Njoka yamadzi imasokonezedwa nthawi zambiri ndi chowonjezera chifukwa cha mitundu yake yachilendo. M'malo mwake, njoka iyi siyopanda poizoni komanso siyankhanza. Mbala yakuda ya morph (yamadzi kale) imakopa chidwi cha eni ambiri okhala ndi malo owoneka bwino. Ganizirani maonekedwe, zizolowezi, mawonekedwe ake ndi mawonekedwe ake a njoka.
Maonekedwe ndi gulu
Madzi amakhala a banja lakale kale, wokhala ngati njoka. Ili ndi njoka yayikulu yomwe imakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, kusaka nsomba.
Kufotokozera kwa njoka yamadzi kuyenera kuyamba ndi mawonekedwe amtundu ndi kapangidwe ka thupi. Makala ndi maolivi achikuda. Malo amdima amandendayenda thupi. Nthawi zina mawanga amapanga mizere yayitali m'thupi. Malo akuda mawonekedwe a pembetero amakhala kumbuyo kwa mutu. Mimba imakhala ndi mtundu wofiirira kapena wamalanje. Nthawi zina pamakhala mitundu: ali ndi utoto wofanana wa azitona kapena wakuda. Njoka zoterezi ndizodziwika bwino pakati pa osonkhetsa. Madzi amatha kufikira mamita 1.6, ngakhale mwachilengedwe njoka izi zimakula pafupifupi mita.
Pansi pa mchira pali zikopa zolimba. M'malo akuthupi kwambiri, muli miyeso 19 yolowera. A dimorphism amatchulidwa kuti: akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna. Zachikazi zimakhala pafupifupi pafupifupi zaka 15, ndipo zazimuna - mpaka 11. Nyama imeneyi imatha kukhala zaka 20.
Chizindikiro chili ndi mawonekedwe owongoka, mutu umalimba. Maso ali ndi mawonekedwe owonekera pang'ono, mwana amasinthidwa ndi iris yowala. Maso ndi mphuno zimasinthidwa kuti ziwoneke pansi pa madzi.
M'mbuyomu, ma subspecies otsatirawa adadziwika: N. t. Hydrus, N. t. Heinrothi. Koma tsopano madzi amatengedwa ngati mtundu wa monotypic.
Dera
Madzi ndi thermophilic. Malo ake amakhala kumwera kwa Europe, kum'mawa kwa North Africa, ku Central ndi West Asia.
Njokayo imakonda kukhazikika pafupi ndi mayiwe amadzi ambiri okhala ndi madzi ochepa kapena oyenda. Amakonda malo okhala m'miyala kapena m'matanthwe a m'mphepete. Mutha kukumana ndi njoka zamadzi mu nyanja ndi akulu, m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena zilumba, m'mitsinje, m'mbali mwa mitsinje, m'mitsinje yamapiri. Njokayo imakonda madzi oyera, osati amatope, osavuta kusaka. Imapezeka m'mitsinje yamapiri mpaka 1000 m pamwamba pamtunda wa nyanja. Imachoka mkatikati kuchokera pagombe mpaka mtunda wa 5 km. Pamtunda, mutha kukumana ndi njoka yamadzi pamtunda wautali wa mamitala 200 kuchokera pamadzi.
Njoka iyi imamverera kukhala kutali kwambiri ndi malo okhala anthu.
Moyo
Njokayo imakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi momwe imasakira. Pamtunda, imatha kupezeka pamiyala yosalala, nthambi zamitengo ndi mitengo, pomwe imagwiritsa ntchito dzuwa kuti igaye chakudya. Madzi akuwala kale m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kuti achite izi, amadzisankhira zigamba za makoswe, zolowa pansi pamiyala ndi mitengo, kapena zisa zamiyala zamadzi zosiyidwa. Wotchiyo amakhala atathawira kale kumalo ake othawirako ndipo nthawi zonse amabwerera kudzakhala malo amodzi. Usiku ndi m'mawa kwambiri, njokayo imagwira ntchito mwachangu. Zimasuntha kwambiri m'madzi, kusaka.
Madzi ogwira ntchito kwa miyezi pafupifupi 9 pachaka. Amanyamuka nthawi yozizira kumapeto kwa nthawi yophukira - mu Okutobala kapena Novembala. Nthawi zambiri njoka zingapo nthawi yozizira zimakhala limodzi m'nyumba imodzi yomweyo. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti madzi amatha kale chisanu kupulumukira komweko ndi njoka wamba. Nthawi zina mu chisa chomwechi nthawi yozizira kumatha kukhala njoka mazana angapo.
M'mwezi wa Epulo, njoka zamadzi zimatuluka nthawi yozizira. Pambuyo podzuka, amasambira padzuwa lamadzulo kwa maola ambiri.
Pangozi, njoka imayeserera kuti yafa.
Kuswana
Kukwatirana kumachitika mu Epulo. Amuna nthawi zambiri amamenyera chidwi cha akazi. Mazira achikazi amayikidwa mu June-Julayi. Kuti achite izi, amasankha dziko lotayirira kapena gulu la humus m'malo otentha otentha ndi dzuwa. Kuti mazira azitha, kutentha kwa madigiri 27 kumafunikira masiku 40-55.
Mu clutch, nthawi zambiri kuyambira mazira anayi mpaka 23 kuyambira kukula kwake kuchokera pa 1.5 mpaka 3.3 cm. Ana amatuluka pafupifupi 14-18 cm kukula kwake ndipo masekeli pafupifupi 5-10. Kuyambira mphindi zoyambirira amakhala atayima pawokha, ndipo chifukwa chake, atangoyamba kusaka, amapita kukasaka. Njoka zamadzi zimakhwima pofika zaka zitatu.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Maziko a chakudya cha njoka yamadzi ndi nsomba zochepa: goby, crucian carp, roach, pike, carp, nsomba. Pakusaka kamodzi, amatha kudya nsomba 40. Pafupipafupi, imadyanso am'madzi am'madzi ndi ma tadpole awo. Njokayo imakoka gwiridwewo mpaka kumtunda, pomwe imadyera m'malo obisika. Pambuyo poti amakhala pansi padzuwa kapena pamiyala yotenthetsera kuti abaye chakudya.
Pamtunda, madzi amapeza abuluzi, mbewa, mbalame zazing'ono ndi tizilombo.
Ngozi kwa anthu komanso adani achilengedwe
Madzi sakhala ndi poizoni komanso si owopsa kwa anthu. Njoka iyi ndi yamanyazi kwambiri - pakuganiza zowopsa imabisala pansi pamadzi. Ngakhale kuluma kumachitika, mwayi wakuvulazidwa wa bala ndi wochepa. Komabe, njoka iyi imatha kuyambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa asodzi chifukwa chokonda kudya.
Mdani wamkulu wa njoka yamadzi ndi munthu. Njoka izi nthawi zambiri zimaphedwa, kusokonezedwa ndi njoka chifukwa cha utoto. Kusiyanitsa njoka yamadzi kuchokera kuphiri kumakhala kosavuta: ali ndi ana owazungulira, owonetsedwa ndi iris, pomwe njoka zili ndi ana owongoka, mawonekedwe amutu ndiosiyana (chowolowera njoka ndi wopindika patatu). Kuphatikiza apo, zochita za anthu zimakhudza kuchepetsedwa kwa malo okhala njoka. Njoka zambiri zimafa pansi pa matayala agalimoto pamisewu.
Adani achilengedwe a njoka zam'madzi ndi nsomba zazikulu zolusa: pike, zander, catfish. Mbalame zimakhala ndi zoopsa: mbalame zazikazi, akhwangwala, akhwangwala, mbawala. Nyama zina zimadyera njoka zamadzi: mahatchi, zikwangwani, nkhandwe, muskrats, nkhumba zamtchire, hedgehogs, makoswe. Njoka zina sizisamala kudya zazing'ono: njoka, azitona ndi milozo.
Tota yokhala ndi kukula pang'ono kwa 100 * 50 * 60 cm ndiyofunikira njoka yamadzi. Payenera kukhala ngodya yofunda ndi yozizira. Pakona kotentha, kutentha kuyenera kufika 30 madigiri. Nyali yotsalira ikhoza kuyipereka, pomwe mutha kuyika mwala womwe umawotha ndikupereka kutentha kwa njokayo. Usiku, kuyatsa kuyenera kuzimitsidwa kuti njoka izisintha kutentha.
Madzi amakonda chinyezi chambiri. Mu terarium muyenera kuyika pobisalira pomwe njoka ikhoza kubisala, ndi mbale yayikulu yamadzi, pomwe imatha kusambira ndikulowerera ikapukuta.
Chifukwa chake, njoka yamadzi ndi njoka yofalikira yosavulaza, yomwe nthawi zambiri imasokonezeka ndi njoka chifukwa cha mtundu wake. Amakhala m'malo akum'mwera ofunda pafupi ndi malo osungira osiyanasiyana. Madzi akuda ndi otchuka kale pakati pa malo owotcherera chifukwa cha mtundu wake wokongola.
Zachidziwikire, ndidapeza kutchulidwa kwa wachibale wake - njoka yamadzi (Natrix tesselata) , yotchedwanso "njoka ya chess" kapena, choyipa kwambiri - "chess njer". Mbiri ya kukhalapo kwa mitundu iyi pafupi ndi bambo ndiyachisoni komanso yodzaza ndi masewerawa, motero ndidadzazidwa ndimtima wachifundo chifukwa cha njoka yamadzi yomwe idazunzidwa mosasamala ndipo ndidaganiza zothandizira kupulumutsira ndikuphunzitsa nzika kuwerenga izi.
Njoka Yamadzi (Natrix tesselata) - njoka yopanda poizoni
Kukhalapo njoka wamba - wopanda mitambo komanso wodekha. Makutu amtundu wachikasu, owoneka bwino kutali, amatsimikizira chitetezo chake ngati akusokonezeka ndi anthu.
China china - madzi . Kusowa kwa mawanga owala akulira za kawopsedwe, komanso mawonekedwe omwe amafanana ndi chowonjezera zigzag kumbuyo, kusewera nthabwala zoyipa naye, chifukwa Pachifukwachi, m'malo ambiri njoka yamadzi imadziwika kuti ndi mtundu wa njoka ("chess njer") ndikuwonongedwa mwankhanza.
Njoka ikawoneka, ma alarm akukwera pagombe, nzika zimasamutsidwira kumtunda, ndipo zomwe zimapangitsa munthu wosokoneza zimakhala zosatheka.
Axamwali! Izi sizongotsatsa, koma zanga, zopempha zanu . Chonde lowani gulu la ZooBot ku VK. Izi ndizosangalatsa kwa ine ndipo ndizothandiza kwa inu: padzakhala ambiri omwe sangafike pamalopo momwemo.
Koma comrade ndi alendo odziwa bwino omwe adutsa maulendo ambiri! Kodi tinganene chiyani za nzika wamba.
Madzi kale, chithunzi ndi mafotokozedwe
Ndipo mutu utayandikira. Chonde dziwani kuti apa mawonekedwe a ana akuwoneka bwino - ozungulira, omwe amatipatsa chitsimikizo kuti tili ndi zochepa osati wowonjezera.
Kope lomwe likuwonetsedwa chithunzicho lidakumana mu Meyi 2012 m'dera la Volgograd.
- yayikulu, mpaka 1.6 m, njoka (pafupifupi 1-1.3 m). Kupaka utoto - kuchokera ku maolivi kupita kwa bulauni ndi mizere ya mawanga amdima kuthamanga limodzi ndi thupi, ndikupanga mawonekedwe a cheke. Mizere yotsatana imatha kuphatikizana ndi mikwingwirima yosalekeza. Kumbuyo kwa mutu nthawi zambiri kumakhala malo akuda ngati V, moyang'anizana ndi pamwamba. Pamimba chikasu kapena pabuka malo amdima.
Zochita ndi chikhalidwe. Dzinalo, titero kunena kwake, limatidziwitsa kuti kukhalapo kwa njoka yamadzi kumalumikizidwa ndi madzi. Njokayo imakhala m'madzi oyenda, osayenda kwambiri kupitirira 200 metres kuchokera kwa iwo. Imakhala nthawi yambiri m'madzi, imatha kuyandama makilomita angapo kuchokera pagombe.
Amadya makamaka nsomba, osakhala amphibians komanso okhathamira wamagazi. Nyengo m'malo obisika pafupi ndi dziwe limodzi, kapena masango. Nthawi zina, imatha kupita nthawi yozizira limodzi ndi njoka wamba. Nthawi yakukhwima mu njoka zamadzi ndi Epulo; mazira amayamba mu June-Julayi. Chiyembekezo chamoyo chili pafupifupi zaka 15.
Pakachitika ngozi, madzi am'madzi amagwiritsa ntchito njira zodzitetezera zofananira:
- Thawani.
- Hiss ndi kuponya.
- Kukhetsa kununkhira koyipa.
- Yerekezerani kuti ndinu wakufa.
Malo ogawa njoka yamadzi, kwenikweni, imagwirizana ndi kufalikira kwa njoka wamba, koma mwina anasunthira kumwera . Amagawidwa kulikonse kumwera kwa Europe komanso kumwera kwa Russia ndi Ukraine (Don, Volga, Kuban, Black Sea ndi gombe la Azov, estuaries), komanso ku Transcaucasia ndi Central Asia. Koma apa siziri m'chigawo cha Tambov.
Zowopsa kwa anthu! Osati aukali. Mukakumana ndi miyendo iwiri, chinthu choyamba amayesetsa kubisala.
Madzi kale: kanema
Ndine wokondwa kuwonjezera kanema kuchokera kwa owerenga athu nkhaniyi. Sangalalani nazo.
Madzi Wakuda Morph(Natrix tessellata wakuda)
Kalasi - Repitles
Gulu - Scaly
Mtundu wake ndi wakuda. Kukula mpaka 1.6 m, koma nthawi zambiri 1-1.3 m. Akazi ndi okulirapo kuposa amuna. Makala a thupi akhazikika mwamphamvu, kuzungulira pakati pa thupi pali masikelo 19. Ndevu ndimtundu umodzi.
Madzi ali ponseponse kumwera kwa Europe, kum'mwera kwa Russia ndi Ukraine (Don, Volga, Kuban, Black ndi Azov nyanja, mitsinje, Kakhovka posungira), komanso ku Transcaucasia ndi Central Asia. Mwambiri, izi ndi zakumwera kuposa wamba. Komabe mitunduyi ndiyosowa kwenikweni zachilengedwe.
Amakhala pafupi ndi madzi osiyanasiyana komanso malo owimirirako, m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi zilumba. Amatha kukhala pafupi ndi pafupi ndi munthu m'mizinda, m'midzi, m'matawuni, ndi zina zambiri. Chimayenda bwino m'madzi, ndichofunika kwambiri kusambira komanso kusiyanasiyana. Mwachilengedwe, amadya achule, mavu, nsomba, abuluzi komanso makoswe ang'onoang'ono, mbalame ndi tizilombo.
Pafupifupi masiku 50-60 atachira, zazikazi zimayikira mazira. Zomangirazi zimachotsedwa ndipo limodzi ndi khola lomwe limayikidwa mu chofungatira pa kutentha 27-27 ° C. . Pakatha masiku 50-60, nyanga zimaswa m'mazira, zomwe zimayamba kudya pambuyo poyambira koyamba.
Kuti zisungidwe zamtunduwu zimafunikira kukula kwa 100 50 60 cm kapena kupitilira. Kuti njokayo imveke bwino, ikani nyali ya incandescent pakona imodzi ya terrarium, ndikupanga dzenje lolowera lina, lokhazikika ndi mauna olimba. Ikukupatsaninso "Yofunda" ndi "Kuzizira", izi zimachitika kuti njoka ikhoza kusankha kutentha koyenera (Kupitiliranso, ndizosavuta kwa inu kuyendayenda modutsa kutentha chifukwa zomwe aliyense amakonda sizimasiyana. koma nthawi zonse aliyense payekha. Kutentha pakona yotentha masana kuyenera kukhala mpaka 30 ° C. Zingakhale bwino kuyika mwala pansi pa nyali kuti njokayo isenthe. Usiku, Kutentha kuyenera kuzimitsidwa, izi zidzayendetsa kusintha kwa usana ndi usiku.
Kuti njokayo ikhale yomasuka, ikani chitetezo chamtundu uliwonse pamalo otetezeka: snag, alumali, chidutswa cha makungwa. Onetsetsani kuti mwayika cuvette ndi madzi mnyumba momwe mumatha kusambira ndikukhoma nthawi yosungunuka. Ikani peu cuvette kapena mugwiritse ntchito ngati dothi. Kupatula apo, njoka nthawi zonse zimasankha malo opanda malo omwe zimakhala, ndipo peat ndi sphagnum zimasunga chinyontho bwino. Kuti musunge chinyontho, nthawi ndi nthawi fesani dothi kuchokera pa mfuti yokula.
M'malo otetezedwa, njoka za achule, mikanda ndi nsomba. Ang'ono amapatsidwa achule ang'ono ndi nsomba. Kudyetsa kumachitika pafupifupi masiku asanu aliwonse, njoka itatha kudya chakudya cham'mbuyomu ndipo yadwala bwino. Amamwa madzi, omwe amayenera kusinthidwa pafupipafupi mu dziwe lochita kupanga la terarium. Pamodzi ndi chakudya, ndikofunikira kupereka zakudya zowonjezera mchere, mwachitsanzo: mazira ophwanyika, calcium. Madzi amchere amatha kuwonjezeredwa kwa omwe amamwa (Borjomi). Osapitirira kamodzi pamwezi, perekani kukonzekera kwa vitamini. Kudyetsa koyenera kwa zokwawa kupatsa, mogwirizana ndi malangizo.
Chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 15.
Center "Ecosystem" ikhoza zotsika mtengo (pa mtengo wopanga) kugula (Lembetsani ndalama pobweretsa, i.e. musanakonzere) copyright yathu zida zophunzitsira pa zoology (ma invertebrates ndi ma vertebrates):
10 kompyuta (pakompyuta) oyenerera kuphatikiza: tizirombo ta nkhalango za ku Russia, nsomba zam'madzi atsopano komanso nsomba zosamukasamuka, nyama zam'madzi zambiri (zokhala ndi nyama zambiri), zouluka (mbalame), mbalame, zisa zawo, mazira ndi mawu, ndi zinyama (nyama) ndi kutalika kwa moyo wawo,
20 wachikuda lamede matebulo omasulira kuphatikiza: ma invertebrates am'madzi, agulugufe am'masiku, nsomba, nyama zam'madzi zambiri komanso zokwawa, mbalame zosachedwa chisanu, mbalame zosamukasamuka, zolengedwa zomwe zimayamwa ndi zina,
4 gawo la mthumba wophunzira kuphatikiza: okhala m'mizimba yamadzi, mbalame za mzere wapakati ndi nyama ndi mayendedwe awo, komanso
65 mwa njira phindu ndi 40 ophunzira zamafilimu ndi maluso kuchita ntchito yofufuza zachilengedwe (m'munda).
(Laurenti, 1768)
(= Coluber idrus Pallas, 1771, Coluber ponticus Guldenstadt, 1811, Colluber penttatus Menetrics, 1832, Tropidonotus tessellatus (Lanzcdi, 1768)
MawonekedweChachikulu thupi njoka kutalika kwa 1400 mm ndi pafupifupi 5-6 nthawi wafupi mchira. Kukula kofala kwambiri kwa omwe ali ndi vuto la kugona ndi mpaka 800 mm mwa amuna ndi 980 mm mwa akazi. Mutu kusinkhidwa, kupukusa mutu kuyimitsidwa. Zamkati zishango zochulukirapo kapena pang'ono pang'onopang'ono mawonekedwe. Kusinthana pakati pa ma intermaxillary ndi labial yoyamba ndikutali kwambiri kuposa kusanja pakati pa ma intermaxillary ndi ma Internasal. Zovundikira zapamwamba zambiri zimakhala zisanu ndi zitatu. Milandu ya preorbital ndi awiri kapena atatu (osowa kwambiri), atatu kapena anayi (osowa kwambiri) pazotsatira za pambuyo. Kuzungulira thupi 19 mamba . Zowoneka pamimba 162-189 zimakhala zachimuna ndipo 164-197 mwa akazi, 60-86 ndi amuna ndi akazi 47-70 mwa akazi. Makala, thunthu ndi mchira, yokhala ndi nthiti zabwino kwambiri.
Colouring mbali yakumwamba ya thupi ndi maolivi, maolivi, maolivi, obiriwira, ma olive a maolivi, ofiira kapena - osowa - lalanje. Mapangidwe amdima akuda, ochulukirapo, kapena owoneka ngati mikwingwirima yakumapeto kumaso, kawirikawiri mawanga amapanga mikwingwirima iwiri kapena yolimba mbali zammbuyo, zomwe zimafikiranso kumtunda kwa mchira. Malo amdima nthawi zambiri amawonekera kumbuyo kwa mutu. Pamimba pamakhala utoto wosiyana ndi chikaso chofiyira mpaka chofiiracho ndi mawanga akuda kapena pang'ono pang'ono. Nthawi zina pamakhala zitsanzo popanda kujambula thupi kapena lakuda kwathunthu.
Kugawa. Aquatic ili kale kale kuchokera kumwera chakumadzulo kwa France, chigwa cha Rhine, komanso kum'mawa kwa Africa chakumadzulo kudutsa pakati ndi kumwera kwa Europe, Asia Minor, Western ndi Central Asia mpaka ku Persian Gulf ndi Pakistan kumwera kwa pakati Asia (kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China) kummawa. Ku Middle East kumakhala Iraq, Syria, Yordani, Israel, Nile Delta ku Egypt, anthu akutali ku Yemen amadziwika. Kudera laku Europe la USSR yakale, njoka iyi imapezeka kum'mawa kwake, kuphatikizapo gombe la Black Sea ku Russia ndi Ukraine, komanso ku Crimea. Madzi ndi ofala kale ku Caucasus ndi Transcaucasia, komanso ku Central Asia ndi Kazakhstan. Ku Tajikistan, silipezeka kokha ku Eastern Pamirs, ku Turkmenistan imapezeka pagombe komanso kuzilumba za Nyanja ya Caspian, m'mipata ya Sumbar ndi Atrek, pafupi ndi mitsinje yaying'ono ndi mitsinje ya Kopetdag ndi Kugitangtau, m'mipata ya mitsinje ya Tejen, Murghab ndi Amudarya.
Zizolowezi. Malo ake okhalamo kale, madzi amalumikizana kwambiri ndi madzi, malo ake amakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yambiri yamadzi ndi madzi oyambira, kuchokera kumabwinja amatope omwe ali ndi tinthu tosiyidwa mpaka mitsinje yam'mapiri ndi mitsinje yokhala ndi mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri. Njoka imeneyi imadziwikanso kwambiri m'minda yampunga, m'mphepete mwa zilumba. Chifukwa chake, makamaka, ku Turkmenistan madzi amapezeka kale m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian komanso zilumba zomwe zimakhala pamadzi apamwamba, komanso m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, m'mitsinje yothirira thonje. Pa gombe lakummawa kwa Caspian, malo omwe amawakonda ndi miyala yamiyala yopangidwa ndi mafunde, sitima zodzaza ndi madzi, zimbudzi, komanso miyala pafupi ndi nyanja. Pazilumba, malo omwe amakhala kwambiri amadziwika m'malo omwe amakhala ndi chinton kapena bango. Pazonse za njoka yamadzi, monga momwe amachokera pa dzina la mitundu yake, kukhalapo kwa matupi amadzi ndi chinthu chodziwikitsa kuti njokayo ilipo. Ku Tajikistan, imapezeka m'matumba a tugai, m'malo othirira omwe amakhala ndi alfalfa, thonje kapena masamba, pamiyala, m'mapiri a nkhalango m'nkhalango za juniper ndi nkhalango zowuma, m'malo owoneka ngati chipululu, komanso pafupi ndi malo okhalamo anthu, koma nthawi zonse osapitilira 100 200 m kuchokera kumadzi. Malire opatsirana ofikira ku Turkmenistan ku Kopetdag amadutsa pamtunda wamtunda wa 1000 mamita, ku Tajikistan ndi Kyrgyzstan amatha kukwera mpaka 3000 m pamwamba pamadzi. Mitunduyi ndi yachilendo, m'malo ena amatha kufikira kuchuluka kwambiri. Mphepo zikuluzikulu za njoka zam'madzi zimatha kuwonedwa m'malo ena osungirako ku Central Asia, komwe malinga ndi zolembedwa, chiwerengero cha njoka 8-10,000 m'gawo 3 km lalitali ndi 25-30 m m'mbali mwa nyanja. Kuchuluka kwam'mphepete mwa Caspian komwe kumapangidwa ndi mafunde ambiri kumapangidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, malo ogona ndi malo abwino osungira ndi nthawi yachisanu.
Ntchito. Pambuyo nyengo yachisanu kum'mwera kwa mitundu ku Central Asia kumawonekeranso. Zochitika mu Marichi-Epulo, ntchito zikuchitika mpaka kumapeto kwa Okutobala - Novembala. Nyengo yonseyi, njoka zamadzi zimagwira ntchito masana. Nthawi zambiri amakhala mumadzi, akusambira mpaka 3-5 km kuchokera kumtunda wapafupi.
Pakachitika zoopsa, njoka nthawi zambiri zimabisalira m'madzi ndipo zimabisala pansi pa nkhokwe.
Kubalana. Njoka zakudzu zimachitika mu Epulo. Akazi amayikira mazira kumapeto kwa June - Julayi. Mu clutch pali mazira 4-18 amayeza 15-16 x 32-35 mm. Minyoka yamadzi yaying'ono yokhala ndi kutalika kwa thupi (yopanda mchira) ya 140-185 mm imawoneka pansi m'ma August - koyambirira kwa Seputembala.
Chakudya. Njoka izi zimadya makamaka nsomba zingapo, nthawi zambiri zimakwera mu maukonde asodzi, zakudya zachiwiri monga achule ndi mikanda, ndipo makoswe ochepa ndi mbalame nthawi zina amapezeka mukudya.
Zisanu. Monga malo obisalako nthawi yachisanu amagwiritsa ntchito makoswe okhala mphepete mwa mitsinje yamadzi. Njoka zozizira nthawi yozizira zimasiyanasiyana komanso nthawi zambiri, m'magulu akuluakulu, nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi njoka zina, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi njoka wamba. Masango oterewa amatha kufikira njoka 200 za akazi osiyana zaka komanso zaka.
Mitundu yofananira. Amasiyana ndi njoka wamba ndi zonyala za utoto ndi mawonekedwe, kusakhalapo kwa chikaso kapena malalanje amaso mbali mbali ya mutu, komanso kuchuluka kwa chitetezo cham'maso ndi chitseko chapamwamba.
Mu malo azachilengedwe "Ecosystem" mutha kupeza tebulo lotanthauzira "Amphibians ndi nyama zapamwamba zapakati pa Russia "ndikuzindikiritsa pakompyuta za reptiles (reptiles) za Russia ndi USSR, komanso zida zina zophunzitsira pa nyama ndi zomera ku Russia (onani pansipa).
Patsamba lathu mutha kupeza zambiri pa anatomy, morphology ndi ecology ya zokwawa : Mitundu yonse ya nyama zapambuyo, ziwonetsero, kusuntha, ndi mafupa am'mimba, ziwalo zam'mimba komanso zopatsa thanzi, ziwalo zopumira komanso mpweya, kayendetsedwe ka magazi, magazi, ziwalo zoberekera ndi mchere wamchere, ziwalo zoberekera komanso kubereka, dongosolo lamanjenje ndi ziwalo zamalingaliro moyo, kuzungulira kwa chaka ndi chaka,
Madzi kale, kapena monga momwe amadziwika kuti "njoka ya chess" nthawi zambiri amapezeka mdera la njoka wamba ndipo amakhala pafupi ndi mitsinje yosayenda komanso yosayenda. Maonekedwe ake pagombe nthawi zambiri amabweretsa mantha pakati pa alendo. Anthu nthawi yomweyo amabwera kumtunda, ndipo zovuta zaomwe zimayambitsa mavuto, nthawi zina zimakhala zosatheka. Ndikupangira mupeze mfundo zosangalatsa za njoka iyi.
"Kodi ukujambula chithunzi cha chinjoka?" Ndinamva mawu kumbuyo kwanga. "Ukuwona kuti sukuluma."
"Ayi, osati njoka, koma njoka," ndinayankha, osayang'ana kuchokera patelefoni la kamera ndikuyang'ananso kwina.
- Inde, njoka zikuwoloka ndi njokayo: imakhala yakuda ndi imvi, ndipo m'bokosimo, ndi zonse zoyipa kwambiri!
Kukambirana kofananako kumachitika nthawi iliyonse wina akandiwona ndikugwira kapena kujambula njoka zamadzi
Chidziwitso cha njoka izi ndi chipatso chabe cha mantha aanthu omwe sakudziwa zilombo. Njoka zam'madzi zilibe chizindikiro cha njoka yopanda poizoni, chodziwika bwino kwa aliyense - malo amtundu wamalanje achikasu kumbuyo kwa mutu, omwe ndi njoka wamba (Natrix natrix). Pachifukwa ichi, kusadziwa anthu omwe njoka zonse zopanda mawanga zoterezi zimayikidwa ngati njoka ndipo zimawoneka ngati zowopsa komanso zowopsa. Ambiri amagawanitsa zopanda zokwawa kukhala njoka ndipo amangokhala "njoka", kutanthauza njoka. Chifukwa chake akuti: "Kodi iyi ndi njoka?"
Nyoka zam'madzi zikalephera kutchedwa: "wosakanizira wa njoka ndi njoka", "nyansi yankhwe", "chess". Pakumveka "chess" pagombe, osambira amatuluka m'madzi ndikudikirira kuti njokayo inyamuke, kapena pokhapokha patakhala "daredevil" osapha njoka ndi ndodo. Nthawi zambiri mumamva nkhani za asodzi zokhudzana ndi "njoka zam'mimba" zowoloka mitsinje kapena kukwera muming'oma ndi nsomba.
Nkhani zonsezi sizimalumikizidwa kwenikweni ndi njoka, zimakhala za njoka zamadzi. Mitundu ya njoka N. tessellata idamasuliridwadi kuchokera ku Chilatini ngati chess, koma ilibe kanthu kochita ndi njoka. Ndi ya mtundu kale (Natrix sp.) Komanso wamba kale.
Kwa anthu, madzi alibe vuto. Zithandizo za njokayo zimakuwa kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi njoka wamba, madzi pafupifupi samayerekeza kuti ndi akufa.
Chakudya chachikulu cha njoka zam'madzi ndi nsomba, zomwe zimagwira pakati pa zomera zam'madzi, mabatani kapena msampha, zili pansi. Njokayo singameze nyama yomwe yagwiridwa pansi pamadzi, chifukwa chake imathamangira kumtunda, komwe imameza nsomba, itatembenuza mutu wake yokha.
Ngati nyama yakula kwambiri, chakudya chake chimatha kupitilira kwa ola limodzi kapena kuposerapo. Njoka zina zimafa osawerengetsa mphamvu ndikusankha nsomba yayikulu kwambiri.
"Madzi afalikira kale: kuchokera kumwera chakumadzulo kwa France, chigwa cha mtsinje. Rhine kumadzulo, malire akum'mwera kwa malembawo amayenda kum'mawa chakumpoto kwa Africa (mpaka ku Persian Gulf, Pakistan), kummawa amapezeka kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa China, ndipo malire akumtunda akudutsa dera la Volga-Kama, "akutero wochita kafukufuku wa sayansi yachilengedwe, wogwira ntchito Volgograd State University, herpetologist Dmitry Gordeev.
"Mtunduwu ndi wa gulu la zokwawa (Reptilia), dongosolo la njoka (Serpentes), banja la antarctica (Colubridae), mtundu wa njoka zenizeni (Natrix) ndi mitundu yamadzi kale (Natrix tessellata). Njoka yamadzi ndi njoka yayikulu komanso yopanda poizoni, ngati nthumwi zonse za banja lino. Komanso, zazikazi, monga lamulo, ndizotalikirapo kuposa zazimuna ndipo zimatha kukula mpaka 1.1 m .. Ngakhale ndizochulukirapo, ndizocheperako pang'ono kuposa njoka wamba yodziwika, yomwe imatha kufika pa 1.14 m.
Phokoso la njoka yamadzi, poyerekeza ndi wamba, limalozeredwa kwambiri, ndipo kulibe mawanga achikasu owoneka wachikasu m'mbali za mutu. Chifukwa cha zochitika zakumapeto, nthawi zambiri amasokonezedwa ndi njoka zapoizoni monga njoka wamba ndi njoka yolimba. "Mafuta pamoto" akuwonjezera chithunzi kumbuyo kwa njoka yamadzi, chomwe chimafanana ndi chingwe cham'mimba. Ndakhala ndikubwera ndi njoka zakufa, zomwe, mwina, anthu amderali amaganiza kuti ndi za poizoni komanso zowopsa. Mmodzi mwa ulendowu, ndidakumana ndi malo "ophedwa anthu ambiri", pomwe ndidawerengera "njoka" makumi awiri ndi zinayi.
Komabe, madzi ali kale ndi zizindikiro zingapo zakunja zomwe zimatha kusiyanitsidwa mosavuta ndi njoka zapoizoni. Mutu wodziwika bwino ndiwakuti imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osakanikirana ndi njoka ndipo zolakwika zambiri pamiyeso ndizochepa, pomwe njoka yamadzi imakhala yopanda kanthu, ndipo mipiringidzo yonse ndi yayikulu. Ngati mungalimbike mtima ndikuyang'ana m'maso mwa njoka, mutha kuwona kuti mu njoka, monga zilombo zenizeni, kamwana kamakhala kolunjika (monga m'phaka), ndi njoka - yozungulira. Kuphatikiza apo, njoka ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa njoka: Nyoka zazing'ono zazikulu kwambiri zimatalika mpaka 0,73 m.
Madziwo amakhala kale pafupi ndi madzi: m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi ngalande zothirira, m'malo opezeka madzi osefukira, kumene amapeza chakudya. Ngakhale ali mwamtendere, ndiwopezerera ena. Amakonda kusodza nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana - nsomba, phula, loach, amathanso kusaka nyama. Chifukwa chake, asayansi amachitcha ichthyophage. Njokayo imakoka gwirayo kugombe, komwe imadyako. Nthawi zambiri pachakudya sichikhala achule ndi ana awo.
Pali zambiri m'mabuku zokhudzana ndi kupeza m'mimba ya mwana wamanjoka wamba! Kukula kwa wovutikayo kumatha kupitilira kukula kwa mutu wa njokayo, ndipo kulumikizana kwam'manja kwa nsagwada zam'munsi komanso mafupa ena omwe amaphatikizidwa nawo amathandizira kuti im'meze. Kulowetsa kumachitika ndikusuntha mbali yakumanzere kapena yakumanja kwa nsagwada ya m'munsi. Izi zimapereka chithunzithunzi chakuti njokayo "ikulumphira" m'manja mwake.
Nyengo yogwira imatha pafupifupi miyezi 9, kuwonekera kuchokera kumalo obisalako nthawi yachisanu mu Epulo. Zitachitika izi, matching akuyamba, ndiye njoka zimapezeka zochuluka. Wamkazi mmodzi amatha kuyikira mazira anayi mpaka 20, omwe mu Julayi, mikhalidwe yabwino, nyama zazing'ono zimawoneka. Pothawirapo pa iwo ndi mabedi a mitengo, mizu yamitengo, miyala yokhala pansi pamtunda, zomata za makoswe, stumps ndiwood. Amanyamuka nthawi yozizira kumapeto kwa Okutobala m'magulu akulu, nthawi zina limodzi ndi njoka wamba. Amasaka urin, muskrat, muskrat, nkhandwe, mbalame zina: osprey, imvi heron, kites, akudya njoka, khwangwala, khwangwala ndi ena ambiri. ”
Nthawi zonse ndikamva kutchulidwa kwa "chess owopsa kwambiri", ndikalankhula za njoka zam'madzi, moyo wawo, ndimayesetsa kuwatsimikizira kuti njoka izi sizowopsa. Koma nthawi iliyonse ndikakumana ndi kusamvetsetsa, zimakhala zosavuta kuti anthu aziwopa "njoka yamatenda" kusiyana ndi kuvomereza chikhulupiriro chawo m'mabodza ndikusiya kupha njoka zonse zomwe sizili ndi "chizindikiritso" cha njoka wamba.
Maonekedwe, kufotokozera kwa njoka wamba
Zamoyozo ndi za banja lomwelo, losiyana ndi abwenzi ake mu ufumu wa njoka wokhala ndi "makutu" achikasu - zilembo pamutu (pafupi ndi khosi). Mabala ndi mandimu, lalanje, oyera oyera kapena osawoneka kwathunthu.
Kukula kwa munthu wamba sikapitilira 1 m, koma zotengera zolimba kwambiri (1.5-2 m chilichonse) zimapezekanso. Amuna ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa akazi. Mutu wa njoka umasiyanitsidwa ndi khosi, ndipo thupi limakhala lotalikirapo kuposa mchira.
Pamwamba pa thupi la njoka mutha kupaka utoto wakuda, bulauni kapena maolivi, kuchepetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe a "cheke". Mimba - yoyera kapena yoyera yoyera, yokhala ndi mzere wamtali wautali pakati . Mwa anthu ena, izi zimadutsa mbali zonse zotsika. Pakati pa njoka pamakhala maalbino onse ndi mamisulidwe.
Kufanana kwa Viper
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Njoka yapoizoni imagwirizana pang'ono ndi njoka yakupha: malo omwe mumakonda kupuma (nkhalango, dziwe, maphesi) ndi chidwi chopewa kugundana ndi anthu.
Zowona, njoka nthawi zambiri imakhala yodziletsa ndikumazunza munthu paulendo woyamba wosasamala.
Kusiyanitsa pakati pa zokwawa ndikokulirapo:
- ndi yayitali, yocheperako kuposa nambuyo ndipo imasunthira thupi kuchoka kumchira,
- Masamba achikasu amatuluka pamutu pa njokayo, ndipo Mzere wa zigzag umakhala kumbuyo kwa njoka.
- Njokayo imakhala ndi mutu wowuma, pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, pomwe njoka imakhala ndi mutu wopindika ndipo imafanana ndi mkondo,
- njoka zilibe mano poyizoni,
- ana ali ndi ana ofukula kapena ozungulira (ofanana ndi ana asanale), pomwe ana ali ndi ana osinthika ngati timitengo,
- njoka zimadya achule, ndipo njoka zimakonda mbewa.
M'malo mwake, pali zosiyana zochulukirapo (mwachitsanzo, mawonekedwe amamba ndi zishango), koma amateur safuna chidziwitso ichi. Simungayang'ane sikelo mutawopsezedwa ndi njoka?
Kutalika ndi moyo
Ali kale kwambiri, kuyambira zaka 19 mpaka 23, ndipo chachikulu pamoyo wake ndi madzi, omwe amayang'anira dzina lasayansi la mitundu - natrix (wa ku Latin natans omasulira "osambira").
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Amamwa ndikusambira kwambiri, ndikupanga malo osambira opanda cholinga. Njira zawo nthawi zambiri zimadutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ngakhale anthu payekhapayekha adawonedwa pagombe komanso pakati pama nyanja akuluakulu (makilomita kuchokera kumtunda).
Imayenda ngati njoka zonse m'madzi, ikukweza khosi lake molunjika ndi kupindika thupi ndi mchira wake mu ndege yopingasa. Pakusaka, kusambira pansi kwambiri, ndikupumula, kugona pansi kapena kukulunga kuzungulira pansi pamadzi.
Imafunafuna nyama m'mawa / usiku, ngakhale kuti zochuluka za ntchito zimagwera masana. Patsiku lowoneka bwino, wamba amatsegula mbalizo padzuwa padzuwa, pamwala, pamtunda, pamtengo kapena pachitetezo chilichonse. Usiku, imakhazikika pogona - yopanda mizu yokhotakhota, masango a miyala kapena mabowo.
Adani a njoka wamba
Njokayo singabisike dzuwa lisanalowe, lidzazizira msanga ndipo sidzatha kuthawa mwachangu kwa adani achilengedwe, mwa zomwe zalembedwazi:
- ziweto zodya nyama, kuphatikiza nkhandwe, galu wa fodya, weasel ndi hedgehog,
- Mitundu 40 ya mbalame zikuluzikulu (mwachitsanzo, abuluzi ndi ma heron),
- makoswe, kuphatikizapo makoswe,
- amphibians monga achule ndi mikanda,
- trout (kudya mwana),
- kachilomboka ndi nyerere (kuwononga mazira).
Kuyesera kuti mupewe mantha ndi mdani, kumazungulira ndikusyasyalika pakhosi (kunamizira kuti ndi njoka yapoizoni), ndikulunga thupi mu zigzag ndikuwopseza mwamantha kumapeto kwa mchira. Njira yachiwiri ndikuthawa.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Ikakhala m'manja mwa zilombo kapena m'manja mwa munthu, nyama yothamangayo imayeseza yakufa kapena kung'ambika ndi chinthu chonunkha chomwe chapangidwa ndi tiziwato tambiri.
Uzi nthawi zonse umakumana ndi kusowa kwa malo achitetezo odalirika, ndichifukwa chake amasangalala kugwiritsa ntchito zipatso za ntchito za anthu, nyumba zokhala, malaya a nkhuku, malo osambira, ma cellars, milatho, mapanda, milu ya kompositi ndi zinyalala za zinyalala.
Zakudya - zomwe anthu wamba amadya
Zokonda za njokayo ndizabwino kwambiri - ndi achule ndi nsomba . Nthawi ndi nthawi, amaphatikiza muzakudya zake komanso nyama zina zazikulu zokulirapo. Itha kukhala:
- newts,
- zalaula
- abuluzi
- anapiye (adatuluka mchisa),
- makoswe amadzi chatsopano,
- tizilombo ndi mphutsi zawo.
Njoka zimanyoza zovunda ndipo sizimadya mbewu, koma zimamwa mosavuta mkaka, kamodzi ku terarium.
Akasaka nsomba, amagwiritsa ntchito kale njira zoyembekezera kuti ayang'anire, uku akumugwira wothamanga kuti ayende mothamanga mokwanira. Achule akuwathamangitsa pamtunda, koma samayesa kuthamangira patali, osawona ngozi njoka.
Chodyera cha nsomba chimatha kumeza popanda mavuto, koma kudya chule nthawi zambiri kumatenga maola ambiri, chifukwa nthawi zambiri sichingagwire mutu mwachindunji. Monga njoka zina, imadziwa kale kutulutsa pakhosi pake, koma chule cham'madzi sichithamangira kulowa m'mimba ndipo nthawi zina chimatuluka m'nsagwada zamadzulo. Koma wophedwayo sanakonzekere kulekerera wovulalayo ndi kumugwiranso kuti apitirizebe kudya.
Mukatha kudya chakudya chamtima, simumatha kudya masiku osachepera asanu, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, miyezi ingapo.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Pali milandu yodziwika pamene kukakamizidwa kwa njala kumakhala miyezi 10. Kuyesedwa uku kudamuwuza ndi katswiri wazachilengedwe waku Germany yemwe sanadyetse nkhaniyi kuyambira June mpaka Epulo. Kudyetsa koyamba kwa njoka pambuyo poti kumenyedwa ndi njala kunachitika popanda kupatuka mundawo.
Madera akuluakulu okhala
Watermark amakhala kale ku Central ndi Southeast Europe, komanso ndizofala ku Asia kumadzulo kwa China komanso kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India. Zodzoladzola ndizofala kwambiri ku Balkan, kumwera kwa Russia, Turkey, Afghanistan, komanso ku Nile Delta. Ku Central Europe kumadera ena a Italy, ku Slovenia, Austria, Switzerland, Hungary, komanso ku Czech Republic kuli njoka zazikulu za njoka'zi.
Malo omwe amakonda
Amakonda dera lomwe kuli madzi m'dera lozungulira. Njoka nthawi zambiri imakhazikitsa aliyense pafupi ndi mitsinje, komanso imamva bwino pama nyanja. Makamaka, amakhala ngakhale m'madzi a m'mphepete mwa nyanja, mwachitsanzo, m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda ya Bulgaria ndi Ukraine.
Madera omwe siwo sangawagwire, gombe likadzaphwera mwadzidzidzi madzi amatsatira. Amafuna malo otsetsereka ndi miyala, mchenga kapena dongo.
Amakonda madzi, momwe mumakhala nsomba zambiri, chifukwa nsomba ndiye chakudya chachikulu pachakudya chamasamba.
Ngakhale atakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, amaikira mazira pamtunda. Kuti achite izi, amasankha malo ofunda, koma otentha. Mwachitsanzo, pamulu wa humus, mu udzu wokoma, masamba, etc.
Pofuna kuwotcha dzuwa, njokayo imakonda kugwiritsa ntchito miyala yotsetsereka mwa misewu, zomata kapena ngakhale zomangira njanji. Amagwiritsa ntchito ming'alu youma ngati pobisalira ndipo kunyumba kuti akakhalitse.
Moyo wamanjoka
Kuti madzi achoke pakukhazikika nyengo yozizira, kutentha komwe kumakhalapo kuyenera kutentha mpaka madigiri seshasi khumi pamthunzi. Ndiye kuti, izi zikutanthauza kuti malovuwo amangochoka mu Epulo kapena Meyi.
Njokayo itachita kusambira kuchoka m'khola, imakwera m'madzi pokhapokha ngati itentha mpaka 12 C. Poyamba amakonda kusambira ndi kulowa pansi. Amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi osaya, amangosiya dzuwa kapena kuswana.
Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, madzi amatenga njoka. Izi zimachitika pakati pa Meyi ndi June. Matenga amapezeka pagombe.
Amayikira mazira kumayambiriro kwa Julayi. Kukula kwachinyamata kumawonekera koyambirira kwa Ogasiti. Amakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 14 mpaka 20 ndipo atangoyamba kuwaswa amayamba kusaka ndi kudya. Ngati adya bwino, ndiye kuti njoka zazing'ono zazing'ono zimatha kukula mpaka sentimita 30 kutalika.
Pakatikati pa Seputembala, wotchi yam'madzi imayamba kale kufunafuna nthawi yozizira, momwe imakhazikika kumapeto kwa Okutobala.
Mtunduwu umagwira makamaka masana. M'mawa nthawi zambiri amakhala akudya dzuwa, ndipo masana njoka imasaka.
Zili m'zakudya zawo?
Alfalfa amadya kale nsomba zochepa komanso zazing'ono. Amakonda kwambiri gudgeon, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya carp ndi nsomba zina. Nthawi zambiri, njoka imadya nyama yake. Koma ngati chakudya chake chili chachikulu kwambiri, ndiye kuti nthawi zina njoka imakamba kuti idye.
Nthawi zambiri amagwira chakudya chawo pansi pa madzi. Ali pansi pamadzi, amadikirira mpaka nsomba ikasambira pafupi naye ndikumuwombera ndi liwiro la mphezi, kapena kuthamangitsa zomwe azichita mpaka iye atamugwira.
Adani achilengedwe azirombo
Zina mwa zomwe zimayambitsa njoka kukhala choopsa ku njoka ndi nyama zazing'ono monga ma weels ndi muskrats. Kuphatikiza apo, mbalame monga heron ndi seagull amadya njoka. Nthawi zina, njoka zimayamba kukhala nsomba zazikulu ngati catfish ndi pike. Komanso, nyama zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimagwira mallard m'madzi.
Njokayo ikawopsezedwa, imayamba kulira. Kuphatikiza apo, monga wamba, mtunduwu umatha kutulutsa timadzi tosangalatsa ku gonads ake. Madziwo amakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa lomwe limanyansitsa ambiri omwe amadya. Ngati izi sizikuthandiza, akugwiritsa ntchito kale njira zomwe amakonda monga wamba ndipo amangonamizira kuti wafa.
Udindo wapadziko lonse lapansi
Ku Russia, mtunduwu ulibe mavuto. Ku Europe, ali pafupi kutha. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Europe ili ndi gawo laling'ono, lomwe anthu ambiri amakhalamo. Madambo awuma mokomera misewu yayikulu komanso nyumba zokulirapo, nkhalango zimadulidwa kuti amange mizindayo komanso kulandira zinthu zomanga, ndi zina zambiri.
Kuphatikiza apo, njoka imatha kutengeka ndi zosokoneza zingapo. Izi siziphatikizapo ma boti amawu okhaokha, osambira, asodzi, komanso malo okaonera alendo monga misasa kapena ma marinas. Nthawi zina nyama zimangodulidwa ndi omwe amayendetsa zombozo. Nthawi ndi nthawi amakhalanso akugwidwa ndikupha, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwamtunduwu ku Europe.
Pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a njoka zonse zomwe zimakhala padziko lapansi ndi za banja lomweli. Pakadali pano pali mitundu pafupifupi wani sauzande, iliyonse yomwe ili ndi mbali zakezake.
Ngakhale kudabwitsa kufanana kwa njoka ndi njoka wamba, kuthokoza komwe anthu ambiri amagwera chifukwa cha chibwibwi chosavulazachi, amasiyana ndi achibale awo ankhwawa omwe amakhala mwamtendere komanso modekha.
Njoka zaka zambiri zapitazo chinali chizolowezi kusunga ngati chiweto m'malo mwa mphaka, monga nthawi zambiri chimagwiritsa ntchito tetrapods pogwira ndi makoswe ena.
M'malo otsetsereka ndi mapiri, njoka zimakhalanso nzambiri, komwe zimapezeka pamalo okwera mpaka mamita awiri ndi theka. Popeza izi zobowola sizimawopa anthu, zimatha kukhazikika munyumba zosamalizidwa, zipinda zapansi, zopondera, komanso minda yamasamba.
Nthawi zambiri njoka sizipanga mabowo okhala ndi zida, ndipo mizu ya mitengo yayikulu, milu ya masamba ndi nthambi, komanso malo ampira ndi malo okumbika nyumba zimatha kuthawirako usiku. M'munda wofewa, amatha kudzipangira pawokha kutalika.
M'nyengo yozizira, amakonda kusamukira kumalo odalirika kwambiri, monga zomata zamitundu yonse ndi zomangira za pafamu zopangidwa ndi anthu. Njoka zina zimadikirira zokha nthawi yozizira kapena monga gawo laling'ono, koma anthu ambiri amasonkhana kuti azikokolola nthawi yachisanu pamodzi ndi nthenga.
Nthawi zina njoka zomwe zinkadikirira kuzizira m'malo oyandikira nyumba zanyumba zidalowa mzipinda zamkati ndipo zidakwiririka chifukwa cha kutentha.
Chikhalidwe ndi njira ya njoka
Ku funso njoka iti ndi kale ndikotheka kuyankha molondola kuti ndiwachilengedwe kwambiri komanso sizowopsa kwa anthu. Popeza sitikhala ndi anthu omwe sawawona, nthawi zambiri imatha kuchoka, osakonda kuti asalumikizane ndi oyimilira amiyendo iwiri.
Zikakwaniritsidwa kukoka, njokayo, imayesera kubwezera woponderezayo poponya mutu wake ndi mawu akulira.
Ngati chinyengo chotere sichikubala zipatso, ndiye kuti chayamba kununkhiza fungo loipa lomwe lingasokoneze chidwi cha olusa ambiri, osatchula munthu. Atayesa njirazi, njoka imatha kunamizira kuti ndi yakufa kotero kuti imasiyidwa yokha.
Njoka ndizobwerekera mosazolowereka: pamalo athyathyathya, zimatha kuthamanga mpaka ma kilomita asanu ndi atatu pa ola limodzi, zimakwawa bwino kudzera pamitengo ndikulowera m'madzi momwemo.
Izi zimasambira, ndikukweza mitu yawo pamwamba pamadzi ndipo zimasiya mawonekedwe mu mawonekedwe a ming'alu. Amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa theka la ora ndipo nthawi zambiri amayenda makilomita angapo kuchokera pagombe.
Njoka zamadzi, m'malo mwake, zimadziwika ndi kusuntha pang'ono komanso kuwonjezereka kwa kutentha, chifukwa chake, mumdima sawuwonetsa zochitika, koma akangotuluka dzuweli, nthawi yomweyo amapita kukatunga madzi.
Pakakhala ngozi, imatha kugona pansi kapena kusowa zina mwa mbalamezo, monga atsekwe kapena kufuna kusaka tsogolo lawo.
Chitani njoka zapoizoni ? Ngakhale oimira ambiri amtunduwu samakhala poizoni ndipo amawonedwa kuti ndi otetezeka kwa anthu, alipo njoka banja banja (moyenera, imagwera pansi pa gulu la njoka zabodza), zomwe zimakhala ndi ma fangayi omwe amatha kupha chiweto chachikulu cholumidwa. Kwa anthu, poizoni wotereyu ndi wowopsa, ndiye kuti, amatha kubweretsa zotsatira zakupha pokhapokha.
Maganizo olakwika wamba
Akatswiri aukadaulo adaphunzira zaka zambiri ndikufotokoza za mtunduwu. Komabe, ambiri amapitiliza kuitanitsa chess, yomwe siinanso wachibale wa woopsa yemwe amadana ndi poizoni. Mitundu ya anthu ambiri imakhala yofala kwambiri kwakuti ngakhale dzinalo limakhala limodzi ndi la asayansi.
Ngakhale iwo amene akutsimikiza kuti njoka siyaluma m'madzi imayamba kuchita mantha ikakumana ndi chess amphibian. Kupatula apo, imayandama osati pamtunda wokha, komanso imatsamira kokongola. Anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti mitundu yopusitsayi imatha kuukira ngakhale kuzama. Koma zili munjira zambiri zowoneka bwino: njoka sizimayenda m'madzi ndipo sizimenya m'madzi.
Cholengedwa chilichonse chokhala ndi ngozi, ngakhale chikaganiza kuti ngozi yayandikira, chimayesetsa kudziteteza. Munthu amathandizidwanso ndi izi. Chifukwa chake, ambiri amalangiza kuti athetse chimbudzi, osadikira kuti chiwukire.
Kodi njoka ya chess ndiyopweteka kapena ayi? Funso ndilosavuta kwa okhawo omwe amadziwa nyama. Ambiri amakonda kungothana nawo. Njoka zambiri - "chess" zimafa m'manja mwa alendo owopa chifukwa cha umbuli.
Nyoka kale: kusiyana ndi chiyani
Akatswiri odziwa bwino za nkhaniyi amadziwa kuti kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiriyi sikovuta. Zachidziwikire, ngakhale wamba, wokhala ndi mawanga achikasu a lalanje pamasaya, ngakhale ana amatha kuzindikira. Koma mnzake wokhala ndi chess color sanali woperewera.
Komabe, pali zizindikiro zingapo zomwe zingakuthandizeni kuzindikira njoka izi.
Mutu wa njoka ndi uta. Pa njoka imakhala yolumikizira, ndi mphuno yakuthwa. Kumbuyo kwa steppe viper pamakhala mawonekedwe okhala ndi mzere wa chapakati wa zigzag, womwe nthawi zambiri umasokonezedwa ndi malo a chess omwe amapezeka mosiyana ndi ena.
Njoka izi zimakhala ndi ophunzira osiyana: njoka ndi yowonda, ngati mphaka, ndipo njoka ndi yozungulira. Inde, kuchokera mtunda wautali kuyerekezera maso, mawonekedwe a mawanga ndi mutu ndikovuta, koma kusiyana kumeneku sikwapadera.
Ndicho chifukwa chake amatchedwa dzina kotero kuti limachepera kutalika kwake konse. Nyoka ili ndi mchira waufupi, wokoka kwambiri.
Koma chachikulu ndikuti njokayo imakhala mu steppe, osati pafupi ndi matupi amadzi. Koma chess sichingakhale moyo popanda iwo. Pa chithunzi chotsatira pali njoka yolimira, ndipo ina yonse - njoka zamadzi.
Zojambula zakunja
Mafanizo amatithandiza kupenda maonekedwe. Chithunzi cha njoka ya chess chimawonetsa bwino mawonekedwe ake okongola, mawonekedwe ozungulira, komanso mawonekedwe a mutu.
Izi zikutsimikiziranso kuti sitinso owonjezera patsogolo pathu. Kutalika kwake, njoka yocheperayi nthawi zambiri imafika mpaka 1-1.3 mita, koma zitsanzo zazikulu zimapezekanso. Mitundu ya amphibiansyi imakhala yowoneka bwino, malo amdima amapezeka mwadongosolo motsutsana ndi maziko owala. Ponena za mawonekedwe amtundu, amatha kuchokera ku maolivi kupita ku chokoleti. Mitundu yake ndi yotentha.
Ngati muli ndi mwayi kuti mutha kusaka mosamala kusaka kwa nyama yolusa, yesani kuyang'ana mkamwa mwake: palibe malupenga amtunduitali pamenepo. Koma lilime losungika, monga abale ambiri, ndilo. Koma simuyenera kumuopa; iye sindiye kuti ndiwowonongera.
Makhalidwe
Mukakumana ndi munthu, madziwo amakhala ngati momwe amachitira: umasungunuka, kutulutsa chinsinsi cha fetid, kuyesa kuthawa, ndipo nthawi zina amangoyerekeza kuti wafa. Ndizoseketsa kumuwonera, koma simuyenera kuzichita molakwika. Phokoso lalikulu limasowetsa munthu njoka.
Khalidwe la amphibian uyu siali wankhanza. Sidzaukira. Mu Juni-Julayi, njoka zamadzi zokhala ndi chess zikamabereka, zitha kuwonetsa nkhawa mukakumana ndi munthu. Simuyenera kuchita mantha: njoka sikuyesa kukupweteketsani, mukungowopa ana.
Masana, nyama zamagazizi sizimakonda kukangana. Amapuma pamiyala yotentha ndi dzuwa kapena kudikirira kutentha m'nkhalangozi za zomera za m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kusaka kumayambira pofika kuzizira. Amadyanso nsomba zochepa zomwe zimagwidwa ndimadzi. Zakudyazi zimaphatikizapo achule, makoswe ang'onoang'ono, tizilombo.
Momwe muyenera kukhalira mukamakumana
Mukapezeka kutchuthi komwe njoka zam'madzi zimakhala, musaiwale kuti sizowopsa. Yesani kufotokoza zina osati momwe “chinjoka” chilili.
Zithunzi za njoka zomwe zimatengedwa kutchuthi zidzakhala nawo mu album. Koma pakuwombera, yesetsani kuti musagwiritse ntchito magetsi, imawopsa nyama zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, masana pamene njoka ikupuma mwakachetechete ndi mwayi wokumana nayoyo ndi yayikulu mokwanira, ndipo pali kuyatsa kokwanira kotero kuti malo onse okongola akuwonekera bwino pachithunzichi.
Simuyenera kugwira njoka m'madzi. Amapumira pang'ono, ndikakana, amatha kutsamira. Komabe, ndibwino kuti musawatengere m'manja - kununkhira kosasangalatsa sikophweka.
Zizindikiro zakunja za njoka yamadzi amfumu
Madzi achifumu kale amasiyanitsidwa ndi mtundu wa khungu lakumbuyo la mthunzi wa azitona, wobiriwira utoto, wamtundu wa maolivi womwe umasinthika kukhala mtundu wa bulauni. Mawonekedwe ake amawoneka amtundu wakuda kapena ndi mikwingwirima yopapatiza yomwe imawoloka.
Royal Alfalfa (Regina septemvittata).
Malo akuda mawonekedwe a zilembo za Chilatini V kumbuyo kwake kumayang'anizana ndi ngodya yayikulu pamutu.
Pansi pa thupi la chikaso kumasinthana ndi malalanje ndi malalanje ofiira, opakidwa ndi mawanga akuda a mawonekedwe amakono. Mu chilengedwe, munthu payekhapayekha amabwera popanda mawonekedwe ndi wakuda.
Miyeso ya thupi imafika kutalika pafupifupi mita imodzi ndi theka. Zikopa zazikulu pamutu zimakhala ndi makonzedwe osiyana ndi a njoka wamba. Palibe mawanga achikasu kumbuyo kwa mutu.
Kufalikira kwa njoka yamadzi achifumu
Njoka zamadzi zachifumu ku Europe zimakhala kumwera ndi kumadzulo kwa France. Kum'mawa onjezerani ku Central Asia. Amapezeka kumwera kwa Crimea, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Transcaucasia, Central Asia. Zodzikongoletsera wamba zapamwamba mu Volga wapansi. Amapezekanso m'mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda Nyanja Yakuda ndi Caspian. Amakhala ku China ndi India. Zambiri zimapezeka pafupi ndi dera la Absheron Peninsula ku Azerbaijan.