Chingwe cholimbira, kapena akiba (Phoca hispida) - mtundu wa zisindikizo zenizeni zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri ku Arctic: malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosasamala kwambiri padziko lapansi, pali Zomatula pafupifupi mamiliyoni anayi. Chisindikizo ichi chidalandira dzina chifukwa cha mawonekedwe pa ubweya, womwe umakhala ndi mphete zambiri pazithunzi zakuda. Akiba amakhala ponseponse munyanja za Arctic Ocean kuchokera ku Barents ndi White kumadzulo mpaka Nyanja ya Bering kummawa, amakhala ku Okhotsk ndi Baltic Seas, Tatar Strait, Gulf of Finland ndi Lake Ladoga, nthawi zina imakwera m'mphepete mwa Neva kupita ku St. Nerpa amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja komanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja, koma nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo owombera. Mtunduwu samapanga kusunthira kwakukulu kwakanthawi. M'nyengo yozizira, chisindikizo chimakhala pachisanu.
Maonekedwe a zingwe zomata
Kukula kwa chisindikizo chopondera, chomwe chimapezeka pagombe la Arctic, ndi chaching'ono - chimakula mpaka 1.4 metres ndi kulemera kwa 70 kg.
Chisindikizo chokhala ndi zingwe chimakhulupirira kuti ndi chimodzi mwazosindikiza zazing'ono kwambiri. Kukula kwa nyama kumayandikira pafupifupi zaka 10. Akazi nthawi zambiri amakhala ocheperako kuposa amuna. Thupi la nyama yomwe imakhala m'madzi ndi yozungulira komanso yolimba, yomwe imapangitsa kuti izioneka yifupi.
Mutu wawung'ono umalowera m'thupi nthawi yomweyo, chifukwa khosi limakhala laling'ono komanso lambiri. Chilombo choterocho chimawoneka ngati mpira wautali wokugudubuka pa ayezi.
Chizindikiro cha chosindikizira chakudacho chimakhala chosalala, ndipo mphete zowala zimadutsa mu khungu lonse lakuda, pafupifupi lakuda. Mbali iyi yokongoletsa tsitsi lalifupi komanso lolimba ndikupereka dzinalo kwa amtunduwo. Mimba ya chidindo ndi yoyera, komabe, anthu omwe ali ndi m'mimba achikasu nthawi zina amapezeka. Palibe mphete zachilendo mu mtundu wa peritoneum ndi zipsepse.
Zachikazi zimapanga chisa mwachindunji kuchokera ku chisanu kuti chisawonekere.
Chisindikizo chokhala ndi zingwe chimakhala ndi maso abwino, kumva bwino komanso kununkhiza. Chifukwa cha wandiweyani wamafuta, nyamayo imasinthidwa kuti izikhala m'madzi ozizira.
Ringed chisindikizo chikhalidwe ndi zakudya
Chingwe cholimbira, kapena m'mawu ena - akiba, amakonda kukhala komwe akusunthira ayezi akuyandamaunyinji. Chifukwa chake, malo omwe kulibe, nyama zimadutsa. Izi zimafotokozeredwa ndi mfundo yoti pofuna kubereka ndi kulera ana mumafunika madzi oundana osakhazikika okhala ndi mabowo (mabowo) ndi zinthu zomwe nyama m'madzi imatha kupumira.
Chisindikizo cholimbira ndi chilombo.
Zisindikizo zimadya pamagulu awiri a nyama - nsomba ndi crustaceans. Mu nyanja za Kara ndi Barents, chisindikizo chimasaka ma polod, navaga, capelin ndi hering'i. Mwa crustaceans, chisindikizo chimakonda shrimp, maso akuda ndi amphipod. Mu Nyanja Yotentha ya Baltic, zakudya zam'mphepete zamtambo ndizomera, ma herring, gobies ndi cod.
Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali
Zisindikizo zazikazi zazikazi zimabweretsa ana awo oyamba azaka zapakati pa 6 ndi 7, ndipo zimatha kutha msinkhu wazaka 5-6. Zisindikizo zazing'ono zimabadwa kuyambira pakati pa Marichi mpaka pakati pa Epulo.
Mwana wokhala ndi zingwe amavala chovala chovala choyera nthawi yoyamba.
Kutalika kwa pakati ndi miyezi pafupifupi 11, kuphatikiza nyengo yotsika (miyezi iwiri). Chisindikizo chokhala ndi zingwe zazikazi chimakhala ndi zinyalala chimodzi mu zinyalala, zolemera mpaka 4 makilogalamu, ndi kutalika kopitilira theka la mita. Mwanayo amabadwira ovala ngati chipale chofewa, komwe amakhalapo kwa milungu iwiri. Kenako mtundu wa ubweyawo umayamba kuda, ndipo pakatha pafupifupi miyezi 1.5, mwana wosindikizayo amawonekanso ngati wamkulu.
Chisindikizo chachikazi pamiyala yolimba, choyandama chimapanga mphanga wa chipale chofewa, chomwe sichimawoneka kunja konse. Agologolo pang'ono amabadwa ndipo amakhala kumeneko. Yaikazi imadyetsa khandalo ndi mkaka kwa mwezi umodzi.
Pofika nthawi yozizira, unyinji wa chidindo chaching'ono chimafika 12 kg, ndipo kutalika ndi 60 cm.
Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.
Kufotokozera
Ma Akib ndi zisindikizo zing'onozing'ono kuchokera ku siliva imvi mpaka bulauni. Mimba zawo nthawi zambiri zimachita imvi, ndipo misana yawo imakhala yakuda ndipo imakhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a mphete zazing'ono, chifukwa chake, adadziwikanso dzina.
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Thupi limakhala lakuthwa, lalifupi, lophimbidwa ndi tsitsi losalala. Mutu ndi wocheperako, khosi silitali.
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Ali ndi zikhadabo zazikulu zokhala ndi makulidwe oposa 2,5 cm, chifukwa chomwe amadula mabowo mu ayezi. Monga mukudziwa, mabowo oterewa amatha kufika pakuya mamita awiri.
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Nyama zachikulire zimafikira kutalika kwa 1.1 mpaka 1.6 m ndi masekeli 50-100. Monga zisindikizo zonse zakumpoto, thupi lawo limasiyana mosiyanasiyana malinga ndi nyengo. Zisindikizo zazing'onoting'ono ndizambiri kwambiri m'dzinja ndipo ndizosauka kwambiri kumapeto kwa masika - chiyambi cha chilimwe, itatha nyengo yoswana ndi kusungunuka kwapachaka. Amphongo ndi okulirapo pang'ono kuposa zazikazi, ndipo kumapeto kwa chilimwe, amphongo amawoneka amdima kwambiri kuposa achikazi chifukwa cha zotulutsa zamafuta m'misempha. Nthawi zina pachaka, zimakhala zovuta kusiyanitsa. Pobadwa, ana ake amakhala a 60cm ndipo amalemera pafupifupi 4.5 kg. Amakutidwa ndi ubweya wonyezimira, wopepuka pamimba komanso wamdima kumbuyo. Fur mawonekedwe amapanga ndi zaka.
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Chifukwa cha masomphenya opangidwa bwino, kununkhiza komanso kumva, zisindikizo ndizosaka bwino.
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Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Kunja kwa nyengo yoswana ndi kusungunuka, kufalitsa kwa zomatira zomatira kwamtunduwu kumasinthidwa ndi kupezeka kwa chakudya. Kafukufuku wambiri wazakudya wawo wachitika, ndipo, ngakhale ali ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu, amawunikira onse.
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Chakudya chachikulu cha nyama izi ndi nsomba, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi dera linalake. Monga lamulo, osaposa 10-15 omwe akhudzidwa ndi mitundu yayitali ya 2-4 samapezeka m'munda wowonera zisindikizo. Amanyamula chakudya chochepa kukula - mpaka 15 cm, ndipo mpaka 6 cm mulifupi.
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Amadyetsa nsomba nthawi zambiri kuposa ma invertebrates, koma kusankha nthawi zambiri kumadalira nyengo ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya nyama.
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Mwachizolowezi, zakudya zomwe zili ndi mkombero zimaphatikizapo zakudya zopatsa thanzi za cod, perch, hering ndi capelin, zomwe zimakhala ndi madzi am'madzi aku kumpoto.
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Kugwiritsa ntchito nyama zopanda nyama, zikuoneka kuti, zimagwirizana ndi chilimwe, ndipo zimapezekanso pakudya kwa ana a ng'ombe.
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Adani
Kupatula munthu kuti awononge chidindo chaubweya, mafuta ndi nyama, nyama iyi imakhala ndi adani okwanira pakati pa omwe amadana ndi Arctic. Pamalo oyamba pali chimbalangondo. Clubfoot amakonda kudikirira nyama yake yomwe ili pafupi ndi chowawa. Mphuno ya nyama ikangowoneka kuchokera m'madzi kuti izunguliranso, mpweya wa chimbalangondocho umamenya kwambiri. Nyamayi imakoka chisindikizo pamadzi oundana, kuimaliza ndikudya. Ankhandwe a ku Arctic nawonso ndi ngozi yayikulu. Amakhala ndi kununkhira kwabwino, kuthamanga ndi kupusa. Ndiwosaka bwino kwambiri, ndipo ndizovuta kwambiri kupewa mano awo akuthwa.
Orcas amaperekanso magazi awo pachinthu chosamveka. Zidyera zamphamvuzi zimasambira pansi pa madzi osunthira pansi pomwe zisindikizo zimadzaza, ndipo zimumenya ndi matupi awo akuluakulu komanso olemera. Madzi oundana amayandama kapena amatembenuka. Nyama zatsoka zimadzipeza m'madzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimagwera pakamwa yayikulu yotsekemera. Ma Walruse nawonso ndi owopsa pa zisindikizo. Pakati pawo pali anthu ankhanza kwambiri omwe amadya nyama zodyetsedwa bwino.
Maonekedwe ndi zakudya
Nerpa - chimodzi mwazosindikiza zazing'ono kwambiri: kutalika kwa thupi la anthu akuluakulu kumafikira 1.5 m, kulemera makilogalamu 40-80, Zitsanzo za Baltic ndizokulirapo - 140 cm ndi 100 kg. Amuna, monga lamulo, ndi ena akuluakulu kuposa akazi. Thupi la chidindo limakhala lalifupi komanso lokwera, mutu wake umakhala wocheperako, nkhope yake imakutidwa pang'ono, ndipo khosi limafupikitsidwa ndikuwoneka kuti silinathe. Akiba ali ndi maso okongola, kumva komanso kununkhira, zomwe zimathandiza nyamayi kupeza chakudya ndikubisala kwa nthawi yayitali ndi adani. Zisindikizo zimadyetsa ma crustaceans, maollusk ndi nsomba (zokongoletsa zokhala ndi masamba, malo obiriwira, pike, navaga, nsomba, nsomba).
Moyo
Zisindikizo Zomangidwa osapanga magulu. Nthawi zambiri, amakhala okha, ngakhale nthawi zina amasonkhana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, omwe, komabe, osakhazikika. Amakhala chaka chonse panyanja, pomwe thupi lawo limasinthasintha.
M'chilimwe zisindikizo zazingwe Amasungidwa m'madzi am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo nthawi zina amapanga miyala yaying'ono pamiyala kapena miyala yamiyala. M'dzinja, pamene nyanjayo ikuyandikira, nyama zambiri zimachoka m'mbali mwa nyanja ndikupita kukasefukira. Kanyama kakang'ono kamatsalira nyengo yachisanu pagombe ndipo kamasungidwa mkati mwake. Mwakutero, ngakhale kumayambiriro kwa kuzizira kwa nyanja, chisindikizo chimapanga mabowo mu ayezi wachinyamata - mabowo, omwe amasiya madziwo. Pali mabowo ang'onoang'ono, omwe amangogwiritsa ntchito kupumira. Nthawi zambiri, bowo la bowo limakokedwa ndi chipale chofewa, momwe chisindikizo chimapanga bowo popanda chotulutsa kufikira kunja. Pamalo abwino oterowo, amapuma, popeza sawoneka kwa adani, makamaka zimbalangondo. Zosindikiza zazikuluzikulu zimawonedwa mu kasupe pakuyamba kuyendetsa ayezi nthawi ya ana agalu, molting ndi mating. Izi ndizodziwika makamaka munyanja za ku Far East, pomwe tsiku limodzi posambira mu ayezi mutha kuwona mazana ambiri, ndipo nthawi zina nyama zikwizikwi. Nthawi zambiri, zisindikizo zimagona m'magulu a nyama 10-20, koma pali magulu atatu a nyama kapena zingapo.
Chiwerengero
Zambiri zomwe zikupezeka pazisindikizo zokhala ndi zingwe zinasonkhanitsidwa ndikuzisanthula ngati gawo la mndandanda wofiyira wa 2016 IUCN pazofotokozedwa zisanu. Ziwerengero za anthu okhwima komanso kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu pamasanjidwe awa anali motere:
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- Chisindikizo cholumikizira kwa Arctic - 1 450 000, zomwe sizikuchitika,
- Chisindikizo cha Okhotsk - 44 000, sichikudziwika
- Baltic ringed seal - 11 500, kuchuluka kwa anthu,
- Ladoga - 3000-4500, kupitilira,
- Saimaa - 135 - 190, kuwonjezeka kwa subspecies.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa malo, ndizovuta kuvuta kuchuluka kwa masamba a Arctic ndi Okhotsk. Pofotokoza zambiri, monga malo okhalamo mitundu ya mbalamezo, kuchuluka kwa anthu osawerengeka omwe akukwaniritsidwa, ubale wosadziwika pakati pa anthu oonedwa ndi omwe sanazindikiridwe, musalole ofufuza kudziwa chiwerengero chokhacho.
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Komabe, ziwerengero pamwambapa zikuwonetsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu okhwima ndioposa 1.5 miliyoni, ndipo chiwerengero chonsechi ndioposa 3 miliyoni.
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Chitetezo
Kuphatikiza pa zimbalangondo zozizira, zomwe zimakhala zowopsa kwambiri pa zisindikizo zazingwe, nyamazi nthawi zambiri zimasautsidwa ndi ma walruse, mimbulu, mimbulu, nkhandwe, ndipo ngakhale akhwangwala akuluakulu omwe amadyera ana.
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Komabe, sizinali malingaliro achilengedwe a kuchuluka kwa anthu zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zikhale zosakanizidwa ndi Zisindikizo za Red Book, koma chinthu chaanthu. Chowonadi ndi chakuti, ngakhale pali njira zonse zotetezera, anthu ambiri akumpoto mpaka pano akupitiliza kusaka zisindikizo, monga gwero la nyama yamtengo wapatali ndi khungu.
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Mwambiri, ngakhale pali mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana, palibe malo amodzi omwe adapangidwa mgodi, momwe zisindikizo zamkati zingathe kuchuluka anthu ambiri.