Ufumu: | Eumetazoi |
Subfamily: | Sturgeon |
Onani: | Sterlet |
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Buku Lofiira la Russia mawonedwe asowa | |
Onani Zambiri Sterlet patsamba la IPEE RAS |
Sterlet (Latin Acipenser ruthenus) - nsomba ya banja la sturgeon, yalembedwa mu Red Book of Russia ndi Appendix II CITES ngati "mitundu yosatetezeka". Kutalika kwa thupi kumafika pa 125 cm, kulemera - mpaka 16 makilogalamu. Usodzi ku Russia ndi woletsedwa konsekonse mu nsomba za Volga-Caspian ndi Azov-Black Sea (komanso mitundu yonse ya sturgeon). Usodzi wokhala ndi chilolezo chololedwa mum mitsinje ina yaku Western Siberia, komanso m'mitsinje ya Northern Fisheries Basin. Chofunika chachilengedwe.
Feature
Mwa zina za sturgeon, zimasiyana ndi nthawi yoyambira kutha msinkhu: amuna amakhala ndi zaka 4-5, zazikazi - zaka 7-8. Chonde ndi 4 zikwi - mazira 140,000. Amamera mu Meyi, nthawi zambiri mumadzu. Caviar ndi yomata, imayikidwa pathanthwe pathanthwe. Amayamba pafupifupi masiku 4-5.
Akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amatha kutalika kwa 40-60 masentimita ndi kulemera kwa 0,5-2 makilogalamu, nthawi zina zoyerekeza zolemera 6-7 kg ndipo mpaka 16 kg zimapezeka.
Akuluakulu amadya kwambiri mphutsi za chironomid, ma bollus ochepa, ndi ma invertebrates ena (mysids, gammarids).
Mu nthawi yophukira, mu Seputembala, imasonkhana m'malo akuya amitsinje (maenje), pomwe imakhala nthawi yonse yozizira ili malo osakhazikika, osadya. Malamulowa amtsinje nthawi zambiri amasintha kagwiritsidwe kake koyipa, koma imawonjezera kubereka kwake.
Zaka zoyambira kwambiri za sterlet ndi zaka 30.
Nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda. Chopanga dziwe losambira komanso dziwe losanja.
Mwa kudutsa mtunduwu ndi beluga, wosakanizidwa wofunikira kwa asodzi otchedwa bester adalandidwa.
Kugawa
Imakhala padziko lonse lapansi mumtsinje wa Black, Azov ndi Caspian Seas, mumtsinje wa Northern Dvina, Ob, Yenisei ndi Pyasin, ndipo idalowa chidebe cha Lake Ladoga ndi Onega.
Idatulutsidwa m'mitsinje: Neman, Western Dvina, Onega, Pechora, Amur, Oka, komanso m'malo angapo osungira.
- m'mphepete mwa Dnieper m'chigawo cha Smolensk (Dnipro) ndi Bryansk (Desna),
- m'mphepete mwa Dniester ndi Prut ku Moldova,
- mu Don basin - kutalika konse kuchokera ku Rostov kupita kumadera a Tula,
- m'mphepete mwa Ural mkati mwa dera la Orenburg,
- m'malo opezeka ku Sura m'maboma a Mari El, Chuvashia ndi Mordovia, Nizhny Novgorod, Ulyanovsk ndi Penza,
- m'malo otchedwa Kama - mkati mwa maboma a Udmurtia, Tatarstan ndi Bashkortostan, Perm Territory ndi Kirov Regions,
- mu beseni la Kuban timakumana mkati mwa Krasnodar Territory,
- m'malo opezeka ku Vyatka - zigawo za Nolinsky ndi Urzhumsky,
- Mu beseni la Yenisei kuchokera mkamwa mwa mtsinje wa Angara.
- M'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yakuda, sterlet anali ochepa poyerekeza, pakadali pano, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Dnieper ndi Don sapezeka m'mafanizidwe amodzi.
- M'mphepete mwa Mtsinje wa Kuban, nsomba izi mwina zinasowa.
- M'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Caspian (makamaka mu beseni la Volga) pali zinthu zina zambiri zabwino kwambiri.
- Pakati ndi kumtunda kwa Kama beseni, kuchuluka kwake m'ma 50s ndi 70s m'zaka za m'ma 1900 kunachepa kwambiri ndipo nyamazo zinawopsezedwa kuti ziwonongeka, koma m'zaka za 90s panali malingaliro ofuna kuchuluka, zomwe zitha chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa kuwonongeka kwa madzi chifukwa chakuchepa kwambiri. kupanga mafakitale komanso kuthetseratu matabwa.
- Malinga ndi akatswiri ambiri, aboriginal anthu okhathamira amakhala m'chigwa cha Mtsinje wa Sura. Mpaka mu 1969, zinali zochulukirapo, ndizofunika kwambiri pamalonda, koma mu 1969 mpaka 1970 kutha kwathunthu kunachitika ndipo m'zaka 15 zotsatila zongoyerekeza zokhazokha, mu 1986-1987, opanga ku Volga adalowa, koma sakhalanso kulembetsa kale. nthawi imodzi.
- Mu beseni la Volga, amapezeka m'malo osungirako a Volgograd, Uglich ndi Rybinsk.
- M'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Ural, makamaka m'chigawo cha Russia, pali mtundu wina wosowa womwe umapezeka m'dera la Orenburg.
- Mchenga wa Ob, kuyambira kunyanjana kwa mitsinje ya Biya ndi Katun kupita ku Gulf of Ob.
- Kupezekanso kumapiri kwapakati pa Mtsinje wa Irtysh (kuchokera pa Pavlodar ndi pansi).
Zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha anthu ndi kuwonongeka kwa mitsinje ndi madzi oyipa a m'mafakitale, zaulimi ndi zapakhomo (sterlet imakonda kwambiri kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi okosijeni mkati mwake), poaching, mitsinje yosazama. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kumalepheretsa zitsime zopangika pamitsinje, pomwe madzi osasunthika amayeretsedwa bwino (nthawi zina amakhala osasunthika) komanso opangidwa ndi mpweya wabwino, ndipo madamu oyang'anira magetsi ambiri amatsekera chimbudzi kuchokera kunyanja kupita kumtunda kwa mtsinje kuti ubwere. Njira zoyeserera kwambiri (kutengera ndi jakisoni wa ndalama) zikuchitidwa kuteteza zachilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri izi zimamera m'mafamu apadera.
Mawonekedwe
Sterlet imadziwika kuti ndi yaying'ono kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yonse ya ma sturgeon. Kukula kwa thupi la munthu wachikulire kumakhala kosaposa masentimita 120-130, nthawi zambiri ma cartilage ndi ochepa kwambiri: 30-40 cm, ndipo samalemera kuposa kilogalamu ziwiri.
Chomeracho chimakhala ndi thupi lalitali komanso mutu wotalikirapo, wamtunda, wamitundu itatu. Mphukira wake ndi wam'mbali, wopindika, ndipo milomo yake yapansi imagawidwa pawiri, yomwe ndi imodzi mwazodziwika kwambiri za nsomba'zi. Pansi pa snout pali tinyanga tating'ono tating'ono, tomwe timatengera ena oimira banja la sturgeon.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Sterlet imabwera m'mitundu iwiri: yowongoka-yowoneka bwino, yomwe imawoneka ngati yapamwamba komanso yopanda mawonekedwe, momwe m'mphepete mwa muzzle mumakhala mozungulira.
Mutu wake umakutidwa pamwamba ndi zotchingira fupa. Pathupi pali gawo loyenda ndi mabatani ambiri, ophatikizidwa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapangidwa ngati mbewu. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yambiri ya nsomba, mu sterlet ndalama ya dorsal imasunthidwa pafupi ndi gawo lodziyimira la thupi. Mchirawo umakhala ngati mawonekedwe a sturgeon, wokhala ndi kutalika kwambiri kutalika kuposa m'munsi.
Mtundu wa sterlet nthawi zambiri umakhala wakuda, nthawi zambiri imakhala yotuwa, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi kuphatikizika kwa utoto wachikasu. Mimba imakhala yopepuka kuposa mtundu waukulu; pazinthu zina imatha kukhala yoyera. Amasiyana ndi stergeon sterlet ina, choyambirira, ndi mlomo wocheperako komanso kuchuluka kwa nsikidzi, kuchuluka kwake komwe kumatha kupitilira zidutswa 50.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Sterlet ndi nsomba yolusa yomwe imangokhala m'mitsinje, kuphatikizanso, imakonda kukhazikika m'malo osungira oyera ndi madzi. Nthawi zina ndimomwe ndimatha kusambira munyanja, koma imatha kupezeka pafupi ndi mitsinje.
M'nyengo yotentha, imasungidwa m'madzi osaya, ndipo ana owoneka ngati sterlet amathanso kupezeka mumiyala yopapatiza pafupi ndi mitsinje. Pofika nthawi yophukira, nsombayo imapita pansi ndikugona m'miyala yomwe imatchedwa maenje, komwe imabisala. M'nyengo yozizira, amakhala ndi moyo wongokhala: samasaka ndipo sadya chilichonse. Madzi oundanawo atatseguka, sterlet imasiya maenje pansi pa posungira ndikupita mumtsinjewo kuti akapitilize mtundu wake.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Mosiyana ndi ma sturgeon ambiri, omwe amawonedwa ngati amateurs kuti azikhala okha, sterlet imakonda kukhala pagulu lalikulu. Ngakhale m'maenje a dzinja, nsomba zimangokhala zokha, koma pagulu la abale ake ambiri.
M'mabvuto amodzi, ma sterlet mazana angapo nthawi zina nthawi yozizira nthawi yomweyo. Nthawi yomweyo, amatha kupanikizidwa pamodzi kotero kuti samasuntha miyendo ndi zipsepse.
Kodi sterlet imakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji?
Sterlet amakhala, monga ma sturgeon ena, kwa nthawi yayitali. Kutalika kwa moyo wake mwachilengedwe kumatha kufikira zaka makumi atatu. Komabe, poyerekeza ndi nyanja yomweyi ya sturgeon, pomwe m'badwo ufika zaka 80 komanso kupitirira apo, kungakhale kulakwa kuitcha kuti wa zaka zana limodzi mwa oyimira a banja lake.
Kugonana kwamanyazi
Kugonana kwa m'madzi mu nsomba kulibe. Amuna ndi akazi amtunduwu samasiyana wina ndi mnzake kaya ndi utoto kapena kukula. Thupi la akazi, monga thupi la amuna, limakutidwa ndi chowonda, chokhala ngati mafupa, milingo ya ganoid, ndipo kuchuluka kwa miyeso sikusiyana kwambiri pakati pa amuna ndi akazi osiyana.
Habitat, malo okhala
Sterlet amakhala m'mitsinje yomwe ikuyenda mwa Nyanja Yakuda, Azov ndi Caspian. Zimapezekanso m'mitsinje yakumpoto, mwachitsanzo, ku Ob, Yenisei, ndi Northern Dvina, komanso kumapeto kwa nyanja za Ladoga ndi Onega. Kuphatikiza apo, nsomba imeneyi inkakhala mozama m'mitsinje monga Neman, Pechora, Amur ndi Oka komanso m'malo ena ambiri akulu.
Sterlet imatha kumakhala m'malo osungirako ndi madzi oyera okha, pomwe imakonda kukhazikika m'mitsinje ndi dothi lamiyala kapena miyala. Nthawi yomweyo, akazi amayesetsa kukhala pansi pafupi ndi nkhokwe, pomwe abambo amasambira mumtsinje ndipo, ambiri, amakhala ndi moyo wakhama pantchito.
Chakudya
Sterlet ndi chilombo chomwe chimadya, nthawi zambiri, pa ma invertebrates am'madzi am'madzi. Momwe nsomba izi zimadalira ndizapansi, monga mphutsi, komanso ma amphipods, ma mollusks osiyanasiyana ndi mphutsi zazing'onoting'ono zomwe zimakhala pansi pa posungira. Chowumitsa sichingakane caviar a nsomba zina, chimadya makamaka ndi chisangalalo. Anthu akuluakulu amtunduwu amathanso kudya nsomba zazing'ono, koma nthawi yomweyo amayesa kuphonya nyama yayikulu kwambiri.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Chifukwa chakuti sterlet yachikazi imakhala ndi moyo wabwino, ndipo anyamatawa amasambira m'madzi otseguka, nsomba zamitundu yosiyanasiyana zimadya mosiyanasiyana. Akazi amafunafuna chakudya pansi, ndipo abambo amadyera ana. Sterlet amakonda kusaka mumdima.
Fry ndi ana achichepere amadya nyama yam'madzi ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, pang'onopang'ono kukulitsa chakudya chake mwakuwonjezera ang'onoang'ono kenaka ikuluikulu.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, sterlet imawoneka molawirira kwambiri kwa ma sturgeon: Amuna ali ndi zaka 4-5, ndi akazi - azaka za 7-8. Nthawi yomweyo, imachulukanso patadutsa zaka 1-2 zitatha kuzolowera koyambirira.
Nthawi imeneyi ndiyofunikira kuti mkaziyo achira mokwanira kuchokera ku "kubadwa" koyambirira, komwe kumathetsa gulu lonse la oimira banja lino.
Nyengo ya kubereka kwa nsomba imeneyi imayamba kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe - pafupifupi, kuyambira pakati pa Meyi mpaka kumapeto, kutentha kwa madzi osungirako kukufika madigiri 7 mpaka 20, ngakhale kuti kutentha kwakukulu pakuthambalala ndi 10 -15 madigiri. Koma nthawi zina kuwaza kumayambira kale kapena mochedwa kuposa nthawi ino: koyambirira kwa Meyi kapena pakati pa Juni. Izi ndichifukwa choti kutentha kwa madzi komwe kumafunikira kumazaza sikumakhazikitsidwa mwanjira iliyonse. Komanso, ndikangofalikira ndendende pachitsime, madzi mumtsinje momwe amakhalamo amakhudzanso.
Chomera chomwe chimakhala ku Volga sichimatumizidwa kuti chikangotuluka kamodzi kokha. Anthu omwe amakhala mumtsinje womwe uli kumtundawu amawonekera kale kuposa omwe amakonda kutsika. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthawi yowerengeka ya nsomba izi imagwera kumtunda waukulu kwambiri, ndipo imayamba mumtsinje wapamwamba kale kuposa m'munsi. Sterletyo imazungulira pa caviar m'malo momwe madzi amakhala omveka bwino ndipo pansi pake pali miyala. Ndi nsomba yayitali kwambiri: kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe amayambitsidwa ndi mkazi nthawi imodzi kumatha kufika 16,000 kapena kupitirira.
Mazira otsekemera, okhala pansi, amakula kwa masiku angapo, pambuyo pake amaswedwa. Patsiku la khumi la moyo, yolk sac ikazimiririka, kukula kwa chovalacho sikungadutse masentimita 1.5. Maonekedwe a achinyamata mumtunduwu ndi osiyana ndi mawonekedwe a akulu. Pakamwa pa mphutsi ndi yaying'ono, yopingasa, ndipo tinyanga ta mphalaphala timafanana chimodzimodzi. Milomo yawo yam'munsi imagawidwa kale pawiri, ngati m'mapulogalamu akuluakulu. Mbali yakumwambayi yam'mutu mwa nsomba zazing'ono zamtunduwu imakutidwa ndi timing'onoting'ono. Mwana ndi wachikuda wakuda kuposa abale ake achikulire, chakuda chomwe chimakhala mchira wa thupi la ana achaka chimawonekera kwambiri.
Kwa nthawi yayitali, timatumba tating'ono timakhala pamalo pomwe tinkasungira mazira. Ndipo mu kugwa kokha, akafika masentimita 11-25, amapita kumtsinje. Nthawi yomweyo, sterlets azimuna osiyanasiyana amakula pamlingo womwewo: amuna ndi akazi kuyambira pachiyambi sanasiyane wina ndi mnzake kukula kwawo, popeza, ali ofanana pamtundu wawo.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Sterlet imatha kuphatikizana ndi nsomba zina za banja la sturgeon, monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya sturgeon, mwachitsanzo, Siberia ndi Russian sturgeon kapena stellate stellate. Ndipo kuchokera ku beluga ndi sterlet mu 1950s ya zaka zamakumi awiri zapitazo wosakanizidwa watsopano adapangidwa mwangozi - bester, yomwe pano ndi mtundu wamalonda wamtengo wapatali.
Mtengo wamtunduwu wosakanizidwa umachitika chifukwa chakuti, monga beluga, umakula bwino ndikukula msanga. Koma nthawi imodzimodzi, mosiyana ndi ma belugas omwe amafika posachedwa, zabwino kwambiri, ngati sisitilo, zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kutha msinkhu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti izi zitheke komanso kuti zimathandizenso kubadwa kwa nsomba izi mu ukapolo.
Kufotokozera ndi Makhalidwe
Pansi pamadzi padziko lapansi pali anthu ambiri okhala. Mtundu umodzi wokha wa nsomba ulipo makumi masauzande. Koma pali ena a iwo omwe adalandira ulemu wopatsidwa ulemu wa "mfumu". Izi zikuphatikiza stergeon nsomba sterlet. Koma bwanji ndipo chifukwa chiyani anayenera kulandira ulemu wotere? Izi ndi zomwe tiyenera kuzindikira.
Ngati mukukhulupirira nkhani za asodzi akale, zolengedwa zam'madzi zotere sizinali zazing'ono. Ena a iwo, kukhala kunyada kwa omwe anali ndi mwayi omwe adawagwira, adafikira pafupifupi mamita awiri, ndipo mtembo wawo umalemera pafupifupi 16 kg. Zitha kuchitika kuti zonsezi ndi zopeka, kapena mwina nthawi zasintha.
Koma wowerengeka wa masiku athu ano ndiwophatikizika, makamaka amuna, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa komanso ochepa thupi kuposa oyimira theka achikazi. Makulidwe wamba a nsomba zoterezi ndi pafupifupi theka la mita, ndipo unyinji suziposa 2 kg. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu ya anthu akuluakulu a 300 g ndi kukula osapitirira 20 cm iyenera kuonedwa ngati ponseponse.
Zowoneka ngati izi za anthu okhala pansi pamadzi ndizachilendo ndipo ndizosiyana ndi mawonekedwe ndi nsomba zambiri pazambiri zosangalatsa. Kutseguka, kutalitali, kokhala ngati mawonekedwe a sterlet kumathera pamphuno yolowera pang'ono, yowongoka komanso yolimba. Kutembenukira kumapeto, kutalika kwake kuli kofanana ndi mutu wa nsomba yomwe.
Koma nthawi zina silikhala lotchuka kwambiri, lozungulira. Pansi pake, masharubu, akugwa ngati mphonje, amatha kuwoneka. Ndipo kuwonekera pankhope kumawonjezeredwa ndi maso ang'ono omwe ali mbali zonse ziwiri.
Pakamwa pake pamakhala phokoso, ngati kuti limadulidwa kuchokera pansi pa mpendero, milomo yake yotsika imakhala yaphokoso, yomwe ndi gawo lofunikira mwa zolengedwa izi. Mchira wawo uli ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mbali zitatu, ndipo kumtunda kwa kumapeto kwake kumatuluka mwamphamvu kuposa pamunsi.
Chinthu china chosangalatsa cha nsomba yotere ndi kusapezeka kwa masikelo pamtunda wautali wokhala ndi ziphuphu zikuluzikulu, zotuwa, zotanthauza, mwanjira yanthawi zonse kwa ife. Amasinthidwa ndi zikopa za mafupa. Zazikulu kwambiri zomwe zili m'mizere yayitali.
Chachikulu kwambiri, chokhala ndi ma spikes komanso chowoneka ngati chitsulo chopitilira-ngati mafunde, m'malo mwa zipsepse zamkati mwa zolengedwa zabwinozi. Kuchokera kumbali zonse ziwiri zimawonekanso pamagulu angapo alonda. Ndipo awiri enanso akumiza pamimba, gawo lalikulu lomwe silinatetezeke komanso osatetezeka.
M'malo a thupi la nsomba momwe mulibe mizera yayikulu, mafupa ochepa okha amaphimba khungu, ndipo nthawi zina amakhala maliseche kwathunthu. Mwachidule, zolengedwa izi zimawoneka zachilendo kwenikweni.Koma ndi angati omwe safotokoza, ndizosatheka kulingalira mawonekedwe awo, ngati simukuwoneka pazithunzi.
Nthawi zambiri, mtundu wa kumbuyo kwa nsomba zotere umakhala wofiirira komanso wamtambo kapena wamdima, ndipo m'mimba umakhala wopepuka. Koma kutengera mawonekedwe ndi malo omwe amakhala, mitundu imasiyana. Pali nthawi zina za phulusa lonyowa mumvula kapena la imvi, nthawi zina pang'ono pang'ono.
Inde, nsomba zotere, malinga ndi mphekesera, nthawi ina kale zinali zokulirapo kuposa tsopano. Kuphatikiza apo, sterlet imawoneka yachilendo kwambiri. Koma makolo athu sanawatchule "achifumu" mwanjira iliyonse chifukwa cha izi. Koma chifukwa nsomba iyi nthawi zonse imawonedwa ngati chakudya chapamwamba, imagwiritsidwa ntchito patebulo lokhala ndi nyumba zachifumu zokha, osati tsiku lililonse, koma pa tchuthi chokha.
Kugwidwa kwake sikunali kokwanira nthawi zonse, ndipo ngakhale asodzi omwe sanalore kuyesa chidutswa chawo. Chakudya ichi chimayamikiridwa komanso sturgeon. Koma kodi nsomba ziwiri zamtunduwu ndi zosiyana bwanji, zomwe mtundu uliwonse wakale udali waudindo? Kwenikweni, onsewa ali mu banja lalikulu la achibwibwi, lomwe limagawika m'mabanja asanu.
Tinsomba tonse tili m'gulu la amodzi mwa akatswiri a zachthyologists komanso amtundu wamba wotchedwa sturgeons. Sterlet ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamtunduwu, ndipo abale ake, malinga ndi gulu lovomerezedwa, ndi stellate stellate, beluga, spike ndi nsomba zina zodziwika.
Ichi ndi mtundu wakale kwambiri womwe umakhala pansi pamadzi padziko lapansi pazaka zambiri. Kuphatikiza pazopezeka zakale, izi zimawonetsedwa ndi zambiri zakunja ndi zamkati zizindikiro za oimira ake.
Makamaka, zolengedwa zotere sizikhala ndi mafupa a msana, koma m'malo mwake zimangokhala ndi cartilaginous chord yomwe imagwira ntchito zothandizira. Alinso opanda mafupa, ndipo mafupa amapangidwa kuchokera ku cartilage. Ambiri a sturgeon nthawi zonse amakhala otchuka chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kwakukulu.
Zimphona zapadera zokhala ndi kutalika kwamitundu isanu ndi umodzi zitha kulemera mpaka 100 kg. Komabe chosema kuchokera kubanja lawo amatanthauza mitundu yaying'ono. Mphuno ya sturgeon ndi yofupikitsa, ndipo mutu ndiwofalikira kuposa wa mamembala amtundu womwe wafotokozedwathu. Anthu okhala pansi pamadzi nawonso amasiyana kuchuluka kwa zishango zamafupa kumbali zawo.
Ponena za sterlet, mitundu yake iwiri imadziwika. Ndipo kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo pakupanga mphuno. Monga tanena kale, itha kukhala yozungulira kapena yapamwamba kwambiri. Kutengera izi, nsomba zathu zimatchedwa: zosamveka kapena zowongoka. Mitundu yonse iwiriyi imasiyana osati maonekedwe okha, komanso mwamakhalidwe.
Nthawi yanyengo imakhala ikuyenda, momwe nyengo iliri komanso kusintha kwa nthawi yamasana, komanso kupezeka kwa zinthu zosasangalatsa, ndiye kuti, phokoso ndi zovuta zina, zimawapangitsa kuti achite.
Iye wofunafuna m'malo mwake amakonda kubisala ku mavuto adziko lapansi pansi pa nkhokwe. Amakhala wosamala, chifukwa chake asodzi ali ndi mwayi wochepetsedwa. Zowona, maukonde opha anthu ena amakhala msampha, koma asodzi amaonedwa kuti ndi osavomerezeka.
Adani achilengedwe
Chifukwa choti sterlet imakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi kapena ngakhale pafupi ndi malo osungira, nsomba izi zimakhala ndi adani ochepa achilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, ngozi yayikulu sikuopsezedwa ndi anthu achikulire, koma yokongola kwambiri yodula ndi mwachangu, yomwe imadyedwa ndi nsomba zamtundu wina, kuphatikiza ndi a banja la sturgeon omwe amakhala m'malo obisika. Nthawi yomweyo, nsomba zamkati ndi beluga zimayimira zoopsa kwambiri kwa achinyamata.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Zisanachitike, ngakhale zaka makumi asanu ndi awiri zapitazo, sterlet inali imodzi yamitundu yambiri komanso yotukuka, koma pakadali pano kuipitsa kwa madzi am'madzi, komanso chiwerewere chadzala. Chifukwa kwakanthawi tsopano nsomba izi zidalembedwa mu Red Book momwe ziriri pangozi, ndipo malinga ndi gulu la mitundu yotetezedwa, lipatsidwe mtundu wa "Ziwonongeke".
Mtengo wosodza
Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, sterlet ankadziwika kuti ndi nsomba wamba kwambiri yamalonda, yomwe kuwedza kwake kudali kupha, ngakhale kuti sikungafanane ndi kuchuluka kwa kusanachitike, pamene matani pafupifupi 40 adagwidwa pachaka. Komabe, pakadali pano, kulumikizidwa kwa sterlet kumalo achilengedwe ndi koletsedwa ndipo sikuchitika. Komabe, nsomba izi zikuwonekabe zogulitsa, zonse zatsopano kapena zowundana, ndi mchere, kusuta komanso kusakaniza zakudya zam'chitini. Kodi sterlet yochuluka chonchi imachokera kuti ngati kugwidwa mumtsinje kwakhala kukuletsedwa kale ndipo kumawonedwa ngati kosaloledwa?
Zidzakhalanso zosangalatsa:
Chowonadi ndi chakuti anthu osamala omwe akuchita zochitika zachilengedwe omwe safuna kuti sterlet iwoneke pamaso pa Dziko lapansi monga nyama kwanthawi yayitali amayamba kubereka mwachangu nsomba izi mndende pamafamu opangidwa ndi nsomba pazolinga izi. Ndipo, ngati poyambilira njira izi zidatengedwa kuti zingopulumutsa sterlet ngati mtundu, tsopano kuti nsomba iyi, yomwe idabadwa mu ukapolo, yakhala yochulukirapo, chitsitsimutso chambiri pang'onopang'ono cha miyambo yakale yodziyenderana ndi nsombayi yayamba. Zachidziwikire kuti pakadali pano nyama yotsika siyingakhale yotsika mtengo, ndipo nsomba zamkati mwaubwino ndizotsika kuposa zomwe zimamera mwachilengedwe. Komabe, minda yamafamu ndi mwayi wabwino kwa sterlet kuti asamangokhala ngati nyama, komanso kuti akhale mtundu wamba wamalonda, monga momwe zidaliri zaka makumi angapo zapitazo.
Izi ndizosangalatsa! Chomeracho, chomwe chimawoneka chaching'ono kwambiri pa mitundu ya sturgeon, chimasiyana ndi ena oimira banja ili osati kukula kwake kochepa, komanso chifukwa chakuti chimafika mofulumira kutha kuposa ma sturgeon ena.
Ndi izi, komanso mfundo yoti sterlet ndi nsomba, simakonda chakudya, ndipo imapangitsa kuti ikhale yosavuta kuswana mu ukapolo komanso ntchito yopanga mitundu yatsopano ya nsomba za sturgeon, monga, mwachitsanzo, bester. Ndipo chifukwa chake, ngakhale pakadali pano ndi za nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kuwonongeka, sterletyo akadali ndi mwayi wabwino wopulumuka monga mtundu. Kupatula apo, anthu alibe chidwi chopanga nsomba izi kuzimiririka pa nkhope ya Dziko lapansi, chifukwa chake, njira zonse zotheka zachilengedwe zimachitidwa kuti apulumutse.
Habitat ndi biology
Sterlet ndi mtundu wamadzi otentha a Tamalic omwe samapezeka kawirikawiri m'madzi akuluakulu. Imakhala m'munsi mwa mapiri ndi mitsinje, yomwe nthawi zambiri imasungidwa m'malo otsetsereka, mkati mwamtsinje. Anthu ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi osaya.
Zilima zowaza zimapezeka mumphepete mwa mitsinje, pakuya mamita 7 mpaka 15, kapena kumalo komwe kusefukira kwamadzi kwa mitsinje, pa mchenga ndipo, kawirikawiri, pamiyala yamiyala. Nthawi zambiri sterlet imakhala mumtsinje momwemo ndipo sichimayenda mtunda wautali. Mwachilengedwe, abambo amatha msinkhu ndi zaka 3-6, zaka 1-2 moyambirira kuposa zazikazi. Khola nyengo yodzikonzanso, ndikuyang'anira kutentha, kuyatsa, maboma odyetsa, imathandizira kukula ndi kusasitsa kwa nsomba (mpaka zaka ziwiri). Zachilengedwe: kutentha - 6 - 29 ° C, kupuma kwa mpweya wosungunuka - 4.5 - 11.5 mg / l. Zomwe zimafunikira mu oxygen zimayenderana mwachindunji ndi kutentha.
Moyo
Sterlet nthawi zambiri imasankha malo okuya kwambiri a matupi amadzi amoyo. Nthawi zambiri imakhala pansi ndipo imakhala mobisa. Izi zimatsimikiziranso kuti nsomba sizigwidwa kawirikawiri pagulu la asodzi. Madzulo ndi usiku, amatha kupita kumadzi osaya m'mbali mwa nyanja kumene amakhala.
Ubwino wa sterlet ndi "chidwi" mumchenga kapena cartilaginous pansi, m'madzi oyera, ozizira komanso othamanga. Ndodo sakonda nsomba. Nthawi yanyengo yotentha, imatha kupezeka theka-lamadzi komanso pafupi kwambiri.
Sterlet amakhala nthawi zambiri amakhala yekha - ndi nsomba yaboma ndipo amakonda kukhala pagulu la amtundu wake. Imayenda (kuyambira kasupe mpaka nthawi yophukira) m'mitsinje yotalikira. Nyengo m'madzenje akuya kwambiri, kukhala mwa iwo mokhazikika. Chomalizachi ndi chifukwa chomwe chimasowa kwambiri mu madzi oundana.
Caviar ndi sterlet wamwamuna
Nthawi yodzikundikira pa 15 ° C ndi masiku 6 (maola 145 mutabereka). Atangomatula, chimbudzi chomira chimatsekedwa ndipo chimadzaza kwathunthu michere (granules ya yolk Sac). Pofika tsiku lachiwiri, mphutsi zimatsegula pakamwa pake. Pakati pa masiku 8 ndi 9, kulumikizana kumapangika pakati pakamwa ndi m'mimba, ngakhale kugwirira kumakhala kosavomerezeka ndi chakudya. Pofika tsiku la 9, mwachangu amadutsa ku zakudya zakunja, ndipo njirayi imagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mapulagi a melanin. Mosiyana ndi mitundu ina yambiri ya nsomba yomwe ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazakudya pamlingo wokulirapo, mphutsi zamtunduwu zimasinthira ku zakudya zakunja. Chifukwa chake, kudyetsa sterlet mpaka kutulutsidwa kwa khansa ya khansa ya melanin sikothandiza. Ali mu ukapolo, wamwamuna wazaka 10 amatha kudya batulo wosankhidwa bwino.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Monga adawonekera sterlet masabata angapo kudya zomwe zili ndi chikhodzodzo. Kenako amayamba kudya okha ndi ma ciliates, microscopic crustaceans.Akuluakulu otchulidwa atatulutsa ndi chiyambi chakuchepa kwa madzi kumaonekera kudera lamadzi, komwe amadyetsa, kudyetsa anthu otayika ndi mphamvu. Pakadali pano amasaka mphutsi za udzudzu, ma midges. Nthawi yomweyo, amadya kwambiri mpaka amawoneka odzazidwa ndi caviar.
M'chilimwe, mu chakudya cha nsomba iyi, kutengera komwe ndikupezeka, nkhwangwa, mbewa zing'onozing'ono zachikasu, mphutsi zamwazi, nsomba zina zam'mimba, amphipods, caddis zimagwira. Pofika nthawi yophukira, nsomba zimasinthira kudya mphutsi ndi mphutsi za tizilombo. Nsomba zazikulu zimakonda nsomba, leeches, mollusks.
Usodzi ndi nsomba zam'madzi
Sterlet ndi mtundu wofunikira wamalonda. Wagwidwa ndi maukonde, m'madziwe osodza, mabasiketi osaya ndi mikondo. Nthawi zambiri, nsomba zimagulitsidwa amoyo, sizichitika kawirikawiri, kuzizira, kuzizira komanso kusuta. Nyama ya Sterlet ndiyomwe imakhala yosangalatsa kwambiri pakati pa sturgeons. Amuna amtunduwu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti apeze bester, wosakanizidwa woyamba kubadwa kuchokera ku beluga wamkazi. Ma hybrids amakhalanso ndi chonde, ndipo kuchokera kwa iwo ma hybrids am'badwo wotsatira komanso wotsatira omwe ali ndi zogwirizana zimapezeka. Sterlet imalimidwa mwachangu mu ukapolo ndipo imafika pa kutha msuzi mumbale zodzadza ndi madzi ofunda. Mbiri yakale yaubongo inayamba zaka zopitilira 100 zapitazo. Mu 1869, Katswiri Wophunzira F.V. Ovsyiyev, pogwiritsa ntchito umuna wochokera ku Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) ndi stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus), adakwanitsa kuphatikiza mazira a sterlet Acipenser ruthenus. Ananeneratu za tsogolo labwino kwambiri la manyoni am'madzi. Chifukwa cha luso lamalonda labwino, kukula koyambirira pakugonana, kukula kochepa, motero, kusamalira zimbudzi, nsomba zam'madzi zodziwika bwino zakula kuyambira matani 50,000 mu 2003 mpaka matani 170,000 mu 2006. Ili ndi mtundu wachitatu waukulu kwambiri wa sturgeon. Amalimidwa m'maiko 15, kuphatikiza azomwe amapanga nyama ya caviar ndi sturgeon - Russia ndi Iran.
Pofuna kubereka sterlet, minda ya khola imapangidwa bwino, yomwe imayikidwa m'malo osungira. Nsomba "amatanthauza" zonse modekha. Masana, limamatira m'munsi mwa madzi, limadzuka usiku ndipo, kukhala wopepuka, nthawi zambiri kumeza mpweya.
Kutentha kokwanira bwino kwa sterlet ndi + 22 ° C. Ngati imagwera pansi + 0,3 ° C, nsomba imamwalira. Amadyetsedwa osayenera kuchokera pansi ndi makhoma - chakudya chomwe chili m'munsi yamadzi chimanyalanyaza.
Momwe kukula kwa sterlet kumaphatikizira:
- Kukhazikika kwa opanga zingwe, izi ndi nsomba zachikulire, zokhwima pakugonana - agwira kale m'magawo a usodziwo ndikupita nawo kumalo oyenera,
- kapena opanga omwe akukula: izi zimachitika ngati zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito kunja sizigwiritsidwa ntchito, zobzalidwa m'mafamu iwowo, ndizotsika mtengo kwambiri ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi opanga ma sterlet ambiri,
- kapena kugula kwa caviar, izi zimachitika ngati famuyo ikungogwira ntchito pakuwedza nsomba ndikasiya masamba ndi opanga,
- makulidwe a mazira: njira yomwe mazira amasungidwa nthawi zina, kenako mphutsi zimatuluka.
- Kulera mwachangu: nthawi yomweyo amathandizira kudyetsa mphutsi ndi chakudya chosankhidwa mwapadera, mu zakudya pali woyamba crustaceans, womasuka womangidwa ndi agar, pambuyo pake amawonjezeredwa kwa dreisser, minced nsomba,
- nyengo yachisanu ya ana mu makola ozizira,
Mchitidwe wokukula sterlet ukuwonetsa kuti njira yothandiza kwambiri mu bizinesi iyi ndiophatikiza. Izi zikutanthauza kuti nsombayo imakhala pachilimwe m'madzi otseguka, chifukwa nthawi yozizira imasinthidwa kukhala maiwe momwe madzi amawotchera.
Zothandiza
Mphamvu yamphamvu ya Sterlet ndi 88 kcal. Nyama ya Sterlet imakhala ndi zinc, chromium, fluorine, molybdenum, nickel, chlorine, komanso Vitamini PP. Nyama ya Caviar ndi sterlet imakhala ndi omega-3 fat acids, yomwe imapangitsa ntchito ya ubongo kuthana ndi magazi. Kusungitsa dongosolo lamtima wamtima wabwino komanso kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima, ndikofunikira kudya sterlet katatu pa sabata.
Pali umboni kuti kudya nsomba zamafuta kumafooketsa zina mwazizindikiro za psoriasis, kumawongolera mawonekedwe ndi ubongo ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa fluoride mu nsomba zamtunduwu kumathandizira kuti mafupa akule.
Sterlet imakhala yabwino kwambiri kwa aspic, msuzi wa nsomba, monga kudzaza, kulebyak ndi ma pie, ikhoza kuphika ndikuwotcha pamsana. Nthawi yomweyo, ngati sterlet ikufunika mu mawonekedwe a fillet, ndiye kuti pambuyo poyidula iyenera kuzizira - ndikosavuta kugwira nayo. Ndipo khungu limachotsedwa mosavuta, ndipo ndikosavuta kuchotsa mafupa.
Njira zophera nsomba
Munthawi ya kunenepa kwa sterlet mutatulutsa, ndizotheka kugwira donka ndi zotsekera mphira. Iyi ndi njira yopindulitsa kwambiri, chifukwa imakuthandizani kuti mugwiritse ntchito kuchuluka kambiri (pali malire!) Ndipo samawopsyeza nsomba. Pakadali pano, sterlet imayandikira m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndikuponya katundu wazambiri kumtunda woyenera sikovuta.
Pambuyo pake nthawi yotentha, ma donks amakhala othandiza kwambiri, omwe amatha kuponyedwa patali kwambiri, chifukwa sterlet imayandikira pafupi ndi achifwamba. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti katunduyu ayenera kukhala wolemera kwambiri kuti asangodumphira m'mwamba. Ndikwabwino kuponyera katundu wotere mothandizidwa ndi ndodo yamphamvu yophera nsomba ndi mtanda waukulu (cyprinids, catfish). "Oak" kupota kwapakhomo kapena ku China kungathandizenso kutaya katunduyo. Ndizotheka ndi "zolembera", koma siziwuluka kwambiri.
Nyambo ndiyosavuta - nyongolotsi kapena ndowe. Komabe, ngati pali chidwi chogwira munthu wamkulu, ndiye kuti muyenera kuyesa paule. 3-5 masentimita yaying'ono, osamvetseka mokwanira, ndi nyambo yopambana ya sterlet yayikulu, ngakhale siwokhalanso mwanjira iliyonse. Ndikwabwino kubzala mwachangu ndi "stocking" kapena "mphete".
Pambuyo kuwaza kumatha kukulunga nthawi iliyonse masana. Pambuyo pake, "kuluma" nthawi zambiri kumatha usiku wokha. Nthawi zambiri pambuyo pa kuda komanso kumapeto kwa usiku. Sterletyo imakhala yolimba mtima, koma posachedwa. Samalekerera kupweteka ndipo amatsitsa pansi mbedza. Pa chifukwa chomwechi, pomenya nkhondo, imapuma mwaulesi kuyerekeza ndi nsomba ina iliyonse ya kukula kwake.
Musaiwale kuti sterlet ili ndi miyala yayikulu kwambiri komanso yayikulu. Mukachikoka mosamala, manja anu akhoza kuvulala kwambiri. Kupezeka kwa spikes kuyenera kukumbukiridwa posankha makulidwe ndi kutalika kwa leash. Kuonda kwambiri kuposa 0,25 mm komanso kutalika kwa 40 cm sikugwira ntchito. Mtundu wa leashes ulibe kanthu, koma pozindikira umunthu wake umakhala m'malo obiriwira obiriwira. Sizikudziwika kuti amawasiyanitsa bwanji mu kuya kwamadzulo, koma chowonadi.
Kusankha koponya tsamba ndi nkhani yanthawi. Koma malingaliro pazonse ndi zina zotere: malo achangu, akuzama okhala ndi miyala komanso mchenga. Ndipo popanda maenje okhala ndi ma ruffs, apo ayi zitha kuchititsa manyazi athunthu.
Pambuyo pang'onopang'ono, ziwalo za sterlet zimakhala ndi malo ochepa kwambiri, ndipo caviar watsopano poyamba amawoneka ngati njere zazing'ono kwambiri. Mwa anthu omwewo, omwe pazifukwa zina sanapeze malo abwino owerengera, zinthu zakale zoberekera zimayambiranso kusintha kwa metamorphosis, zikuwoneka kuti sizikhudza thanzi la nsomba.M'magawo onse awiri, caviar yatsopano imakhala yofanana kukula pambuyo pa masabata awiri, imakhala imvi, m'mawu, imakhala ngati caviar wokhwima pang'ono, yemwe amada ndi kugwa ndikuwonetsa m'mimba mwa mawonekedwe ofunda. Izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa chikhulupiliro chabodza, makamaka chodziwika pakati pa asodzi, omwe amalumikizana kumachitika kawiri pachaka - kasupe ndi nthawi yophukira.
Kudyetsa kwamasamba kumakhala kwakanthawi, ndipo kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe kumayamba kutsika ndi mtsinje ndipo nthawi zambiri kumafikira kumtunda. Koma kubwererako kwa nsomba kumachitika pang'onopang'ono, makamaka chifukwa nthawi zambiri kumalowa m'making'i, m'mphepete mwa mchenga, makamaka usiku, ndikupitilirabe kudyetsa. Pofika nthawi yophukira, gawo laling'ono la sterletyo limangokhala kuti litulutsidwe, ndipo unyinji waukulu wa nsombayi umasonkhana m'maenje ndi pansi pazipinda zam'munsi za Volga, pomwe nthawi zina umabisala mpaka 25 m, ndikugona mumiyala ingapo. Pakadali pano, samadya kalikonse, ngakhale, mwina, maloto osangalatsa a nthawi yayitali ndi osiyana komanso osazama kwenikweni ndi nsomba zina zofiira. Komanso, sikophimbidwa panthawiyi ndi omwe amatchedwa. "
Zojambula ndi malo okhala
Chomenyera nsomba ili ndi nsikidzi zambiri zomwe zimakhala kumbali, pamimba ndi kumbuyo. Ndiponso kuchokera kwa abale ake amadziwika ndi mlomo wochepetsetsa. Mtundu, monga lamulo, ndi wakuda, imvi, kuyamwa ndi wopepuka.
Sterlet - nsomba chachikulu. Kukula kwa munthu wamkulu kumatha kufika mita imodzi ndi theka ndikulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 15. Nthawi zambiri, oyimira ang'onoang'ono amtunduwu amapezeka.
Siberia imakumana mu beseni la Yenisei nsomba yofiyira. Kuphatikiza apo, asodzi m'derali nthawi zambiri amadzitamandira pogwira nsomba mooneka ngati chosindikizira chamkono. Komanso stergeon nsomba sterlet Kufalikira.
Mtunduwu umadziwika kuti ndi wamtengo wapatali m'mafamu a nsomba. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 20 lino, nsomba zingapo zamtoni zinagwidwa pachaka mu beseni la Volga. Kenako, pofika pakati pa zaka za zana lino, kuchuluka kwa mitunduyo kunachepa kwambiri, mwina chifukwa chakuchotsa anthu kwambiri ndi kuwononga madzi.
Komabe, podzafika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lino, anthu anayamba kukulanso. Amakhulupirira kuti izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zosungira zomwe zimachitika kulikonse pokhudzana ndi kuwopsa kwa nyamazo.
Pazaka zambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu ya zinthu m'zakudya kwalenga mitundu yambiri ya maphikidwe a nsomba. Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti kutengera ndi mtunda, kukonza nsomba yotsika munjira zosiyanasiyana, koma kukoma kwake kolemera nthawi zonse kumasintha.
Osati kokha zigawo zamakolo ndikuyika, komanso njira zophikira zimasiyanasiyana, kuyambira msuzi wa nsomba pamtengo, kutha ndi nsomba zophikidwa mu uvuni ndikuphatikizira zosowa zina.
Mitundu ina ndi anthu ake pano akutetezedwa. Mwanjira yosungirako ndi kuchulukitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito, kuyeretsa madzi ndikulimbana ndi nsomba zosaloledwa kumachitika.
Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe
Mbiri ya mitunduyi imanena za kutha kwa nthawi ya Silurian - zaka 395 miliyoni zapitazo. Inali nthawi imeneyi pomwe kusintha kwakukulu kwasinthika kunachitika mwa anthu otchuka ngati nsomba: kusinthika kwa nsagwada kwa zipilala zakunja. Choyamba, khomo la gill, lomwe limakhala ngati mawonekedwe amphete, lidapeza kulumikizana kolimba, ndikuwathandizira kupanga mphete iwiri. Zotsatira zake zinali zofanana ndi kavalidwe. Gawo lotsatira ndikulumikizidwa kwa cranium ndi semicircle yapamwamba. Wina mwaiwo (nsagwada yam'tsogolo) adasunthika.
Chifukwa cha kusintha komwe kudachitika ndi nsomba, adasandutsanso zandewu zenizeni, zakudya zawo zidasiyanasiyana. Panthawiyo, makolo a sterlet ndi ena sturgeon amangosefa matabwa. Maonekedwe a sterlet - omwe adapulumuka nawo mpaka lero, adapanga zaka 90 mpaka 145 zapitazo. Titha kunena kuti nsomba izi ndi zamasiku ano. Pokhapokha, mosiyana ndi ziwonetsero zakale, adapulumuka mwatsoka masoka angapo padziko lonse lapansi ndikufikira zomwe sizinasinthidwe.
Izi zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa nsomba zam'mlengalenga, kuthekera kosinthasintha ndi zochitika zachilengedwe ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zaperekedwa mwachilengedwe mpaka zochuluka. Utoto wa sterlet ndi sturgeon wina ndi wa nthawi ya Mesozoic. Kenako, nsomba zamafupa zidafufutidwa zingapo. Komabe, mosiyana ndi mitundu yamtundu wa zipolopolo, sturgeon adapulumuka bwino.
Sterlet kuswana ndi kutalika kwa moyo
Zambiri pazomwe zimapangidwira sterlet, zikuwoneka kuti zimagawidwa kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zimamangidwa kumalo komwe anthu amakhala.
Chifukwa chake, kutengera kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zimaphedwa ndi anthu, komanso kuwonongeka kapena kukonza malo okhala, kuchuluka kwa anthu kumatsika ndikuchuluka m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Pofalikira nsomba zodula kumatenga mwezi umodzi ndi theka. Nthawi yoswana nthawi zambiri imatha kumapeto kwa masika, kutentha kwa madzi kukakwera. Ndiye kuti, akazi ndi okonzeka kuswana pomwe kutentha kwa madzi kukwera mpaka madigiri 10. Vutoli limakhala mpaka madigiri 17-20.
Kukula kwa kuwaza kwakukulu kumadalira ma hydrological zinthu. Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwambiri, komanso kotsika kwambiri kwa nsomba, sikuyenera. Kuphatikiza apo, zazikazi zoyenda zimakonda kuyenda kwamtsinje wosachepera ma kilomita anayi pa ola limodzi.
Chonde zimatengera zaka za eel. Chifukwa chake, achichepere pawokhapawokha, amasira mazira ochepa. Ndipo, molondola, mosemphanitsa. Ziwerengero, pazaka zisanu chiwerengero mazira owaza nsomba sapitirira 15,000, ndipo nsomba zokhala zaka zopitilira 15 pazaka zabwino zimatha kukhala mazira 60,000.
Mazira enieniwo ndi ochepa kukula - pafupifupi mamilimita awiri ndi awiri. Nthawi zambiri, kutha msinkhu kumatha zaka zitatu. Komabe, zazikazi zimapeza kuchuluka kokwanira kutalika pazaka 5, amuna amakhala okonzeka kuchita zofanana zaka zofanana, kusiyanasiyana kumatheka.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti zazikazi zamtunduwu sizingatulutse zowerengeka zingapo zokha. Komabe, ngati izi zichitika, ndikutulutsa kulikonse, mtundu wa caviar nawonso umakhala bwino. Sterlet pansi pazovomerezeka imatha kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali - mpaka zaka 27-30, komabe, milandu ngati imeneyi ndiyosowa kwambiri.
Kodi sterlet amakhala kuti?
Chithunzi: Kodi sterlet imawoneka bwanji?
Kukhazikika kwa sterlet ndi mtsinje womwe umayenda munyanja: Wakuda, Caspian ndi Azov. Izi nsomba zimapezeka ku Northern Dvina. Kuchokera m'mitsinje ya Siberia - ku Ob, Yenisei. Mitundu ya sterlet imafikira mpaka kumitsinje yomwe ili m'munsi mwa nyanja: Onega ndi Ladoga. Izi nsomba zidakhazikika ku Oka, Nemunas (Neman) ndi malo ena osungira. Mwatsatanetsatane - zokhudzana ndi moyo wokhala m'malo osungirako akulu kwambiri.
- Dvina Kumpoto ndi Kumadzulo kwa Dvina - sterlet imathandizira popanga zolengedwa.
- Ob. Ochuluka kwambiri alembedwa pafupi ndi kamtsinje wa Barnaulka.
- Yenisei. Sterlet nthawi zambiri imapezeka yotsika kuchokera mkamwa mwa Mtsinje wa Angara, komanso m'milandu yamtsinje.
- Nemunas (Neman), Pechora, Oka, Amur - nsomba zidabweretsedwa.
- Don, Ural - sterlet ndizosowa, kwenikweni munthawi imodzi.
- Surah. Kuyambira mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, anthu, omwe kale anali akulu, akhala ochepa thupi kwambiri.
- Kama. Kuchulukana kwa anthu kukuchulukirachulukira chifukwa kudula mitengo mwachisawawa ndikuti madzi mu mtsinje ayeretsedwa kwambiri.
- Kuban. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi gawo lakumwera kwenikweni kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Chiwerengero cha sterlet ndi chaching'ono, koma pang'onopang'ono chikuwonjezeka.
- Irtysh. Zochulukitsa zambiri zimapezeka pakati pa mtsinje.
Sterlet amakhala m'madzi oyera okha, amakonda nthaka yokutidwa ndi mchenga kapena miyala. Akazi amakhala pafupi ndi pansi pa nkhokwe, pomwe amuna amakhala otanganidwa ndipo amakhala nthawi yayitali m'mphepete mwa madzi.
Kodi sterlet amadya chiyani?
Chithunzi: Sterlet kuthengo
Sterlet ndi wadyera. Pazakudya zake ndizovomerezeka zazing'ono. Makamaka, imadyera nyama zapansi: nyama zazing'onoting'ono, nyama zathanzi, nyongolotsi, ndi mphutsi zazomera. Sterlet ndi caviar a nsomba zina amasangalala. Akuluakulu amadya nsomba zochepa, kupewa nsomba zazikulu.
Popeza zazikazi zimakhala pansi, ndipo zazimuna zimasambira kwambiri m'madzi, chakudya chawo chimakhala chosiyana. Nthawi yabwino kwambiri yosaka ma sterlet ndi yamdima. Zakudya za achinyamata komanso mwachangu ndi tizilombo komanso plankton. Nsomba zikamakula, “zakudya” zake zimasiyanasiyana.
Sterlet nsomba - kufotokoza
Sterlet ndi amodzi mwa mitundu yotchedwa cartilaginous, yomwe ndi mamba omwe amapanga mafupa. Mbale zoteteza izi zimaphimba gawo lonse lakumwamba la thupi lake lopindika, likumatha ndi mchira wamphamvu wokhala ndi mtengo wapamwamba kumtunda. Zina zakunja zitha kuphatikizaponso:
- Mutu wopindika utatu,
- mlomo wam'munsi wogawanika (chinthu chodziwika bwino)
- Mapeto ake anasunthira kumchira,
- tinyanga wokhala ndi "mphonje" kumapeto,
- phale la phulusa ndi mmbali ndi kusintha kwina kukhala koyera koyera pamimba.
Sterlet ndiosavuta kusokoneza ndi sturgeon, makamaka yopangidwa. Mosiyana ndi mitundu yakuthengo, nkhope yake siyowongoka, koma yozungulira pang'ono, ngati m'bale wodziwika. Mwina izi ndi chifukwa chakuwoloka kwawo mwangozi pakuswana kwanyumba.
Poyerekeza ndi ma sturgeon ena, ndi nsomba yaying'ono, yomwe sikumakula kwambiri kuposa masentimita 120. Kukula wamba kwa sterlet ndi 40-60 cm, ndipo misa ndi mpaka 2 kg. Amakhulupirira kuti ngati atakhala bwino kwambiri amatha kulemera mpaka 15 makilogalamu ndikukula kwa masentimita 120-130. Zowona, ena akale aku Siberia sagwirizana ndi ichthyologists. Amati m'mphepete mwa Irtysh amatha kugwira anthu akuluakulu - "zimphona" za mita imodzi ndi theka zolemera 20 kg.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, sterlet imasowa kwambiri zithunzi zolaula. Palibe kusiyana kwakunja pakati pawamphongo ndi wamkazi; ali ndi kutalika kofanana, mawonekedwe ndi mtundu wa thupi.
Ili kuti moyo
M'mbuyomu, nsomba zodziwika bwino zidapezeka m'masamba a Black, Azov, Barents, Caspian, White ndi Baltic Seas. Mochulukitsa, idapezeka ku Yenisei, Amur, Volga ndi mitsinje ina yayikulu ku Russia, mu Nyanja ya Ladoga ndi Onega, ndipo tsopano ndikosowa kwenikweni kwa asodzi, ngakhale ali ndi fecundity yayikulu. Wamkazi m'modzi amatha kubereka mazira 140,000, koma ngakhale izi sizitanthauza kuchulukitsa kwa anthu. Mwina chifukwa chake chagona pakuwonongeka kwa matupi amadzi oyambitsidwa ndi zochita za anthu mwachangu.
Sterlet imazika mitsinje yozizira ndimayendedwe othamanga ndi regimen yabwino. Amakhala ndi moyo wosangalala, ndikupanga magulu ochepa aanthu angapo. M'sukulu imodzi, nsomba za zaka zofanana zimasonkhana ndikusamuka mtunda wautali (mpaka 10 km) kukafunafuna chakudya. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'malo osungira komwe adabadwira, ndipo osapita kutali ndi izo. Chosiyana ndi sterlet, yomwe imakhala m'mitsinje ya Kamchatka ndi beseni la Caspian, chifukwa cha kubereka imatha kukwera kumtunda.
Masana masana, nsombayi imakonda kukhala m'madzi akuya kwambiri, ndipo kumayamba kwamdima, imasunthira kumadzi osaya kuti ayambe kudyetsa. Ntchito yake yazakudya imadzuka kumapeto kwa kasupe, ndikutentha koyamba, ndipo kumatha mpaka Okutobala. Pakati pa nthawi yophukira, ngati ma sturgeon onse, chovalazo chimasonkhana m'ming'alu yambiri ndikugudubuza mpaka kugomba nthawi yachisanu. Munthawi imodzi, pamakhala anthu mazana ambiri omwe amapanikizana kwambiri. Amakhala nthawi yozizira ali mgonere (makanema oimitsidwa), momwe machitidwe onse m'thupi amachepera. Chifukwa chakutha kulowa m'boma lino, nsomba zopanda chakudya zimakhalabe mpaka masika.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa sterlet ndi zaka 25-30, ngakhale mu malo abwino amatha kukhala mpaka 70. M'matupi ena amadzi, chifukwa cha ziphe ndi kuwononga chilengedwe, nthumwi zambiri zamtunduwu sizimafikira msamba (zaka 5-6).
Chakudya
Chomenyera ndi cha nyama zomwe zimadyera, koma sizitanthauza kuti amangodya nsomba zochepa. The mwachangu zimapezeka menyu pokhapokha atakwanitsa zaka zina, ndipo zomwe amadya zimatsalira ndizosiyanasiyana:
- mphutsi zamtchire (chinjoka, mahatchi, udzudzu, ntchentche zamkango, ntchentche),
- nyongolotsi, nsabwe, nsikidzi zamadzi,
- mollusks (zebra mussel, lithoglyph, shutter),
- crustaceans yaying'ono (amphipod, daphnia, chishango).
Mu zaka zoyambirira za moyo, plankton imakhala chakudya cha sterlet, koma pamene ikukula, imakulitsa chakudya chake chifukwa cha invertebrates and crustaceans, ndipo caviar yamitundu ina imawonjezedwanso kwa iyo. Chapakatikati, chakudya chikayamba kuchuluka, nsomba zimakonda kusintha. Amakonda kukwera kupita kumtunda kuti apindule ndi tizilombo touluka, tagwidwa mwangozi m'madzi.
Kufalikira
Sterlet ndi wokonzeka kubereka kale kuposa ma sturgeon ena. Akazi amayamba kubereka ali ndi zaka 7-8, ndipo amuna akamatha msanga amapezeka ngakhale atatsala pang'ono - zaka 4-5. Amadziwika kuti chachikazi pambuyo pang'onopang'ono amatenga zaka 1-2 kuti achire bwino komanso akhale ndi mphamvu pakubadwa kwina.
Kuchulukana kumachitika kawirikawiri m'munda wachiwiri wa Meyi, komanso kumachitika kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Nyengo yowaza imadalira nyengo; kutentha kumabwera mwachangu, pomwe sterlet imayamba. Kutentha kwamadzi kwakukulu kwa kubereka kuchokera pa madigiri 10 mpaka 15.
Kuphatikiza apo, kuchuluka kwa madzi mumtsinjewo kungakhudze nthawi yomwe mitunduyi imadulira. Mwachitsanzo, pepala la Volga litha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri. Yomwe imakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja imamera kale, komanso yomwe imakhala m'malo otsika imadza pambuyo pake.
. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe ikhoza kukhala mpaka masiku 10. Padzakhala sabata lina ndi theka mpaka masabata awiri lisananyamuke ndipo amayamba kudya okha. Nsomba zazing'onozi, zotalika 1.5 cm, ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi makolo awo. Mbali yam'mwamba ya mitu yawo imakhala ndi malovu ochepa, kamwa lawo limakhala laling'ono, tinyanga tonse timakhala tofanana, msana umada kwambiri.
Achichepere amakhalabe komwe adabadwira, mpaka kugwa, kenako amapita kumtsinje. Pofika pano, akula kale mpaka 15-25 masentimita ndipo akukhala chinthu chosakira adani awo akuluakulu - catfish ndi beluga.
Kuswana kwanyumba
Usodzi umaberekanso chinyontho m'madzi ena otchingidwa kapena m'madziwe apadera omwe ali ndi chilichonse chofunikira. Mkhalidwe waukulu pazinthu zoyenera za sturgeon ndi aeration, yomwe imalola kukhalabe ndi mpweya wa m'madzi osachepera 5 mg / l. Ndikofunikanso kusunga kutentha. Kwa sterlet, malo oyenera amakhala kuti amadziwotcha madzi mpaka madigiri 18-22.
Kulera bwino bwino nsomba imeneyi kumathandiza matekinoloje amakono, chifukwa chomwe nitha kupaka mankhwala othandizira madzi, kuwaza mafuta ndi mpweya, kuwotha ngati kuli kofunikira, kuyeretsa kwachilengedwe kapena madzi amakanidwe kuti mugwiritse ntchito kachiwiri ndipo potero muchepetse mtengo. Vuto lalikulu kwa ogwira ntchito m'mafamu a nsomba ndi sterlet ozolowera kudyetsa. Izi zikamachita bwino, nsomba zimayamba kukula mwachangu ndipo miyezi 10 imasandukirana kukhala yaying'ono yayikulu mpaka theka la kilogalamu.
Malamulo posankha nsomba
Nsomba zabwino kwambiri ndi nsomba zam'madzi. Pankhaniyi, palibe kukayikira munyengo yake yatsopano. Koma bwanji ngati sitoloyo imangopereka mitembo yokhazikika? Kuti muwone mtundu wawo, muyenera:
- Onani maso, azikhala opepuka, opanda chophimba choyera.
- Onani pansi pa chivundikiro. Nsomba zatsopano zimatulutsa ubweya wowala wowala, osati wowuma, wa imvi.
- Kanikizani mtembo ndi chala chanu. Pazinthu zabwino, nsaluyo imatuluka nthawi yomweyo.
- Finyani malonda kuti muwonetse ngati palibe fungo losasangalatsa lomwe limawonetsa "kukalamba kwake".
Usodzi wa nsomba
Zamoyo zamtunduwu zakhala zikuchokera patsamba la Red Book ndipo zimakhazikika pamenepo. Koma chifukwa nsomba za sterlet kwa zochuluka zoletsedwa, ndipo m'malo ena opumira malamulo okhwima. Kusodza kotere kumafunikira layisensi.
Pakadali pano, nsomba zazikulu zokha zomwe ndi zochuluka kuposa osakwana khumi zimaloledwa kugwira. Ndipo pokhapokha pakuchita zamasewera, ndipo pambuyo pofunkha ayenera kumasulidwa. Koma kuphwanya malamulo si zachilendo, monga momwe zimakhalira pogwiritsa ntchito zida zankhondo.
Kukangana koteroko kumakhala kowawa kwambiri ndipo kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ochepa sterlet. Zoletsa zofunikira zimakhazikitsidwa pamapangidwe ake ogulitsa. Ndipo nsomba ija, yomwe imapita m'misika ndikumapatsidwa chakudya kwa "achifumu" m'malesitilanti, nthawi zambiri simagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachilengedwe, koma imalimidwa m'mafamu apadera.
Ku Amur, Neman, ndi Oka nthawi yapitayo, pogwiritsa ntchito akatswiri azachilengedwe, ntchito zapadera zidachitika. Kubadwira kwa nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kunachitika ndi njira yochita kupanga, ndiye kuti, mwa kuyika sterlet mwachangu yomwe idakulitsidwa mu sing'anga ina m'madzi a mitsinje yosonyezedwayo.
Zosangalatsa
Makolo athu adapatsa nsomba yotere dzina laulere "lofiira". Koma sizinachitike chifukwa cha utoto, m'masiku akale chilichonse chokongola chimatchedwa ndi mawu awa. Zikuoneka kuti mbale zopangidwa kuchokera ku sterlet zinalawa kwambiri.
Chakudya choterocho chimakondedwa kwambiri ndi mphamvu za dziko lapansi. Sterlet idadyedwa ndi ma farao ndi mafumu, ma Russia otsekemera amayamikiridwa kwambiri, makamaka, Ivan the Terrible, malinga ndi mbiri yakale. Ndipo Peter I ngakhale adapanga lamulo lapadera loti abereke "nsomba zofiira" ku Peterhof.
Masiku ano, sterlet yokazinga, kusuta, mchere, barbecue ndi msuzi wa nsomba amapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo, yokutidwa ndi ma pie abwino kwambiri. Amati kukoma kwake nyama yake imakumbutsa nkhumba. Ndibwino kwambiri pa kirimu wowawasa, wokongoletsedwa ndi ma gherkins, maolivi, ma mandimu a mandimu ndi zitsamba.
Ndi zachisoni chabe kuti nsomba zamchere zoyera masiku awa sizomwe zinali momwe zinaliri. Zinthu zomwe zimaperekedwa pano m'misika sizili zodabwitsa kwenikweni. Kupatula apo, iyi si nsomba yogwidwa, koma yopangidwa mwaluso. Ndipo ngakhale ndizokwera mtengo pamtengo, msuzi wochokera kwake suli wolemera konse.
Ndipo kukoma sikuti nkomwe, komanso mtundu. Nyama yeniyeni ya "nsomba yofiira" imakhala yofiyira, ndipo izi ndizomwe zimapanga mafuta, zomwe sizipezeka mu zitsanzo zamakono. Nthawi zina, chopondera chenicheni chimatha kuwoneka pamsika. Koma amazigulitsa mobisa, kuchokera pansi, chifukwa nsomba zoterezi zimapezeka ndi osaka.
Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo
Sterlet ndi chilombo chomwe chimangokhala m'mitsinje yoyera. Nthawi zina sterlet amasambira munyanja, koma nthawi yomweyo amakhala pafupi ndi kamtsinje. M'chilimwe, sterlet amasungidwa pazosaya, kukula kwachinyamata kumalowa m'misewu yaying'ono kapena mabatani pafupi ndi kamwa. Ndi kuyamba kwa nyengo yozizira, nsombayo imalowetsa pansi, kufunafuna otchedwa maenje. Amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati nyumba yachisanu. M'nyengo yozizira, sterlet imagwira ntchito, osadya chilichonse, osasaka. Mtsinje utatseguka, nsomba imachoka m'malo amadzi ndikuthamangira kumtsinje kuti ukokere.
Sterlet, ngati ma sturgeon onse, amakhala atali pakati pa nsomba. Chiyembekezo chawo chamoyo chikufika zaka 30. Komabe, sangatchedwe ngwazi yokhala ndi moyo wautali pakati pa abambo. Nyanja ya sturgeon imakhala zaka zopitilira 80.
Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka
Chithunzi: nsomba yayitali
Ma sturgeon ambiri amakhala osakwatiwa. Pankhaniyi, sterlet ndi chosiyana ndi lamulo. Chachilendo chawo ndikuti nsomba zimapita m'masukulu akulu. Ngakhale sakhala hibernate yekha, koma ndi abale ambiri. Chiwerengero cha sterlet chodikirira kuzizira m'makenje apansi amayeza mazana. Amakanikizidwa zolimba kwambiri kotero kuti samasuntha zipsepse ndi ma gill.
Amuna amatengedwa ngati okhwima pazaka 4-5. Kusintha mu akazi kumachitika mwa zaka 7-8. Zaka 1-2 atatulutsa, mkaziyo amakonzanso kubereka. Ino ndi nthawi yofunika kuti thupi la nsomba liyambe kupuma. Nthawi yoswana kwa sterlet imatha kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, nthawi zambiri kuyambira pakati pa kumapeto kwa Meyi, kutentha kwa madzi amtsinje akakhala pa madigiri 7-20. Kutentha kwabwino pakubzala kumachokera ku madigiri 10 mpaka 15. Nthawi yofalikira imatha kukhala m'mbuyomu kapena mtsogolo, kutengera kutentha kwa madzi ndi mulingo wake.
Volga sterlet sichimamera nthawi imodzi. Kubalalika kwa anthu omwe amakhala mumtsinje wam'mwamba kumayambira pang'ono. Cholinga chake ndikuti mtsinje umadzaza m'malo awa kale. Nsomba zimamera m'malo oyera ndi kuthamanga, pansi ndi miyala. Chiwerengero cha mazira omwe adayikidwa nthawi imodzi ndi chitsamba chachikazi chimaposa 16,000. Mazira ndi osowa, amtundu wakuda. Amakulungidwa ndi chinthu chomata, chomwe amamangiriridwa ndi miyala. Pambuyo masiku angapo mwachangu amaswedwa. Nkhope ya yolk mu nyama zazing'ono imazimiririka tsiku lakhumi. Pofika pano, achinyamata amafika kutalika kwa 15 mm. Kubala kwa munthu kumatengera zaka zake. Wocheperako samatulutsa mazira ochepa. Nsomba zakubadwa zosaposa zaka 15 zimayikira mazira 60,000.
Maonekedwe a mwachangu ndi osiyana ndi anthu akuluakulu. Mutu umakutidwa ndi ma spikes ang'onoang'ono. Pakamwa ndi yaying'ono, yopingasa. Mtundu wake ndi wakuda kuposa nsomba zazikulu. Mchirawo umakhala ndi mthunzi wakuda bii. Tating'ono tating'ono timamera pomwepo. Pakutha kokha kwa kukula kwa masentimita 11-25 kumathamangira kukamwa kwa mtsinje.
Chosangalatsa: sterlet imatha kuphatikizana ndi nsomba zina za sturgeon: beluga (wosakanizidwa - bester), stellate sturgeon kapena Russian sturgeon. Zabwino zimakula mwachangu komanso zimachulukitsa. Nthawi yomweyo, kutha msinkhu, ngati sterlet, kutha msanga kumachitika msanga, zomwe zimapangitsa nsomba izi kukhala zopindulitsa pakuthana.
Woyang'anira
Vuto la kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa sterlet limalumikizidwa makamaka osati ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, koma ndi ntchito ya anthropogenic.
- Kutaya zinyalala m'madzi. Sterlet satha kukhala moyo wodetsedwa, osadzaza ndi madzi a oxygen. Kutaya kwa mankhwala opangira mankhwala ndi kuwononga zinyalala m'mitsinje kumakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa nsomba.
- Kupanga malo opangira magetsi pamagetsi akulu. Mwachitsanzo, atapangidwa cha Volga Hydroelectric Power Station, pafupifupi 90% ya malo owombera anawonongeka, chifukwa nsombazo sizitha kuthana ndi zopinga zopangidwa ndi konkire. Zakudya zowonjezereka za nsomba zomwe zili kumtunda kwa Volga zidapangitsa kuti kunenepa kwambiri ndikulepheretse kubereka ntchito kwa sterlet. Ndipo m'munsi mwamtsinje, caviar adamwalira ndi vuto la kuperewera kwa mpweya.
- Kugwira kosavomerezeka. Kulanda maukonde a sterlet kwapangitsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero chawo.
Ku Russia, pali pulogalamu ya boma yomwe ikufuna kusunga nyamazo. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zidachitika bwino ndikubwezeretsanso nsomba m'matupi amadzi. Malamulo a usodzi wa sturgeon amawongoleredwa mwamphamvu. Kupeza chiphaso chapadera kumapereka ufulu wogwira nsomba zingapo. Mtundu wololezedwa wamagetsi ndi zokhwasula-khwasula (ma PC 5.) Kapena, ngati njira, maukadaulo a 2-network. Chiwerengero chovomerezeka cha nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa pansi pa chilolezo cha nthawi imodzi ndi ma PC 10., Pamwezi - 100 ma PC.
Kulemera ndi kukula kwa nsomba zimapangidwanso:
- Kutalika - kuchokera 300 mm.
- Kulemera - kuchokera 250 g.
Nthawi yomwe usodzi umaloledwa kuchokera pa Julayi mpaka Seputembala. Chiwerengero cha chilolezo ndichoperewera, chifukwa chake iwo amene akufuna kusamalira kulembetsa kwawo pasadakhale.
Mwamwayi, sterlets ndi amtundu wa pulasitiki wachilengedwe. Kuti mubwezeretse kuchuluka kwa nsomba, mumangofunika: kupangidwa kwa malo abwino okhala, kutetezedwa kwa malo osaloledwa komanso zoletsa kusodza. Chabwino ndichakuti ndi ma sturgeon hybridization, omwe amalola kupeza mitundu yokhazikika. Sungani chosema ayenera kutero. Kutha kwa zachilengedwe kungayambitse kuphwanya dongosolo lazachilengedwe, zomwe zimakhudza anthu, pakati pazinthu zina.