuna, m'modzi mwa makolo amatenga mazira mkamwa, momwe makulidwe amachitikira, masiku 10-14. Fryasi imatsala mkamwa mwa kholo mpaka itagwiritsa ntchito ulisi wawo, kenako ikayamba kusambira. Komabe, masabata angapo pambuyo pake, ana amabisala mkamwa mwa achikulire chizindikiro choyamba cha ngozi.

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