Chule wa Grass (Rana temporaria) - woimira banja la achule enieni (Ranidae). Ichi ndi chachikulu amphibian: amphibian amafika masentimita 10. Thupi lake ndi lalikulu, mutu wake ndi waukulu. Mtundu wa Amphibian umatha kukhala osiyana ndi beige mpaka chokoleti. Malo amdima amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi kukula kwake, komanso ma tubercles, amamwazikana kumtunda kwa thupi. Mimba imakhala yopepuka, yokhala ngati chikasu kapena kuwala kwa chikasu, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi mawonekedwe akuda. Malo amdima osakhalitsa amachokera kumbali yakumbuyo kwa diso kudzera pa eardrum kupita kumunsi kwa kutsogoloku.
Amuna, thupi limakhala locheperako, omwe omata omwe ali m'makona ali pakona pakamwa. Munthawi yakubereka, alengeza kuti kudzala kwachikale ku chala choyamba, komanso kumasintha pang'ono - mbali yakumwambayo imakhala yowonjezereka, pomwe mmero umapeza kuwala.
Mukuwoneka, chule wa udzu ndi chofanana kwambiri ndi mtundu wina wamtundu wina - chule lakuthwa konsekonse. Komabe, poyang'ana kwambiri, ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa. Poyamba, heroine yathu ndi mwini wake wopangira chizimbudzi kuposa msuweni wake, chachiwiri, ndiwowoneka bwino kwambiri, ndipo chachitatu, pamimba pake ali ndi mawonekedwe amdima wodabwitsa (m'mimba wokhala ndi lakuthwa). Kuphatikiza apo, heroine yathu imakhala ndi chubu chamkati chamkati.
Grass Frog Habitats
Izi zimagawidwa ku Europe konse, kupatulapo dera la Iberian. Imapezeka ku Scandinavia konse ndipo umapita kuno molowera kumpoto kuposa ena onse akum'mwera. Ku mbali ya ku Europe ya Russia kumpoto amafika m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yoyera. Malire akum'mawa a malembawo amafikira mpaka kumunsi kwa Irtysh, kumwera - kumadera akumapeto a Volga.
Amphibiam amakhala pafupifupi mitundu yonse, koma amakonda kwambiri mitengo yosakanikirana, yosakanikirana komanso yosakanikirana. M'malire a malo ake, amapezeka ngakhale mu tundra ndi m'mapazi. Amakhala m'malo olimidwa - minda, minda, minda ndi mapaki. Mapiriwo akukwera mpaka 3,000 miliyoni pamwamba pamadzi.
Monga amphibians ena, chule wa udzu amayesa kupewa matziwe amchere ndipo samatha kukhala tsiku m'madzi, mchere womwe umafika pa 0.07%.
Moyo wa achule achilengedwe mwachilengedwe
Anthu okalamba amenewa amakhala nthawi yayitali pamtunda, koma amayesa kupewa malo owuma kwambiri. Mapaipi omwe amafunikira makamaka pakukhwima, ngakhale amawonedwa pafupipafupi ndi madzi kapena m'madzi ndikatha msamba
Achule amakhala ngati pobisalira m'nkhalango zowirira zamitengo, mitengo, miyala, nthaka: pansi pawo amabisala kwa adani komanso nyengo yoipa.
Monga lamulo, aliyense amakhala malo amodzi kwa zaka zingapo: patsamba lake, chule amadziwa malo onse oyenera kusaka, malo ogona komanso nthawi yachisanu.
Pa ntchito ya chule la udzu, chinyezi chachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri sizotheka kukumana m'mawa kapena tsiku lowala. Zochita zolimba kwa iye zimayamba madzulo ndi usiku. M'chilimwe, kukakhala mvula kwanthawi yayitali, ndipo nthaka ikuuma, ndiye kuti mwina munthu m'modzi amapezeka m'nkhalangomo. Koma nkoyenera mvula kapena kugwera mame ochulukirapo, alipo ambiri aiwo.
Kutentha kochepa sikumachepetsa kugwira ntchito kwa achule: ngakhale pa 2-3 ° C ali otakataka, ngakhale amphibians amakhala omasuka kwambiri pa kutentha kwa 17-20 ° C.
Zogwira ntchito ma amphibianszi zimasiya kukhala ndi chiyambi cha nyengo yachisanu yozizira. Achichepere amapita kukazizira mochedwerapo pang'ono kuposa achikulire, amatha kupezeka ngakhale mu Novembala, ngati kutentha kwa masana sikutsika kuposa 0 ° C.
Kodi nkhomaliro ndi chiyani?
Zakudya za achule a udzu zimatengera mawonekedwe a nthaka yomwe akukhalamo. Amadyera pama dothi osiyanasiyana komanso ma invertebrates padziko lapansi. Pali tizilombo tambiri touluka tomwe timadya m'zakudya izi, chifukwa zimasaka kwambiri mumdima, pamene pali nyama zowuluka zochepa. Kumalire akumpoto kwa masanjidwewo, amasiyanitsa zakudya zawo ndi nyama zam'madzi.
Kukula kwa zakudya zamagulu amtunduwu sikufanana pakanthawi kachaka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yakuswana, amasunga nthawi yotchedwa "mating nyengo".
Zojambula Zambiri Zisanu
Kuchulukana kwa achule kumakhala pafupifupi masiku 180: kwa anthu am'mapiri omwe amakhala m'mitunda yathu, iyi ndi nthawi yochepa.
Ma Amphibians amatha kupitilira pamtunda osati pamtunda wokha, komanso pansi pa malo osungirako madzi, amakonda mitsinje yopanda madzi oundana, zithaphwi zamatope komanso ngalande. Amphibians nthawi yozizira nthawi zambiri amakhala m'madziwe, m'madziwe, ndi mitsinje yayikulu. Kuzizira kwa matupi amadzi kumabweretsa kufa kwa achule. Kuphatikiza apo, m'malo osungiramo madzi oundana pansi pa ayezi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala kupha - kuchokera pakusowa kwa mpweya, zamoyo zonse zimafa. Amphibians amathanso kufa chifukwa cha kusefukira kwamadzi. A Amphibians omwe amabisalira pamtunda m'malo mwa amphibians amathanso kukumana ndi tsoka lomvetsa chisoni - nthawi zambiri sakhala mu nyengo yozizira komanso yozizira.
Pansi pa madzi, nkhanu "imagona" pamalo achilendo: miyendo yake yakumbuyo imalimbikitsidwa, ndipo kutsogolo, "kutembenukira" manja kunja, ngati kuti kuphimba mutu. Nthawi yomweyo, "manja" amakhala ofiira chifukwa opanga mitsempha yamagazi yopakidwa pakhungu lawo. Achule yozizira pansi pa madzi nthawi zina amatha kuyendayenda komanso amakhala ndi chakudya.
Achule angapo amatha kugona m'malo amodzi: zimachitika kuti zimadziunjikira imodzi, koma nthawi zambiri pamakhala nyengo za anthu 20-30, ndipo nthawi zina chiwerengero chawo chimatha kufikira mazana angapo.
Kusamukira
M'moyo wa achule awa, mitundu itatu ya kusamuka imafotokozedwa. Choyamba, kusamukaku ndi kusamukira kumalo osungirako nyama mosinthika, chachiwiri, kusamukira kwa metamorphoses omwe angomaliza kumene kumatha kukhala kwawo, ndipo chachitatu, kusamukira kumadera achisanu.
Achule amatha kusonkhana m'malo abwino nthawi yachisanu, akumayenda mtunda wautali wa 1.5 km tsiku limodzi. Nthawi zina nthawi yophukira mutha kuona kuchuluka kwa anthu am'madera ambiri pafupi ndi nyengo yawo yozizira: m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'malo onyowa, ndi zina zambiri.
Kubereka
Achule a udzu amapita ku matupi amadzi kuti akaikire mazira kumayambiriro kwamasika. Pofuna kupitiriza mpikisano wawo, amasiya malo awo okhala ndikugonjera mtunda wawutali ndi zopinga zina.
Kuwaza ma dziwe kwa iwo kumatha kukhala madamu oyimilira osiyanasiyana - ngakhale mabwinja amsewu omwe amadzaza madzi ndi mafinya ali oyenera kuyikira mazira.
Kuyika mazira kumachitika pamadzi otentha a +5 mpaka + 15 ° C, nthawi zina ayezi amatha kukhalabe m'malo ake.
Kutengera ndi momwe dambo linalake limasungidwira, kubereka kumatenga masiku awiri mpaka khumi. Pamalo osungira, amuna samapanga phokoso lalikulu, samakonza kuyimba kwa nthawi yayitali komanso mokweza. Amawatcha abwenzi awo ndi zikwangwani zokhazikika pamphindi imodzi ndipo amakhala ngati akungolankhula phokoso.
Amuna amawonekera posungira posakhalitsa akazi. Nthawi zina maanja amalumikizidwa pamtunda, pomwe wamkazi amangopita kumadzi. Monga amuna achizolowezi chovala chambiri, chofunitsitsa kusiya ana, abambo a chulewo amatha "kuzungulira" anthu ena amtundu wina, "mwangozi" atagwidwa m'manja.
Yaikazi ikaikira mazira nthawi yomweyo imachoka m'dziwe ndikuthamangira kubwerera kumalo okhalamo, koma yamphongo imatsala. Ngati ali ndi mwayi, usiku wotsatira adzasiya ana ndi mkazi wina.
Yaikazi imayikira mazira 4,000. Kupanga kuli ndi mawonekedwe a chotupa, chomwe poyamba chinali chaching'ono, koma posachedwa zipolopolo za mazira zimatupa, ndipo chotupacho chimachulukana kangapo, kwinaku chikuwoneka ngati chimphwe chosachita kupanga ngati mafuta. Kuumba koteroko nthawi zambiri kumawonedwa m'madzi osaya. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, mazira a udzu amalimbana mosavuta ndi hypothermia mpaka -6 ° C, osataya kuthekera kwawo. Komabe, popanda kudzivulaza, sangathe kupirira kutentha kwa + 24 ° C kwa nthawi yayitali.
Nthawi yovomerezeka, kukula kwa mluza kumatenga masiku 5 mpaka 15. Mphutsi zimadya chakudya chachilengedwe m'madzi ndi zing'onozing'ono. Ngakhale m'madziwe apamtunda, ma tadpole amapanga magulu owundana - mpaka anthu 100 pa lita. Malo osaya komwe kuli kolulu ngati imeneyi kumawoneka ngati misa yakuda.
Kutengera ndi momwe zinthu zilili, kukula kwa mphutsi kumatenga miyezi 1.5-3 ndikutha ndi metamorphosis.
M'zaka zouma ndi zotentha, kuyanika koyambirira kwa matawuni kumabweretsa kufa kwa anthu onse awiri omwe ali m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, komwe, madzi akaphwa, amachotsedwa m'malo ozama. M'mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri, mphutsi zambiri zimangotsalira kuti metamorphosis, ndipo ikamalizidwa, achule ang'onoang'ono ambiri nthawi yomweyo amachoka m'malo osungirako. Pakadali pano, nthawi zambiri amafa chifukwa chowuma, pansi pa magudumu a magalimoto kapena kukhala nyama yazodyedwa zamtundu uliwonse. Iwo omwe adakwanitsa kupulumuka, amadya kwambiri kuti apulumuke nthawi yayitali yozizira.
Achule a udzu amafikira kutha msamba mchaka chachitatu cha moyo. Mu nyengo zachilengedwe amakhala pafupifupi zaka 6-8.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Oyimira ambiri a nyama iyi ndiwobiriwira wopepuka komanso wamtambo wamitundu yaying'ono. Chule chagalasi osapitirira 3 cm, ngakhale mitundu imapezeka kuti yayikulu pang'ono kukula.
Ambiri aiwo, m'mimba mokha mumawonekera, momwe, ngati angafune, ziwalo zonse zamkati zimatha kupimidwa, kuphatikiza mazira a amayi apakati. M'mitundu yambiri ya achule agalasi, ngakhale mafupa ndi minofu yam'mimba imawonekera. Pafupifupi palibe aliyense woyimira nyama yanyama yemwe angadzitamandire katundu wa khungu.
Komabe, izi sizokhazokha za achule awa. Maso awo nawonso ndi apadera. Mosiyana ndi wachibale (achule a mitengo), maso a achule a galasi amawala moperewera ndipo amawongoka molunjika, pomwe maso a achule ali kumbali ya thupi.
Ichi ndi chizindikiro cha banja lawo. Anawo ndiopingasa. Masana, ali munjira yazochepera, ndipo usiku, ana amakula kwambiri, amakhala pafupifupi ozungulira.
Thupi la chule ndi lathyathyathya komanso lalikulu, monganso mutu. Miyendo ndi yayitali, yopyapyala. Pamiyendo pamakhala makapu ena oyamwa, mothandizidwa ndi omwe achule amapachika mosavuta pa masamba. Achule otsogola amakhalanso ndi maubwino komanso kutulutsa bwino.
Malingaliro oyamba a amphibians awa adapezeka zaka za m'ma 1900. Kugawika kwa Centrolenidae kumasintha mosalekeza: tsopano mu banja la amphibian pali mabanja awiri ocheperapo komanso mitundu yopitilira 10 ya achule agalasi. Anazindikira ndi koyamba kufotokozedwa ndi a Marcos Espada, katswiri wamasamba aku Spain. Pakati pawo pali anthu osangalatsa kwambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, Hyalinobatrachium (chule chagalasi yaying'ono) amaphatikiza mitundu 32 ya anthu omwe ali ndi mimba komanso mafupa oyera. Kuonekera kwawo kumalola kuwona kwamkati pafupifupi ziwalo zamkati - m'mimba, chiwindi, matumbo, mtima wamunthu. M'mitundu ina, gawo la chakudya chokwanira limakutidwa ndi filimu yowala. Chiwindi chake chimakhala chozungulira, ndipo achule a mtundu wina amakhala ndi masamba atatu.
Mu genus Centrolene (gecko), yemwe amaphatikiza mitundu 27, anthu omwe ali ndi mafupa amtundu wonyezimira. Paphewa pali malo ena okokerako mbedza, omwe amuna amagwiritsa ntchito bwino tikameta, kumenyera gawo. Mwa onse a abalewa amawerengedwa kuti ndi akulukulu.
Mwa oimira achule Cochranella, mafupa ndiwobiriwiranso mtundu ndi filimu yoyera mu peritoneum, yophimba mbali yamkati. Chiwindi cholumikizidwa, zibowo zamapewa sizikupezeka. Ali ndi dzina lawo polemekeza dokotala wazinyama, a Doris Cochran, yemwe adafotokozera za mitundu iyi ya achule a galasi.
Pakati pawo, mawonekedwe osangalatsa kwambiri ndi chule wokhala ndi galasi (Cochanella Euknemos). Dzinalo lochokera ku chilankhulo chachi Greek limamasuliridwa "ndi miyendo yokongola." Mbali yodziwika bwino ndi mphonje yamtsogolo kutsogolo, miyendo ndi manja.
Kapangidwe ka thupi
Kapangidwe ka chule chagalasi Zothandiza kwa malo okhala ndi moyo wake. Zimagwira ntchito pakhungu lake. Imakonda kupukutira zipolopolo ndikusunga chinyontho pamalo awo.
Amatetezanso nyama ku tizilombo tating'onoting'ono. Khungu limatenganso gawo pakusinthana kwa mafuta. Popeza madzi amalowa m'matupi awo pakhungu, malo okhala ndi chinyezi komanso malo onyowa. Pano, pakhungu, ululu ndi zolandirira kutentha zimapezeka.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zosangalatsa za kapangidwe ka thupi la achule ndi malo apafupi ndi mphuno ndi maso omwe ali kumtunda kwa mutu. Mnyamatayu amatha, kuyandama m'madzi, kugwira mutu ndi thupi lake pamwamba, ndikupumira ndikuwona zozungulira.
Mtundu wa chule chagalasi umadalira kwambiri malo. Mitundu ina imatha kusintha mtundu wa khungu kutengera nyengo. Kuti muchite izi, ali ndi maselo apadera.
Ziwalo zam'mbuyo za amphibian uyu ndizitali zazitali kuposa kukula kwa kutsogolo. Izi ndichifukwa choti kutsogoloku adasinthidwa kuti azithandizira ndikuyika, ndipo mothandizidwa ndi kumbuyo amayenda bwino m'madzi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Achule ochokera kubanja lino alibe nthiti, ndipo msana umagawika m'magawo anayi: khomo lachiberekero, kuphipha, chifuwa, ndi thunthu. Chigoba cha chule wowoneka bwino chimalumikizidwa ndi msana ndi vertebra imodzi. Chifukwa cha izi, chule amatha kusuntha mutu wake. Miyendo yolumikizidwa ndi msana ndi kutsogolo ndi lamba kumbuyo kwa miyendo. Amaphatikizapo mapesi amapewa, sternum, ndi mafupa a pelvic.
Mphamvu yamachule ndi yovuta kwambiri kuposa nsomba. Amakhala ndi chingwe cha msana ndi ubongo. The cerebellum ndi yaying'ono m'malo, chifukwa awa omwe ali ndi moyo wabwino amakhala moyo wokhala pansi ndipo mayendedwe ake amakhala osangalatsa.
Njira yogaya imakhala ndi zina. Pogwiritsa ntchito lilime lalitali, lomata pamkono wamkamwa, chulecho chimagwira tizirombo ndi kuwagwira ndi mano omwe amapezeka pachiwono chachikulu. Kenako chakudyacho chimalowa m'mero, m'mimba, kukonzekera pambuyo pake, kenako ndikusunthira matumbo.
Mtima wa ma amphibians awa ndi zipinda zitatu, wapawiri wa atria ndi ventricle, komwe magazi ndi malo osakanikirana amadzimadzi amasakanikirana. Pali magulu awiri oyenda magazi. Mphamvu ya kupuma kwa achule imayimiriridwa ndi mphuno, mapapu, koma khungu la amphibian limaphatikizidwanso pakupuma.
Njira yopumira imakhala motere: mphuno ya chule imatsegulidwa, nthawi yomweyo pansi pamiyeso yake ya oropharynx ndi mpweya umalowa. Mmphuno utaphimbidwa, pansi pamatuluka pang'ono ndipo mpweya umalowa m'mapapu. Pa nthawi yopuma ya peritoneum, mpweya umachitika.
Dongosololi likuyimiriridwa ndi impso, pomwe magazi amasefa. Zinthu zopindulitsa zimatengedwa mu aimpso tubules. Kupitilira apo, mkodzo umadutsa mureteni ndikulowa mu chikhodzodzo.
Achule agalasi, monga amphibians onse, amakhala ndi metabolism yochepa kwambiri. Kutentha kwa chule kutengera kutenthetsa ndi kutentha kwake. Ndi nyengo yozizira pomwe, amangochita zanyengo, kufunafuna malo obisika, ofunda, kenako osasangalatsa.
Ziwalo zamagetsi zimamva kwambiri, chifukwa achule amatha kukhala pamtunda ndi m'madzi. Zapangidwa mwanjira yoti amphibians amatha kuzolowera moyo wina. Ziwalo zomwe zili kumbuyo kwa mzere wamutu zimawathandiza kuyendetsa bwino malo. Mwawonekedwe amawoneka ngati mikwingwirima iwiri.
Kuwona kwa chule chagalasi kumakupatsani mwayi wowona zinthu zoyenda bwino, ndipo siziwona bwino zinthu zoyenda. Mphamvu ya kununkhira, yomwe imayimiriridwa ndi mphuno, imalola chule kuyenda bwino ndi fungo.
Ziwalo zamakutu zimakhala ndi khutu lamkati komanso pakati. Pakati ndi patali inayake, mbali inayo imakhala ndi potulutsa mu oropharynx, ndipo inayo imalunjikitsidwa pafupi ndi mutu.Palinso eardrum, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi khutu lamkati pogwiritsa ntchito mafupa. Ndi kudzera mwa iye momwe mawu akumvekera ku khutu lamkati.
Zodziwika bwino
Utali wamoyo - Zaka 5 (18) (ng'ombe yamphongo mpaka zaka 16, zokhala ndi zaka mpaka 36).
Habitat - dambo, nkhalango zonyowa, mitengo, m'madzi.
Khalidwe - mu nyengo youma iwo amabisala, mumitambo - amasaka.
Idyani - tizilombo (nsikidzi), akangaude, gastropods apadziko lapansi, nsomba mwachangu.
Zochita mu nthawi yotentha masana (chaka).
Moyo
Achule agalasi nthawi zambiri amakhala usiku, ndipo masana amapumula pafupi ndi dziwe pa udzu wonyowa. Amadyera tizilombo masana, pamtunda. Pamenepo, pamtunda, achule amasankha mnzake, kukwatirana ndi kugona pa masamba ndi udzu.
Komabe, ana awo - ma tadpoles, amakula m'madzi okha ndipo atasandulika chule amapitanso kumtunda kukakulitsa. Chosangalatsa ndichikhalidwe cha amuna, omwe, pambuyo poti mayiyo akaikira mazira, amakhala pafupi ndi ana ndikumuteteza ku tizilombo. Koma zomwe mkazi amachita pambuyo pomanga sizikudziwika.
Kapangidwe kwakunja
Chule limakhala m'madziwe kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Mutu wake wosalala, wotambalala bwino umasandulika thupi lalifupi ndi mchira wochepetsedwa. Phukusi lomwe limatulutsidwa ndi zisa za khungu limangowonetsetsa kuti khungu lizitengapo mbali pakusinthana ndi mpweya, komanso limatetezanso ku tizilombo tosiyanasiyana.
Mafupa amakhala ndi msana, chigaza ndi mafupa a miyendo.
Matumbo oyenda
Njira yogaya imayambira ndi khola lalikulu, osati pansi pomwe lilime limalumikizidwa kumapeto. Akagwira nyama, lilime limaponyedwa mkamwa, ndipo woligwirayo amadzikhomera. Mumpweya wam'madzi, mitsempha ya timinyewa totseka timatseguka. Chinsinsi chawo chimanyowetsa khosi ndi chakudya, chimathandizira kumeza nyama. Pa nsagwada yapamwamba pali mano ang'onoang'ono achilengedwe omwe amangogwira nyama. Chakudya chothiriridwa ndi malovu chimalowa m'mero kenako kulowa m'mimba. Ma glandular cell a makoma am'mimba amatchinga enzyme pepsin, yomwe imagwira ntchito m'malo acidic (hydrochloric acid imatulutsidwanso m'mimba).
Chakudya chambirigidwa pang'ono chimalowa mu duodenum, pomwe chimbudzi cha chiwindi chimayenda. Kubisirana kwa kapamba kumatsanuliridwa mu duct ya bile. Duodenum imadutsa mwakachetechete, komwe zakudya zimayamwa. Zotsalira zopanda chakudya zomwe zimalowa mu rectum yayikulu ndikuzichotsera mu zovala.
Njira yothandizira
Chule imapepuka komanso kudzera pakhungu. Pa makoma a mapapu opaka ngati thumba pali njira yolumikizira mitsempha yamagazi. Chule ikatsegula mphuno yake ndikutsikira pansi pamiyendo, mpweya umalowa.
Kenako mphuno zimatsekedwa ndi mavavu, pansi pa patsekeke mumatuluka, ndipo mpweya umalowa m'mapapu. Momwe mpweya umapezekera chifukwa cha zomwe zimachitika m'matumbo am'mimba komanso kuwonongeka kwa makoma a m'mapapo.
Habitat
A Amphibians amakhala momasuka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yachangu, pakati pa mitsinje, m'nkhalango zotentha ndi mapiri. Achule agalasi amakhala masamba a mitengo ndi zitsamba, miyala yonyowa komanso zinyalala. Kwa achule awa, chinthu chachikulu ndikuti pali chinyezi pafupi.
Njira yozungulira
Mtima wa amphibians wamkulu umakhala ndi zipinda zitatu - awiri atria ndi ventricle amodzi. Chingwe chakumaso chomwe chimakhala ndi mpweya wautali mkati mwake chimachoka mkati mwa mkati, chomwe chimagawa magazi osakanikirana ndi mitsempha yosiyanasiyana. Magazi owopsa a ziwalo zamkati ndi magazi amkati kuchokera pakhungu amalowa mu atrium yoyenera. magazi osakanikirana akusanyika pano. Magazi ankhondo ochokera m'mapapu amalowa mu atrium yamanzere. Onse atria contract nthawi yomweyo ndipo magazi kuchokera kwa iwo amalowa mkati kwamitsempha. Chifukwa cha kutalika kwakanthawi kwam'mimba, magazi a venous amalowa m'mapapu ndi khungu, osakanikirana - ziwalo zonse za thupi kupatula mutu, kumbuyo - kuubongo ndi ziwalo zina zamutu.
Amphibians ali ndi magulu awiri azungulira wamagazi, koma samalumikizidwa kwathunthu chifukwa cha mpweya umodzi. Pampingo waukulu, magazi ochokera kwamitsempha yamagazi amatuluka kupita ziwalo zonse, ndipo kuchokera mwa iwo amabwerera kudzera m'mitsempha kupita ku atrium yoyenera. Pampingo yaying'ono, magazi amayenda kuchokera ku ventricle kupita kumapapu ndi khungu, ndipo kuchokera kwa iwo, opatsidwa mphamvu ndi mpweya, amabwerera ku atrium yamanzere.
Kachitidwe kodziyimira
Dongosolo lodziwikirali likuyimiridwa ndi impso ziwiri zomwe zili kumbali ya vertebra ya oblique. Mu impso mumakhala glomeruli pomwe zinthu zowola zowonongeka ndi zinthu zina zamtengo wapatali zimasefera kunja kwa magazi. Pakubowoka kudzera m'miyendo, mabatani ofunika amadziwikanso, ndipo mkodzo umalowa m'matumba awiriwo ndipo mumachokera mu chikhodzodzo. Pambuyo podzaza chikhodzodzo, minofu ya makoma ake, mkodzo umathiridwa mu zovala ndi kutaya kunja.
Machitidwe amanjenje
Ubongo uli ndi nthambi zofanana ndi nsomba. Maso amtsogolo amapangika bwino, ndikugawikana pawiri.
Cowbellum ndi yaying'ono, yomwe imafotokozedwa ndikukhala moyo wokhazikika komanso kufanana kwamayendedwe.
Kutsogolo kwa maso amphibians akuluakulu, ma eyoni am'manja (kumtunda ndi m'munsi) komanso mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, amapangidwa kuti ateteze ziphuphu.
Zosangalatsa
Zida zam'mimba ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa nsomba, zimapereka chitsogozo kwa amphibians m'madzi ndi pamtunda. Akuluakulu amphibians omwe amakhala m'madzi amapangidwa ofananira nawo ziwalo, amwazika pakhungu, makamaka ambiri pamutu. Mu khungu la khungu lanu pamakhala kutentha, zopweteka ndi ma tactile receptors. Chiwalo chopanga yoyimiriridwa ndi ma sac ophatikizika olildory, omwe amatseguka kunja ndi ma mphuno akunja, ndi kulowa mkati mwa mphuno zamkati. Gawo la makoma amisomali yopanga ndi lodzory epithelium. Zida zopanga zimagwira mlengalenga chabe; m'madzi, mphuno zakunja zimatsekeka. Ziwalo zanunkhira mu amphibians komanso ma chordates apamwamba ndi gawo limodzi la kupuma.
Kornea maso convex, mandala ali ndi mawonekedwe a biconvex mandala. Pali timitengo ndi zitsulo mu retina. Anthu ambiri amphibi apeza mtundu wamtundu.
Mu ziwalo zamakutu kuwonjezera khutu lamkati, khutu lapakati limapangidwa. Muli ndi zida zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawu azikhala osangalatsa. Kutseguka kwakunja kwa khomo lamkati lamkati kumalimbikitsidwa ndi eardrum. Pamkati pali bokosi lamvekedwe. M'kati mwa khutu lapakati mumalumikizidwa ndi ngalande yopapatiza kumkamwa wamkamwa.
Kuswana
Thumba losunga mazira ndi ma testia a amphibians ndi nsomba ndizofanana. Umuna wakunja umapezeka m'madzi. Masewera a pagalimoto ndi ophatikizika. Ma oviducu opakika amagwera mu zovala, ma Vas amapachika tubules mu ureters. Achule amabala kasupe mchaka chachitatu cha moyo.
Yaimuna imakhazikika kumbuyo kwa wamkazi, ndikugunditsa miyendo yake yakutsogolo. Makulidwe azala zamkati amathandizira kulumikizira ma tchuthi kuti asaphonye wamkazi kwa masiku angapo. Nthawi imeneyi, njirayi imapereka mazira pafupifupi 3,000, ndipo nthawi yomweyo yamphirayo imawamwetsa mkaka. Zotsatira zake, pafupifupi mazira onse amakhala ndi umuna, ndipo palibe m'modzi mwa amphibi amene amawaponyera mamiliyoni, monga zimakhalira ndi nsomba, kotero mazira akhoza kukhala okulirapo, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali malo ambiri osungira.
Mazira amaphimbidwa ndi nembanemba ya mucous, yomwe imatupa kwambiri m'madzi. Ma Shells, monga mandala, amatola kunyezimira kwa dzuwa ndikutenthetsa mazira angapo, ndikufulumizitsa kukula kwake.
Kukula
Wosakaniza caviar umayamba mkati mwa masiku 7-15. Mbali yakumbuyo, yamdima ya dzira pang'onopang'ono imasandulika mutu ndi mchira wa mluza, ndi kuwala kotsikira kumimba. Muli ndi yolk sac yokhala ndi michere, yomwe imachepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono. Pambuyo masiku 8-15, mphutsi - tadpole imasiya chipolopolo.
Tadpole ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi nyama zazikulu. Chimawoneka ngati nsomba osati kunja kokha, komanso mkati. Mchira womaliza umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyenda, ndipo nthambi zamtundu wakunja zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupuma. Ndi zikwangwani zazikulu kwambiri kuzungulira pakamwa, tadpole imachotsa zakudya zamasamba. Kalozera kumakuthandizani kuyendayenda.
Posakhalitsa, ma gill akunja amazimiririka, amasinthidwa ndi ma gill otsekemera ndi petals, yokutidwa ndi khola la khungu. Pakadali pano, tadpole amakhala ndi mtima wokhala ndi zipinda ziwiri komanso gawo limodzi la magazi. Mpweya wa oxygen umalowa m'magazi kuchokera m'matumbo kudzera m'mitsempha itatu yakutsogolo ya mitsempha ya gill, komanso kudzera mu mitsempha yodutsayo kuchokera kumchira waukulu. Chopanga chachikulu chodzipatula ngati nsomba ndi ammonia.
Kuyerekeza kapangidwe ka mphutsi ndi achule akuluakulu
Chizindikiro | Larva (tadpole) | Chinyama chachikulu |
Maonekedwe a thupi | Wopanga nsomba, wokhala ndi miyendo yamiyendo, mchira wokhala ndi nembanemba yosambira | Thupi limafupikitsidwa, awiriawiri miyendo imakhazikika, popanda mchira |
Njira yoyendetsera | Mchira wosambira | Kudumpha, kusambira ndi miyendo yakumbuyo |
Mpweya | Gill (kutulutsa koyamba kunja, kenako kwamkati) | Pulmonary ndi khungu |
Njira yozungulira | Mtima wa zipinda ziwiri, kuzungulira kumodzi kwa magazi | Mtima wa zipinda zitatu, kuzungulira kwazungulira magazi |
Zosangalatsa | Ziwalo za mzere wotsatira zimapangidwira, pamaso pawo palibe eyel | Palibe ofananira nawo ziwalo, matope amapezeka m'maso |
Nsagwada ndi zakudya | Amadyetsa makamaka zakudya zamasamba (algae, etc.), pa nsagwada amapanga ma horoni ooneka bwino omwe amatulutsa timadzi tofewa tokhala ndi ma unicellular ndi ma invertebrates ena ochepa omwe amapezeka. | Palibe mbale zoyipa pa nsagwada, ndimilime yolimba imagwira tizirombo, mbewa, mphutsi, ndi nsomba za nsomba. |
Moyo | Madzi | Madzi apansi, ochepa madzi |
Pakupita milungu ingapo, metamorphosis imayamba - kusintha kwa mphutsi yamadzi kukhala chule yozolowera moyo wapadziko lapansi. Ma gilala akusefukira, mzere wotsatira umasowa, mchirawo umafupikitsidwa. Zochulukirapo zimawonekera, kuchokera pakatikati lamatumbo mapapu amapangidwa, kuchokera pachiwonetsero chachinayi (kumbuyo) cha branchial artery - pulmonary bwalo la magazi. ndi zina zotero, molingana ndi magawo akuluakulu a kusinthika kwa amphibians. Matupi achikulire "samagwa" ndipo samachoka pachabe. Amasungidwa m'molekyulu ndipo amatengedwa ndi magazi kupita komwe angagwiritse ntchito "pomanga" ziwalo zatsopano. Pakatha miyezi iwiri kapena itatu, tadpole imasanduka chule.
Mawonekedwe achule ndi malo okhala
M'madambo osoweka akumwera kwa Mexico, kumpoto kwa Paraguay, Argentina, komwe anthu sangathe kufikira, osaya chule wagalasi (Centrolenidae) akumva bwino. Mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi mitsinje yoyenda pakati pa nkhalango zachinyezi ndi malo omwe amakonda kwambiri malo ake. Cholengedwa chokha, monga ngati kuchokera pagalasi, kudutsa pakhungu ndikuwonekera mkati, mazira.
Ambiri mwa amphibi amakhala ndi "galasi" pamimba, koma amapezeka ndi khungu lowonekera kumbuyo kapena miyendo yowala. Nthawi zina miyendo imakongoletsedwa ndi fanizo. Chaching'ono, chopanda kutalika kwa 3 cm, chobiriwira chopepuka, chamtundu wamtoto ndi madontho amitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndimaso achilendo, mafotokozedwe ndichithunzi cha chule chagalasi.
M'chithunzichi chule chagalasi
Mosiyana ndi amphibian wamatamba, maso ake samayang'ana mbali, koma kutsogolo, kotero, kuyang'ana kwake kumayang'aniridwa pamtunda wa 45 °, womwe umapangitsa kuti azitha kuyang'anira miyoyo yaying'ono. Pali chidendene cha chidendene.
Maphunziro a Ecuadorian a amphibians (Centrolene) ali ndi magawo akuluakulu mpaka masentimita 7. Ali ndi mbale yoyera yam'mimba, mafupa obiriwira. Malo omwe ali ndi chizimba chomenyera. Cholinga chazomwe chimayesedwa ndi chida pofalikira pagawo kapena kwa anyamata.
Khalidwe lagalasi wagalasi ndi moyo wawo
Zinali ku Ecuador kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 komwe zifanizo zoyambirira zidapezeka, ndipo mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 izi amphibians adagawidwa m'mitundu iwiri. Osankhidwa komaliza atatu mauna galasi achule (Hyalinobatrachium) amadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa fupa loyera, kusapezeka kwa chida chopepuka, chomwe mwa "achibale" ena chimakwirira mawonekedwe amtima, matumbo, chiwindi.
Ziwalo zamkati izi zikuwonekera bwino. Gawo lalikulu la moyo wa achule onse limachitika pamtunda. Anthu ena amakonda kukhazikika m'mitengo, kusankha mapiri. Koma kubereka kumatheka kokha m'mphepete mwa mitsinje.
Kutsogolera moyo wamadzulo, masana amapuma pa zinyalala. Amphibians Hyalinobatrachium amakonda kusaka masana. Zochititsa Chidwi za Glass Frog ndi mawonekedwe amakhalidwe pakati pa amuna ndi akazi, kugawa maudindo pamene akuikira mazira.
Amuna amayang'anira maola awo ochepa amoyo, kenako amatha nthawi. "Abambo a Mesh" amateteza masoka kuti asachotse madzi kapena tizilombo kwa nthawi yayitali (tsiku lonse). Pali chiphunzitso chakuti mtsogolomo amasamalira kukula kwaunyamata. Zachikazi zamtundu uliwonse zitangotayikira zimasowa kwina kosadziwika.
Kudya kwa Magalasi
Mwa mayina a amphibians opezeka Chule chagalasi ku Venezuela adampatsa iye pamtunda. Monga ma amphibians onse "owonekera", ndi osakhutira, amakonda kudya pang'onopang'ono pama arthropods, ntchentche, udzudzu.
Ataona amene angamuchitire chipongwe, akutsegula pakamwa pake, ndikumuwombera patali masentimita angapo. Nyengo yamkuntho imakupatsani mwayi wopeza chakudya osati madzulo, komanso masana. M'mikhalidwe yachilengedwe, ntchentche za Drosophila ndizoyenera kudya.
Gulani chule chagalasi ndizovuta kwambiri, ngakhale kuli malo asayansi ophunzirira nyama zachilendo izi, pali okonda ochepa amphibian omwe ali nazo. Zofunikira pakubwezeretsedwa mu ukapolo ndizovuta, mudzafunika ma ma aquatorrariamu apadera okhala ndi chilengedwe.
Adani
Pali okonda ambiri kusangalala ndi achule, makamaka ang'onoang'ono. Awa ndi ma mbewa, ma weyala, mimbulu, nkhandwe, njoka, akhwangwala, akambuku, matsenga, ndi zina zambiri.
Ngakhale mazira a amphibians omwe ataphimbidwa ndi zipolopolo zotsekemera samakhala okoma kwambiri, koma osaka nawonso ali nawo - mapulani, tizilombo, mphutsi za nyama zina zapamadzi, ndi zina.
Kuti musunge chule kunyumba, muyenera malo okwanira 3040 malita. Kutentha kwachipinda, kutentha kwowonjezera ndi kuyatsa sikufunikira. Malo otetezedwa sangathe kuyikidwa pamalo owotcha dzuwa, ndibwino kuti mupeze malo owazizira (mtunduwu simalola kutentha kupitilira 25 ° C).
Popeza mtunduwu umafunikira chinyontho, musaiwale kupopera madzi kamodzi patsiku. Kuphatikiza apo, dziwe lalikulu, koma osati lakuya, liyenera kuyikidwa mu terarium.
Ndikofunika kuti muziyika malo odyera pansi pakona ya nkhalangoyi.
Amadyetsa chiweto ndi ntchentche, maphemwe, kachilombo ka magazi, zitumbuwa, chitoliro, ndi zina zambiri.
Utali wamoyo
Kutalika kwa moyo wa chule chagalasi sichinaphunzirepo kale, koma zimadziwika kuti mwachilengedwe moyo wawo ndi wofupikitsa. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha chilengedwe chosavomerezeka: Kudula mitengo mwachisawawa, kumachotsedweratu madzi akuchimbudzi zosiyanasiyana. Amaganiziridwa kuti chiyembekezo cha moyo wa chule galasi m'malo achilengedwe chimatha kukhala zaka zisanu mpaka zisanu.
- Padziko lapansi, pali mitundu yopitilira 60 ya achule a galasi.
- M'mbuyomu, achule agalasi anali gawo la banja la achule.
- Atagona, chachikazi chimasowa ndipo sasamalira ana.
- Njira yakukhwimira achule imachedwa amplexus.
- Woimira wamkulu wa chule chagalasi ndi Centrolene Gekkoideum. Zomwe zimakwaniritsidwa zimafika 75 mm.
- Vocalization yamtundu wa amuna imawonetsedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana - phokoso, kufinya kapena kutulutsa mawu.
- Moyo ndi chitukuko cha ma tadpoles sizinaphunzire.
- Achule agalasi amaphimbidwa mothandizidwa ndi mchere wa bile, womwe umapezeka m'mafupa ndipo umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati utoto winawake.
- Achule a m'banjali ali ndi masomphenya owonera, i.e. amatha kuwona bwino ndi maso awiri nthawi imodzi.
- Dziko lakale la achule owoneka bwino ali kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa South America.
Chule chagalasi ndi cholengedwa chapadera komanso chosalimba, chomwe chimapangidwa mwachilengedwe, chokhala ndi mawonekedwe ambiri am'mimba, kubereka komanso moyo ambiri.
Lake Frog: Kufotokozera
Ali ndi thupi lokwera ndi muzzulo wooneka pang'ono. Mtundu wa pamwamba ungasiyane.Nthawi zambiri imakhala yobiriwira, koma nthawi zina achule otuwa komanso otuwa amapezeka. Thupi lonse limakutidwa ndi mawanga akulu amdima osapangika mawonekedwe.
Mwa oimira ambiri amtunduwu, gulu lowala bwino lomwe lili ndi zigawo zing'onozing'ono limadutsa msana ndi mutu.
Pansi pa thupi pali mtundu wachikasu kapena loyera. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala pafupifupi mawanga akuda. Maso ndi agolide. Mu chilengedwe mumakhala zaka 10. Chule cha m'mbali mwa nyanjayo chimakula mpaka 17 cm. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti amuna ndi ocheperako kuposa akazi, koma amakhala ndi ma resonators. Masana, imalowa m'madzi nthawi ndi nthawi kuti ichulukitse chinyezi; usiku, matenthedwe amlengalenga, chule sikhala pachiwopsezo cha kupukuta thupi.
Habitat
Ma Amphibians amakonda malo achilengedwe monga nkhalango zosakanizika ndi zopindika, mapiri, kum'mwera amatha kupezeka kumapeto, kumpoto kumakhala malo ena a taiga. Chifukwa chake, malo ake ndi Pakati ndi Kumwera kwa Europe, Asia, Kazakhstan, Russia, Caucasus, Iran, North Africa.
Chule cha m'mbali mwa nyanjayi chimakhala m'malo osungira madzi (ochulukirapo 20 cm). M'dzikoli mumakhala maiwe, nyanja ndi mitsinje, nyanja. Mutha kuwuwona m'malire amtunduwu m'mphepete mwa konkire, m'malo otetezeka a msondodzi ndi mabango. Kukhalapo kwa munthu wapafupi ndi bata.
Ngakhale malo owopsa kwambiri amatha kusintha achule. Kukhazikika kwa anthu amtunduwu kungakhale kosiyana kwambiri, kumatha kukhalabe m'malo omwe ali ndi zinyalala kwambiri, koma pankhaniyi kuthekera kwina kuthekera.
Amasanjikanso mosavuta komanso mwachangu kupezeka m'madamu opangira ndi zitsime zosungira. Zosungirako zikauma, zimatha kusamukira kumalo atsopano, kuthana ndi 12 km.
Khalidwe
Chule cha kunyanja ndi mtundu wamtundu wa thermophilic. Imagwira ntchito kuzungulira koloko pa kutentha kuyambira +8 mpaka +40 ° C. M'masiku otentha kwambiri, amabisala pamthunzi wa mbewu.
Nyamayi imakhala tsiku lonse pagombe komanso m'madzi. Pamtunda, kuyenda padzuwa, ndikuima. Komabe, kukhala ndi kumva komanso masomphenya abwino, pangozi yochepa imalumphira m'madzi. Chule pano chimapeza malo otetezeka ndipo chimabisala, nthawi zambiri chimangoboola mu silika. M'madzi, imatha kukhala yayitali. Ndipo atangotsimikiza kuti palibe choopsa, amabwerera kumalo omwe anali kale.
Popeza ndiwosambira bwino, amapewabe mafunde othamanga, ngakhale samawopa ngakhale mafunde.
Khalidwe lanyanjayi limaloleza kukhalabe nyengo yozizira padziwe lomweli. Nthawi zina amasuntha kukafunafuna malo akuya kapena akasupe. Momwe madzi samazizira pachaka chonse, chule limakhala likugwira ntchito mosalekeza. Kukula nthawi yachisanu kumatenga masiku pafupifupi 230, nthawi yonseyi kumakhala kaphokoso kapena pansi. Ikwera mpaka pakati pa Meyi, pomwe madzi amayamba kutentha. Pothana ndi chisanu, achule ambiri amafa.
M'malo abwino, kuchuluka kwa ma amphibians kumangokhala kodabwitsa. Nthawi zambiri, achule omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakhala m'minda yayikulu, ndipo pamwamba pa nkhokweyo mumangodzaza ndi zisa zambiri.
Zakudya
Kodi chule wa m'mbali mwa nyanja amadya chiyani? Zonse zimatengera zaka, malo, akazi ndi nyengo. Amadyetsa zonse pamtunda ndi m'madzi.
Kusaka kozungulira kumachitika patangotha mita pang'ono kuchokera pagombe. Izi zimatengera nkhwangwa zenizeni. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake, chidwi chake chitha kukhala buluzi pang'ono ndi njoka, mbewa, mwana wankhuku komanso chule kakang'ono.
Ma tritons, nsomba zazing'ono, ndi ma tadpole awo amakhala chakudya cham'madzi m'madzi. Invertebrates - crustaceans, tizilombo, ma mollusks, mphero ndi mphutsi zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya zazikulu.
Chule cha kunyanja chimagwira nyama ngakhale pa ntchentche. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi agulugufe, ntchentche, agulugufe. Popita kusaka, amagwiritsa ntchito lilime lake mwachangu, ndikuponyera masentimita angapo patsogolo. Styl ntchofu zimathandiza kupitiliza kuyenda. Ngati wozunzidwayo ali patali kwambiri, ndiye kuti amphibian amawolokera mosamala. Chule imadziwanso kulumphira, ndikukhazikika pamalo oyenera.
Chakudya chachikulu cha ma tadpoles ndi algae yaying'ono.
Kodi achule amamera bwanji?
Yaikazi imafika zaka zitatu. Mosiyana ndi anyani ena, kubereka kumachitika patapita nthawi. Chule limadikirira mpaka kutentha kwa madzi kukwera mpaka +18 ° C. Izi nthawi zambiri zimatha Meyi kapena June. Amayikira mazira m'chimbudzi chomwechi chomwe amakhala; samasamukira kumtunda chifukwa chaichi.
Kuchokera pakuwoneka chule woyamba pambuyo pa nthawi yachisanu mpaka kuyamba kuyamba kutuluka, zimatenga sabata limodzi mpaka mwezi.
Pofuna kubereka, amasonkhana m'magulu akulu. Amuna munthawi imeneyi ndi mawu ambiri komanso mafoni kwambiri. Pakakhala chobowola, mabowo amadzimbira pakamwa pawo. Komanso, nthawi yobala amuna, pa phazi loyamba pa chala choyamba, zisindikizo zimawonekera - zikutulutsa chimanga.
“Nyimbo” zawo zimakopa chidwi cha akazi. Asanayike mazira, mating amapezeka. Komabe, umuna ndi wakunja. Izi zimachitika pafupifupi ma amphibians onse, ndipo chule cha kunyanja sichili chimodzimodzi.
Kufotokozera kwa njirayi ndi motere: Amuna amakumbatira mkazi wamkazi kuti miyendo yake yakutsogolo ili pachifuwa. Chifukwa chake, umuna ndi mazira nthawi yomweyo zimaponyedwa m'madzi, zomwe zimathandizira kuti mazira ambiri akhalere. Nthawi zina mkazi m'modzi kapena awiri amatha "kukumbatira" wamkazi m'modzi.
Nthawi yakuswana ndi mwezi umodzi. Wamkazi mmodzi amatha kuikira mazira 6,000.
Nyanja Ya Frog Tadpoles
Patatha masiku atatu mpaka atatu pambuyo pake umuna, ma tadpoles amawoneka. Atangobereka, amafalikira padziwe lonse. Masana amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri, usiku amabisala pansi. M'miyezi iwiri yokha, amafika kutalika kwa masentimita 9. Komabe, pambuyo pa metamorphosis, achule ndi 1.5-2,5 cm zokha.
Kutentha kwambiri kwamadzi kwa iwo ndi + 20-28 ° C, pa + 5-6 ° C, chitukuko chimasiya, ndipo pa + 1-2 ° C zimafa. Osati ma tadpoo onse omwe amasintha kukhala chule wachibi wamkulu. Ambiri aiwo adzakhala nsomba zam'madzi ndi mbalame zosiyanasiyana.
Chule: Kufotokozera, kapangidwe, kakhalidwe. Kodi chule chimawoneka bwanji?
Kulumikizana kosalekeza ndi malo am'madzi kumabweretsa mawonekedwe angapo pazamoyo za achule. Tadpoleyo adapumira m'mapapo, ndipo chule wamkulu amapumira pakamwa pake, mapapu ndi khungu. Chigawo chachikulu choterechi cha kupuma chimadziwika ndi amphibians okha. Chule ili m'madzi, imapuma pakhungu, ndipo ikakhala pamtunda - ndi kamwa ndi mapapu. Dongosolo la konsekonse ndi kuzungulira. Magawo awiri a mtima amagwira ntchito m'madzi, ndipo magazi osakanikirana amayenda kupita mthupi, ngati nsomba. Pamtunda, atrium ya kumanzere imalumikizidwa ndi ntchitoyi, ndipo magazi oyera enieni a oxygen alowa mu ubongo. Chifukwa chake, pakuwombera chilichonse cha chule, njira yopumira imasinthira nthawi yomweyo.
Zikafika nthawi yachisanu, chule chimadzamira pansi. Ngakhale chule ali pansi, kuligwira ndikosavuta. Ndipo yesani kumusaka pafupi ndi madzi. Sichokayikitsa kuti mupambana. Mafupa onse a chule amasinthika modabwitsa. Miyendo ya kumbuyo ndi yayitali, yopangidwa ndi opindika khumi. Makungu khumi omwe amathandizidwa nthawi imodzi ndi minofu yamphamvu kwambiri. Ndipo lamba wakutsogolo ndi chipangizo choganiza bwino chopangidwa ndi "zofewa".
Ngakhale nthawi zambiri achule ndi ma chule a moor amathera pamtunda, akuwoneka kuti akupitirirabe kumalo achinyontho. Khungu lawo limakhala lopanda ndipo limakutidwa ndi ntchofu, motero ntchito ya chule imatsimikizika kuti siyikhala ngati nyama zina - pofika tsiku, koma makamaka ndi chinyezi ndi kutentha kwa mpweya. Chule chimatha kusaka nthawi iliyonse. Ndipo ngati izi zimachitika usiku, zimangokhala chifukwa usiku nthawi zambiri zimakhala chinyezi. Masana, nyengo iliyonse iye amakonda mvula yotentha ya bowa.
Maso a achule
Mphamvu, zachilengedwe komanso kudalirika kwa kapangidwe ka ziwalo za chule zikuyamba kukopa akatswiri. Apanga kale "diso lamagetsi" - chipangizo chokhazikitsidwa ndi mfundo ya maso a chule.
Monga mukudziwa, gawo lofunikira kwambiri la diso ndi retina, lomwe limapangidwa ndi ma photoreceptors, magawo angapo a maselo am'magazi ndi gawo limodzi la ma cell a ganglion. Photoreceptors - ndodo ndi ma cones - amawunika kuwala, amasintha kukhala ma biocurrents, kukulitsa ndi kufalitsa ma cell a bipolar. Bipolar imafufuza zomwe zalandira ndikuzifalitsa ku ganglia. Nthambi za mitsempha ya maso, komwe ma biocurrents amapita ku ubongo, akuchoka kale ku ganglia. Koma zidapezeka kuti magulu osiyanasiyana a ganglia ndi apadera. Ena a iwo amawona kusiyanitsa kokha, ena - m'malire osunthika, ena - m'mphepete yopindika, wachinayi - kuwunikira kosiyana.
Mtundu uliwonse wamkwiyo umafalikira kudzera mu minyewa ya m'maso ake kupita ku ubongo winawake. Mu ubongo, zomwe zalandilidwa zimakonzedwa, ndipo nyamayo imazindikira nkhani yonse.
Kodi achule amakhala kuti?
Achule amakhala pafupifupi kulikonse, amatha kukumana padziko lonse lapansi, kupatula ku Antarctica. Popeza achule samakonda kwenikweni kuzizira, samapezeka kawirikawiri m'malo ozizira a Arctic (ngakhale pali mitundu ingapo yomwe imakhalamo). Koma mitundu yambiri ya achule imalekerera kwathu nyengo yotentha. Monga tidalemba pamwambapa, nthawi ya chisanu acisanu amamira pansi pa malo osungira, ndiye kuti amadutsa mumadziwo, kuti ikadzayamba masika ayambirenso pansi.
Komanso mitundu yambiri ya achule imakhala m'malo otentha kwambiri ku Africa, Asia ndi South America.
Kodi achule angati amakhala?
Kutalika kwa masiku achule zimadalira mitundu yawo. Pafupifupi, amakhala zaka 10-20. Zachidziwikire kuti, mwachilengedwe, achule amakhala ndi adani ambiri, nthawi zambiri samakhala okalamba. Koma ngati palibe chomwe chikuwopseza, mwachitsanzo, achule amadziwe omwe amakhala m'madambo amakhala modekha mpaka zaka 20, ndipo kamodzi pakadakhala kuti vuto limodzi litakhala zaka 32, molingana ndi chule lidadzakhala chiwindi choona chachitali.
Kodi achule amadya chiyani?
Mbiri yayitali yachitukuko cha chule yatulutsa mkhalidwe wofunika kwambiri monga kusasamala komanso kusowa chakudya. Chakudya chosakwanira - chule limafa ndi njala tsiku ndi sabata.
Zambiri - zimadya chilichonse mzere, chilichonse chomwe chiri pamalo opatsidwa panthawi yopatsidwa. Zosintha ndizosiyanasiyana. Mimbulu ndi agulugufe, njuchi ndi mavu, nyerere ndi nsikidzi, nkhandwe ndi mahatchi, mphutsi zosiyanasiyana, nkhono, akangaude ndi mbewa, maulesi ndi mphutsi ndi zina zotero. Komanso, zokonda ndizofanana kwa pafupifupi achule onse, kupatula achule am'madzi.
Omaliza mwachiwonekere ali ndi vuto lankhanza - limatha nsomba mwachangu ngakhale ma tadpoles awo. Pali nthawi zina pamene achule awa amadya anapiye.
Koma kodi ndi achilengedwe angati omwe achule angawononge? Katswiri wa herpetologist B. A. Krasavtsev adawerengetsa kuti pamalo ena okwana 24,000 metres mita ya dambo ndi munda pali pafupifupi achule 720. Ngati chule mmodzi amadya pafupifupi tizilombo 7 patsiku, ndiye nthawi yakadzuka (miyezi isanu ndi umodzi: kuchokera hafu ya Epulo mpaka theka la Okutobala), imaseseratu makope 7 X 180 = 1,260. Kuchulukitsa chiwerengerochi ndi kuchuluka kwa achule omwe ali pamalowo, tapeza zochuluka: 907,200. Pafupifupi miliyoni miliyoni!
Kugwiritsa ntchito achule
Koma komwe ma chule ali abwino kwambiri, ndiye, mu sayansi ndi mankhwala. Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, akatswiri azamankhwala amagwiritsa ntchito achule m'mayesero osiyanasiyana ndipo amawakonda ngati nyama zina. Chule idalemekezedwa ndi ulemuwu chifukwa cha kupirira komanso mphamvu zake, zomwe zidatenga nthawi yayitali yolimbana kuti ikhalepo.
"Kukonda" kotereku komwe akatswiri amafufuza ndi okwera mtengo kwa achule. Amagwidwa ndi mazana a mazana. Mwa zosowa zake zachuma, munthu amachotsa magawo atsopano achilengedwe. Ndipo ngati nkhalango, mitengo ndi mitsinje idatetezedwa, ndiye kuti madambo ndi madzi osakhalitsa - malo okhala achule - amadziwika kuti ndi malo opanda ntchito. Amakhala odziwika bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, kuchepa kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kuchuluka kwa achule kumapangitsa kuti phokoso lawo likhale lachilendo: amakula pang'onopang'ono. Chule imatha kubereketsa mchaka chachitatu, ndipo pofika nthawi imeneyi imafika m'miyeso yokwanira kuyesera. Chifukwa chake, kuwononga kulikonse kwa munthu motsutsana ndi chilengedwe (madzi osasamba, kusefukira kwamadzi, kusefukira kwamtunda) kumawakhudza achule. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polimbana ndi zochitika zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana, koma sangathe kulimbana ndi luntha la munthu.
Zabwino za chule isanafike sayansi yachilengedwe, zamankhwala ndi ulimi sizingalephereke. Palibe chodabwitsa kuti m'maiko ena zipilala zakhazikitsidwa kale kuti amupatse ulemu.
Chipilala cha chule ku Paris.
Chifukwa chake tiyeni tikhulupirire kuti zipilala zathu zamtsogolo komanso zamtsogolo kwa chule zizikhala mwayi kwa mayiyu, osati kupepesa chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa kwa woimira wina yemwe sangayimitse mpikisanowu limodzi ndi chitukuko.
Zochititsa Chidwi Zosangalatsa
- Chule cha goliath chomwe chimakhala ku Cameroon ndi chachikulu kwambiri padziko lapansi. Kulemera kwake kumafika kilogalamu zitatu ndi theka, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi ndi masentimita 32. Garlic ochokera ku Seychelles amadziwika kuti ndi achule kwambiri padziko lapansi. Nyama zachikulire sizidutsa sentimita 1,8 - 1.9.
- Kulira kwa chule wamphongo, komwe kumapezeka kumpoto kwa North America, kumamvekera pamtunda wa makilomita angapo ndikufanana ndi kubangula kwa ng'ombe yamphongo.
- Achule akuuluka amakhala kuzilumba za Indonesia. Ziwalo pakati pa zala zimagwira ngati parachute. Pa chule chowuluka kuchokera pachilumba cha Borneo, dera la membrane limafikira masentimita 19.
- Ma poizoni wa poizoni ali ndi mphamvu ngati malekezero. Akasaka aku South America amagwiritsa ntchito iyo kusaka nkhandwe ndi agwape, akumamiza mivi yapoizoni.
- Chule yemwe ali ndi mayendedwe atatu (Brazil, Peru, Guiana) poyambirira amasamalira ana ake. Chidacho chikauma, mankhwalawo amamatirira thupi la kholo, ndipo amawanyamula kukasungamo chatsopano.
- Mbale wachimuna yemwe amakhala ku Chile ameza mazira ndikupanga nawo m'chikwama chake cha mawu.
- Pipa wamkazi (ku Brazil, Guiana), kugwiritsa ntchito rectum (ovipositor), amaikira mazira 40 mpaka 114 pamsana pake. Kenako maselo okhala ndi lids amapangidwa mozungulira mazira. Kukula konse ndi kusinthika (masiku 82) kumachitika m'maselo amenewa, pomwe achule amapuma.
Kuwerenga koyenera ndi maulalo ofunikira
- Maslova I.V. Kukopa kwanyengo pazinthu zina za moyo wa amphibians ndi zapamtunda (rus.): Kutoleza / Comp. A.O. Kokorin. - Moscow: WWF Russia, 2006. - P. 111. - 97 5895640370. - Bibcode: 26.23B58.
- Ananyeva N. B., Borkin L. Ya., Darevsky I.S., Orlov N. L. Mtanthauzira mawu wa zilankhulo za mayina a nyama. Amphibians ndi zilombo. Latin, Russian, English, Germany, French. / kusinthidwa ndi Acad.
- Ferrell, Mzinda. Kugawidwa kwa Dera. Evolution Encyclopedia, Buku Lachitatu: Zachidziwitso cha Chisinthiko (Marichi 4, 2012). Dahl, Chris, Novotny, Vojtech, Moravec, Jiri, Richards, Stephen J. Beta achule osiyanasiyana m'nkhalango za New Guinea, Amazonia ndi Europe: motsutsana madera otentha ndi otentha (Chingerezi) // Journal of Biogeography (Chingerezi) Russian : magazini. - 2009. - Vol. 36, ayi. 5. - P. 896? 904. - DOI: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2008.02042.x.
- Shabanov D. A., Litvinchuk S. N. Achule obiriwira: moyo wopanda malamulo kapena njira yapadera yakuwonekera? (Russian) // Chirengedwe: Zolemba. - Science, 2010. - Ayi. 3. - P. 29-36.
- Kartashev N.N., Sokolov V.E., Shilov I.A. Zolemba pa vertebrate zoology.
Chule: Kufotokozera
Banja la achule limasiyanitsidwa chifukwa chakuti alibe khosi lotchulidwa, choncho zikuwoneka kuti mutuwo umakhala ndi thupi lonse. Nyama izi zimasiyanso mchira, womwe umawonetsedwa muzina lachitetezo ndipo ndi mawonekedwe ake. Achule amangokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, pomwe amatha kuwongolera malo okhala mkati mwa madigiri a 360.
Mawonekedwe
Chule zimakhala ndi mutu waukulu, wosalala, wokhala ndi m'maso mwake m'mphepete mwake.Nyama izi, poyerekeza ndi ena oimilira a dongosololi, ali ndi awiriawiri a eyel - otsika komanso apamwamba. Pansi pa eyelid pamakhala ulusi wonyezimira, womwe umatchedwanso "zana lachitatu." Kumaso kwa nyumbayo kuli eardrum, yomwe imakhala m'dera lophimbidwa ndi khungu loonda. Pamwamba pakamwa lalikulu kwambiri, mphuno ziwiri zimatha kuwoneka zokhala ndi ma valves apadera. Pakamwa pa chule pali mano ang'onoang'ono.
Miyendo yakutsogolo ya chule ili ndi zala zazifupi kwambiri, poyerekeza ndi miyendo yakumbuyo, yomwe imapangidwa bwino ndikumapeto ndi zala zisanu, pakati pomwe zimayikidwa membrane wapadera wachikopa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chule lizimva bwino m'madzi. Zala za achule zilibe zolakwika, zomwe zimawerengedwa kuti ndi banja losiyana. Kumbuyo kwa thupi kumakhala kotchedwa cesspool, komwe kumayimira gawo lokhalo lazakudya zophatikizidwa. Thupi la chule limakutidwa ndi khungu lamaliseche, lomwe limakutidwa ndi ntchofu wapadera, womwe umatulutsidwa ndimatumbo ambiri achule.
Mphindi yosangalatsa! Chule ku Europe sichikula kuposa masentimita 10, pomwe chule wa ku goliath ku Africa amadziwika kuti ndi woimira banja lalikulu, akukula mpaka theka la mita kutalika ndikupeza ma kilogalamu angapo.
Monga lamulo, kukula kwa achule zimatengera mitundu yawo, ngakhale kukula kwake kuli pamtunda kuchokera pa 0.8 mpaka 32 cm. Mtundu wa achulewo ndi wosiyanasiyana, womwe nthawi zambiri umasiyana mu mtundu wa motley wa matupi awo. Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wamtundu wa nyama izi umagwirizanitsidwa ndi malo okhala, zomwe zimawalola kuti azitha kubisika mosavuta pakati pa masamba osiyanasiyana, pakati pa zitsamba, etc.
Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wowala wa nyamayo ndi umboni wa poizoni wawo, pomwe zinthu zapoizoni zimapangidwa ndi timadzi tambiri tomwe timakhala pakhungu la nyama. Zinthu izi zitha kukhala zowopsa osati kwa nyama zokha, komanso kwa anthu. Mitundu ina imatha kutsanzira utoto wa “achule” poizoni pofuna kudziteteza kwa adani achilengedwe.
Zochita ndi moyo
Achule amatha kudziwika kuti ndi banja lapadera, chifukwa amasuntha mosavuta pamtunda, amapanga kulumpha kwakukulu, kukwera mitengo mosavuta, kukumba mabowo pansi, komanso kusambira, kuthamanga, kuyenda, kuphatikiza dongosolo kuchokera kutalika, kutengera mitundu.
Kuzindikira kwa achule ndikuti amatha kuyamwa mpweya kudzera pakhungu. Izi zimathandiza kuti nyamayo imve bwino, madzi ndi nthaka. Kuphatikiza apo, pali mitundu yomwe imatumizidwa ku matupi amadzi kokha panthawi yakuswana.
Chosangalatsa kudziwa! Nyama zikuwonetsa ntchito zawo kutengera mitundu. Mitundu ina imakonda kusaka kokha mumdima, pomwe ina imawonetsa kuchita kwawo kwa maola 24.
Chosangalatsa chingaganizidwe kuti mapapu a achule amathandizira makamaka kupanga mawu ofanana ndi kubowola. Kukhalapo kwa thovu komanso zomveka zololeza chinyama kumathandiza kuti nyamayo ipange mawu osiyanasiyana. Izi zimachitika makamaka pakubala, popeza nyama zimayenera kukopa anyamata kapena atsikana.
Achule akuluakulu, nthawi ndi nthawi, amagwetsa khungu lawo ndikudya pamenepo, pambuyo pake amakhala podikirira mpaka khungu latsopano likhale ndi ntchito zonse zofunika. Pafupifupi onse oyimira banjali amakonda kukhala moyo wongokhala, pomwe amatha kusamukira patali nthawi yazaka. Achule omwe amakhala m'malo otentha amatha kuzizira nthawi yozizira.