Mapiko | |||||||
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Kalong ( Pteropus vampyrus ) | |||||||
Gulu la asayansi | |||||||
Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Chinsinsi: | Pamtunda |
Dongosolo: | Mapiko (Megachiroptera Dobson, 1875) |
Banja: | Mapiko |
- Pteropidae
- Macroglossinae Grey, 1866
- Pteropodinae Grey, 1821
Mapiko (lat. Pteropodidae) ndi banja la zolengedwa zochokera ku gulu lankhondo (Chiroptera) la chigawo cha Yinpterochiroptera (m'mbuyomu, chifukwa cha morphology yodziwika bwino, banjali lidadzipatula kukhala gawo laling'ono la Megachiroptera, lomwe silikuchirikizidwa ndi deta yamakono ya majini ndi karyological). Oimira mtundu Pteropus ndi kubadwa okhudzana ndi kubadwa m'mabuku nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa nkhandwe zouluka, ndi oimira mtundu Roousettus (ndipo nthawi zina maulendo onse) - - agalu owuluka. Malinga ndi zizindikiro zingapo za kapangidwe kake ka mafupa (nthiti zam'manja, pang'ono zosinthika zachiberekero, kukhalapo kwa phalax papala chala chachiwiri cha mapiko) komanso kusapezeka (nthawi zambiri) kwamawu opezedwa bwino, akatswiri ambiri a chiropterologists amawona mbalame zamapiko kuti ndizopatsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mileme yamakono.
Kapangidwe
Mosiyana ndi mileme, mbalame zambiri zamapiko zimafikira zazikulu: kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 42 cm ndi mapiko mpaka 1,7 m (nkhandwe zowuluka). Komabe, palinso mitundu yaying'ono ya timadzi tating'onoting'ono tokhala ndi mungu ndi kukula kwa ma 5-6 cm okha, yomwe mapiko ake ali ndi 24 cm.Unyinji umasiyana kuchokera pa 15 mpaka 900. Mchirawo ndi waufupi, wopangika kapena wosakhalapo, mwa mbalame zokhala ndi mapiko aatali okha (Notopteris) ndikutalika. Nembanemba yachikazi imakhazikika mu mitundu yambiri. Chala chachiwiri cha mapiko chimakhala ndi phalanx yomaliza ndipo nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi chala.
Chigoba chokhala ndi gawo lalitali. Maso ndi akulu. Amphaka amadalira kwambiri kuwona ndi kununkhira, kuthekera kwa kufotokozera (zomwe zimadziwika kuti "chithunzithunzi", makina ake omwe ndi osiyana ndi amphaka ena) komwe kumapezeka mwa agalu owuluka amtundu wamtunduwu Rousettus egyptiacus (ngakhale mwina ilipo mitundu ina yogwirizana). The auricle ndiyosavuta, yopanda makatani ndi tragus yotchulidwa, nthawi zina yokhala ndi anti-tragus yopanda bwino, mbali zake zamkati ndi zamkati zimatseguka pansi pa chitseko cha khutu. Nymph zam'machubu ndi zazifupi zimakhala ndi mphuno za tubular zomwe zimatseguka pambuyo pake. Lilime limakutidwa ndi papillae wopangidwa kale; mumitundu yaying'ono yodya mungu ndi wautali. Mano otsekemera ndiwosafunikira, kutaya kwathunthu kutafuna kwa mileme yina, kusinthidwa ndikudya zakudya zofewa zam'munda, kuyambira 22 mpaka 38. Matumbo amatalika kanthawi 4 kutalika thupi.
Mtundu wa mitundu yambiri ndi wakuda, koma umatha kukhala wachikasu, wobiriwira, wokhala ndi mawanga oyera pamapiko. Khalidwe la kugonana dimorphism. Imadziwoneka ngati yamphongo zazingwe zokulira ndi utoto wowala, yayikulu masikono (mileme yamphaka, zodzitchinjiriza, mileme, nyundo zamtundu, mitundu ina ya mileme ya epaulette), pamaso pamatumba achikopa am'maso ndi mitolo ya tsitsi kumakula kuchokera kwa iwo (agalu owuluka, agalu a epaulette, chimagwirira ndi ma epauleta amtundu, bozine muzzle, Ankhieta), pamaso pa ma sisitere akuluakulu a ma pharyngeal (ma epauleta, milema a hammerhead, bindems).
Kugawa ndi moyo
Oimira banja amakhala kumadera otentha ndi kum'mawa kwa Europe. Kugawidwa kuchokera ku West Africa kupita ku Philippines, Samoa ndi zilumba za Caroline, kumpoto madera am'banjali afika kumapeto a kumunsi kwa Nile (Egypt), Kupro, Syria, Southern Iran ndi Southern Japan, kumwera - kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Australia. Ku fauna aku Russia kulibe. Pazilumba zina za Oceania, zolengedwa zachilengedwe asadafike azungu asanaimire ndi mbalame zamapiko zokha.
Monga lamulo, mbalame zamapiko zimagwira usiku ndi madzulo, ngakhale kuli zilumba zingapo zomwe zikugwira ntchito masana. Tsikulo limakhala mu korona zamitengo, pansi pamiyala yamadenga, m'mapanga, nthawi zambiri m'mabowo akuluakulu. Sipangakhale pogona pokhapo, monga mbalame zamapiko zimayendayenda pofunafuna chakudya. Kuchokera m'malo a dnevka kupita kumalo odyetserako amatha kupanga ndege mpaka 30 km, ndipo kwathunthu amauluka mpaka 90-100 km usiku. Mitundu yaying'ono nthawi zambiri imakhala yokhayokha kapena imakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, yayikulu imapanga magulu akuluakulu pansi. Chifukwa chake, mbalame zokhala ndi mapiko a kanjedza (Eidolon) nthawi zina amapanga nyumba zaphokoso za anthu 10,000, ngakhale m'mizinda yayikulu. Nthawi yonseyi, mapiko a mapiko nthawi zambiri amamangiririka pansi, kumamatira ndi mpango wakuthwa kunthambi kapena chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi denga la phangalo, nthawi zina kumangamira miyendo imodzi. Thupi lakulungidwa ndi mapiko akuda kwambiri, ngati bulangeti, nyengo yotentha, ikuwakonda ngati fan. Mapikowo satsikira.
Kulendewera m'mwamba kumateteza njuchi kuti zigone masana kuchokera kwa olusa pamtunda, ndipo alonda akudzutsa akukweza phokoso pamene mbalame zamtundu kapena njoka zamtengo zikuwonekera.
Mbalame za ku zilumba za ku Philippinesp zimachita mantha ndi anthu ndipo zimachoka panthambi za tsiku lawo, koma eni ake amadziwa njira zowakhazikitsira bata. Anthu atakutidwa ndi masamba a nthochi, gulu la mbalame zamapiko limatsika pansi ndikubwerera kumalo tsikulo.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Mbalame za chakudya zimafunidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kupenya komanso kununkhira kwakukwanira. Mosiyana ndi mileme, ilibe kusokosera, kupatula mitundu ina yomwe imapanga dongosolo lina lokhala ndi kusiyana komwe kumasiyana ndi mileme ina.
Amadyetsa makamaka zipatso: zipatso za mango, papaya, avocado, guava, terminalia, sapotilla, nthochi, kanjedza zamtundu wa kokonati ndi mbewu zina zotentha. Amatha kusankha zipatso mwachindunji pa ntchentche, kapena kupendekera pafupi ndi mwendo umodzi. Idyani zamkati wazipatsozo, mutasunga chipatsocho mumtunda umodzi ndikuluma zazing'ono, Finyani ndikumwa msuzi. Nyama zambiri zokhala ndi mapiko nthawi zambiri sizimeza chakudyacho m'zakudya, kutafuna zipatso kwa nthawi yayitali ndikulavulira kunja koonda, mwina kowuma, kufinya. Mbalame zazing'ono, zazitali zazitali zokhala ndi mapiko zimadyera timadzi tokoma ndi mungu. Mbalame zamapiko zokhala ndi mapiko, kuphatikiza zakudya zodya, idyani tizilombo. Mitundu ina imasamuka pambuyo pakupanga zipatso zosiyanasiyana. Mabible amamwa madzi mwakufuna kwawo, akumeza pa ntchentche, nthawi zina amathanso madzi am'nyanja, zomwe zikuwoneka kuti akubwezeretsanso mchere wopanda chakudya.
Kuswana
Kuberekanso m'mitundu yambiri, mwachidziwikire, ndi nyengo. Wamkazi amabweretsa ana (1) osakwana 2) kamodzi pachaka. Mu mitundu yayikulu, mimba imatenga mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Makanda obadwa kumene amakutidwa ndi ubweya, mpaka mwana akaphunzira kuuluka, mkaziyo amawanyamula. Pazaka zitatu zokha, mbalame zazing'ono zamapiko zokhala ndi mapiko zimasinthana kudya zipatso. Ali mu ukapolo, mbalame zina zamapiko zinatsala zaka 17 mpaka 20.
Mtengo wamunthu
Mbalame zimatha kuwononga kwambiri kubzala kwa mitengo yamaluwa, mitengo yazipatso. Mafuko ena amadya nyama ya mapiko. Mbalame zonse zokhala ndi mapiko zimathandiza kugawa mbewu; chiropterophilia) Zitsanzo za mbewu zovomerezeka ndi mapiko ndi zipatso, mkate, zipatso, ndi sosejiKigelia).
Oyimira achonde a banja la Pteropodidae ndiye onyamula kachilombo ka Hendra (Hendra kachilombo) ndi kachilombo ka Nipach (Kachilombo ka Nipah) .
Gulu
Banja la Pteropodidae limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 170, yolumikizidwa pafupifupi 40 genera. Chiwerengero cha mabanja ocheperapo m'magulu osiyanasiyana chimasiyana kuchokera pa 2-3 mpaka 6. Makamaka, zikuwonetsedwa kuti ufa wa mbalame zam'mapiko zimapangidwa kangapo kosinthira.
Subfamily Rousettinae (kuphatikiza Epomophorinae)
Chakumapeto kwa ma 1980 - koyambirira kwa ma 1990. akuti akatswiri oyimira mapiko ndi Microchiroptera adapanga mwayi wokhoza kuwuluka chifukwa chotembenukira. Malingaliro awa, komabe, sanali ofala; pambuyo pake maphunziro a karyological ndi maselo ofunikira nawonso samatsimikizira mwanjira iliyonse.