Nyanja Yoyera ndi nyanja yakumpoto yamkati mwa Russia, yomwe ndi nyanja ya Arctic, yomwe ndi imodzi mwa nyanja zazing'ono kwambiri mdzikolo: mamilimita 90 miliyoni. km dera, 4,4000 ma cubic metres. Km buku. Kuzama kwakukulu ndi mamita 343. Mphepete mwa Nyanja Zoyera ndi Barents amapezeka pakati pa Cape Svyatoy Nos pampiri ya Kola ndi Cape Kanin Nos. Zachuma zingapo zofunikira zachilengedwe zimakololedwa pano - nsomba zam'madzi (fucus, kelp, kelp), maollusks, nsomba (herring, nsomba, saffron cod, flounder, ndi zina zambiri), zolengedwa zazikazi (beluga whales, chisindikizo, zeze).
Okwerera ntchito ndi matamanda a madzi ena
Zomera zamagetsi zimapanga madamu pamavuto. Izi zimalepheretsa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zamitundu yambiri, kuphatikizapo zamalonda, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa ziweto. Komanso madamu chifukwa madzi stagnation, zimene zimachititsa zidazo zosiyanasiyana madzi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Kupanga kwa magetsi am'madzi kumawonedwa ngati chilengedwe. Komabe, malo osungira madzi a Mezen adasintha kuzungulira kwa madzi. Izi zachititsa kuti kusokonekera kwa m'dambo pansi pa mliri, yafupika mphepo mafunde kuti pang'onopang'ono kumabweretsa kusokonezeka kwa katundu wambiri.
Pakumanga, zinyalala zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimawonongeka ndi madzi amvula zimagweranso munyanja.
Zochita Plesetsk cosmodrome
Chifukwa cha malo Launch ku mabanki anakonza landfills - zatsalira boosters, heptyl chopopera. Kutupa kwa Heptyl kumabweretsa kufooka kwapamadzimavuto azaumoyo pakati pa anthu. Ziphe kwa mafuta asanduke nthunzi ndipo umalowa mu mapapo, kuchititsa ndondomeko khansa.
Makampani opanga matabwa
Nyanja inaipitsidwa kwambiri ndi zinyalala zomwe zimapanga ntchito yopanga nkhuni. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nkhani zokhudza chilengedwe derali. M'zaka za zana la 19, zinyalala zankhuni zinatayikiridwa m'madzi, ndipo potenga nkhalangoyi mitengo ina sinakutulutsidwe, kukhomeredwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja kenako ndikumira pomwe inkazungulira. Pansi pa Nyanja Yoyera pali manda onse a mitengo. Yagwa makungwa ndi utuchi m'madera ena kusunga pansi mamita oposa awiri.
Kusokonezeka koteroko kumalepheretsa nsomba kupanga malo osungika, kuyamwa mpweya wa m'madzi, ndikupanga Mowa ndi phenols. Kuwonongeka kwa mtengowu kumatha zaka makumi angapo. kumam'phunzitsa onsewa kuchepa kubalana nsomba malonda. Vuto la nkhuni zobowola ndi utuchi sanathetse mpaka pano.
Kuipitsidwa kwa mafuta
Mafuta makampani si popanda kutayikira chifukwa chimene pamwamba madzi ali ndi filimu mafuta, Kuchepetsa mwayi kwa mpweya m'madzi. Pamabwera nsomba zam'madzi zokhala ndi nsomba ndi zinyama. Kuphatikiza apo, filimu yamafuta imaphimba nyama ndi mbalame zam'madzi, chifukwa cha izi amalephera kuuluka ndikusambira mwachizolowezi.
woyengedwa mankhwala ndi wochokera zoyendera madzi. Zilonda, mafuta ndi mafuta othandizira, mafuta amagetsi a injini - zonsezi zimalowa m'madzi, nthawi zina kusintha kapangidwe ndi madzi, ndikupanga zomwe zimatchedwa "zigawo zakufa".
Chifukwa cha kusintha kwamapangidwe amadzi, algae ndi crustaceans ang'onoang'ono amafa pamtunda ndi makulidwe, chifukwa chomwe kupezeka kwa nsomba kumatsika, ndi kuchuluka kwa nsomba kumachepa.
Kuipitsidwa zimbudzi
Madzi akunyowa ochokera kumitsinje kudyetsa nyanja ndi mabizinesi omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja samasamalidwa bwino. Amanyamula zinthu zamafuta, phosphorous, zitsulo zolemera. Zambiri za mpweya anabwera kuchokera Bay a Dvina. Mizinda ikuluikulu yoyipitsa nyanja ndi Arkhangelsk, Kandalaksha, Severodvinsk.
Madzi angozi ochokera mumafakitala amigodi amayambitsa zowonongeka zazikulu: kuchokera m'mabizinesi awa mukutseka ndi nickel, lead, mkuwa, chromium ndi zitsulo zina.
The effluent wa mphero zamkati zimapezeka sulphates ndi phenols. Akakhala m'madzi am'madzi am'madzi, amapha poyizoni, chifukwa cha izi amalephera kukhala ndi photosynthesis ndikudziunjikira zoipa.
Kuthetsa mavuto a chilengedwe cha Nyanja Yoyera
miyeso Zokonza n'kupita nyanja chitetezo chuma kwachilengedwenso. Malinga ndi Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russia womwe udachitika tsiku la 30.10.2014 N 414 "Povomerezedwa ndi malamulo asodzi aku Northern Fisheries Basin", oletsedwa pakuchotsa zinthu zachilengedwe mu Nyanja Yoyera adakhazikitsidwa, ndipo kukula kocheperako kudakhazikitsidwa. Kuchepetsa ndi kuwombera kwa nyama zam'madzi.
Ngakhale kuthamanga anthu, Nyanja White timayesetsa kukhala chiyero chake wachibale wa madzi. Komabe, kuti athetse zolakwika zakale ndikupewanso kufa kwa nyanja yonse kuti isasokonezeke mwachilengedwe, mtundu wa anthu uyenera kuchitapo kanthu kuti achepetse katunduyo pamadzi. Phukusi la zinthu liyenera kukhala:
- mosamala kuwunika zinthu zachilengedwe,
- kuwunikira zachilengedwe zamakampani omwe akukonzekera,
- chitukuko cha malo otetezedwa,
- kukhazikitsanso maofesi chithandizo,
- kupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe kabwino ka madzi akumwa,
- kuletsa ntchito zamabizinesi akampani,
- kusintha malo otetezedwa ozungulira mitsinje ndi nyanja,
- kasamalidwe ka malo,
- kuchotsedwa kwa malasha ndi zinyalala za nkhuni kuchokera pansi.
(No mavoti)
Kuipitsa nkhuni
Makampani opanga matabwa asokoneza kwambiri zachilengedwe. Wood zinyalala, utuchi anali mwazisiya nasamba m'nyanja. Amawola pang'onopang'ono ndikuipitsa dziwe. Makungwa amayambira pansi ndipo akumira pansi. M'madera ena, nyanjayo ndi zinyalala m'mapiko pa msinkhu wa mamita awiri. Izi zimalepheretsa nsomba kuti ipange malo osakhalapo ndi kuyikira mazira. Kuphatikiza apo, mtengowo umamwa mpweya wa oxygen, womwe umafunidwa ndi onse okhala m'madzi. The madzi allocated phenols ndi mowa methyl.
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Kuipitsidwa kwamankhwala
Ogwira ntchito zamigodi akuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe cha White Sea. Madzi wowonongedwa ndi mkuwa ndi faifi tambala, otsogolera chromium, nthaka ndi mankhwala ena. Zinthu izi zimayambitsa chamoyo komanso kupha nyama zam'madzi, komanso algae, ndichifukwa chake maunyolo onse a chakudya amafa. Mvula ya Acid imasokoneza dongosolo la hydraulic.
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Kuipitsidwa mafuta
Nyanja zambiri zadziko lapansi zimavutika ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi zinthu zamafuta, kuphatikiza Beloe. Popeza mafuta amathandizidwa mwapadera pa nyanja, sizichita popanda kutaya. Limakwirira amadzimadzi pamwamba pa filimu mafuta, ndi mpweya chotchinga. Zotsatira zake, mbewu ndi nyama pansi pake zimakwanira ndikufa. Pofuna kupewa mavuto, pakagwa mwadzidzidzi, kutayikira, kukhesa, mafuta ayenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo.
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Pang'onopang'ono kufika kwa mafuta mu madzi ndi mtundu wa nthawi bomba. Kuipitsa kwamtunduwu kumayambitsa matenda ovuta a oyimira maluwa ndi nyama. Kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka madzi kamasinthanso, madera okufa amapangidwa.
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Kuti tisunge chilengedwe cha nyanja, ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kukhudzika kwa anthu pamadzi am'madzi, ndipo madzi akumwa ayenera kutsukidwa nthawi zonse. Zochita zolinganizidwa bwino komanso zoganiza za anthu ndizomwe zimachepetsa chiopsezo chosavomerezeka pazachilengedwe, zimathandizira kuti Nyanja Yoyera ikhale momwemo.
Kuipitsidwa kwa kutumiza madzi
Mayendedwe amadzi ndivuto lalikulu kwambiri m'chilengedwe cha Pomeranian. Kutumiza ku Pomorie kulipo kuyambira nthawi zakale, koma mpaka m'zaka za m'ma 1900 kuwonongeka kwa zombo sikunakhale kopanda tanthauzo. Kuchokera April kuti October lolimba yodutsira nthawi. Kuchuluka kwa magalimoto mumsewu kumakhudza kwambiri zomera ndi nyama za ku Nyanja Yoyera.
Ntchito zoyendera zimavulaza zolengedwa zoyera za ku White Sea. M'madera kunjira nyanja ziyangoyango ili rookeries zidindo zeze. Chifukwa cha kuyenda kwazombo, pali kuchepa kwa nyama. Achichepere ndi ana akhanda amatha kupezeka mosavuta ndi imfa. Zisindikizo aphedwa chifukwa cha kugunda ndi ziwiya ndi chifukwa cha kukhudzana ndi injini tinakwera.
Magalimoto apanyanja ndi omwe amabweretsa phokoso. Ngozi pama sitima zimapangitsa kuti mafuta a mafuta akhululukidwe komanso madzi atulukire kumadzi.
Matope pansi pa ndi slag malasha
Ma oyamba oyamba omwe adalima nyanja zaka zoposa zana zapitazo anali magwero a slag ya malasha. Mphepo yamkuntho, zombo sizidayima munjira, komwe zombozo zimatetezedwa ku mafunde amphepo. Panali azilandira amasulidwe slag khala mu Tambasula zochepa madzi. Pansi pa matayala, kuchuluka kwa malasha kumakhalabe kosungidwa, ndipo vuto la m'Nyanja Yoyera silikathetsedwabe.
Kuipitsa kwamadzi ndi mafuta ndi mafuta, mafuta owonongeka
Pa kayendedwe ka zonyamula katundu ndi zoyendera mu mafuta madzi kugwa zinyansi ndi lubricating madzi, zinyalala mafuta mkatikati. Mafuta amadzimadzi amachitika pakagwa ngozi, zolakwika zoyendetsa sitimayo, mavuto ndi zida zamakono.
Mafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito amapangidwa kuchokera ku mafuta osakhazikika. Pa ntchito, mafuta zimalimbikitsa resins, mawotchi zosafunika, etc. Kuopsa kwa poizoni wamafuta ndikofanana ndi kuthira kwa mafuta.
Zachilengedwe
Madzi chidwi madzi mafakitale nsomba kaonedwe algal kupanga kulima nkhono (mamazelo).
- Usodzi. Kutengera kugwidwa kwa hering'i, navaga, nsomba, nsomba, khonje, kusungunuka. M'dera madzi a m'nyanja ndi oyenera kulima mumapezeka nsomba.
- Zinthu zodya nyama ndi zinyama - beluga whales, zisoka zeze, zisindikizo zazingwe.
- Mtundu wofiirira ndi wofiira, womwe ndi gawo la biocenosis, umakhala ndi chakudya chofunikira, chamapangidwe azamankhwala. Awa zosiyanasiyana kelp, fucus, ahnfeltia. Nyengo zanyengo zimalola kulima shuga kelp (malo okhawo pomwe iwo amakula).
- Kulima massels ndi gawo limodzi la ntchito zophera nsomba. Bivalve kufunika makampani chakudya. Mtengo wake wa thanzi umagona mu ma amino acid ofunikira, mavitamini, kufufuza zinthu. Mankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito ma minsels popanga ma antiviral, antibacterial. njira Hydrolysis amaloledwa kuti akonze mankhwala kuti matenda nkhondowo cheza.
Zida zanyanja yoyera zimayesedwa ngati chuma chosinthika. Komabe, kuti njira zachilengedwe zizipezeka molingana ndi malamulo achilengedwe, ndikofunikira kuteteza chilengedwe cham'madzi komanso kuthana ndi mavuto oyipitsa.
Kutanthauzira kwa White Sea
Ngakhale ndi Nyanja ya Arctic, nyanja ili mkati mwa nyanja, pagombe lakumpoto kwa Russia. Mchere umafika 35%. M'nyengo yozizira iyo amaundana. Kupyola zovuta, Throat, komanso Funnel, alumikizidwa ku Nyanja ya Barents. Mothandizidwa ndi White Sea-Baltic Canal, zombo zitha kupita ku Nyanja ya Baltic, Nyanja ya Azov, Caspian, ndi Black. njira iyi inali anangotchula wa Volga-Baltic. Mzere wowongoka wongoyerekeza wokhala ndi malire womwe umatsata ma Barents ndi White Sea. Mavuto am'nyanja amafuna yankho lake mwachangu.
Choyamba, massively awonongedwe nyama, kuphatikizapo m'madzi, chuma kwachilengedwenso ndi anazimiririka. Oimira ena mwa anyani okhala ku Far North adangosowa.
Kachiwiri, mkhalidwe wa dothi ukusintha, womwe umadutsa mkhalidwe wopendekera kuchokera ku permafrost. Izi ndi lonse chiwonongeko kutentha, chifukwa mu kuwundana kusungunuka. Kachitatu, kumpoto komwe mayiko angapo amachita mayeso awo a zida za nyukiliya. Zochita zoterezi zimachitika pang'onopang'ono chifukwa chobisalira kwambiri, kotero ndizovuta kwa asayansi kuti amvetsetse zowonongeka zenizeni komanso kuchuluka kwa uve chifukwa cha zotsatira za atomiki. Awa lero vuto yaikulu ya White Sea. Chidule cha mndandandawu chimadziwika padziko lonse lapansi, koma zochepa zimachitika kuti zithetsedwe.
Udindo wa Russia ndi mayiko ena
Woyamba vuto - chiwonongeko cha nyama - anatengedwa lolamulidwa boma kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza, pamene panali moratorium pa kugwira nyama, mbalame ndi nsomba. Izi zidasintha kwambiri mkhalidwe wamaderawo. Nthawi yomweyo, ndizovuta kuti dziko limodzi likhudze vuto lapadziko lonse lapansi la kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana, komanso kuwonongeka kwa nyukiliya. Kuyambira mfundozi bwanji m'dera nyanja komanso onse a White Sea. Mavuto am'nyanja azikulitsa posachedwa chifukwa kapangidwe ka gasi ndi mafuta munyanja. Izi zidzatsogolera kuwonongeka kwanyanja.
chakuti dera la nyanja ya Arctic akadali simuli aliyense. Mayiko angapo akutanganidwa kugawa zigawo. Chifukwa chake, kuli kovuta kuthana ndi mavuto omwe abwera. Pa mlingo lonse, mafunso awiri: Gwiritsani ntchito chuma chuma mchere wa Arctic ndi boma zachilengedwe wa Ocean Arctic. Kuphatikiza apo, kukulitsa minda yamafuta, mwatsoka, ndikofunikira kwambiri. Ngakhale mayiko omwe ali ndi mashelufu osangalatsa mosiyanasiyana, chilengedwe chimakumana ndi mavuto ochulukirachulukira, kuyesa bwino kwa bii kumasokonekera. Ndipo nthawi pamene anthu padziko lonse akuyamba kuchita ndi anapeza mavuto, silinakwaniritsidwe anakamba.
Russia imayang'ana mkhalidwe wazachilengedwe m'boma la Northern Basin ngati kuchokera kunja. Dziko lathu limangoganizira za gombe lakumpoto ndi Nyanja Yoyera. mavuto Environmental silingakhoze kokha kukhala pa malo omwewo - ndi nkhani imene ayenera kulankhula padziko lonse.
Zomwe zimayambitsa kusokonezeka kwachilengedwe
Nyanja Yoyera imatha kulowa kunyanja, motero imadzaza ndi mayendedwe. Navigation nyengo - kuchokera April kwa October.
Sitima zapamtunda, zonyamula anthu, komanso zamalonda zomwe zimayenda pamadzi a Nyanja Yoyera zimasokoneza chilengedwe. Zinyalala zamafuta, mafuta ndi mafuta, kukula kwa mafuta a injini, mafuta am'madzi amagwera m'madzi.
Processing makampani, doko ndi mabungwe onse ili pa nyanja, mitsinje zikumatayidwa mu matupi madzi. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimatha kukhala ndi zinthu zama radio radio, zitsulo zolemera.
Makampani opanga matabwa kale anali ndi mabizinesi ake m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera ndi mitsinje yomwe ikulowamo. Ichi ndi chifukwa mayiko matabwa zoyendera. Kutaya zinyalala m'zaka za zana la 19 ndi theka loyambirira la 20 zidaponyedwa m'madzi. Mukamayenda, mitengo yopanda matope inkakhomera m'mphepete. Pang'onopang'ono panali zipika manda. Mitengo yozungulira imakhazikika pansi. Vutoli silithetsa tsopano.
Mu ndondomeko ya kuwonongeka, amene kumatenga zaka zambirimbiri, ndi chosakanikirana ndi mpweya wofunikila moyo wa zolengedwa za m'madzi. Ma phenolic ophatikizira omwe amapha poyambira mtsinje ndi zachilengedwe zam'madzi zimatulutsidwa. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa kubadwanso kwachilengedwe kwamitundu yamitundu yama nsomba (nsomba).
Mu mphero zamkati effluents muli methyl mowa sulfates, phenols, amene kusokoneza chilengedwe madzi.
Maofesi amagetsi a hydroelectric amasokoneza anthu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nsomba zizipezeka paliponse pomwe pali. Izi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa anthu.
kupanga chimasanduka limapezeka pa shelufu. Kutaya kwakapanda kuzinthu kumachitika m'malo opezeka mafuta, pomwe timatulutsa timene timapanga filimu yoyipa pansi. Chifukwa chaichi, okhala m'madzi, mbalame zimafa. The mankhwala kuwola chifukwa matenda osiyanasiyana ndi imfa ya zinyama.
Makampani opanga migodi ku Arctic zone amayimilidwa ndi migodi ya diamondi (Arkhangelsk dera), ma polymetallic ores (Kandalaksha Bay). Mitsinje yomwe madziwo amachotsedwera imanyamula zofunikira poizoni. Mpweya kulowa m'mlengalenga, akutsatiridwa ndi dziwe ndi kugwa mpweya. Zosintha pakapangidwe kazakudya zam'mimba zimakhudzira udzu, zamadzi zam'madzi.Pali kusamvana mu zachilengedwe.
kuipitsidwa nyukiliya wa White Nyanja zayamba zifukwa zotsatirazi:
- Chifukwa cha zomera radiochemical kumadzulo kwa Ulaya. Chomera cha English Sellafield (pagombe la Nyanja ya Ireland), kampani yaku France ku Cape AG (English Channel) mchaka cha 70 cha zana la 20. m'ng'anjo zinyalala madzi amatunga zakhudzana ndi cheza. Kupita madzi misa zinachititsa kuti kuchuluka kwa CS 137 (cesium) mu White, Barents nyanja, nyanja Arctic.
- Zinthu zama radio zinalowa munyanja kuchokera ku sitima zapamadzi za nyukiliya (NPS) zam'madzi. Ngozi ali olowa, adalowetsedwa zinthu cheza zonyamulira. Dzimbiri chitetezo pa nthawi yafupika, tingayambe malowedwe a nuclides mu madzi.
- Vuto lazachilengedwe limayimiriridwa ndi milandu ya zida zamankhwala omwe adayika pansi. Monga depressurization containment poizoni anayamba kudutsa mu malo m'madzi.
Ubale wa White Nyanja ndi kuopsezedwa cheza ndi kuipitsidwa mankhwala. Zinthu zapoizoni zingayambitse kuphwanya kwa biocenosis.
Agriculture alibe zimakhudza kwambiri pa zachilengedwe za thupi madzi. Ndiwo kuipitsidwa ndi ziweto. Zinyalala zanyama zomwe zimakhala ndi zonyowa zimagwera m'madzi. chiwerengero chawo alibe zovuta zilizonse zosokoneza pa nyama ndi zomera za White Sea.
The zoipitsa chachikulu ndi madzi a mabizinezi mafakitale a mizinda ili kumalo chapamwamba - Severodvinsk, Kandalaksha, Arkhangelsk. Katundu wa technogenic amawonetsedwa mopitilira muyeso wa silika, phosphorous, petroleum hydrocarbons, zitsulo zolemera, phenols. Vuto limeneli lingathetsedwe mwa zomera zimbudzi chithandizo.
Yogwira nawo mavuto chilengedwe White Nyanja akutenga nkhuni processing, makampani mafuta. Zowopsa zake ndi zinyalala zoyatsira ma radio zomwe zimayikidwa m'misewu yamadzi yomwe ikasefukira, komanso zomwe zimasunga mankhwala. Tiunikire anthu ambiri poizoni, m'pofunika kuti achite kafukufuku zachilengedwe derali.
Ndi patsogolo chiyani?
Pakupanga minda yamafuta, anthu amathandizira kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe. Lekani chitsime kuya, kapena chiwerengero chawo, kapena chakuti dera akhoza zimachitika kuwononga chilengedwe. Tikhoza kuganiza kuti adzamangira m'migodi mafuta wina nthawiyi ambiri. Chitsime chizikhala patali kwambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo chidzakhala cha mayiko osiyanasiyana.
Zotsatira za kuyezetsa nyukiliya zikhoza kupewedwa, ndipo kwenikweni ayenera kuchita, koma mu North kunyamula zinthu kuyeretsedwa ndi okwera mtengo kwambiri chifukwa cha zikhalidwe za Madzi oundana. Komanso, pamene mayiko ayi anakhazikitsa udindo mlandu m'madera amenewa. Mavuto okhala ndi Nyanja Yoyera amaphunziridwa bwino. Mwachidule anayesa kupereka komiti ndi Russian Utumiki wa Zochitika Emergency, kulosera ndi mumaganiza lalikulu.
Impermanent Madzi oundana
Malire a chigwa cha Siberian kudera lakumadzulo kwake akusintha mosalekeza chifukwa cha kutentha kwa dziko. Choncho, malinga ndi Utumiki mwadzidzidzi, mu 2030 lidzachokadi 80 Km. Today voliyumu ya icing lopitirira yafupika ndi masentimita 4 pa chaka.
Izi zitha kuchititsa kuti kumbali ya Russia m'zaka khumi ndi zisanu nyumba zogona kumpoto zitha kuwonongedwa ndi 25%. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti yomanga nyumba kumeneko kumachitika kudzera galimoto milu mu wosanjikiza Madzi oundana. Ngati kutentha pafupifupi limatuluka ngakhale madigirii angapo, kutenga mphamvu ya maziko yafupika ndi theka. Malo osungira mafuta apansi panthaka ndi maofesi ena ena nawonso ali pachiwopsezo. Misewu ndi ndege, nawonso akuvutika.
Pamene kusungunuka kwa madzi oundana, pali vuto lina kugwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka mu mitsinje ya kumpoto. Zaka zingapo zapitazo zidaganiziridwa kuti kuchuluka kwawo pofika kumapeto kwa chaka cha 2015 kukwera ndi 90%, zomwe zingayambitse kusefukira kwamadzi. Kusefukira chifukwa chiwonongeko cha madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo pali chiopsezo pamene galimoto m'misewu ikuluikulu. Pa dera la kumpoto, kumene Nyanja White, mavuto ngati ku Siberia.
Kusintha kwakuya
Chilengedwe ndi oopsa dziko mpweya kumasulidwa ku nthaka pamene limatsogolera madzi oundana kwambiri. Dziko kumawonjezera kutentha kwa m'mlengalenga m'munsi. Kuphatikiza apo, mpweya umakhudza thanzi la anthu, okhala m'deralo.
Mu Arctic pa zaka 35 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha ayezi waponya kuchokera miliyoni 7.2 kuti makilomita lalikulu miliyoni 4.3. Izi njira kuchepetsa m'dera Madzi oundana ndi pafupifupi 40%. Kukula kwa ayezi kunachepetsedwa pafupifupi theka. Komabe, pali mbali positive. Pa South Pole limatsogolera ayezi anachititsa chivomezi chifukwa chikhalidwe likukulira a Sungunulani. Kumpoto, njirayi imapangika pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zomwe zikuwonekeratu zikuwonekeratu. Kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha anthu a m'madera a kumpoto kwa utsogoleri Moe anaganiza akonzekeretse maulendo awiri kuti Novaya Zemlya, New Siberia Islands ndi magombe nyanja.
A yoopsa latsopano ntchito
Zochitika zachilengedwe zimakhudzidwanso kwambiri ndi kapangidwe ka ma hydraulic, monga, mwachitsanzo, zomangira mphamvu. yomanga awo amatanthauza amadza zikuluzikulu pa chilengedwe.
Pa dera la White Nyanja ndi Mezenskaya PES - mphamvu osefukira - kwambiri moyo wa madzi ndi dera ndi zachilengedwe chilengedwe cha dziko. Kupanga kwa PES kumatsogolera pakusintha kwamadzi. Pa pomanga damu la posungira adziwonetsa m'mafanizidwe a nyanja ndi alili osiyana bwereza.
Amene zachilengedwe zochititsa mantha?
Zowonadi, pakukonza zopangidwazo, mainjiniya amatha kale kulosera zamomwe zinthu zakutsogolo zidzayendere, Nyanja Yoyera. Nyanja vuto Komabe, m'posavuta yekha pa ntchito zamalonda, ndi zomangamanga Kafukufuku akhala ntchito pa malo a m'mphepete mwa nyanja zachilengedwe.
Pamene PES akugwira ntchito, yafupika yoweyula mphamvu, ndi yaikulu kuthetsa minda ayezi, kusintha otaya boma. Zonsezi zidzabweretsa kusintha kwamayendedwe am'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Tikumbukenso kuti madera a mafuta amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu machitidwe biocenosis. Pomanga zomera mphamvu kulemera onshore madipoziti adzakhala kunditumiza ku akuya mu mawonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa, ndipo adzavutika onse Nyanja White. Mavuto azachilengedwe atsegulidwa, popeza gombe lakumpoto silabwino, motero, zikafika pansi, nthaka yam'mbali imayambitsa kuipitsidwa kwachiwiri.
Vuto - monga ngati supuni ya mchere m'nyanja
Phunziro zinthu zachilengedwe ku Arctic lero chinsinsi boma abwino chilengedwe zaka zochepa. Gawo lina la m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Arctic linali lophunziridwa kwambiri, mwachitsanzo, Nyanja Yoyera ndi gawo lotere. Mavuto a Nyanja Laptev silinakwaniritsidwe kuphunzira. N'chifukwa chake posachedwapa ndi ulendo waung'ono okonzeka pano.
Kampani yamafuta Rosneft idathandizira asayansi. Achikhalire ulendo kuchokera antchito Murmansk sitima Institute Tizilombo. Asayansi makumi apanga adalira "Long Zelentsy". Cholinga cha mishonichi chinanenedwa ndi mtsogoleri wawo Dmitry Ishkulo. Malinga Ishkulov, patsogolo anali kuphunzira topezeka a maulalo, kupeza zokhudza chikhalidwe zachilengedwe ndi zamoyo nyanja.
Amadziwika kuti pa dera la nyanja Laptev moyo monga nsomba yaing'ono ndi nkhuku, komanso nyama zikuluzikulu monga kumalo ozizira chimbalangondo, chinsomba. Amaganiziridwa kuti ali pachigwa cha nkhokwe yakumpoto iyi komwe dziko lakale la Sannikov limapezeka.
Kodi kupeza ndawala okonza, monga pogwira ntchito ndi kuchuluka kwambiri osati ikuchitika kale ku Arctic kuposa kale.
History dzina la
Mavuto a ku Nyanja Yoyera atero, akuchulukitsa. Kuipitsa madzi ake ndi kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe kotheratu zopangidwa, koma anayamba zaka zingapo zapitazo.
The nyanja chinayamba mu Novgorod XI atumwi. Choyamba, idagwiritsidwa ntchito pazoyenda panyanja. More yogwira kukula kwa nkhalango limodzi ndi malonda apanyanja, amene amanama mozungulira ndi olemera nyama ubweya mwankhanza ndi mitengo yabwino. Mu 1492, kunja kwa zochokera kugombe la kumpoto Dvina Mtsinje, mzinda Kholmogory anapita ku Denmark ali ndi zombo zamalonda zolimba. Pofika sitima yoyamba yamalonda yakunja, Kholmogory inakhala doko lapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo Nyanja Yoyera inakhala ngalawa yoyendetsa maulendo apanyanja. Kukula kwa katundu magalimoto adamfunsa tonnage wamkulu ngalawa, ndi m'dambo choncho zakuya. Alipo doko idaleka kupirira izo ndi chifukwa cha Kholmogory watsopano uliwonse, amene anadzakhala Angelo. Zovuta za kayendedwe ka nyengo yozizira, namondwe amatha kupitirira mamita 6, ndipo madzi oundana amatha kupitirira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, akukakamizidwa kuti asamutsire kugulitsa kwakukulu kupita ku Nyanja ya Barents ndi doko la Murmansk. Ambiri achilendo ndi Russian amalonda nampatsa dzina lake. Mpaka m'zaka XVII zinali odzola, Solovki, North, Chete, Gandvik ndipo ngakhale White Nyoka kapena Bay.
Makhalidwe wamba
Pa nthawi ino ndi dzina anazindikira White, amati ndi kumtunda nyanja Russia ndipo ali ku chigwa cha nyanja Arctic. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa nyanja zing'onozing'ono ndi malo a 90 chikwi. Km2 ndi buku la madzi za 4.4 zikwi. 3 Km. Kutalika kwake kwakukulu ndi 600 km ndi kuya kwa 343 metres. White malire ndi Barents Nyanja mabodza pakati pa mphuno awiri - Woyera pa Kola Peninsula ndi Kanin.
Mitsinje waukulu omwe amatuluka mu White Nyanja - ndi Kem, Mezen, Onega, Ponoy ndi kumpoto Dvina.
Mizinda ikuluikulu pagombe ndi Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Kandalaksha, Kem, Severodvinsk ndi ena. The White Nyanja Baltic Ngalande zikugwirizana kwa Baltic.
Madzi kuwombola ndi Nyanja Barents, chifukwa cha kuya wamng'ono pa nsonga ya olowa, kuchepetsedwa ndi madzi pamwamba. Madzi osefukira a Bely amatha mpaka mamita 7 ndikufika kumtunda, mitsinje yoyenda, mpaka 120 km. Pansi pa madzi osaya wapangidwa miyala, timiyala ndi mchenga, yokutidwa ndi matope dongo.
Anasonkhanitsa ndi mavuto atsopano
Kutumiza kwatsala ndi zotere panyanja ndi pansi pake kotero kuti zimatha kutchedwa zovuta zachilengedwe. Izi ndi kuchuluka yaikulu phulusa malasha kuchokera zombo za nthawi "lakale". Makono ndi kasamalidwe doko, ali gwero la kuipitsidwa ndi padziko. Mazana a matani a mafuta ogwiritsira ntchito, mafuta opangira mafuta, zimbudzi ndi zinyalala zolimba zimagwera m'madzi. mbali ya kuipitsa mtsinje ali. Industrial ndi zofunikira makampani, omwetsera mafuta ndi zapansi, mayunitsi bizinesi ya yapamadzi, yomwe ili onse pa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mtsinje ukuyenda mu mitsinje, akatulutsidwa zinthu, pa kugwa kwa imene imafikira mazana a zaka, ndipo ambiri, zosatheka. Zowopsa kwambiri ndi mabizinesi ndi malo omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamagetsi. Mlingo wa kuipitsa madzi chifukwa cha kutaya zinyalala za nyukiliya wakula kwambiri m'zaka za posachedwapa.
"Yakale" polluter White Sea madzi ndi makampani nkhalango. Pa magawo ake onse opanga, kuyambira kudula mitengo mpaka kukoka ndi kukonza zamkati ndi mapepala, matabwa ndi zotayidwa zinatsalira kapena zinaponyedwa m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi. Choona chodziwika kuti khwalala pakati pa zilumba ziwiri kwathunthu wodzazidwa tchipisi ku msonkhano macheka. Zingati nkhuni anamira pamene kasakaniza wazitsulo zombo ngozi waponya monga superfluous? Mtengo woterowo m'malo ena umafikira mita ziwiri kapena kupitilira apo, ndipo malo ake m'mphepete mwa mitsinje sikuwonongeka kwazaka zambiri. Chofunika, si vuto la Kale.
Ndi mtima wofanana ndi mtengo ndi madzi anasiya tsopano. Kuphatikiza apo, zamkati zamakono ndi mapepala opanga zimatulutsa zodzaza ndi phenols, lingosufates ndi mowa wa methyl.
magwero Zamakono za mavuto a zachilengedwe a m'chigawochi ndi migodi, ulimi ndi mafuta yosungirako. ogulitsa zimenezi zimachititsa, mkuwa, Mercury, nthaka, faifi tambala ndi chromium, i.e. zitsulo, ndi mankhwala, poizoni ndi poizoni zomwe kudziunjikira ku zamoyo, moyo m'madzi ndipo kenako kugwa ndi chakudya ndi thupi la munthu.
Ponena za mafuta, masamba ake samangowononga chilengedwe cham'nyanja, akumachepetsa mpweya wabwino m'madzi, komanso kuti mbalame ndi nyama ziwonongeke, ndikuziphimba ndi film yamafuta.
Kuipitsa runoff madzi
Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito - ndiwo kuipitsa madzi a White Sea. Chifukwa cha madzi akumwa, zinyalala zochokera kuma bizinesi akampani zomwe zimakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi pakamwa pa mitsinje zimalowa mu Nyanja Yoyera. Madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito kubweretsa phenols ndi mankhwala mafuta, zitsulo, phosphorous ndi silika. The gawo lalikulu za kumasulidwa kwa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito nkhani Dvina Bay.
Mizinda yodetsa malo am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi Arkhangelsk, Kandalaksha ndi Severodvinsk. Yankho limakhala yomanga maofesi a chithandizo, kachitidwe kamakono kuchimbudzi. Pamodzi ndi zimbudzi mu misa madzi kupeza zinyalala ku ulimi, koma anthu awononga chifukwa cha ulimi zinyalala nyama Zatsala yaing'ono.
Ntchito yomanga ma hydropower ndi magetsi oyambira
Opangira magetsi zomera mphamvu anamanga mu White Nyanja, kupanga damu m'mavuto a. Madamu kuteteza spawning nsomba, chiwerengero cha ziweto utachepa. Malo osinthira amayambitsa vuto la kusayenda kwamadzi, zimakhudza kusiyanasiyana kwamadzi am'mbali mwa nyanja.
kuwonongeka Environmental anachititsa Pomerania yomanga Mezen TPP. Ngakhale PES nkhawa zachilengedwe mitundu wochezeka ntchito yomanga anasintha siteshoni mphamvu makope madzi, kusokonekera kwa m'dambo pansi pa utachepa mafunde mphepo. Mavuto pakufalikira kwa madzi kumabweretsa kukokoloka kwa gombe. Ogwira ntchito zomangamanga, ndi zinalengedwa lotayako pa dziko. ntchito siteshoni amatha bwanji ayezi chivundikiro, lomwe lili ndi mbali yaikulu ya Gulf of Mezen chaka.
Kuipitsidwa kwa Nyanja Yoyera
zinthu nyukiliya atagonjetsa madzi m'madzi zifukwa zitatu:
- Contact ndi madzi zakhudzana ndi kayendedwe ka misa madzi ochokera ku Ulaya. Mu theka lachiwiri la zaka za zana la 20, mabizinesi opanga ma radiochemical adagwira ntchito ku France ndi England, akumataya madzi amadzi odetsedwa kukhala matupi amadzi. Kayendedwe chilengedwe cha misa madzi anabweretsa Barents ndi White Nyanja zinthu nyukiliya, chifukwa mu kuchepetsa cesium mu maiwe wa Ocean Arctic.
- Ngozi pa sitima zankhondo ndi olowa sitima zapamadzi unit. Maboti a nyukiliya osefukira pansi omwe amasungidwa pansi amayang'aniridwa ndi chitsulo nthawi yayitali. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madzi Chifalikira nyukiliya particles.
- Mwazisiya mankhwala zida. Milandu yama Chemicals imayikidwa pansi pa Nyanja Yoyera. kachitidwe zida zoteteza pang'onopang'ono kuwonongedwa ndi madzi kupeza zinthu zoopsa.
Kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu danga
M'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera pali zinyalala zotayidwa zomwe zimapangidwa chifukwa cha Plesetsk cosmodrome. Pakati zinyansi ndi zotsala za maroketi. Propellants - heptyl - chawonjezeka kawopsedwe. Mu 2000s, kuphulika kwa heptyl kunachitika ku Plesetsk cosmodrome.
Kupeza mafuta mu chikhalidwe kumawonjezera zochitika za anthu ndi nyama. Heptyl poizoni bwanji ziwalo zonse, owononga khungu. Zowopsa zamafuta zomwe zimalowa m'mapapu ndi mpweya zimayambitsa khansa. Iwo anakhazikitsa kuti ndi heptyl chifukwa cha masinthidwe chibadwa. Malowedwe a mafuta Roketi ku misa madzi angathe kuwononga kwambiri chilengedwe m'madzi.