Ma loon mwina ndi amodzi mwa gulu lakale kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zamakono. Bokosi lakale kwambiri lomwe limapezeka ku Upper Oligocene waku North America - mbalame yaying'ono yamtundu wa Colymboides. Mitundu Gavia imawonekera kuchokera ku Lower Miocene. Morphologic ndi mofananamo, ma loons ali pafupi ndi ma penguin komanso tubular-nosed. Ma loon amatha kusinthana ndi ma toadstools. Mitambo iwiriyi ya mbalame ilibe chofanana pa morphology kapena ecology.
Kutalika kwa mbalame zooneka ngati ma loon mpaka 1 m, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 1 mpaka 6.4 kg. Amasinthasintha bwino malo am'madzi. Mawonekedwe awo amakhala osalala, maonekedwe ndiwowoneka bwino komanso wandiweyani, amateteza thupi kuti lisazizire m'madzi. Miyendo imakhala kumbuyo, mawonekedwe a osambira komanso osambira abwino kwambiri. Zala zazitali zakutsogolo ndizolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba yosambira, chala chakumbuyo sichinapangidwe bwino. Ma loon amakhala ndi ma molts awiri mchaka: yophukira, pomwe chovala cham'nyengo chimapangidwa, ndi masika, chifukwa cha zomwe zimayamba kuphuka zipatso.
Nyama zam'madzi zimapezeka kunyanja zamchere (makamaka mu tundra ndi nkhalango-tundra) ku Europe, North Asia ndi North America. Kudera la Russia, mitundu isanu yonse ya loon ikusowa. Mbalamezi nthawi yozizira zimakonda kuzizira. Matendawa amasambira mokongola ndikugundika modabwitsa. Amakhala moyo wawo wonse pamadzi, nkutuluka pamtunda pokhapokha nthawi yadzala. Asanayambe kulocha pansi, ma loon amafinya mpweya kuchokera pansi pa nthenga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azikhala ochepa. Mbalame zimazimiririka pansi pa madzi ndi liwiro lodabwitsa, popanda kuyesetsa kuoneka komanso popanda phokoso laling'ono. Pansi pamadzi, amagwira ntchito ndi miyendo yawo ndipo mbali ina ndi mapiko, ndi muvi woloza ngati njira imodzi kapena inzake, kuthamangitsa nsomba zomwe zimayamba kukhala zawo. Nthawi zambiri mbalamezi zimakhala nsapato. Amapita kumalo osungira madzi osavomerezeka pokhapokha pa nthawi yobala komanso nthawi yosamukira, komanso nthawi yonse yomwe amakhala panyanja nthawi zonse.
Pamtunda, mbalamezi ndizosathandiza, zimayenda movutikira, zimakwawa nthawi zambiri, zikutuluka ndi mapazi awo.
Ma loon amadya nsomba zochepa zokha. Mollusks, crustaceans, mphutsi, ndi tizilombo timapezekanso m'mimba zawo; magulu awa a nyama amatenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakudya kwa anapiye. Nthawi zina mbewu zimadyedwa. Zipatsozi zimakhala m'magulu awiriawiri, mwina kwamuyaya. Zingwe zimapangidwa m'mphepete mwa madzi pamphepete mwa posungira. Pamalo pokhotakhota pobwerera kumadzi, madziwo amatuluka mwakachetechete ndikugwera pansi pachiwopsezo. Magulu awiri amodzi, atatu samatulutsa dzira limodzi kapena atatu amtundu wotuwa wa azitona wokhala ndi mithunzi yakuda ndi yoyera. Onse awiri amalola mazira kwa masiku 24-29. Akwatibwi amtundu wamtundu, kumaswa mbuto za mazira, mwachangu amachoka pachisa.
M'malo ocheperako, pamodzi ndi mbalame zina zam'masewera, anthu wamba aku Far North amagwidwa akugwiritsa nyama chakudya. Usodzi wam'mbuyomu zikopa zomwe nkhumba zopangira nkhuku zimapangidwa tsopano zatha. Amadya makamaka odwala komanso ofooka, ana awonso amatenga mbali imodzi mwazinthu zina zakusankhidwa kwachilengedwe, zomwe zimakhudza gulu la nsomba zamalonda.
Mawonekedwe
Loon wouma khosi (Gavia arctica) - mbalame kuchokera ku mtundu wa Loon (Gavia) Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa mitundu ina ya loon.
Ching'onoting'ono chapakatikati (chokulirapo kuposa chokhala ndi khosi lofiira, koma chowoneka chocheperako choyera komanso chofiyira). Kutalika konseku ndi masentimita 58-75, mapiko a 110-140 mpaka 40. kulemera kwa amuna ndi 2400-3349 g, zazikazi 1800-2354. Tariso ndi yakuda, zala ndi imvi, zala zimayera imvi. Maso amtundu wa mbalame zazing'ono zimakhala zofiirira, mwa akulu ndi ofiira. Kupaka utoto, wofanana ndi wa ma loon ena, ndi mawu awiri: pamwamba ndikuda, pansi ndi koyera.
Wamphongo wamwamuna ndi wamkazi atavala zovala zodzikongoletsera amakhala ndi mutu komanso tsitsi, pamphumi kumakhala kodetsa nkhawa, kumaso ndi khosi kumakhala kwakuda ndi utoto wofiirira kapena wonyezimira. M'munsi mwa khosi mumakhala gawo lina loyera komanso lalitali. Mbali zina zapakhosi ndi zoyera ndi mzere wakuda wautali, kudutsa mbali za chifuwa. Pamwamba pa thupi ndi chonyezimira chakuda, chofiirira kumaso. Mizere yoyera yokhazikika ya mawonekedwe oyera yopangira cheke imawonekera kutsogolo kumbuyo ndi m'chigawo chamapewa, malo ang'onoang'ono oyera ozungulira ali pafupi ndi mchira. Pansi pake pali zoyera kwambiri, ndipo ndi mtambo wakuda wopyola malo ogulitsira. Gawo lam'munsi la mapikowo ndi loyera ndi mawonekedwe amdima osasangalatsa. Ntchentche ndi nthenga zake zimakhala zofiirira.
Mukuvala kwachisanu, chachikazi ndi chachimuna zimakhala ndi imvi pamutu ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi, ndipo kumbuyo ndi phewa kwakuda, nthawi zina kumakhala ndi mawanga ang'onoang'ono oyera. Kutsogolo kwa khosi, mbali za mutu, chifuwa ndi m'mimba ndizoyera. Malire a munda wamdima pamutu ndi khosi ndi osweka, pali mawanga bulauni pakhosi. Mzere wamdima wakuda mdera la chovala chovunda nthawi zambiri umakhala wotseguka.
Chovala choyamba cha anapiye ndi chofiirira, chonyezimira kumbali yamkati, m'mimba muli imvi. Kuzungulira diso pali mphete yoyera. The fluff ndi waufupi komanso wandiweyani. Zovala zachiwiri: zofanana ndi zovala zoyambirira, koma zopepuka, zimakhala zoyera. Chovala chokhacho chimakhala chofanana ndi kavalidwe ka mbalame zachikale, koma mbali yakumwamba imakhala yamkuntho, nthenga zokhala ndi mtundu wonyezimira.
Voterani
Liwu la khosi lakumaso kwakuda ndilosiyanasiyana ndipo nkovuta kupereka m'mawu. Kuuluka, nthawi zambiri mumatha kumva phokoso, pang'onopang'ono likufulumira "ha ... ha ... ha ... ha ... garrraaa" kapena "jugi" limodzi, pamadzi - mokweza kwambiri, koma kongobwereza ngati "cockoo", kumakhala ngati chiphaso cha chisa gawo la fuko. Nthawi zisanakhale zodzala ndi chisanu, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito “kangaliro kamodzi” komwe kumakhala kulira kokhotakhota kosiyanasiyana komwe kumangidwa m'makiyi osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zina duetyi imachitidwa ndi gulu la a loons, lomwe limadziwika kwambiri ndi nthawi ya chisanadze. Mbalame yamanyazi, ikamasambira, nthawi zambiri imalira mokuwa kuti "oo". Kuphatikiza pa kulira komwe kwatchulidwa, ma khosi am'miyendo yakwanayi amapanga mawu enanso ambiri, nthawi zambiri amakumbukira kubangula ndi agalu olira, agalu akhosalo ngakhale mawu a munthu. Mwambiri, mawu opangidwa ndi ma khosi am'maso akuda ndi wolemera kwambiri komanso samamveka bwino. M'nyengo yotentha makamaka kumapeto kwa nyengo yotentha, ma logi akhungu amakhala phokoso kwambiri, pomwe akusuntha komanso nthawi yozizira amakhala chete.
Habitat
Malo osungirako ziweto amachokera kudera lozizira kwambiri komanso laling'ono la ku Eurasia ndipo malo ocheperako amalowa kumadzulo kwenikweni kwa Alaska ku North America. Ku Europe, zisa ku: Norway, Sweden, Finland ndi kumpoto kwa Scotland, ku North America - zomwe zimapezeka ku Cape of the Prince of Wales. Mu Russian Federation imakhala pazisumbu: chilumba chakumwera kwa Novaya Zemlya, Kolguyev, Vaigach (yemwe sapezeka pachilumba cha Novosibirsk ndi Wrangel Island), amakhala kumtunda kuchokera ku Kola Peninsula ndi Karelia kummawa kupita ku Anadyr Lowland, Chukchi Peninsula, Koryak Upland, Kamchatka, Okhotsk m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'munsi mwa Amur. Sichikupezeka pagombe lakumpoto la Taimyr komanso m'malire a tundra kuchokera kumunsi kufupi kwa Yana kummawa kupita ku Chukchi Peninsula. Malire akumwera a malembawo agwira Latvia, Estonia ndi Lithuania, Minsk Polesie ku Belarus. Zimapezeka ku Kazakhstan kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kummaŵa kwa republic (malo a Tobol, nyanja za Naurzum, nyanja yapamwamba ya Irgiz ndi Turgai, nyanja za North Kazakhstan, Kokchetav, Pavlodar ndi Semipalatinsk, Nyanja ya Kurgaldzhin, madera otsika a Nura ndi Selety, Irtysh chigwa cha Bachkhash. Nyanja ya Mark-Kul, Nyanja ya Zaysan. Ku Russia, imapezekanso ku Altai, malo opezeka kumapiri a Sayan, Tuva (nesting imakhazikitsidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja za Ubsu-Nur ndi Tere-Khol). Popeza zaka 40-70 zapitazi, malire akum'mwera kwa Europe asunthira kumpoto ndi 200-300 km, ndipo khosi lakumaso lidasowa kumadera a Ryazan, Moscow, ndi Yaroslavl panthawiyi, mwina kusungitsa kuchuluka kosasunthika ku Volga yapamwamba , mu mabisi a Sheksna ndi Mologa.
Ku Western Europe, kumakhala kovuta kugombe la Atlantic ndi North Sea kufupi ndi Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, England, Netherlands, Belgium ndi France, kugombe lakummawa kwa Bay of Biscay, kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean, pa Nyanja Yakuda. Ku Asia, mazira akuda akukhazikika nyengo yachisanu pagombe la Caspian ku Iran, pagombe la Pacific kuchokera ku Kamchatka ndi Sakhalin kupita ku Southeast Asia.
Mu nthawi ya nesting, Loon yokhala ndi khosi imalumikizidwa ndi nyanja zazikulu komanso zazing'ono. Kupezeka kwa nyanja ngati izi kumalola kuti zitha kukhala m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuyambira tundra kumpoto mpaka mapiri komanso mapiri a kumapiri (Issyk-Kul) kumwera. M'mapiri limakhazikika pamadzi mpaka pamtunda wamtunda wa 2100-2300 m pamwamba pamadzi (Altai, Sayan Mapiri). Komabe, malo abwino kwambiri okhala ndi zotupa kumaso ali mu tundra lathyathyathya yokhala ndi nyanja zambiri zosiyanasiyana, komanso nkhalango zamtundu wamtchire ndi tchire-steppe. Kusamukira kumachitika m'zigwa zamtsinje, nyanja yayikulu komanso kunyanja, nthawi yachisanu - makamaka m'malo a nyanja. Mbalame zachikazi zimakhalanso kunyanja nthawi yotentha.
Mu tundra zone, monga lamulo, imaposa chiuno chofiyira. Ku Yamal mu 1978, kachulukidwe m'malo anali mpaka awiriawiri pamtunda wa 100 km², kum'mwera kwa Indigirka (mudzi wa Berelyakh) - mpaka awiriawiri kwa 100 km². Mu tundra, nkhalango-tundra ndi kumpoto kwa taiga kumadzulo kwa Taimyr, chifukwa nyanja 10 zilizonse, pali awiriawiri kapena asanu oswana. Kuthengo, nkhalango-steppe ndi steppe ndizosowa. M'nyengo yozizira, nthawi zina mbalame zambiri zimasonkhana m'magulu, koma monga lamulo, mbalame 2-3 zimasungidwa pamtunda wamtunda wa 1 km.
Moyo
Madziwo amakhala m'malo otsetsereka, osasunthika, komabe, ndikuwopsezedwa, amatsika mwakuya, kotero kuti kamangono kakang'ono kokha kumbuyo ndi mutu wokhala ndi khosi ndikuwoneka. Kuuluka, imafanana ndi bakha wamkulu, koma chifukwa cha miyendo yotambasulira kumbuyo imawoneka yayitali komanso yocheperako. Kuuluka kwawo kumathamanga, ndikuuluka kwamapiko pafupipafupi, molunjika, motsika pang'ono. Chingwe chakuda chakumaso sichitha kutembenuka khota lalikulu kapena lakuthwa lakuthwa. Mbalame nthawi zambiri zimawuluka zokhazokha - ngakhale mutagona matupi, makanda amphongo akhungu samawuluka moyandikana, koma nthawi zonse pamtunda winawake ndipo nthawi zambiri pamitunda yosiyanasiyana. Pakusamukira sikhala gulu mumlengalenga, ndipo nthawi zina pokhapokha magulu omwazikana amatha kuwonedwa, ngakhale amadya pamadzi akulu (mpaka mbalame ziwiri mpaka zitatu). Imakwera kwambiri m'madzi, nthawi zonse imayenda mtunda wautali (motero imangokhala pama nyanja akuluakulu) ndipo, monga lamulo, motsutsana ndi mphepo, singathe kuwuluka pansi konse. Monga ma loons onse, amasambira ndikuyamba kusambira mokongola. Tikamadumphira m'madzi, nthawi zina imalowa m'madzi mwakachetechete, nthawi zina imadziwombera ndi muluzu wowonetsa (“phokoso logontha”). Imatha kukhala pansi pa madzi mpaka 135 s, nthawi zambiri 40-50 s. Kuzama kumizidwa kumatha kukhala 45-46 m, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala kochepera. Ali pamtunda, amayenda movutikira, akukamba pamimba pake, akukankha ndi miyendo yake ndikuthandizira mapiko ake.
Ma logi akhungu, akhungu, ofiira, amakhala otanganidwa nthawi yonseyo, makamaka m'malo ena opitilira Arctic Circle. Kusuntha makamaka masana, nthawi zambiri madzulo, koma nthawi zambiri usiku. Mu tundra, "makonsati" a mizu yakuda, pamene awiri kapena atatu atagona pamadzi oyandikana, nthawi yomweyo amayamba kuchita masewera olumikizana. “Kufuula” kwawo nthawi zambiri kumamveka usiku ndi theka la usiku.
Mu nthawi ya nesting amasungidwa awiriawiri, osamukira komanso nthawi yozizira - pafupipafupi komanso awiriawiri, amapanga timagulu tating'ono, makamaka atangofika masika kumapeto kwa chisa, pomwe mipata yoyamba ndi nyanja zidangowoneka pamadzi ndi mitsinje, ndipo malo oyenera kutulutsa ndi oyenera kutulutsidwa kwambiri. zochepa Pakadali pano, nthawi zambiri munthu amatha kuwona zoweta zazing'ono za mbalame 10-15 zikudya pamodzi. Komabe, ndi nkhawa, magulu oterowo, akukwera m'mwamba, amabalalitsa mbali zosiyanasiyana. Ngati zisa zophatikizira limodzi zopangidwa ndi khosi kumaso kwa nyanjayo, ndiye kuti pakakhala ngozi, mbalame zomwe zasiya zisa zimasokonekeranso gulu logwirizana ndikumamatirana pakati posungiramo. Ana okhala ndi khosi lakuda amagona, ngati owuma khosi, m'madzi, kutembenukira kumbuyo ndikupumula mitu yawo ndi khosi kumbuyo. Kugona sikumachedwa, koma masana mbalame zimapuma kangapo, nthawi zambiri pakati pausiku komanso pakati pa tsiku (kuyambira maola 13 mpaka 16).
Zolemba molting
Kusintha kwa masanjidwe amtundu wakuda nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofanana ndi mitundu ina ya loon. Kusintha kwa malaya amtambo ndi mapangidwe a chovala chodzala, chovala chokhala ndi khosi lofiirira, nthenga zosiyana za zovala zoyambira zomwe zili pamutu pa nthenga zachiwirizi, zomwe, zimayikidwa pamutu pa hemp ya plourage ndikutha pomwe nthenga zimakula. Kapangidwe ka zovala za nesting kumatha pakati pa Ogasiti - Sepemba. Kusunthira pakati, kenako kavalidwe koyamba ka ukwati sikumveka bwino. Imatambasuka kwambiri ndipo imatha chaka chachitatu chokha cha moyo. Zambiri mwa thupi zimasintha pang'onopang'ono kuyambira nthawi ya Disembala - Januware mpaka nthawi yotentha, ndipo zochulukazo zimasinthidwa ndi nthenga za zovala zachisanu za mbalame zachikulire, zakuda ndi sheen kumbuyo, koma popanda mawanga oyera pamapiko apamwamba (zovala zapakati). Mapiko oyambira ovala awa amasinthidwa mu Julayi - Ogasiti. Ndizotheka kuti nthawi yophukira nthenga za thupi zimasinthanso, pang'ono kapena kwathunthu, ndizowonjezereka, zofanana ndi chovala chamunthu wamkulu wozizira, koma popanda zoyera pazipiko zapamwamba. Mu February - Meyi chaka chachitatu, choyambirira chisanachitike molt chimachitika, chomwe chimachedwetsedwa poyerekeza ndi mbalame zachikulire. Kusintha kwakamodzi pakuyamba kusambira kumachitika mu Epulo - Meyi.
Kusungunula kwa mbalame zachikale kumayambira kumapeto kwa Januware mpaka kumayambiriro kwa Meyi ndipo, mosiyana ndi khosi lofiira. Zomera zazikulu za ntchentche zimasintha mu febulo - Epulo, zimagwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo mbalame zimalephera kuuluka. Kusungunuka kwa tchire sikokwanira ndipo kumatenga pakati pa Ogasiti mpaka kumapeto kwa Disembala (nthenga za thupi, nthenga za mchira ndi gawo la mapiko apamwamba zimasinthidwa). Kusintha kwa manambala kumayamba pamphumi kenako ndikufalikira kumutu ndi thupi. Nthawi zina kusungunuka kwa chisa sikuchitika konse, ndipo nthenga zovala zazovala zaukwati, kuyambira Januware, zimasinthidwa ndi chovala chatsopano chaukwati.
Kusamukira
Kusunthika kwakanthawi kwamiyendo yamakosi akuda kumangophunziridwa kokha kwa anthu akumpoto a Gavia arctica arctica, kuyambira kumpoto kwa Scandinavia mpaka kumtsinje wa Lena. Kuchoka kwa anthuwa kumayamba zaka khumi zapitazi za Seputembala ndipo kudutsa njira yodutsa Nyanja Yoyera - Vyborg Bay - Estonia - Ukraine, Moldova, Romania Bulgaria - gombe la Nyanja ya Azov ndi Nyanja Yakuda. Kusunthira kwa kasupe kumapita kumbali ina, makamaka mu Epulo.
Zochepa ndizodziwika bwino zakusuntha kwa nyengo ya ma logi akuda akunyumba kum'mwera kwa 60-63 ° C. w. Ena mwa iwo nthawi yozizira mu Nyanja za Caspian ndi Aral, komanso mwina ku Nyanja Yakuda. Mwinanso, amasamukira mwachindunji, mu April kusuntha - Meyi kupita kumpoto kudera lapakati la gawo la ku Europe ndi Kazakhstan, posuntha kwa nthawi yophukira - kum'mwera chakumadzulo.
Ntchentche, ma loon samapanga zoweta zenizeni, zoyenda zokha kapena ziwiri mlengalenga pamtunda wa 300-500 m, ndipo zimasonkhana m'magulu okhaokha pamadzi.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Chakudya chachikulu cha ana am'miyendo yakuda ndi nsomba zazing'ono komanso zazing'ono, zomwe amazigwira kunyanja zonse ndikudumphira kumbuyo kwake kupita kumitsinje kapena nyanja zazikulu zokhala ndi nsomba, nthawi zambiri mpaka kunyanja. Crustaceans, makamaka amphipods, nthawi zambiri amadyedwa, makamaka munthawi yodyetsa anapiye, mbalame zikamadya kwa nthawi yayitali kunyanja zazing'ono. Kuphatikiza pa crustaceans, mu zakudya zam'maso akuthwa ndi khosi, nyongolotsi, mapira ndi tizilombo tosiyanasiyana tokhala m'madzi (kafadala wamadzi, njoka zam'madzi zam'madzi, komanso achule nthawi zina, zimadziwika. Nthawi zina, makamaka kumapeto kwa mvula, mbewu zam'madzi ndi mbewu zake zimadyedwa. Pakusamukira, amadyetsanso madzi amchere ndi mitsinje, komanso nthawi yozizira - pafupifupi panyanja.Pakudya, monga tanena, nthawi zambiri amapanga magulu a nkhosa ndi nsomba limodzi, akukhazikika pamzere. Mosiyana ndi ma khosi ofiira, iwo samawedza m'mitsinje. Chakudya chimapezeka ndi kusenda pansi pamadzi ndikuchigwira ndi mlomo wake, ndipo nsomba zimaphedwa chifukwa cholimbirana kwambiri ndi mulomo. Anapiye akuthambo amadyetsedwa ndi ma invertebrates am'madzi, makamaka ma crustaceans, ndipo pambuyo pake ndi nsomba zazing'ono.
Kuswana
Mikanda yokhala ndi makosi akuda imatha msinkhu kuposa chaka chachitatu cha moyo. Mabanja okwatirana sakhala okhazikika. Kuyamba kwa nesting kumayenderana ndi kumasulidwa kwa magawo ofunika amadzi mu madzi oundana.
Nyanja zosankhidwa nesting ndizosiyanasiyana. Chofunikira cholepheretsa ndi kutalika kwa nkhokwe yokwanira kuti muchotsepo ndi kunyamuka (nthawi zambiri sizikhala zosakwana 15-20 m). Nthawi zina mbewa zakakhosi zakuda zimakhala pamadzi ochepa, koma olumikizidwa ndi mayendedwe akuluakulu, komwe mbalame zimasambira pakagwa ngozi. Popeza ma logi akhungu akuda amapita kukadyetsa m'madzi oyandikana ndi madzi, kupezeka kwa nsomba ndi chakudya china m'madzi osowa sikofunikira, ngakhale kuti, monga lamulo, iwo, mosiyana ndi nyanja yokhala ndi makosi ofiira, amakonda kudya chisa kunyanja. Monga lamulo, awiri m'modzi amatseka padziwe, koma mpaka awiriawiri amatha kukhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja zazikulu, makamaka ndi magombe olimba kwambiri. Pa dziwe lalikulu, madera okhala zisa ndi 50-150 ha, ndipo mtunda pakati pa zisa m'mphepete mwa nyanja suchepera 200- 20000. Mukakhala malo amphepete mwa nyanja zazing'ono, mtunda pakati pa zisa ndi wofunikira, ndipo nyanja zokhala ndi zisa zitha kulekanitsidwa. ndi 50-100 m.Mapiri awiri okongoletsa amakhala othandiza komanso chisa chaka ndi chaka m'matupi amadzi amodzi, nthawi zambiri (koma osati kwenikweni) pogwiritsa ntchito chisa chokhazikika.
Loon yokhala ndi khosi limamanga zisa zingapo. Mtundu woyamba, wofala kwambiri, ndiwofalikira kwa oligotrophic (matupi am'madzi okhala ndi zotsika zochepa, zinthu zochepa zokhala ndi organic) nyanja zokhala ndi magombe osiyana ndi owuma, komanso magulu osiyanasiyana amtunda wamtunda wamtunda wamtunda wopanda madzi ndi madzi osaya ndi malire m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chidacho chili pamphepete mwa nyanja, chotseguka konse pamphepete mwa madzi (monga lamulo, osapitirira 30-50 cm), kuti mbalameyo ituluke kumtunda kapena kutuluka chisa m'madzi zikavulala. Dzenje lowoneka bwino limatsogolera ku chisa, pomwe mbalame yosonkha imalowa m'madzi. Nthawi zina pamakhala manhole awiri: umodzi wolowa muchisa, ndi wina, wamfupipafupi, wopita kumadzi. Kuti apange chisa, zala zakumiyendo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kapena chisumbu chaching'ono nthawi zambiri zimasankhidwa, koma nthawi zambiri chisa chimamangidwa pamtunda wokwera. Onse awiriwa amatenga nawo mbali pomanga chisa, koma gawo lalikulu ndi la wamwamuna. Chidacho ndi mulu wosanja wanyalala wa sphagnum, sedge kapena arctophila (chaka chatha kapena chatsopano), nthawi zina ndi kuwonjezera kwa algae, zomwe mbalame zimapeza kuchokera pansi posungira. Pamwambapa pali tray yofotokozedwa bwino. Monga lamulo, zinyalala za chisa zimadzaza ndi madzi, koma nthawi zina zimakhala zowuma kwathunthu (pamagombe apamwamba a sphagnum). Mizere yayikulu (masentimita): mainchesi 30 mpaka 40, mainchesi a thireyi 20-25, kuya kwa thireyi 3-4. Zisa zachiwirizi, zamtundu wina wachilendo zimapezeka m'madzi osaya ndi 10-60 masentimita m'matumba a sedges ndi arctophiles. Chisa choterechi chimakhala chofanana ndi cholumikizira chokhala ndi timitengo, nthangala ndi masamba am'mera zokhazikitsidwa ndi madzi, pomwe chimapumira pansi kapena kuchirikizidwa ndi mbewu yoyandikana nayo. Pamwamba pa nsanja, pomwe pali thonje, chimakhala chamtali masentimita 30 mpaka 40 ndipo chokhala ndi zomerazi ndi zomera zabwino za chaka chatha. Zokolera zokhala chisa nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi madzi. Zisa zamtundu wachitatu ndizoyimira nyanja zazikulu zomwe zidakumbanidwa ndi mabango oteteza nkhalango ndi malo opondera ndipo zili pamiyala yakale, yolowa mabango ndi malo okumbika a ndalama, malo akuya. Zisoti zotere sizimasiyana kwenikweni pakapangidwe ka zisa za mtundu woyamba, koma ndizakale kwambiri. Nthawi zina zida zimakhala ngati ma sochesi oyandama, koma milandu yotere ndiyosowa kwambiri.
Malo opindika ambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi mazira awiri, ocheperako nthawi zambiri amodzi ngakhale mazira atatu. Mazira, monga ma loons ena, ndi ellipsoid-elope, ndi chipolopolo chofowoka-chofowoka. Mtunduwo ndi wovuta: maziko ake ndi amdima, kuchokera ku maolivi obiriwira mpaka maolivi, maonekedwe ofanana ndi mawanga amtundu wakuda ndi zipatso zomwe zimamwazika mosapota dzira. Nthawi zina madontho amakhala ngati palibe. Chipolopolochi chimakhala ndi ma sheya owonda pang'ono, omwe amayamba kukula. Kukula kwa mazira ndi 75 × 45 mm, kulemera kwa 120 g. Awiriwa ali ndi gawo lofunitsana, komabe, wamkazi amakhala pachisautali. Ngozi ikafika, mbalame yodumphira m'madzi nthawi zambiri imatsikira m'madzi ndipo, ikalumikizana ndi womasuka, imasambira pafupi ndi chisa. Imabweza chisa pokhapokha ngozi itatha. M'malo owopsa, monga lamulo, mbalame siziwuluka kutali ndi nyanjayi. Makulitsidwe kumatenga masiku 28-30. Kulemera kwa mwana wankhuku yemwe wangomangidwa kumene ndi pafupifupi 75 g kutalika kokwanira pafupifupi 170 mm. Atadulidwa, anapiyewo amakhala chisa chotalikirapo kuposa ma khosi ofiira - nthawi zambiri masiku awiri kapena atatu. Anapiyewo amayamba kudya okha zaka 60-70, ndipo pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo (pakati - kumapeto kwa Seputembala) amayamba kuwuluka, ndikusiya nyanjayo, kupita kumoyo wodziyimira pawokha.
Loon komanso Man wakuda
Mbambo yokhala ndi khosi lakuda ndiyomwe imakhala ya kuchuluka kosaka kapena kugulitsa mbalame, komabe, palibe kusaka koyenera komwe kumachitika. Nzika zaku Far North zimagwiritsa ntchito nyama yakakholo yakuda ya loon pachakudya, koma zimapeza mwangozi. Kuphatikizidwa ndi Zakumapeto 2 za Msonkhano wa Berne. Chimatetezedwa ku malo a Darwin, Lower Svir, Polistovsky ndi Rdeisky, m'malo osungirako zachilengedwe zingapo mu zigawo za Leningrad ndi Novgorod. Adagona mu ndege zapadera ku Germany. Ngakhale kuti chiwongola dzanja chakuda chili ponseponse, chiwerengero chake chikucheperachepera.
Masanjidwe
M'mazira akuda am'maso, ma subspecies awiri amadziwika, amasiyana ndi kukula kwa imvi pamutu ndi khosi, komanso mithunzi yazitsulo pakhosi komanso kunsi kwa khosi:
- Gavia arctica arctica, Sweden. Pamwamba pamutu ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi ndi imvi yopepuka, chitsulo chosunthika pakhosi ndi kutsogolo kwa khosi ndi kwofiirira kapena kofiirira. Masabusikawa amagawidwa chakumadzulo kwa mitunduyi kumayambira kum'mawa kwa duwa la Lena ndi Baikal.
- Gavia arctica viridigularis, kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Pamwamba pamutu ndi kumbuyo kwa khosi kumakhala kwamdima, kutuwa, zotchingira pakhosi ndipo kutsogolo kwa khosi kumakhala kubiriwira. Masabusikawa amagawidwa kummawa kwa mitundu yamtunduwu kumadzulo mpaka kumapeto a Lena ndi Baikal.
Loon wofiirira
(Gavia pacifica). Matumba a squad, ma loon a mabanja. Habitats - Asia, America, Europe. Kutalika kwa masentimita 70. Kulemera 4 kg.
Ma loon ndi mbalame zakale. Makolo akale amakono, osasiyana kwambiri ndi momwe amawonekera komanso zizolowezi zawo, adakhala pa Dziko lapansi zaka 30 miliyoni zapitazo. Izi zikuwoneka ndi zopezeka za mbalame ku North America. Ma loon ndioyenereradi kukhala ndi moyo m'madzi ambiri. Mawonekedwe olimbitsa thupi komanso mawonekedwe osambira pakati pa zala zimawalola kuti azisambira ndi kulowa mwamphamvu, komanso maula owuma - kwa nthawi yayitali kukhala m'madzi ozizira. Kuchokera pamenepo matumba amangochoka nthawi yakukhwima. Nthawi yomweyo, amachoka pamadzi am'nyanja ndikuwuluka kupita kumadzi akuluakulu, m'mphepete momwe amakhala. Zakudya za loon zimaphatikizapo nyama zam'madzi zingapo - nsomba, ma invertebrates, mollusks, komanso algae. Kulira kwaukwati kwamtunduwu kumafanana ndi kubangula kwa chilombo ndipo kumatha kumuwopseza kwambiri munthu yemwe sanadziwe. Zovala za loon zimakhala zokhazikika ndipo pokhapokha atamwalira ndi mnzake, mbalame zimatha kupanga awiri. Poika mazira - kuyambira mazira 1 mpaka 3, mawonekedwe amtunduwo wa mazira ndi bulauni.
Chiuno chosambira chokhala ndi timiyala tosiyanasiyana chimasiyana kwambiri ndi chakuda chakuda pamphumi yoyera m'khosi, chimawonekera kwambiri pamtunduwu. Palibe chovala mu zovala zachisanu. Ma logi oyera komanso ammaso akuda ali ofanana kwambiri pakadali pano. Poyerekeza ndi loon yakakhosi yakuda, mulomo wokhala ndi mbewa yoyera ndi wochepa thupi. M'nyengo yozizira, kudera la Russia, zipika zoyera zoyera zimatha kuwoneka pamphepete mwa kumwera kwa Kamchatka komanso ku zilumba za Kuril. Panthawi yosamukira amasonkhana pagulu ndipo izi zimasiyana ndi mitundu ina ya loon.
Ma loon ndi mbalame zazikulu. M'mbuyomu, adalakalaka kumpoto. Pakadali pano, kusaka mbalame ndi koletsedwa, ndipo ma loons oyera ndi amaso akuda adalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia.
Mayina ena a tsitsi loyimitsidwa ndi tsitsi loyera ndi loon-white-loon kapena loon-white polar loon. Ino ndi mbalame yayikulu kwambiri. M'mapiko, imafikira 1.5 m, ndipo imalemera kuposa 6 kg. Ma loons okhala ndi mutu woyera amakhala kumadera onse a ku Arctic ku Europe ndi North America. Amadyera makamaka nsomba. Ngakhale sangaphonye mwayi wopeza nyongolotsi zam'madzi, ma mollusk, crustaceans. Chala m'mphepete mwa matupi akulu amchere. Zingwe zimamangidwa pafupi ndi madzi kuchokera kuzomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Mtunduwu udafotokozedwa koyamba ndi katswiri wazowona za nyama ku Britain George Gray mu 1859 pamaziko a zitsanzo zomwe zidatengedwa ku Alaska. Gavia adamsii, yemwe ndi mutu wazoyera, adadziwika ndi dzina lake polemekeza dokotala wankhondo komanso woyang'anira wa Arctic wa ku Arctic, Edward Adams. Malinga ndi mgwirizano womwe unatsimikizidwa mu 1918 pakati pa United States ndi Great Britain, loon-yoyera yoyera ikuphatikizidwa mndandanda wa mbalame zomwe zikufunika kutetezedwa.
Zomera zokhala ndi khosi lakuda pamagombe a Arctic a Asia, Europe ndi North America. Zinayamba kuonekera ku Central Russia - ku Yaroslavl, Moscow, zigawo za Ryazan, ku Kazakhstan. Chakudya chachikulu ndi nsomba. Palibe maola apadera osaka. Amatha kudyetsa m'mawa, masana ndi madzulo. Mikanda yokhala ndi makosi akuda imagwira nsomba iliyonse yomwe imatha kumeza. Komabe, mbalamezi zimatha kukhutira ndi zazing'onozing'ono. Idyani zakudya zamtchire, achule. Ndikusowa kwa chakudya, ma loons amathina ndi masamba amadzi am'madzi. Zingwe zimapangidwa m'mphepete mwa dziwe ndipo osazibisa.
Chiuno chokhala ndi ulusi wocheperako ndi membala ochepa kwambiri amtunduwu. Kulemera kwake kumafikira 2,5 kg. Izi mbalame chisa kumpoto kwa Europe, Asia ndi North America. Kupitilira pamadzi opanda nyanja. Zimasambira ndi kulowa pansi kwambiri. Zakudya zitha kusonkhanitsidwa mozama kupitirira mamita 9. Chakudya chachikulu ndi nsomba zazing'ono. Kuchokera kumalo osungira zisa, ma loon nthawi zambiri amayenera kuwuluka kukadyetsa, tsiku lililonse makilomita angapo. Zomera zimapangidwa pamtunda komanso pamadzi. Gwiritsani ntchito zomera zam'mbuyomu. Kuchokera zisa zomwe zakonzedwa pagombe, manholes apadera amayikidwa pamadzi kuti anapiyewo atha kulowa m'dziwe nthawi yomweyo ngati zingachitike ngozi. Pakakhala mazira awiri mu clutch, osowa kwambiri atatu. Makolo awo amathandizira mosiyanasiyana. Nthochi zimabadwa pafupifupi mwezi umodzi.