Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) ndi mbalame yodabwitsa, yomwe, tsoka, ikuwopsezedwa kuti idzatha. Izi ndichifukwa choti abusa, omwe amakhulupirira molakwika kuti woperekeza uja ndi amene amachititsa kuti ziweto ziwonongedwe, adawombera mbalamezi osadandaula kwambiri.
Izi ndizokwiyitsa kwambiri chifukwa ulemu woterewu suyenera konse ma condor - mawonekedwe ake ndiowongoka komanso osasinthika kuti awagwire. Inde, saifunikira, chifukwa ma condor amadya zovunda pamalopo. Ndipo gawo laling'ono chabe la chakudya chawo limapangidwa ndi mazira ndi anapiye amtundu wina wa mbalame.
Chifukwa chake, oimira awa a ufumu wokhala ndi manja, m'malo mwake, ndiofunikira kwambiri mwachilengedwe, chifukwa ndiwachilengedwe mwadongosolo. Mwa njira, a Inca adapangira kondomu ndipo adakhulupirira ndi mtima wonse kuti mapiko odalirika a mbalamezi amathandizira dzuwa lokha. Amakhulupiriranso kuti mzimu wa Andes umatsekeka mozungulira. Tsopano mbalamezi ndi chuma cha mayiko angapo aku South America, chifukwa condor "idabweza dzina lake labwino."
Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus).
Ma Condors amakhala, monga dzina lawo likunenera, m'mapiri akudutsa pagombe lonse lakumadzulo kwa South America - Andes. Mbalamezi zimapezeka pamalo okwera osaposa mikono 5,000 pamwamba pa nyanja. Nthawi zambiri mbalame zimakhala pamtunda wotsekemera, zomwe zimatchedwa "paramo" pano, ndipo ndizosowa pang'ono pomwe zimapezeka kumapiri aku South America.
Andean Condor ndiye woimira wamkulu kwambiri osati banja la mingoli yaku America, imakhalanso mbalame yayikulu kwambiri ku Western Hemisphere.
Mbalamezi zimatchedwa "mzimu wa Andes."
Ngakhale kuti ndiwotsika pang'ono kutalika kwa thupi (115 - 135 masentimita) kwa wachibale wake, California condor, mapiko a mapiko ake ndi oposa anzawo ndipo nthawi zambiri amaposa mamita atatu. Kulemera kwaikazi kumasiyana ma kilogalamu 8 mpaka 11, amuna ndi akulu ndipo amakwananso mpaka 15 kilogalamu. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matupi awo ooneka bwino, ma condor amakonda kupitilira mafunde amphepo, chifukwa amathandizira mbalame kuwuluka mlengalenga, kupulumutsa mphamvu.
Andean Condor - mbalame yabwino kwambiri yamapiri.
Monga nyama zokhala ndi ulusi wamtundu wina, ma condors okhala ndi mutu pafupifupi. Mwa akazi okhaokha ndi "amaliseche" kwathunthu komanso osalala, ndipo mutu wa anyaniwo wavala chisoti chachifumu, chomwe chimawapatsa mawonekedwe okongola. Khungu pakhosi la amuna limakwinya, limapanga zomwe zimatchedwa "mphete". Nthawi zambiri, khungu la mbalame limakhala lofiirira. Pokhapokha pachibwenzi, khungu la amuna limakhala lachikasu lowala. Thupi la ma condors limakutidwa ndi maula ambiri okongola kwamaso amtundu wakala, wothiriridwa kokha ndi kolala yoyera m'khosi. Mwa anthu ena, zoyera zimapezekanso mu malire a nthenga za ntchentche. Mtundu wa m'maso mwa abambo ndi wofiirira wakuda, ndipo mwa akazi ndi bulauni.
Mwa chidwi chapadera ndi ulemu kwa mbalame zina zimayenera kukhala ndi mulomo wamphamvu wamakondomu, womwe umapakidwa wakuda ndi malo achikasu pachoko. Zachilengedwe zimawoneka kuti zilinganiza kuti ipatse mbalameyo chida champhamvu chotere, m'njira yolipirira mabala ofowoka. Wotsogolera, yemwe akuona bwino kwambiri, ataona nyama, ndipo akupita kukadyetsa chakudya, otsutsa enawo adagawana naye mwaulemu ndikudikirira mpaka woyeserera atakhuta. Chowonadi ndi chakuti nthawi zambiri mlomo wamtundu wamphongo wamphamvu kwambiri ndi womwe umatha kuthyola zikopa zikuluzikulu za nyama zikuluzikulu, motero, kuzindikira kwakuti mbalame ndi nyama zina ndi mbalame.
Andean condor pothawa.
Zakudya za Condor kwa nthawi yayitali, m'mimba mwake mumatha kugwira mpaka makilogalamu anayi a chakudya nthawi. Izi ndichifukwa choti "chofunkha" choyenera sichitha kuchitika kangapo, ndipo nthawi zambiri kudya kwambiri nthawi zambiri kumatha chifukwa cha kufa kwanthawi yayitali (nthawi zina mpaka masiku 20). Nthawi zina mbalamezi zimadya kwambiri mwakuti sizitha kuuluka kwa nthawi yayitali ndikukhalabe, kudikirira kuti chakudya chizigaya pang'ono m'mimba mwawo. Pachifukwa ichi, amasangalala kwambiri ndi carrion pamwamba pamiyala kapena pamalo otambalala kwambiri, kotero kuti pakagwa ngozi atha kugwetsa mwala, ndikudziwongolera mphepo, natambalitsa mapiko awo ndikuuluka.
Chovuta kwambiri kwa ma condors ndi pamene amayamwitsa anapiye. Popeza, monga tanena kale, nsapato za ma condors sizisinthidwa kuti zizitumiza chakudya, ayenera kudzaza matumbo awo momwe angathere, kotero kuti, pobwerera ku chisa, kudyetsa ana ndi chakudya chosenda.
Andean condor amadyetsa anapiye ake ndi chakudya chophika.
Kutha kubereka kumabwera mtsogolo mchaka chachisanu kapena chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha moyo, ndipo amapanga awiriawiri moyo wonse. Amuna a Condor amasamalira akazi okongola kwambiri, akuchita kuvina kovuta. Akutulutsa pachifuwa chake ndi zonena zake, kenako ndikuyamba kugwada, ndikuwonetsa mapiko ake akuluakulu. "Pa" lotsatira ndikuti yamphona ikulunga mapiko ake pakati, ndikufuwula, ikukhazikika.
Pambuyo pa kuvina ndikukhwima, nthawi yakwana. Zisa za Condor ndizakale - zimangokhala ngati timitengo tating'ono, kapenanso kuwaswa mazira pamiyala yopanda kanthu. Yaikazi imayikira dzira limodzi, nthawi zina mazira oyera amitundu iwiri m'mwezi wa February kapena March. Makolo onsewa amalowetsa mazira.
Mpaka anapiyewo atakhala ndi mapiko, makolo amawadyetsa ndi chakudya chokhazikika, chomwe amachikanda m'mimba mwawo, koma anapiye okhwima amakhala ndi makolo awo chaka chotsatira ndi theka, akumangosiyira nyengo yotsatira kubereka.
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Kupenda mwachidule zamtunduwu
Andean Condor ndi mbalame yayikulu yokhala ndi maonekedwe akuda bii, kolala ya nthenga zoyera kuzungulira khosi lake komanso malezala oyera oyera pamapiko ake, makamaka otchulidwa amuna. Nthenga sizikupezeka pamutu komanso m'khosi kwambiri, ndipo madera a khungu lopanda malowa nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi utoto kuchokera ku pinki kupita pamtundu wofiirira, ngakhale amatha kusintha mtundu wawo kutengera mkhalidwe wamtokowo. Amuna a Condor amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa "ma catkin" pakhosi komanso kukula kwakukuru kwakuda, kapena kukula kwa minofu pamphepete. Amuna ndi okulirapo poyerekeza ndi zazikazi, zomwe mwachilengedwe sizipezeka kawirikawiri pakati pa mbalame zodya nyama.
The condor amadya makamaka zovunda. Zokonda zimaperekedwa kwa mitembo ya nyama zazikulu zakufa, monga agwape, guanaco kapena ng'ombe. Imafika pa kutha msinkhu wazaka zapakati pa zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi, zaka zambiri zokhala pamtunda wamtunda wa 3000-5000 mamita - nthawi zambiri pamiyala yolimba. Clutch, monga lamulo, imakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena awiri. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwamazana akulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi pakati pa mbalame: nthawi yake yotalika imatha kufikira zaka 50.
Andean Condor ndiye chizindikiro cha mayiko aku Latin America - Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador ndi Peru, ndipo akutenganso gawo lofunika kwambiri pachikhalidwe cha Andes. Komabe, m'zaka za zana la 20, anthu ake adatsika kwambiri, motero adalembedwa mu International Red Book ngati mtundu wokhala pafupi kukhala gulu lowopsezedwa (gulu la NT). Zomwe zimayambitsa kufooka zimatchedwa anthropological factor - kusintha malo oyenera kukhalamo, ndipo poyizoni ndi mitembo ya nyama zowomberedwa ndi munthu. Kuphatikiza apo, mpaka posachedwa, mbalame zidachotsedwa dala chifukwa cha lingaliro lolakwika pankhani yakuwopseza kwawo ziweto. Pakadali pano, maiko angapo ali ndi mapulogalamu osamalira nyama ku malo osungira nyama ndi kugawa kwawo kuthengo.
Kuchulukitsa
Andean Condor adayamba kufotokozedwa koyamba ndi woyambitsa wa sayansi ya zolengedwa, Karl Linnaeus, mu 1758, mu kope la khumi la Natural System. Mofananamo, adapatsidwa dzina lachi Latin la binomial Vultur gryphus, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mabuku a sayansi mpaka pano. Malinga ndi dzina la mayiko omwe akukhalamo, nthawi zina amatchedwanso Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuadorian kapena Peruvia. Dzina generic Vultur (koyambirira vultur kapena voltur) lotanthauziridwa kuchokera ku Chilatini limatanthawuza "mwala", "mwala". Mawu gryphus wobwereka kwa Dr. "Ndi chiwombankhanga kapena mphuno yosokonekera, yododoka." Dzinalo "condor", lomwe limamveka chimodzimodzi m'zilankhulo zonse zamakono ku Europe, limachokera ku chilankhulo cha Quechua, chomwe chimalankhulidwa ndi ambiri okhala ku South America.
Malo enieni a Andean condor pano amadziwika kuti sakudziwika bwinobwino. Pali mgwirizano wina kuti ndi wa banja la maukonde aku America (cathartids), omwe kuwonjezera pa mbalameyi amaphatikiza mitundu 6 yamakono. Ngakhale mitundu yonseyi ili ndi mikhalidwe yofanana komanso zachilengedwe zofananira ndi maukada a Old World, si abale apamtima, popeza adachokera ku makolo osiyanasiyana ndipo adziyimira pawokha m'malo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Kuchuluka kwa ubale pakati pa mabanja awiriwa okhala ngati mbalame zofananaku kumayikidwabe pankhani ya sayansi; posachedwapa, akatswiri ena a zamankhwala potengera zotsatira za kafukufuku wamankhwala akuti agogoli ndi abale apamtima a mikango yaku America, motero kuphatikizira iwo motsatira ciconiiformes. M'mbuyomu ofufuza adanena kuti ma cathartid, komanso maukada a Old World, ndi falconiformes. Pomaliza, ochita kafukufuku ena anena kuti ali m'gulu loyitanidwa Cathartiformes . South America Classified Committee South America Classization Committee ) satsatira malingaliro aliwonse, ndipo amawona kuti ndi osayenera, Incertae sedis, ngakhale mtsogolomo ilola nawonso mamembala awo Falconiformes kapena Cathartiformes .
Andean Condor - mitundu yokhayo yomwe ipulumuka mpaka nthawi yathu ino Vultur (kale, California Condor [Gymnogyps californianus]). Mosiyana ndi mnansi wake waku North America, wophunziridwa bwino kuchokera pazinthu zambiri zakale zomwe zasungidwa, umboni wofukula zakale wakulengedwa kwa Andean condor kapena kholo lake ndiwosochepa. Kutengera zakale zochepa zomwe zapezeka m'chigawo cha Bolivian ku Tarija, akukhulupirira kuti mbalameyi yomwe idakhala kumayiko aku South America munthawi ya Pliocene kapena Pleistocene imafanana ndi Andean condor, ngakhale ili yaying'ono kukula (pachifukwa ichi idadziwika kuti subspecct subspecies Vultur gryphus patruus) .
Kufotokozera
Andean Condor ndi mbalame yotchuka kwambiri ku Western Hemisphere, ngakhale kutalika kwake kuchokera pakamwa mpaka mchira ndi yayifupi masentimita 5 kuposa California, ndipo pankhani ya mapiko (274-310 cm), ndiyabwino kwambiri kuposa wachibale wayo wapafupi kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zimalemera - kulemera kwa amuna kumafika pa 11-15 makilogalamu, akazi - 7.5-11 kg. Kutalika kwa mbalame zachikulire kumasiyana kuchokera pa 117 mpaka 135 cm. Zowona, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti miyeso imachitika makamaka muentchito mbalame.
Mtundu wa conductor ndi wosiyana komanso wowoneka bwino. Mafutawo ndi pafupifupi akuthwa kwathunthu, kupatula kolala yoyera yokhotakhota kuzungulira khosi komanso malezala oyera oyera kumapiko akhungu akuwoneka bwino, makamaka otchulidwa amuna (nthenga zoyera zimawonekera pambuyo pa molt woyamba). Nthenga zimakhala kuti palibe pamutu ndi pakhosi, khungu m'malo ano limakhala ndi mithunzi kuchokera ku pinki yofiyira mpaka utoto wofiirira komanso bulauni. Mbalame zimasamalira mitu yawo, zimayeretsa nthenga. Amakhulupilira kuti dazi lawo limasinthidwa mwaukhondo, chifukwa khungu limatsukidwa bwino ndi cheza cham'madzi chambiri komanso kutulutsa madzi m'malo okwera kwambiri. Mbali yam'mwamba ya mutu imakutidwa pang'ono. Amuna, mutu umakongoletsedwa ndi khungu lalikulu lofiirira, ndipo khungu pakakhosi limakwinya kwambiri, ndikupanga "matako". Malo otseguka khungu kumutu ndi khosi posintha maonekedwe awo (kusandulika ofiira kapena achikasu) mbalameyo ikakhala yosangalala - mawonekedwe awa ndi chizindikiro choyenera kwa anthu ena. Mlomo ndi wautali, wamphamvu, wopindika kumapeto, wakuda ndi mutu wachikaso, woyenera kupindika thupi lowonongeka. Kudzera pamphuno, mafupa a septum osagawanika. Maso am'muna mwa abambo ndi a bulauni, mwa akazi ndi ofiira kwambiri. Palibe eyelashes. Mu mbalame zazing'ono, maula ndi a bulauni, khungu kumutu ndi khosi limakhala lakuda, pafupifupi lakuda, ndipo "kolala" yake ndi ya bulauni.
Miyendo ndi imvi. Chala chapakati chimakulitsidwa mowonekera, pomwe chala chakumbuyo ndichochepa kwambiri ndipo chimakhala pamwamba pa ena onse. Zovala ndizowongoka komanso zopanda lakuthwa - mawonekedwe oterowo samalola mbalame kuti zigwire ndikukula nyama, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mawondo ngati chida, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama kapena zamiyala zakale za Dziko Lakale.
Kufalitsa
Andean condor ndiofala m'mapiri a Andes kumadzulo kwa South America. Dera lakumpoto la malowa limadutsa ku Venezuela ndi Colombia, koma m'malo amenewa ndi mbalame yosowa kwambiri. Kummwera, gawo logawirako limadutsa m'mapiri a Ecuador, Peru, Chile, Bolivia ndi Western Argentina mpaka ku Tierra del Fuego. Kumpoto kwa mzere, ma condors amakhala makamaka kumtunda kwamapiri, pamalo okwera 3000-5000 m pamwamba pa nyanja, ndipo kum'mwera amapezeka kumapiri ndi kumapiri. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la XIX, madera omwe magawikidwe a makondedwe anali ochulukirapo ndipo adakhala mbali zonse za mapiriwo, kuyambira kumadzulo kwa Venezuela mpaka kumapeto ndi gawo lakumwera kwa chigawo chachikulu, komabe, pang'onopang'ono chifukwa cha zochita za anthu. Malo ake amaphatikiza nsonga za mapiri aatali mpaka 5000 m pamwamba pa nyanja ndi malo akulu otseguka, okhala ndi udzu komanso malo abwino owonera kuchokera kutalika kwambiri. Chitsanzo cha malo oterewa ndi paramo - mapula opanda kanthu ku Andes. Nthawi zina mbalame zimadumphira mwangozi m'zigwa kum'mawa kwa Bolivia ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Brazil, ndipo zimatsikiranso kumadera achipululu a Chile ndi Peru komanso nkhalango za Pechgonia.
Ecology ndi machitidwe
Ma Condors amaoneka owoneka mochititsa chidwi kwambiri m'mlengalenga, akuwuluka bwino mozungulira mabwalo am'mlengalenga ofunda. Nthawi yomweyo, amasunga mapiko awo mu ndege yopingasa, ndipo malekezero am'mapiko oyambira otambasulidwa amatambasulidwa ndikuwombera pang'ono m'mwamba. Chowonadi chakuti ma condors ndi mbalame zomwe zikuuluka ndikuwoneka ndi mawonekedwe a mawonekedwe ake ofunikira - kakang'ono kokhazikika ndipo, motero, minofu yofowoka yofunikira, pakufunika kuuluka. Popeza takhala kutalika, ma condors nthawi zambiri samapanga mapiko akuuluka, pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi ndikupulumutsa okha. Woyambitsa chiphunzitso chamakono cha Charles Darwin, yemwe adawona kutuluka kwa mbalamezi ku Patagonia, adati kwa theka la ola popenyerera iwo sadagwede kamodzi. Mbalame zimakondanso kupumula pamiyala yayitali, pomwe ndizotheka kulumpha popanda kuwuluka. M'malo mwake, amawuka pansi mwamphamvu komanso kuchokera kuthamanga, makamaka atatha kudya chakudya chochuluka.
Monga mimbulu ina yaku America, Andean condors amakhala ndi chizolowezi chachilendo kuti mbalame zina zizidziyamira zokha - mkodzo womwe umapita pakhungu umasunthika motero umathandizira kuziziritsa thupi. Chifukwa cha khalidweli, miyendo ya mbalame nthawi zambiri imakutidwa ndi mitsitsi yoyera ya uric acid.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Maziko a chakudya cha Andean condor ndi mitembo ya nyama zakugwa, zovunda. Pofufuza chakudya, mbalame nthawi zambiri zimayenda mtunda wautali, zikuuluka mpaka 200 km pa tsiku. Kutali ndi nyanja, amakonda nyama zotsala zopanda buluzi monga agwape, guanaco, ng'ombe zomwe zinafa ndi imfa yachilengedwe kapena zosungidwa ndi mbale.Mphepete mwa nyanja, amadya nyama zam'madzi zapamadzi zomwe zimatayidwa kumtunda. Kuphatikiza pa carrion, amawononganso zisa za mbalame zachikoloni, kudya mazira awo ndikuukira anapiye. Gombe limakhala chakudya chodalirika komanso chodalirika - pazifukwa izi, makilomita ambiri amakhala malo ochepa makilomita angapo m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Pofunafuna chakudya, mbalame zimagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe ake okongola. Kuphatikiza pa kufunafuna nyama, amayang'aniranso mosamala mbalame zina zapafupi - makungubwi ndi mimbulu ina yaku America - mtundu wakalambanda, akanjedza akulu akulu komanso achikuda. Makondomu omalizira apanga mawonekedwe otchedwa typiosis, kapena kupezeka palimodzi kopindulitsa: ma cathartes ali ndi fungo labwino kwambiri, amatha kununkhiza kuchokera kutali ndi fungo la ethyl mercaptan - mpweya womwe umatulutsidwa gawo loyamba la kuwola, koma kukula kwawo kochepa sikulola kuswa khungu lolimba la ovutitsidwa bwino momwe mungathere Andean condors. Zikondwerero zitha kukhala osadya kwa masiku angapo motsatana, kenako kudya ma kilogalamu angapo a nyama nthawi imodzi, nthawi zina akatha kudya chakudya chamtima amalephera kupita kumlengalenga. Popeza kapangidwe ka miyendo ya kondomu sikuloleza kuti agwire ndikusuntha nyama, mbalamezo zimakakamizidwa kudyetsa malo omwe zidapezeka. Monga ma scavengers ena, ma condor amatenga gawo lofunikira pakuyang'anira zachilengedwe, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda. M'malo omwe kuchuluka kwawo kudatsika kwambiri, kufa kwa ziweto kudakulirakulira ndipo matenda owopsa kwa anthu adayamba kuwonekera.
Kuswana
Kutha msanga m'makhola ocheperako kumabwera mochedwa kwambiri kwa mbalame - wazaka zisanu kapena zisanu ndi chimodzi. Amakhala nthawi yayitali - mpaka zaka 50, ndipo amasunga banja m'moyo wawo wonse. Mukakhala pachibwenzi, khungu pamutu pa anyamatawa limatupa ndipo mooneka limasintha mtundu wake kuchokera ku pinki wotumbululuka kukhala wachikasu chowala. Akuyandikira mkaziyo, amadzitukumula ndikutambasula khosi lake, ndikukutula pachifuwa chake ndikulira. Pambuyo pake, atambasula mapiko ake ndipo m'malo mwake akuimirira kutsogolo kwa mkaziyo, akumenya lilime.
Mchitidwe wina wamakhalidwe ndi mtundu wovina, mbalame ikagubuduka ndi mapiko ake lotseguka pang'ono, ndikumveka ndikututumuka. Monga lamulo, ma condors amakonda kukhala pachisa kumtunda kwa mapiri, pamalo okwera 3000-5000 m pamwamba pa nyanja. Chisa chimakonda kukhala pathanthwe pamalo osatheka kufikako, ndipo monga lamulo chimakhala ndi zinyalala zazing'ono zokha. M'mphepete mwa Peru, momwe muli miyala yokhayo, mazira nthawi zambiri amangoikidwa osagona m'miyala pakati pa mabwalawo pamtsetse. Mbidzi nthawi zambiri zimaswana zaka ziwiri zilizonse, mwezi wa February-Marichi, clutch imakhala ndi dzira limodzi kapena awiri oyera oyera olemera 280 g ndi kutalika kwa 75-100 mm. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ndi masiku 54-58, makolo onse ali ndi makulidwe. Ngati chifukwa cha dzira chatayika, chachikazi chikufulumira kuyika wina pamalo amodzi. Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a ornithologists omwe amagwira ntchito pobereketsa mbalame - kuchotsa ndi kulowetsa mazira oyambitsidwa kumathandizira mazira ambiri.
Anapiye odulidwa amaphimbidwa ndi khungu laimvi losalala ndikuisunga zovala mpaka atakula mpaka kukula kwa mbalame zazikulu. Zinadziwika kuti anapiye amatengera makolo chilichonse chomwe adawona atangobadwa, ndipo pachifukwa ichi chimalimbikitsa kuti omwe amabereka ali mu ukapolo akhazikitse pulasitiki ya mannequin ya wamkulu wamkulu pafupi ndi chisa - mtsogolomo izi zidzamuthandizira kusintha mwachangu kuthengo. Makolo onsewo akudyetsa anapiyewo, kuwamwetsa chakudya pang'ono kuchokera pakamwa mpaka pakamwa. Kutha kuwuluka kumaonekera mwa anapiye ali ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, koma kwa zaka zina ziwiri (mpaka kubereka kwotsatira) amakhalabe ndi makolo awo. Magulu akulu a ma condors ali ndi chikhalidwe chopangidwa bwino momwe mbalame zachikulire, monga lamulo, zimalamulira achichepere, komanso amuna amuna kuposa akazi.