Baikal om (lat. Coregonus migratorius- - nsomba zamalonda zamtundu wotchedwa salmon. Kugawidwa m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi a Siberia kuchokera ku Baikal kupita ku Taimyr.

The Baikal ej akuimiridwa ndi magulu atatu a morphological ndi zachilengedwe (pelagic, gombe, lakuya pansi) okhala ndi sayansi yosiyanasiyana. Omul wa gulu la m'mphepete mwa nyanja amakhala ndi nthawi yoyambira kutha msinkhu (akafika kutalika kwa 8-10 cm ndi zaka 4-6 zaka). Nyama yakuya yakuya imafika pakukhwima kutalika kwa 32- 34 cm masentimita ali ndi zaka 11 mpaka 15. Omul wa gulu la pelagic mwa chikhalidwe cha kusasitsa amakhala m'malo apakatikati, koma nthawi yomweyo ndiye akukula kwambiri. M'mathumba a Omul mumakhala kusinthasintha kwamasinthidwe osiyanasiyana. Kugwa kwakukulu kwa nsomba m'ma mochedwa a 60s chifukwa chakuwongolera kwa zinthu zingapo zoyipa (kumanga kwa nyumba yamagetsi ya Irkutsk pa Mtsinje wa Angara, kuwonongeka kwa malo am'madzi, kudula mitengo mwachisawawa pamalo otetezedwa ndi madzi, kusodza kosasinthika) kunayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa kuletsedwa kwakanthawi koti asodzi a. Chifukwa cha zomwe zidatengedwa, kuphatikiza kupangidwa kwa malo okhala ndi nsomba zazikulu zam'madzi zoberekera, maokosi a om omwe adakulirakulira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti azitha kugwira nsomba zochepa kuyambira 1982 pamaziko a kuwunika momwe masheya opangidwa ndi Vostsibrybtsentr. Pofika ma 90s. madzi ochulukirapo komanso zotsalira zazomera zikuluzikulu malinga ndi chilengedwe. Zomera zonse zaokom zidafikira matani 20-25,000, ndipo zimatha kugwira matani 3,000.

Kufotokozera

Kufotokozera koyamba kwa Emm Baikal kunaperekedwa ndi I.G. Georgi mu 1775. Maonekedwe a omamu ndi pakamwa komaliza, otsetsereka aatali, kuchuluka kwake kumayambira 35 mpaka 54, masikelo ang'ono, ofooka ofooka, maso akulu, ang'onoang'ono. Ndi kutalika kwa 30-60 masentimita, imafikira kulemera kwa 200 g mpaka 1.5 makilogalamu, anthu mpaka 2 kg samapezeka kawirikawiri.

Magulu a Omul

A Baikal om mwamwambo amamuwona ngati gulu la Arctic omul (coregonus autumnalis) ndipo anali ndi dzina lachi Latin Coregonus autumnalis migratorius. Mukamaphunzira zakomwe Baikalokom, panali malingaliro awiri akulu:

1. kuchokera ku Arctic ej ndi kulowera ku Nyanja ya Baikal kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Arctic kudutsa mitsinje panthawi yophatikizanirana,
2. Kuchokera mbadwa za makolo awo omwe amakhala m'madzi otentha a Oligocene ndi Miocene 1.

Kafukufuku wamtundu wasonyeza kuti Baikalokom ili pafupi ndi nsomba zodziwika bwino za 2 ndipo tsopano ikuwoneka mwa njira yoyima payokha Coregonus migratorius 3 .

Pakadali pano, magulu atatu a omuli amadziwika ku Baikal, omwe ali ndi kusiyana kwachilengedwe ndi chikhalidwe:

1. pelagic (selenginsky)
2. m'mphepete mwa nyanja (North Baikal ndi Barguzin)
3. pansi mwakuya (kazembe, Chivyrkuy ndi anthu ena obzala m'mitsinje yaying'ono).

Maziko ake mulinso kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe akutuluka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal.

Zopatsa Thanzi ndi Kubereka

Chakudya chachikulu cha om ndi crustaceans ang'ono - epishura. Kukhazikika kuti Emm amadya epishura ngati kuphatikiza kwake sikotsika ndi 30-5,000 crustaceans mu mita ya cubic mita. Ndikusowa kwa chakudya chachikulu, chimasinthira kudyetsa pelagic amphipod ndi achinyamata a Baikal end - golomyanka nsomba.

Omul ndi wa nsomba zomwe zimatulutsa nthawi yophukira. M'mitsinje ya zinyalala za Posolsky (Bolshaya, Kultuchnaya, Abramikha) pakubereka imalowa ndi masukulu awiri - mu Seputembala ndi Okutobala, pamadzi otentha a 10-13 ° C ndi 3-4 ° C, motsatana. Zimamera pamiyala yamiyala ndimtundu wapompopompo. Kutulutsa kumachitika makamaka madzulo ndi usiku. Pambuyo pofalikira, hala amazungulira kupita ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Caviar amamatira pansi, ndipo pamadzi otentha a 0-2-2 ° C embyogenesis amatha masiku 190-200. Lvava 10-12,5 mm kutalika ndi kulemera kwa 6-7 mg kuonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, pa kutentha kwa madzi kwa 0,2 mpaka 6.5 ° C. Mphutsi zosaswa zimanyamulidwa ndimadzi otaya kupita ku zinyalala za Ambassadorial, komwe amakula ndikudyetsa. Kudya nyama, mphutsi zimaponyera kuchokera kumtunda wa 3-5 mm. Kufikira zaka 30, amadya kwambiri zachilengedwe zam'madzi, ndipo chakudya chake chimakhala ndi mitundu yoposa 55 ya ma invertebrates a m'magulu 15 osiyanasiyana.

Mphepo yayikulu kwambiri ya Nyanja ya Baikal, Mtsinje wa Selenga, pelagic mog (wothinitsidwa), wokhala ndi thupi looneka ngati ndala, maso akulu, mtengo wokulira, nthawi zambiri amakhala pamtunda wa branchial stamen (44-55). Amakhala mdera lomwe limapezeka m'mphepete mwa Nyanja ya Baikal, pomwe imasamba imakweza mtsinje mpaka 1600 km. Chimadyetsa chamoyo chomwe chimakhala m'mphepete mwa madzi: zooplankton, macrohectopus, gogic gobies ndi mphutsi zawo. Nthawi ya Omul nyengo yozama mamita 200-300.

M'mitsinje yotalika pakati, mafunde a mumphepete mwa nyanja (srednetinkovy). Nsomba zimakhala ndi mutu wautali, thupi lalitali komanso owongolera, zomwe sizimakhala mwamtundu wa 40-48. Imayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baikal, pofalikira imalowa mumtsinje wa Upper Angara (640 km), Kichera (150 km) ndi Barguzin (400 km). Amakhala ndi zooplankton (23%), ma macrohectopus (34%) apakatikati (34%), pelagic gobies (26%) ndi zinthu zina (17%).

Pamadzi akuya ozama kwambiri (omwe amakhala ochepa) amakhala m'mbali mwa Nyanja ya Baikal mpaka mamita 350. Amadziwika ndi kutalika kwakutali ndi mchira kutalika, mutu wautali, komanso ochepa (36-44) a starens atali komanso ataliatali a gill. Amazungulira m'milambo yaying'ono ya Nyanja ya Baikal yodutsa njira yochokera ku 3-5 km (Bezymyanka ndi Maly Chivyrkuy) mpaka 20-30 km (Bolshoi Chivyrkuy ndi Bolshaya Rechka). Chakudyacho chimayang'aniridwa ndi macrohectopus apakati (52%), nsomba (25%), mitundu ya gammarid pansi (12%) ndi zooplankton (10%). Chiyambire 1933, a Ambassadorial lom akhala akudzipangira kumene ku Bolsherechensk hat haty.

Usodzi

Omul ndiye msodzi waukulu wophera nsomba ku Nyanja ya Baikal. Mu 1969, asayansi adaona kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa om, chifukwa chake kuwedza kwake kunali koletsedwa. Chifukwa cha njira zingapo zosungira, pofika 1979 kuchuluka kwake kunabwezeretsedwa ndipo kuwedza kunaloledwa. Pakadali pano, chiwerengerochi chatsikanso chifukwa chosodza.

Omul

Zaka zingapo zapitazi, chiwerengero cha omal chatsika ku Baikal. Zambiri za nsomba zomwe zimagwidwa pamsika wamafuta zimachepera kuposa kuchuluka komwe kuperekedwa.

Malinga ndi nthambi ya Baikal ya State Fishery Center, pafupifupi, mtengo wa matani 300-350 pachaka umaperekedwa kwa asodzi a mafakitale a Emm m'dera la Irkutsk. Dziwani kuti pazaka zingapo zapitazi, kukula kwa bukuli sikupitirira chizindikiro cha 60%, mwachitsanzo, mu 2013 chiwerengerochi chinali 59%. Kuphatikiza apo, Rybnadzor amavomereza kuti mabizinesi ena omwe amapha nsomba amathanso kuwonetsa zizindikiritso kuti asunge chilolezo chogwira ntchito - chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zikugwidwa zitha kukhala zochepa.

Mkulu wa dipatimenti yolamulira, kuyang'anira ndi kusamalira nsomba mdera la Irkutsk, Rinat Enin, akufotokozera kuchepetsa izi pazifukwa zotsatirazi. Mu zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zapitazi, aamu ku Baikal asintha njira zosamukirako, asiya kulowa mitsinje ikuluikulu, makamaka, Selenga ndi Barguzin, Nyanja Yaing'ono. Izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kutentha kwanyengo ku Baikal - nsomba zidayamba kukhala mozama, mwapakatikati mwa nyanjayi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma cormorants ambiri adasudzulidwa, omwe amadya Emm ndipo amatha kupha nsomba mwakuya mamita angapo. Kuphatikiza apo, zisindikizo, zomwe anthu ake amakula, zimathandizanso pakuchepetsa chiwerengero cha omweli munyanjayi. Ngakhale chisindikizo sichimagwira, chifukwa sichitha kuchigwira, chimatha kuphwanya maukonde ndi nsomba.

Wogwirizira zachilengedwe wa Irkutsk Vitaly Ryabtsev amaganiza motere: siwofiyala ndi zomata zomwe zili ndi mlandu wokhala wopanda nsomba zokwanira kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa Nyanja ya Baikal. Malinga ndi wasayansiyo, anthu ozunza amawombana makamaka ndi vuto la kufera kwa nsomba. 4

Omul ku Baikal adakhala ocheperako: kuwerengetsa kwawo kwakazaka pazaka khumi zapitazi kwatsika kuchoka pa anthu pafupifupi 5 miliyoni. Anthu okhala mdera la Olkhonsky, omwe ambiri amalandira mphatso zachilengedwezi, adawomba mawu. Komabe, asayansi a Irkutsk akuti adadziwiratu kuti kuchepa kwa ziwerengero m'mbuyomu mu 2003. Zomwe akatswiri amati kutukuka kwa ntchito zokopa alendo ndi kusokonekera kwa malo amisasa m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yaing'ono ndi Olkhon. Zotsatira zake, kuchuluka kwa ma gobies, komwe ndi chakudya cha om, kwatsika kwambiri m'derali. 5

Pano sizingatheke kunena kuti kunali kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa ma cormorant omwe anakhudza kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha Baikal mola. Choyamba muyenera kudziwa momwe zimakhalira nyanjayi. Oyimira bungwe la asayansi a Irkutsk atsatira izi pambuyo pa katswiri wazachilengedwe Vitaly Ryabtsev, yemwe adalimbikitsa mbalamezi mobwerezabwereza.

Malingaliro Akatswiri

Wowongolera, LIN SB RAS, Pulofesa Mikhail Grachev:

Inde, pali Nyanja Zambiri za Nyanja, palibe amene akudziwa zifukwa zake. Amakhulupirira kuti mbalameyi imadya amaz ambiri, imakhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali, asodzi ooneka bwino adawombera chifukwa cha izi m'ma 1930. Koma palibe chifukwa chasayansi chotsimikizira kuti chinali ma cormorants omwe amachititsa kuchepa kwa nsomba. Malingaliro anga, olosera omwe amagwira OM ndi owopsa kwambiri.

Ornithologist Victor Popov:

Kudera la Irkutsk, cormorant wamkulu tsopano walembedwa mu Red Book. Komabe, sizinali choncho nthawi zonse - m'zaka za zana la 19 panali mbalame zambiri zamtunduwu, panali makumi a mazana awiriawiri. Kenako, pazifukwa zosadziwika, adayamba kuzimiririka, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mu 1950-60 adalembedwa mu Red Book. Komabe, kuyambira 2006, adayamba kuswana. Mwina cormorant adasamukira kumpoto kwa China ndi Mongolia, komwe amakhala nthawi zambiri, chifukwa cha chilala. Tsopano palibe amene akudziwa kuchuluka kwa ma cormorants ku Nyanja ya Baikal ndi chiyani, chifukwa palibe amene anachita kafukufuku wa sayansi. Koma pafupifupi zaka zitatu zapitazo zidadziwika kuti asodziwo ali ndi madandaulo.

Komabe, sitinganene kuti inali cormorant yomwe inachititsa kuti aokom alembe. Choyamba muyenera kuchita maphunziro angapo - kukhazikitsa kuchuluka kwa mbalame, kumvetsetsa zomwe zimadya, monga akatswiri ena azachilengedwe amakhulupirira kuti ndi om, ndipo ena ngati ng'ombe. Pambuyo pokhapokha funso lingathe kufunsidwa pokhudzana ndi kupatula kwa cormorant ku Red Book ndi malamulo ake. Ngakhale palibe zowona, china chilichonse ndichotengera, kuchokera kumbali ya owateteza cormorant komanso kwa otsutsa. Ku Buryatia, zotengera izi zidatsogozedwa ndikupanga iye wopenya. Ngakhale lingaliro loteroli ndilopanda nzeru, chifukwa mtunduwu suyimira phindu lililonse pamalonda. Ndikuganiza kuti m'chigawo cha Irkutsk izi sizingachitike. 7

Omul m'mafunso ndi mayankho

529. Kodi Emm adachokera kuti ku Baikal?

Asayansi ena (G. Yu. Vereshchagin, M. M. Kozhov ndi ena) akukhulupirira kuti omar adabwera ku Baikal kuchokera ku zigawo za mitsinje yomwe mitsinje yake ikuyenda mu nyanja ya Arctic, molingana ndi pp. Yenisei ndi Angara. Ena (L.S. Berg, P.L. Pirozhnikov, P.A. Deryagin, V.V. Pokrovsky) amakhulupirira kuti mitundu yonse yoyera ya nsomba zoyera ndi pelagic whitefish yopezeka ku Siberia.

Amakhulupirira kuti Emm adafika ku Baikal posachedwa, mwina nthawi yozizira kapena nthawi ya postglacial. Ankadzipezera yekha chakudya chatsopano, adatha kuyikira mazira, kuyenda, kukulira ndi kukhala Baikal. Ku Baikal, yasintha kwambiri komanso zinthu zachilengedwe zamagulu amtunduwu ndipo zitha kuonedwa kuti ndi nsomba zopanda vuto.

530. Kodi kuchuluka kwa om ku Baikal ndi kotani?

Anthu anayi a Emm amakhala ku Baikal: Selenginsky, Chivyrkuysky, Severobaikalsky ndi Ambassadorial. Asayansi ena amasiyanitsanso Barguzin yemweyo. Koma tsopano zatha kukhalapo, p. Barguzin amaipitsidwa kwambiri ndi matabwa osungika ndi zinthu zotupikira kotero kuti kuchira kwake kumatha kukhalapo kwa nthawi yayitali kwambiri, ngati konse. Panthawi yake yodziwika bwino komanso kubereka, anthu aku Barguzin adapereka nsomba mpaka zikwi khumi ndi zinayi. Chiwerengero cha omassadorial chomerachi chimapangidwanso kuchokera ku mazira omwe adalowetsedwa mu zida zapadera. Chifukwa chake, pakadali pano pali anthu achilengedwe atatu ku Baikal, ndipo onsewa ndi opsinjika.

531. Ndi ati mwa anthu a Om omwe ali wamkulu kwambiri?

Selenginskaya. Imafalikira makamaka mu Selinga (chifukwa chake limatchedwa) ndi m'milandu ingapo yanyanjayi. Amakhala kum'mwera kwa Nyanja ya Baikal komanso kum'mwera kwa beseni lapakati. Asodzi achichepere amayenda m'madzi osaya a Selenga, masukulu otutumuka amapangidwa kuno kuthengo. Omul amatuluka m'mitsinje kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ogasiti - kuyambira pa Seputembala (pamadzi otentha mumtsinje wa 813 °) mpaka kumapeto kwa Novembala. Zambiri, ziwerengerozi zimafalikira kuchokera pa munthu mmodzi mpaka theka mpaka sikisi mpaka asanu ndi atatu, ndipo thumba lonse la mazira amafikira mpaka mazira 25-30 biliyoni.

532.angatiom ku Baikal?

Ma biomass a mibadwo yonse ya om ali pafupifupi matani 25-30,000.

533. Ndi malo akuya ati omwe mumapezeka?

Kufikira 300-350 m, ndipo nthawi zina mwakuya. Ku malo akuya, om of ambassadorial ndi Chivyrkuy anthu amakhala nthawi yayitali; Emm wa anthu ena amapezeka m'malo ozama.

534 Kodi saizi wamkulu ndi kulemera kwake ndi kotani?

Choyerekeza chachikulu kwambiri chaanthu a mtundu wa Selenga omwe adapezeka anali ndi kulemera pafupifupi 5 kg komanso kutalika pafupifupi masentimita 50. Asodzi a nsomba amati m'masiku akale amadziwa nsomba zambiri zolimba. Komabe, kuti mupeze kopi yayikulu, mwina yosungirako zakale, sizinatheke.

535. Ndi liti pamene Emm imera ndipo imayamba?

Nsomba za anthu a Selenginsky, Barguzinsky ndi Chivyrkuisky amayamba kucha ku 5-6th, Severobaikalsky - pa 4-5, ambassadorial - chaka cha 7-8 cha moyo. Pa msinkhu womwewo, nsomba zambiri zimayamba kutulutsa. Kucha kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa nsomba za akazembewo ndi 14, mwa anthu a Selenga - 10, komanso ku North Baikal anthu - zaka 8. Omul amatuluka mpaka zaka 14-15. Povutikira, anthu amapezeka okalamba, koma popanda mazira - atalephera kubereka, amasungabe malingaliro osunthika obwerera.

536. Kodi saizi yoyambira yoyamba ndi yotani?

Chiwerengero chilichonse ndi chosiyana. Koyamba, nsomba zimapita ku Selenginskaya, kukula kwake ndiko 32.9-34.9 masentimita ndi kulemera 355-390 g, ku Chivyrkuiskaya - 33 cm, kulemera 392 g, ku North Baikal - akazi 28.0 cm, amuna 284 g, amuna 27 , 7 cm, olemera 263 g, ku ofesi ya kazembe - akazi onse ndi 34.3-34.9 cm, koma zazikazi zolemera 562 g, ndi amuna - 472 g.

537. Ndi kangati m'moyo womwe mum umapezeka?

Anthu okhala ndi moyo wautali amaphulika, mwina mpaka nthawi 5-6 m'moyo wawo ndikudziikira mazira 200,000.

538. Ndi angati omwe amapezeka pamabala obisika achilengedwe?

Mumazaka osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu kumasiyana. Kuchokera pa 7.5 mpaka 12 miliyoni anthu a om, kuphatikiza: kuchokera pa 5.5 mpaka 8 miliyoni a Selenga, kuyambira 1.8 mpaka 3 miliyoni ku pp. B. Angara ndi Kichera, mpaka 1-1.2 miliyoni - m'mitsinje ina, nyanja zamchere.

539. Kodi mazira ochuluka kwambiri omwe amaikira mazira ndi otani?

Achinyamata, oyamba kuwaza anthu nthawi zambiri amayikira mazira 5-6 mpaka 12-16. Ndi zaka, kuchuluka kwa mazira omwe adayikidwa kumawonjezeka, mpaka kufika 30,000 zidutswa kapena kupitirira. Kafukufuku wazaka makumi awiri zapitazi akuwonetsa kuti chonde cha aum chatsika pang'ono ndi 1.5-2 nthawi. Chiwerengero chachikulu cha mazira otayika sichidutsa 20,000 zidutswa, ndipo kwa nthawi yoyamba akazi osakhalitsa amaikira mazira 7008,000.

540. Kodi ndi kuchuluka pafupifupi kwa mazira komwe amayikidwa pang'onopang'ono?

Chaka ndi chaka sizofanana. Chiwerengero cha a Selenga chikuyika mazira ambiri - kuyambira 7 mpaka 30 biliyoni mazira, Severobaikalskaya - kuyambira 2,5 biliyoni mpaka 13 biliyoni, Ambassadorial - 1-1,5 biliyoni, Chivyrkuiska komanso mazira 1 biliyoni. .

541. Kodi ndikuyembekeza nthawi yanji ya om?

Ofufuzawo adapeza azaka za 24-25.

542. Kodi nthawi yakutukucha mazira kuyambira umuna kupita kukuwaswa mphutsi?

Madzi oyera, osasamba kwa masiku 200 mpaka 220. Kusintha kwa nthawi yokwanira mazira kumadalira kutentha ndi mpweya wa madzi m'malo osungunuka.

543.Kodi om caviar amakhala pati?

M'malo obisika achilengedwe pamazira otentha kuchokera ku 0,1 °, + 0,2 ° C mpaka + 1 °, + 2 ° C ndi mpweya wokwanira wa mpweya.Kutentha kwabwino pakukhazikika kwa caviar ndi + 0.5 °, + 1.5 ° C, kotero, a lom amasankha kuyikira mazira pansi pamchenga-pebble, pomwe pali madzi owonekera bwino komanso otuluka mosalekeza, ndikupereka mpweya wabwino wofunikira.

544. Kodi kulemera kwa mphutsi za Emm,wobadwa kwa caviar?

Kulemera kwa mphutsi za Emm obadwira kuchokera mazira pansi pamikhalidwe yachilengedwe kuyambira 4 mpaka 15 mg. Kulemera kwa mphutsi zomwe zimasungidwa mazira pansi pa zinthu zosafunikira kumagwera m'malire omwewo, popeza magawo oyambawo muzochitika zonse ziwiri - kukula kwa mazira ndi kuchuluka kwa michere mwaiwo - ndizofanana.

545. Ndi ana ang'ono angati omwe amabwerera ku Baikal?

Kufikira 20-30% ya chiwerengero cha mphutsi zobadwa.

546. Ndi angati a achiweto oweta omwe amafika ku Nyanja ya Baikal?

Mwa mphutsi 100 zopezeka kuchokera ku Ambassadorial Fish Kubereketsa Pazaka zokumba, pali nsomba imodzi yokha yomwe imatsala mpaka kutha. Mu nyengo yachilengedwe, mazira 10,000 amagona pamiyala yosasamba ndipo akukhala moyenerera, nsomba zisanu ndi ziwiri zimakhalabe ndi moyo.

547. Ndi gawo lotani la omweli lomwe limafika pa kutha msinkhu?

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa nthawi yayitali, zidapezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa mazira asanafike mphutsi kumayambira 5 mpaka 10%, ndipo kuchuluka kwa nsomba zomwe zimagulitsidwa sikupitirira 1% ya chiwerengero cha anthu obadwa ndi otulutsa mphutsi, izi zikutsimikiziridwa ndi kubweranso kwa malonda kwa 0.05-0.075%.

548. Kodi kukula ndi kulemera kwa om anasintha motani?

Nsombazo zinayamba kukula pang'onopang'ono, kunenepa kwake, kuchepa kwa thupi, komanso kutha msanga.

Zizindikiro za kulemera (m'magalamu) za kukula kwa om a anthu osiyanasiyana m'migawo yayikulu (malinga ndi V.V. Smirnov, K.I. Misharin)

Zaka

Zaka (chiwerengero cha zaka zonse)

2 4 6 8 10

Chiwerengero cha North Baikal (kumpoto kwa Baikal)

Chiwerengero cha anthu a Selenginsky (madzi osaya a Selenginsky)

Chiwerengero cha anthu ophunzirira (madzi osaya a Selenga)

549 Kumakhala kuti dzinja ku Baikal?

Mwachilengedwe, m'malo a m'mphepete mwa Nyanja Yaing'ono, Selenginsky, V. Angarsk msondodzi, Chivyrkuisky ndi Barguzinsky mabatani akuya kwa 50 mpaka 300. Omul wa Abassadorial pobweza m'madzi osaya a Prislelenginsky pamadzi osaya 200 mpaka 300-350 m.

550. Kodi wamkulu wamkulu amadya chiyani pakudya?

M'mibadwo yosiyana, Emm amakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana. Ana ake amakhala ndi ma opisura, achikulire omwe amakhala ndi ma hectopus apakati ndi ana aang'ono a gogic gogo ndi golomyankas. M'nyengo yozizira, Emm amadya kwambiri, koma kuchuluka kwa zakudya zomwe zimasinthidwa ndizomwezo zomwe zimadya munyengo zina za chaka. Omul amatha kudya epishura pomwe masanjidwe ake, malinga ndi A. G. Egorov, amafikira anthu crustaceans okwana 35,000 mu mita imodzi yamadzi. Komabe, mwachangu amamwa epishura pamisasa yocheperako kuposa momwe amafunikira nsomba zazikulu, kusaka anthu wamba a crustaceans.

551. Ndi angati omwe amagwidwa ku Baikal?

Kwa zaka 50 zapitazi, pafupifupi chaka chilichonse anthu wamba okwana 39,000 anagwira ntchito. Kuyambira 1969 mpaka 1975 Kuletsedwa kwa ntchito kuti asodzi azigulitsa asodzi kuti abwezeretse anthu ambiri. Koma sizinakwaniritsidwe mokwanira, popeza kuwedza kunaloledwa ku famu yophera nsomba ya Pobeda, ndipo kupha anthu sanayimebe panthawi yonse yoletsedwa. Kwa zaka zisanu (1978-1982), kugwidwa kunachitika kuti azindikiritse kuchuluka kwa omma ndikupanga njira zowongolera za usodzi. Katundu wovomerezeka anali 900,000 Centers. Popeza kuchuluka konse kwaokom kwa zaka zoletsedwa sikunafike pamitengo yayitali, kusodza komwe asodzi m'zaka zikubwerazi sikuyenera kupitirira matani 12-16,000

552. Kodi gawo lanji pamaambedwe a om, ogawidwa ndimakoko asodzi a nsomba?

Kwa zaka makumi atatu zapitazi, nsomba wamba wamba zowonjezera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pachaka (makamaka anthu omwe anali ambassadorial) zakhala zikwi mazana asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri, kapena pafupifupi 1 / 6-1 / 7 za nsomba zonse zomwe zidapezedwa mu Nyanja ya Baikal.

553. Ndi nsomba ziti, kupatula omul, zomwe zimagawanidwa mwangozi Nyanja ya Baikal?

M'mafakitale a nsomba, kuphatikiza ndiokom, nsomba za sturgeon, whitefish, ndi imvi zimapangidwanso.

554. M'mayiko amene nsomba za Baikal zimaberekedwako?

Omul amabadwira ku Japan, Czechoslovakia, England. Ku Japan, sturgeon imaberekanso ndipo nsomba yodula kuchokera ku nsomba za sturgeon yomwe imalimidwa malo osungirako zinthu zakale yapezeka kale. Malinga ndi chidziwitso chochokera ku Japan, kampani ya Shinjidai Co, pamodzi ndi Saito Engineering Institute, yakhala ikugwira ntchito yopanga ma sturgeons kuyambira 1964. Pulojekiti yakonzedwa kuti ikule mpaka mpaka 3,000 a nsomba zokhwima pakugonana zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potentha zinyalala kuchokera pamaneti. Kampaniyo ikuganiza zopanga khola ku Irkutsk, yomwe imapanga chaka chilichonse matani 4.5 a sturgeon caviar ndi matani 300 a nyama ya sturgeon. Kugwira ntchito pafamu ngati imeneyi kumafuna anthu anayi okha.

555.Kodi nchifukwa chiyani Baikal anali ndi omwera ochepera?

Cholinga chake ndikuchulukitsa kwa zochitika zachuma pa nyanja iyiyokha, komanso pamilandu yake komanso pachitseko chadzakumwa chonse, komanso kusodza kopanda pake komanso kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe cha hydrometeorological mu beseni la Baikal.

556. Kodi ndizotheka kutsitsimutsa ulemu wakale wa Baikal omul?

Ndizotheka ngati malingaliro onse opangidwa ndi asayansi akwaniritsidwa, makamaka: siyani kuipitsa madzi osefukira ndi nyanja, kuwoneka bwino ndikutchingira kuwonongeka kwa malo omwe amatumphukira, lekani mapangidwe amitengo yamitengo m'mitsinje ndi kuyikika kwawo mmbali mwa Nyanja ya Baikal, ndikusintha katundu wouma (m'mabaji kapena onyamula matabwa). kupanga zomangamanga zatsopano pamitsinje yomwe ikung'ambika, kukulitsa ndi kusinthira zina zomwe zilipo (Bolsherechensky, Chivyrkuisky, Barguzinsky ndi Selenginsky), kukonza kulimidwa kwa Emm fry kukhala magawo abwino, othandizira khazikitsani boma lokwanira kuwongolera madzi munyanja ndi misonkho, kuletsa kudula kambiri mu dziwe, sungani madziwo mnyanjayi pamlingo woyenera, kuletsa kusinthika kwake kusapitirire kusinthasintha kwachilengedwe, kutsatira malamulo a usodzi, kugwiritsa ntchito malo olimapo nthaka dothi, etc.

557. Ndi iti mwa nsomba zomwe zasamukira ku Nyanja ya Baikal yomwe imabweretsa ngozi ku omul?

Kuyambitsidwa kwa peled (Coregonus peled Gmel) ku Baikal kungakhale koopsa kwa omul. Nsomba zimafika pa kutha msinkhu, zimakhala ndi zazikulu zazing'ono kuposa Emm, zimacha pamaso paokom ndipo zimadya pa planktophagus - zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mpikisano wa om. Ngati nsombayi ikazika mizu ku Baikal, imayamba kulowa m'malo mwake, chifukwa nthawi yamalonda ikamadzayamba kugwira imayamba kugwira. Zambiri sizikudziwikabe bwino mu zamzinthuzi za nsomba, makamaka, komanso momwe adzatsutsidwire ndi moyo wawo.

558. Kodi a Emmagal imakonzedwa bwanji?

Mwa kutentha mankhwalawo pa ndodo, kuphika mu phulusa lotentha (mu foil yachitsulo, yokutira ndi dongo kapena wokutidwa ndi pepala lonyowa). Kuphatikiza apo, a Emm amauma, amathiridwa mchere munjira zosiyanasiyana (wokhala ndi famu yolimidwa, yosokonekera komanso yosangalatsa), yosuta (yotentha ndi yofunda), etc. Kuphatikiza ndi mchere, kusuta, kukazinga, kuphika ndi kuphika Emm, komanso zamzitini, anthu ambiri m'derali amakonda mbale zochokera atsopano achisanu ozizira - osankhidwa, okonzedwa. Ngakhale njira izi zili ponseponse, chithandizo chamankhwala sichilimbikitsa kuti mugwiritse ntchito, popeza pali chiopsezo chotenga matendawa m'matumbo. Mwa njira, sikuti nsomba zouma zokha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza stroganin, komanso agulu, owuma (elk), chisindikizo, ndipo makamaka chiwindi cha nyama izi, chikadali chotentha.

559.Kodi om ali wofunika kwambiri?

Ku Siberia, aumchere omcheretseka, kazembe wovala bwino komanso wamtendere, ndiye wofunika kwambiri. Okonda enieni komanso ma connoisseurs amakhulupirira kuti mchere wokhala ndi mchere wokhala ndi zonunkhira - fungo labwino kwambiri ndi nyama yofatsa, ndizofunikira pakuphika kwina kulikonse.

Kwa munthu wosazolowereka, zoterezi zimawoneka zovunda (komabe, zimangowoneka ngati zachilendo za kununkhira kwa nsomba zokoma. Sikuti aliyense amakonda, mwachitsanzo, tchizi cha Roquefort, koma amateurs sangasinthane ndi china chilichonse).

Omwera kumene achisanu, wophika mwanjira yodula ndi kusoka, amayamikiridwa kwambiri. M'nyengo yotentha, amakonda chom pamtunda.

560.chanikuwaza?

Nsomba yozizira molimba imamenyedwa ndi chinthu cholimba kuti ipewe. Pambuyo pakuwombera, khungu limachotsedwa mosavuta, ndipo nsomba yosaphika imakometsedwa ndi zonunkhira ndi anyezi-viniga. Chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chambiri.

561.chanistroganina?

Chakudya chokondweretsa asodzi aku usodzi ndi osaka nthawi yozizira. Pokonzekera, nsomba yozizira kwambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imasalidwa ndi mpeni ndi mbale zopyapyala, monga shavings (tsono wakonzayo). Ntchito zosaphika ndi zonunkhira, anyezi ndi viniga. Amawonedwanso ngati chakudya champhamvu kwambiri.

Maulalo

1. Buku la nsomba
2. Bogutskaya N.G., Naseka A.M. Ndondomeko ya osagwiritsa ntchito madzi abwino komanso opanda mchere komanso nsomba zazimake ku Russia ndi ndemanga zamatchulidwe komanso taxonomic. - M: Mgwirizano m'mabuku asayansi a KMK, 2004. - P. 143. - 389 p. - ISBN 5-87317-177-7.
3. Sukhanova L.V.Phunziro la maselo a phylogenetic a Baikal omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius (Georgi). - Irkutsk: 2004.
4. Chakudya chabwino kwambiri cha anthu a ku Siberia CM Nambala Yoyamba : nyuzipepala.
5. Omul adzajambulidwa popanda kupatulapo // CM Nambala Yoyamba : nyuzipepala.
6. Omul adzafa? // CM Nambala Yoyamba : nyuzipepala.
7. Omul anapusitsa aliyense // CM Nambala Yoyamba : nyuzipepala.

Zolemba

1. Sukhanova L.V.Phunziro la maselo a phylogenetic a Baikal omul Coregonus autumnalismigratorius (Georgi). - Irkutsk: 2004.
2. Sukhanova L.V.et al.Gulu la Baikal Omul Coregonus autumnalis migratorius Georgi mkati mwa C. lavaretus zovuta zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha DNA ya nyukiliya // Ann. Zool. Fenn. — 41: 41–49. — 2004.
3. Baikal mola munkhokwe ya FishBase
4. Irkutsk Rybnadzor: omul adakhala ochepa ku Baikal // Teleinform, Julayi 8, 2014
5. Fedor Tkachuk, Egor Shcherbakov Alendo akuwononga chakudya a Om // Wogwiritsa Ntchito Mphamvu ku Siberian, Julayi 25, 2014
6. Sokolov V. A. Njira zokhudzana ndi kuwunikira kwa asodzi a boma la Baikalokom stocks / V. A. Sokolov, L. F. Kalyagin // Mkhalidwe ndi zovuta zakukula kwakanthawi kwa malo ogulitsa nsomba mchigawo cha Baikal: kutolera. doc. - Ulan-Ude: ECOS, 2008. - S. 95-96.
7. Gulu la asayansi la Irkutsk limakayikira kuti anthu aum ku Lake Baikal akuchepa chifukwa cha ma cormorants // IA Teleinform 07/30/14

Omul, chiyambi

Arctic omul ndi nsomba yamalonda, ndi ya banja la azungu ndi banja la nsomba, ndipo amatha kufikira zotsatirazi: kutalika - 64 cm, ndi kulemera mpaka 3 kg. Ngakhale pali milandu yodziwika yosodza, yomwe kulemera kwake kudafika 7 kg. Omul ndi nsomba yosamukasamuka, amakhala nthawi yayitali m'nyanjamo ndipo amangowaza m'mitsinje.

Nsomba ndiyotchuka chifukwa cha kuyera kwachilengedwe komanso kununkhira bwino kwambiri, imakhala ndi mafuta onenepa komanso abwino. Amakhala ku Nyanja ya Baikal, m'mitsinje ya tundra, m'madzi mwa nyanja ya Arctic. Baikal ej amapezeka makamaka kunyanja ndi mitsinje yaku Russia; ndi mtundu wa Arctic OM ndipo ili pafupi ndi nsomba zokhala ngati hering'i.

Baikal omul kutanthauzira kuchokera ku Latin kuti: "kuyenda yoyera", dzinali silinalandire mwamwayi. Pali nthano yomwe imatiuza kuti nsomba yoyerayi idabwera ku Baikal kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Arctic panthawi yophatikizika kudzera mumtsinje waukulu wa Lena ndi m'milandu yake. Kuyambira pamenepo idayamba mbiri yawoyakale ya Baikal whitefish, yomwe idakhazikika m'madziwe ena aku Siberia.

M'mbiri yonse ya kukhalapo kwake, nsomba izi sizisiya kudabwitsa ndi kusangalatsa anthu aku Siberia ndi kumpoto. Kwa anthu ambiri m'derali, chakudya ndi ndalama. Masiku ano, mitundu ingapo ya omamu imasiyanitsidwa, iliyonse yomwe imasiyana m'malo mwake, malo okhala, "kudyetsa", kapangidwe ndi kukula kwake. Chiwerengero chachikulu, kutengera malo omwe zidabwazika, ndi monga:

• Selenginskaya
• kazembe
• Severobaikalskaya
• Chivyrkuiskaya,
• Barguzinsky.

Omul amadzisankhira yekha matumba okhala ndi madzi oyera komanso ozizira, okhala ndi mpweya wabwino. Amakhala nthawi yayitali munyanjamo ndipo amatuluka mumtsinje pokhapokha patangomera. Nthawi yofalikira ndi kumapeto kwa Seputembara-Okutobala. Kusunthika kwansomba kumayambira masiku atatu mpaka mwezi wa Ogasiti. Kusamukira m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, sikuyandikira kumtunda, koma makamaka kumakhala pakati pa msewu. Madera obisika amapezeka mkamwa mwa mtsinje pafupifupi makilomita 1.5,000. Kufalikira chaka chilichonse, kukhwima kumachitika zaka 7 mpaka 8 za moyo wake.

Mitundu ya mitundu ya om

Mwa mitundu yayikulu yonse, aum ambassadorial amaonekera. Mtunduwu umasiyana ndi omwe umagwirizana nawo kukula kolemekezeka. Nyama ya nsomba imatha kupitilira 1 kg. Kuti mupeze unyinji woterewu, zimatenga zaka 9-15. Ngakhale, poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwazaka zambiri za moyo, iyi ndi chiwerengero chochepa, nsomba zamtunduwu ndi za anthu azaka zana ndipo zonse zomwe zikuyembekezeka kukhala ndi moyo zikufika zaka zopitilira makumi awiri. Kwa nsomba zamadzi oyera - ino ndi nthawi yabwino.

Kukula kosavuta kwa ambassim kumathandizira kuti isanduke nsomba zamalonda komanso kulandiridwa ndi asodzi a amateur. Kukoma kwa nsomba m'derali sikosiyana ndi kukoma kwa mitundu yaying'ono yamtundu wina. Mitundu ya kazembeyo imakhala mu kuya kwakukulu kwa Nyanja ya Baikal, ndipo pongotuluka imakwera m'mitsinje ya zinyalala ya Ambassadorial (njira, kuchokera apa idatchedwa dzina). Atatulutsa, nsomba imabwerera kwawo. Mitundu ya kazembeyo imadziwitsidwa moyenera, ndipo izi ndi zomwe fakitoli ya Bolsherechensky imagwiritsa ntchito. Ndi chithandizo chake, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yamtunduwu kumakulirabe, zomwe zimakupatsani mwayi wogwira nsomba zamitundu iyi.

Ambiri mwa omuli ndi mitundu ya Selengin. Pakuzungunuka, Emmeli amadzuka mu Mtsinje wa Selenga, kuchokera pomwe adadziwika. Chiwerengerochi chimapezeka kudera lonse la Baikal, chimagwidwa makamaka usiku, chifukwa nthawi iyi yamadzuka kuti idye. Mitundu ya Selenginsky imakula kwa nthawi yayitali: zaka 8-12, kulemera - 300-500 magalamu. Ngakhale kulemera kwake kopepuka, kumakhala ndi kukoma kosakhalitsa ndipo kumakhala malo apamwamba pamlingo wokoma.

Severobaykalskyadok, imakula msanga kuposa anzawo, pafupifupi, zimatenga zaka zisanu ndi zisanu ndi chimodzi kudza zisanu ndi 200 mg. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baikal.

Phindu lanji Emm?

Nsomba zamtengo wapatali zamalonda zimakonda madzi ozizira komanso oyera okhala ndi mpweya, chifukwa cha izi timapeza chinthu chachilengedwe. Kuphatikiza pa kakomedwe kabwino, nsomba izi zimakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zofunikira.

Ngakhale nsomba zili ndi mafuta ambiri (zomwe zimapangidwa ndi calorie ndi 65-92kcal pa 100g), nyama ya om imatengedwa ndi thupi la munthu 1-1,5 ndi 95% (kuyerekezera: zimatenga maola 5 kuti nyama yanyama ikhale ndi 85% yokha. Chifukwa cha nyumbayi, imalimbikitsidwa kwa aliyense yemwe ali ndi vuto la kugaya ndipo m'mimba mwake simasiyana "mphamvu".

Nyama ya Omul ili:

• kuchuluka kwa vitamini A, ndikofunikira kwa akulu ndi thupi la ana lomwe likukula, makamaka lofunikira pakuwona,
• Vitamini D, ndikofunikira kukhalabe ndi mafupa abwino komanso kukhala ndi mano abwino,
• Vitamini E, antioxidant wabwino kwambiri, amachepetsa kukalamba, amalimbitsa makoma amitsempha yamagazi, myocardium ndikulimbikitsa kuyambiranso kwa ma magazi a magazi,
• Vitamini B ndiyofunikira kuti magwiridwe antchito a anthu amanjenje ndi oberekera (kuchuluka kwa Vitaminiyi mu OM ndikokwera kuposa nyama yamafuta ena),
• kufufuza zinthu: zinc, chromium, molybdenum, nickel, macrocell chlorine ndi fluorine.
• mafuta acids (makamaka ambiri a iwo amapezeka mumchere wothiridwa mchere pang'ono), amathandizira kulimbitsa chitetezo chokwanira, kuchepetsa njira zotupa, kusintha magwiridwe antchito a mtima ndi mtima.

Nyama ya nsomba yamtunduwu ilibe cholesterol yovulaza anthu, ndi zinthu zina zonse, m'malo mwake, zimathandizira kuchepa kwamitsempha yamagazi ndi chiopsezo cha kugwidwa ndi matenda a myocardial, kutsitsa cholesterol yamagazi, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a mtima, machitidwe am'mimba komanso kubereka. Chifukwa cha kachigawo kakang'ono ka mafupa mu nsomba (7%), Emm amalimbikitsidwa pazakudya. Zakudya zambiri zimakonzedwa kuchokera ku nyama ya nsomba. Imadyedwa watsopano (wowuma), wouma, wopanda mchere, wopanda mchere, wosuta komanso wowiritsa. Zakudya zotchuka kwambiri kuchokera ku nsombazi ndi izi: stroganin, wakuphika wakophika, "om ndi choko", "pa birch", ndikusuta.

Kubalana komanso kukhala ndi moyo wautali

Baikal mola amakhala wokhazikika pazaka 4-5 ndipo ngakhale pambuyo pake amakhala ndi masentimita 27-28. Kuluka kumachitika m'dzinja kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Novembala. Mbedza zam'madzi zimathamangira kumalo ena omwe amakhala m'mitsinje. Awa ndi malo okhala ndi mwala pansi ndipo madzi amatuluka mwachangu. Kutchukira kumachitika usiku pa kutentha kwa madzi kwa madigiri 2-3 Celsius. Caviar imakhala yofewa zomatira, pansi komanso zomatira pansi. Wamkazi mmodzi amapanga mazira 8 mpaka 30,000.

Kukula kwa embryonic kumatenga masiku 190-210 pamadzi kutentha kwa 2 degrees Celsius. Mphutsi zimawonekera kumapeto kwa Epulo - koyambirira kwa Meyi, pomwe kutentha kwamphamvu kumafika madigiri 4-6 Celsius. Mphutsizo ndizotalika 12-13 mm. Amayenda kulowera kunyanjako ndikukhala m'malo ake owetera. Amadyapo ma invertebrates ndipo amakula. Pakubadwa mwezi umodzi, kutalika kwake kumafika 2 cm ndikulemera kwa 3. g Kukula kwina ndi kusasitsa kumachitika mwachindunji mu nyanjayo. Baikal omul amakhala zaka 13-16.

Kukhala Ndi Khalidwe Labwino

Ili ndi sukulu ya nsomba. M'miyezi yotentha, imasungidwa m'madzi apamwamba. M'nyengo yozizira, imayamba kuzama mamita 340-450. Oimira mitunduyi amapezekanso pakuya kwa mamita 500. Zakudya ndizosiyanasiyana. Gawo lalikulu ndi zooplankton ndi ana achinyamata.

Chakudya chimadalira kwathunthu nyengo. Chifukwa chake mchaka, anyamata amapita kumapeto, ndipo nthawi ya chilimwe. Koma zamafuta a Baikal om amaperekedwa makamaka ndi goby-yellow-mapiko apamwamba. Ngati sikokwanira, ndiye kuti mafuta am'mimba komanso chonde cha Emm amachepa. Pafupifupi sabata isanatulutse, chakudya chimatha. Nsomba zimakhala ndi njala.

Malo osungira

Mtunduwu ndi nsomba yofunika malonda. Ku Russia, a Baikal omal amaonedwa kuti ndi chakudya chamtengo wapatali. Amatumizidwa kumayiko akunja. Mwanjira yosuta, nsombayi imagulitsidwa mwachidwi m'mphepete mwa nyanjayo. Alendo amabwera kudzagula mwakufuna kwawo, ngakhale kuli kwakuti mitengo yokwera mtengo.

Kugwira nsomba zochuluka kwambiri kudalembedwa zaka 50 zapitazo. Zinkakwana matani 60-80,000 pachaka. Mu 1969, kusodza kunali koletsedwa. Mu 1974, kuchuluka kwa omer kunabwezeretseka pang'ono, ndipo anayambanso kuigwira. Mu 1995, matani zikwi 5,000 adagwidwa, chaka chotsatira matani zikwi 3,000. Masiku ano, palibe nsomba zambiri zamtunduwu mu Nyanja ya Baikal, chifukwa kuwedza sikugwira, ngakhale ndalama ndi zoletsa.