Loon - Ino ndiye mbalame yakumpoto, yomwe ndi madzi. Dongosolo la mbalamezi lili ndi mitundu isanu yokha. Amakula kukula ndi bakha woweta, pamakhala anthu ena komanso akuluakulu. M'mbuyomu, ubweya wa loon udagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zipewa za akazi.
Nthenga zawo zimakhala zofewa komanso zosangalatsa kukhudza. Kunja, mbalameyo imawoneka yokongola komanso yanzeru kwambiri. Mikwingwirima ya Flat pamapiko a siliva ndiye kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa loon ndi mbalame zina. Zovala zamtunduwu zimakula mpaka masentimita 70, ndipo kulemera kwakukulu kwa mbalameyo ndi kilogalamu 6. Mitundu yamitundu yonse ndi yosambira yosangalatsa. Mbalamezi sizingoyenda pansi, m'malo mwake zimangokwawa. Ma loonies amatha kupanga mitundu iwiri yamawu:
Mverani mawu a loon
Kulira kumachitika mukamayesa kukawuza banja lanu. Scon Loon sitha kumveka kawirikawiri, chifukwa pafupifupi palibe amene amawazunza. Koma mawu awa ali ndi kuboola kwake komwe. Amakhala makamaka m'madzi ozizira. Wosanjikiza mafuta ochulukirapo amawapulumutsa ku hypothermia.
Amayamba kukhazikika pang'onopang'ono kugwa, ndipo pofika nthawi yozizira amakutidwa ndi ubweya wofunda. Nthawi yomweyo, mbalame zimataya nthenga, chifukwa sizitha kuuluka kwa miyezi iwiri. Kuuluka kwa matendawa kumatha kuwoneka ngati kolakwika. Palibe mtundu wotsimikizika komanso mtsogoleri. Mbalame nthawi zonse zimasiyana.
Malo okhala Habitat ndi moyo wawo
Ma loon nthawi zonse amakhala m'madera ozizira. Malo okhala ndi ku Asia ndi North America. Patulani miyoyo yawo yonse pamadzi. Dziwe litauma, mbalame zimakakamizidwa kuuluka kupita kwina.
Bakha Loon imakonda madamu akuluakulu ndi ozizira. Nthawi zambiri awa ndi nyanja ndi nyanja. Maonekedwe a mbalameyo imathandizira kuti ikhale ndi moyo wam'madzi; Kukhalapo kwa nembanemba kumathandiza kuti mbalame izisambira momasuka komanso kusambira. Madzi ofunda otentha amapulumutsa loon kuti asazizire m'madzi ozizira.
Mutha kukumana ndi loon mu tundra kapena nkhalango. Amatha kukhala kumapiri. Amakhala moyo wawo wonse wosakhala kutali ndi madzi. Nthawi zambiri nthawi yozizira imakhala ku Black, Baltic kapena White Seas, komanso Pacific. Mbalameyo ndi yokongola, imakonda malo oyera.
Ma loon ndi mbalame zomwe zimathera nthawi yawo yambiri m'njira. Kuuluka malo ndi malo, amapeza chakudya chawo ndi kuwaswa anapiye. Nthawi zonse mumakonda madzi oyera ndi m'miyala.
Nthawi zambiri matendawa amakhala onenepa. Amapanga maukwati amoyo. Zimawuluka kuchokera malo kupita kumalo ndikukutana anapiyewo limodzi. Mbalame zimatuluka mosavuta m'madzi. Zimawuluka kwambiri, koma makamaka m'njira zowongoka. Mbalameyi sinasinthidwe kuti ikhale yotembenuka. Ngati akuona zoopsa, nthawi yomweyo amadzipinda m'madzi.
Amatha kulowa pansi mpaka mita 20 ndikukhala pansi pa madzi mpaka mphindi ziwiri. Pambuyo pothawa, anyamatawa amafikira pamadzi okha. Poyesera kutera, mbalame zimathyola miyendo kapena kuthyoka.
Maonedwe amakono
Masiku ano, anthu okhala m'chiuno ndi mitundu isanu yokha, monga:
- Arctic Loon kapena mulomo wakuda,
- Chiuno chakumaso,
- Loon wokhotakhota,
- Chovala choyera chamutu,
- Loon wofiirira.
Chikhalidwe cha mbalame zonsezi ndi zofanana. M'malo mwake, amasiyana mawonekedwe okha. Onsewa amatulutsa kulira kosautsa mtima, komwe sikungasokonezeke ndi mawu ochokera kwa mbalame zina. Mtundu wofala kwambiri loon wakuda (wodedwa khosi).
Zojambulidwa ndi Khosi lakuda
Chovala chokhala ndi ululu wofiira chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kukongola kwake. Mzere wa pinki uli pakhosi pake, womwe umatha kuwoneka ngati kolala kuchokera kutali. Mbalameyi ndiyosowa.
Kufotokozera ndi mawonekedwe a loon
Ma loon amakhala m'matumba. Nthawi zonse amakhala pamadzi ozizira ndipo amakhala pamenepo mpaka kuzizira. Ma loon ndi mbalame zosamala kwambiri. Ndi anthu pafupifupi sayanjana. Kutembenuza mbalameyi kukhala nyumba ndikovuta. Chifukwa chake, palibe zitsanzo za minda yomwe loon imasungidwa. Nthawi zina amasakidwa (loon wakuda). Ena mwa banja ili alembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
Tiyenera kunena kuti ma loon ndi mbalame zosalekeza. Monga lamulo, ngakhale pofunafuna nkhokwe, imawulukira kumalo omwewo. Mbalame zimakhala pafupifupi zaka 20. M'mbuyomu, mbalame zidasakidwa chifukwa cha ubweya ndi khungu, koma posakhalitsa kuchuluka kwawo kudachepa kwambiri ndipo kusaka kudaletsedwa. Kuuluka kwa Loon mkulu. Pitani kumwamba ndi madzi okha kuchokera kumwamba. Ziwalo za zala zake zimapangidwa bwino kwambiri kotero kuti ndizosavomerezeka kuti ziwuke pamtunda.
Zojambulidwa-khosi Loon
Kudyetsa m'chiuno ndi kubereka
Zakudya zazikulu za loon ndi nsomba zazing'ono, zomwe mbalamezo zimagwira mukasambira. M'malo mwake, imatha kudya chilichonse chomwe chili munyanja kapena nyanja. Itha kukhala ma mbewa, ma crustaceans ang'ono, mphutsi ngakhale tizilombo.
Kutha kubereka mu loons kumadza mochedwa - kale mchaka chachitatu cha moyo. Tizilombo timene timakhota pafupi ndi dziwe, nthawi zambiri pagombe, ngati kuli masamba ambiri mozungulira. Kuchera chisa kupita kumadzi, chachikazi ndi chachimuna chimapanga ngalande zokhazokha kuti ndizotheka kulowa mwachangu m'madzi, kudya ndi kubwerera kuchisa.
Nthawi zambiri, zazikazi zimayikira mazira awiri, milandu yochepa pomwe pali chisa 3. Mazira amakhala ndi mawonekedwe okongola. Dzira limagona sikuchitika tsiku lomwelo, nthawi zambiri pakangotha pafupifupi sabata limodzi. Wamkazi ndi wamwamuna amalowerera mazira. M'modzi mwa makolo nthawi zonse amakhala mchisa. The makulitsidwe nthawi pafupifupi 30 masiku.
Chovala choyera choyera chimadziwika ndi mtanda waukulu
Mbalameyo ikaona ngoziyo, ndiye kuti imangodumphira m'mphepete mwamadzi ndikuyamba kulira kwambiri ndikumenyetsa mapiko ake pamadzi, kuti ikope chidwi chake. Chingwe chimaswa ndi ubweya wakuda. Pafupifupi, amatha kuyenda pansi ndi kusambira bwino. Makolo amawadyetsa m'masabata oyamba. Zakudya zawo zimakhala ndi tizilombo komanso mphutsi. Pakupita milungu ingapo, anapiyewo amayamba kudya okha. Amatha kuuluka ali ndi miyezi iwiri.
Zochititsa Chidwi za Loon
1. Ma loon-akuda komanso oyera amutu walembedwa mu Buku Lofiyira.
2. Kulira komwe mbalame imachita kuli ngati kulira kwa nyama yolusa.
3. Mbalamezi zimasakidwa chifukwa cha ubweya ndi khungu.
4. Nyama ya loon siikonda ndi osaka.
5. Palibe minda yomwe loon imadutsamo.
6. Maanja pa loons adapangira moyo, pokhapokha atamwalira ndi mnzakeyo, mbalameyo imafunafuna ina.
7. Kufuula nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwa wamwamuna, mu nthawi yakukalamba yokha pomwe mkazi amatha kufuula mokweza.
Kufotokozera, mitundu
Mbalame ya Loon ndi mbalame yamadzi. Pamtunda, amasankhidwa ngati njira yomaliza. "Njira" zonse zimaperekedwa m'chiuno movuta, chifukwa miyendo, "yosunthidwa" kumbuyo, cholinga chake ndikusambira munyanja. Chifukwa chake, pansi, mbalameyo imakwawa pamimba yake. Ornithologists amadziwa mitundu isanu.
Kuti tisasokonezedwe ndi wowotcha bakha - uyu ndi woimira gulu lina. Mtundu ndi wosiyana kotheratu.
Mbalame za Loon zimakhala ndi mayina amtundu womwe amawonetsa kusiyana kwakunja pakati pa subspecies:
- mulomo wakuda,
- wamakhosi
- Wodulidwa khosi
- oyera-oyera
- oyera.
Kusiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku mbalame zina ndi khungu losalala bwino. Mitundu yodziwika kwambiri yakumaso - mtundu womwe udalembedwa mu Red Book.
Tidziwitsa mwatsatanetsatane. Thupi ndilotalika 50-70 masentimita, kukula kwake ndi makilogalamu 3.4, mapiko ake ndi masentimita 130. Mtunduwu siwosiyanasiyana mosiyanasiyana, koma umakhala wokongola kwambiri. Pakhosi, momwe ziliri, mikwingwirima yakuda ndi yoyera, ngati kolala yovunda. Mutu ndi wakuda, "wonyezimira", ngati thupi lonse.
Nthenga pamimba ndi zoyera, pamwamba - imvi zakuda ndi mawanga oyera - ozungulira mbali. Kulira kokhala ngati kummero kumakhala ngati khwangwala, ndipo nthawi yakukhwima, monga mitundu ina, mumatha kumva bwino za "ha-ha-garra". Chifukwa chake dzinali - loon.
Khalidwe
Waterfowl kukula kwa tsekwe kapena bakha lalikulu, komwe amasiyana ndi mulomo wosakhazikika (osati lathyathyathya). Kutalika kwa ma loon kumayambira pa 53 mpaka 91 cm, mapikowo amachokera ku 106 mpaka 152 cm, kulemera kwake kumachokera ku 1 mpaka 6.4 kg. M'miyendo yowuluka, mapiko ang'onoang'ono akukantha, miyendo imayang'ana kumbuyo, ngati kuti ndi mchira. Kuuluka, "kuwerama" pang'ono, kugwada pakhosi, yomwe imasiyananso ndi atsekwe ndi abakha. Amasiyana ndi ma grebes kukula okulirapo, thupi lalikulupo, pakukhwima - popanda nthenga zazitali pamutu. Kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mawonekedwe a miyendo ndi kapangidwe ka miyendo (m'chiuno chala zitatu zakumaso ndizolumikizana ndi membrane, pomwe mkati mwa zala zam'mimba mulibe membrane pakati pa zala.
Maonekedwe achimuna ndi achikazi ndi ofanana: maula a mbali yakunja ndi oyera, ndipo kumtunda kwawo ndi kasozikola koyera kapena kofiirira. Pamutu ndi khosi pamakhala mawonekedwe amtundu uliwonse. Mwa ana, komanso mbalame zachikulire nthawi yachisanu, mawonekedwewa kulibe, ndipo mawonekedwe amitunduyi ndiwopindulitsa - pansi loyera komanso pamwamba pamdima.
Mafupa mafupa sakhala opanda kanthu, monga mbalame zina. Ndizolimba komanso zolemetsa, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ana am'madzi asunthe. Matendawa amatha kuzolowera madzi am'madzi momwe amayenda movutikira kwambiri pamtunda, ndipo ndizosowa kwambiri kuwaona m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Monga lamulo, ma loon samayenda, koma amayenda pamiyendo, zomwe zimawonetsa kuti akukwirira pamimba. Nthawi zambiri anyaniwa amagona pamadzi ndipo amapita kukayendera nthaka nthawi yachisanu.
Habitat, moyo
Nyama zake ndi anthu okhala kunyanja zakumpoto. Kuchokera kuzizira, imateteza mafuta osalala komanso ubweya wosalala womwe umawonekera pambuyo poyambira nyengo yachisanu. Ngakhale kukana chisanu, mbalame zimakakamizidwa kuti zizisamukira - zimafota ngati dziwe lakwawo litakutidwa ndi ayezi. Makonda okondwerera nyengo yachisanu - Wakuda kapena Woyera.
Malo okhala ndi gawo lalikulu kumpoto kwa Europe ndi America. Choleza chimatha kupezeka ngakhale mu tundra kapena mapiri, chinthu chachikulu ndichakuti pali madzi pafupi. Mbalame zimasonkhana pagulu, koma mbalame ndizochenjera ndi anthu, zochitika za "kubwezeretsa" sizikudziwika.
Ma looni awiri amapanga masika. Madzi oundana akangosungunuka, amamanga zisa pafupi ndi madzi, kotero kuti pangozi ingasunuke. Pafupifupi, mkazi amaikira mazira awiri - amakhala owumbika mawonekedwe a maolivi. Mazira ndi okulirapo - pafupifupi 9-10 cm, masekeli 100 g.
Ngakhale mazira ochepa - osapitilira 3, wamkazi amawayikira "magawo", "kupuma" kwa sabata.
Amayi samasiya anapiye, amawadyetsa ndi tizilombo tating'ono ndi mwachangu. Makanda obadwa kumene amasuntha pawokha, koma sangathe kupeza chakudya. Anapiye "akusambira" kumbuyo kwa amayi amawoneka okhudza mtima kwambiri. Chifukwa chake loon imaphunzitsa ana kusambira, nsana wake ndi poyambira kusambira.
Voterani
Liwu ndi laphokoso kwambiri komanso osiyanasiyana, lili ndi kubangula ndi kubangula. Munthawi ya chisa, mofuula wa "ha-ha-ha-rrra" ndiwodziwika. Mu chiuno chokhala ndi khosi lofiira, kulira kumeneku kumaperekedwa ndi onse awiri, mitundu ina, wamwamuna yekha.
Mfuwu yochenjeza kuchokera kummero wakuda, yokhotakhosi komanso yokhotakhota - yoyera yofanana ndi akhwangwala; kwa amiyala oyera komanso onyentchera, izi zimafanana kwambiri ndi kuseka, chifukwa chake mwambi "Wopenga ngati loon".
Mawonekedwe, mfundo zosangalatsa
Mbalame ikakhala pachiwopsezo pamtunda chifukwa cha nkhwangwa, pang'onopang'ono, ndiye kuti nkovuta kuyigwira pamadzi. Ataona zoopsa, matendawa amathira pansi ndikusambira, kuyenda mwachangu pansi pamadzi. "Kuyika" kwa mbalame pamadzi ndikosangalatsa. Pafupifupi thupi lake lonse limabisidwa, mutu wokha pakhosi wokhota womwe umatha kuwoneka kuchokera kumwamba.
Mbalame za Loon zimakonda ukhondo wozungulira pawokha, mwina, motero zimasunga malo okhala ndi anthu okhala ndi dothi ndi zinyalala. Kusaka mbalame zonyadazi ndizoletsedwa, mitundu yambiri ikufa, koma anthu ena akumpoto asodzi akuwedza ubweya wamtengo wapatali.
Kufalitsa
Amakhala m'malo a tundra ndi nkhalango ku Europe, Asia ndi North America, komwe amawagawa kumpoto kuzilumba zakutali kwambiri. Ku Asia, amakhalanso m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa mapiri akum'mwera kwa Siberia.
Ma loon amatha moyo wawo wonse pamadzi kapena pafupi nawo. Zimapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi kunyanja ndi mitsinje. Kudutsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja zopanda nyanja. Ku Europe, ndi Nyanja Kumpoto ndi Baltic, komanso kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Ku America, ndiye gombe la Pacific kumwera kupita ku California Peninsula ndi gombe la Atlantic kupita ku Florida. Ku Asia, ili ndiye gombe la China kupita ku Hainan Island.
Njira yosangalatsa yosamukira kumeneko ndi anthu aku North Siberian okhala ndi khosi lakuda. Mbalamezi nthawi yozizira ku Nyanja Yakuda, nthawi ya kasupe imawulukira koyamba ku Baltic, ndipo kenako ku Nyanja Yoyera. Khalidwe, pamene njira zosamukira ku nthawi yachisanu komanso nthawi yozizira ndizosiyana, ndizodziwika mwa mitundu yochepa chabe ya mbalame.
Mitundu yolimbikira kwambiri
Ngakhale kuti ma loon amasungidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, anthu 10-15, pangozi, amachita mogwirizana ndi "aliyense payekha." Kuthamanga pamadzi, kunyamuka, ndi "kuwaza" mbali zosiyanasiyana. Koma, ngati zisa zikhala pachiwopsezo, oyandikana nawo "eni" amabwera m'magulu awiri ndipo amayandama pansi kuchokera pagombe.
Mbalame yabwino kwambiri ndi yoimira mbalame zakumpoto zomwe zimakonda kuphunzira. Mtundu wokongola, liwu lambiri "repertoire", komanso kuyeretsa kwake kodabwitsa ndizosangalatsa.
Ntchito
Ma loon amasambira mokongola komanso kumayenda mwamadzi modabwitsa, nthawi zina amatha kuyenda pansi mpaka mita 21 ndikukhalabe pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi 1.5. Amakhala m'madzi moyo wawo wonse, kusiya madzi pokhapokha nthawi yodzala. Nthawi zambiri mbalame za m'madzi am'madzi, madzi amadzi oyera amapita kokha pakubala komanso posamukira, ndipo nthawi yonseyo amakhala akusungidwa kunyanja.
Chokani pamadzi, ndikufalikira kwa nthawi yayitali motsutsana ndi mphepo. Kuuluka kwa anyamatawa kumachitika mwachangu ndipo, mosiyana ndi abakha, nzeru, kupukutika kwamapiko, ndi mutu woweramitsidwa pang'ono. Amakhalanso pamadzi okha, nthawi yomweyo amakweza mapiko awo, ndikuyika miyendo kumbuyo ndipo pamalo oterowo amapanga pang'onopang'ono kugona kwawo. Amakhala pansi pamadzi ndikuyamba kulowa pansi mozama m'malo mochokapo. Mukasunthira pansi pamadzi, amagwiritsa ntchito miyendo yawo, yomwe imanyamulidwa kumbuyo. Nthawi zina, posambira, imagwiritsa ntchito mapiko, koma nthawi zambiri mapikowo amawakhomera kumbuyo kwawo ndikukutira kuti isanyowe ndi nthenga zakutseka zamapikowo, kumbuyo kwawo ndi mbali zazitali, ndikupanga "thumba" lapadera. Kusintha kwina kuchokera pakuyamba kunyowa ndikuthira kwamapulogalamu wamafuta ndi mafuta a gaimu apamwamba kwambiri. Chikuto cha nthenga nchachikulupo, chokhala ndi nkhungu ya fluff. Wosanjikiza mafuta ochulukirapo amapulumutsanso ku hypothermia.
Mu mbalame zazikulu, kubowola kumayambira kugwa, lisanawuluke, maula omwe akusuntha amasintha kukhala nthenga zowoneka bwino nthawi yozizira. Pakutalika kwa dzinja, nthenga zimagwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo mbalame zimalephera kuuluka kwa miyezi 1 mpaka 1.5. Pofika mwezi wa Epulo, zovala zamalimwe zikugulidwanso.
Nyengo yam'madzi yotentha. Achinyamata amakhala kumeneko nthawi yachilimwe yoyamba, kapena mpaka kukhwima kumafika. Chapakatikati, amafika mochedwa, pakakhala madzi oyera ambiri. Makanda am'madzi othawa amawoneka ngati magulu omwazikana, pakati pa mbalame pali mipata ya mamita angapo kapena makumi. Ngakhale awiriawiri, wamwamuna ndi wamkazi amawuluka mosiyana.
Zipatsozi zakhala zaka zoposa 20. Mapaipi amapezeka nthawi zonse ndipo, mwina, akupitilira moyo.
Kuswana
Yambani kubereka osakwana zaka 3. Zimakhala m'malo osungira ndi madzi oyera. Chidacho chimakhala pafupi ndi madzi, nthawi zambiri chimakhala pa alumali ndipo pali udzu, ndipo chimakhala ndi udzu womwewo womwe umamera pafupi ndi chisa, komanso kuchokera kumera zakufa. Kuchokera ku chisa chimodzi kupita kumadzi amatsogolera manhole amodzi kapena awiri (mocheperapo - atatu kapena anayi), momwe mbalame zimakwawa kulowa mchisa ndikubwera m'madzi. M'mphepete mwa chithaphwi, chisa chimatha kukhala chodabwitsa chonyowa, makamaka chowola, chomera nthawi zonse. Thireyi ndi losaya, pafupifupi nthawi zonse kumanyowetsa chisa. M'mphepete mwamtondo, zinyalala sizitha konse, ndipo mazira atagona pamtunda wa peat kapena malo ena opanda kanthu. Zisa zoyandama izi, monga ma foradstools, ma loon satero.
Mazira mu clutch nthawi zambiri amakhala 2, kawirikawiri 1, komanso osasankha - 3.Amakhala ndi mawonekedwe osalala-owoneka bwino komanso mtundu wokongola, wa maolivi wobiriwira kwambiri kapena wobiriwira, wobiriwira, wokhala ndi timaso tating'ono kapena tinthu tating'ono. Mazira nthawi zambiri samagona pafupi ndi chisa, koma patali pang'ono ndi inzake. Yaikazi imawayika ndi nthawi yayitali mpaka masiku angapo. Awiriwa ali awiriawiri kulowa mosiyana kwa masiku 24-29, koma achikazi.
Kuyambira makungubwe, nkhwangwa, skuas ndi ena owononga ochepa, ma loon amatha kutchingira mabowo. Ngati galu, munthu, kapena munthu wina wofuna ngozi yoopsa atayandikira chisa, mbalame yokhomayo imayamba kubisala pachisa, ndikugwedeza khosi lake lalitali, kenako nkukalowa mumadzi mwakachetechete ndikuyang'ana patali, yopanda kanthu. Imakhala kwambiri pamasamba omangika, imalola kuti nyama izikhala yoyandikira, nthawi zambiri imachichotsa kumtunda ndikuwonetsa phokoso - kukuwa, kulira, kuwombera mapiko ake, "kuvina" pamadzi. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imakhala pafupifupi masabata anayi. Minkhusu imakutidwa ndi imvi yakuda pansi. Pambuyo posaka, amatha kusambira ndi kuwira pansi, koma m'masiku oyambira nthawi zambiri amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kubisala mu udzu. Makolo amawadyetsa ndi ma invertebrates am'madzi, nsomba zazing'ono. Kukula, anapiye amaphunzira kudzigwira okha. Amalandira ufulu komanso kutha kuuluka ali ndi zaka 6 mpaka masabata 6.7.
Anthu ndi Loon
M'malo ocheperako, pamodzi ndi mbalame zina zam'masewera, anthu wamba aku Far North amagwidwa akugwiritsa nyama chakudya. M'mbuyomu, zipewa zazimayi zimapangidwa kuchokera ku zikopa za leotard (mawere oyera ndi pamimba), panali kusodzi kwapadera kwa "tsitsi la mbalame" kapena "khosi la m'chiuno". Mafashoni azinthu zoterezi zapita, ndipo palibe nsomba zomwe zikuchitika.
Kuthekera kwa kubereka kwa ma logi ndizotsika kwambiri, ndizochenjera ndipo sizikhala pafupi ndi anthu. Nthawi zambiri amafera maukonde asodzi, kuchokera kuwombera mwachangu kwa asaka otopetsa komanso kuchokera ku mitundu yonse ya uve, makamaka mafuta.
Kwa nthawi yayitali mumzinda wa Hawthorne (Nevada, USA) m'mphepete mwa phiri lamchere la Walker Lake, unkachitika chaka chilichonse Chikondwerero cha Loon: Anthu mazana ambiri adakumana ndi magulu a mbalamezi, omwe adayima kuti apumule ndikudyetsa panthawi yosamukira. Kuyambira 2009, chikondwererochi chidayenera kuletsedwa, chifukwa Walker ikuyamba kulowa, chifukwa chomwe mchere ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zoyipa m'madzi zikukwera. Tsopano mbalamezo zikuuluka mozungulira mbali ino ya nyanjayo.
Mbiri yakusinthika
Ma loon mwina ndi amodzi mwa gulu lakale kwambiri pakati pa mbalame zamakono. Mafuta zakale kwambiri opezeka mu Upper Oligocene waku North America - mbalame yaying'ono yamtunduwu Colymboides. Palinso zotsalira zingapo zakale zomwe zinachitika kuyambira kumapeto kwa Cretaceous, koma zomwe ali nazo mu loons pano zikutsutsana. Rod Loon (Gavia) limapezeka kuchokera ku Lower Miocene. Kuphatikiza pa mitundu isanu yomwe ilipo, mitundu isanu ndi inayi ya mtundu wa Gavia imadziwika:
Morphologic ndipo, zikuwoneka, mwanjira yofananira, ma loon ali pafupi ndi penguin komanso tubular-nosed. Ma loon amatha kusinthana ndi ma toadstools. Mitambo iwiriyi ya mbalame ilibe chofanana pa morphology kapena ecology.
Kuchulukitsa
Pachikhalidwe, ma loons ankawonedwa kuti ndi onenepa, pomwe amafanana kwambiri kunja komanso m'moyo. Karl Linney mu 1758 adayika mabanja onse awiriwa Colymbus, yemwenso anali m'gulululi Zothandiza, kuphatikiza pafupifupi madzi osefukira odziwika nthawi imeneyo. Kwa nthawi yayitali, akatswiri a zoology adatsata mawonekedwe a Linear of the loons. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, ma loon ndi onenepa onenepa adagawika m'magulu awiri, omwe akuti ndi ogwirizana. Leon Gardner anali dokotala woyamba wa zanyama mu 1925 kukayikira ubale wapachibale ndi mafuta onenepa. Kafukufuku waposachedwa awulula kuti kufanana pakati pa mabanja awa ndi chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa kutembenuka mtima.
Ma loon onse omwe akukhala lero ndi a banja limodzi la loons (Gaviidae) komanso amtundu womwewo wa loons (Gavia) Mitundu inayi idazindikiridwa kale, koma kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti m'chiuno chokhala ndi khosi loyera, lomwe limawerengedwa kuti ndi mtundu wamtundu wakuda, ndi mitundu ina.
Chiyerekezo chapakati pa ubale wapachibale:
ZONSE ZABWINO
M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, nyumbayo amadya kwambiri nsomba. Nthawi zambiri nsomba zochokera ku banja la ndende komanso ma mollusks omwe amakhala pansi amakhala chakudya chake.
M'nyengo yotentha ndi nthawi yachilimwe, kuti asasunthire malo opezekapo, loon amasaka madzi osaya. Pamodzi ndi nsomba, imagwira nyama zing'onozing'ono zomwe zimakhalanso kunyanja. Mlomo wakuthwa, wokhala ndi thukuta limathandizira kuti nsomba zigwire. Pofufuza chakudya, amasambira ngati bakha, kenako n'kugwedeza pansi, kwinaku akung'amba mapiko ake kuti akwere mozama momwe angathere.
Pothamangitsa nyama yomwe idawonedwayo, imatha kumira mpaka akuya kupitirira mamita 7 ndi kukhalabe pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi imodzi. Nsomba zomwe zagwidwa nthawi yomweyo zimadyedwa kapena kunyamulidwa ndi anapiyewo.
Loon, yemwe amathamangira ndi chisa kupita pachisa, ali wokonzeka kuthana mwamphamvu ndi mbalame zina, koma mwa mwayi uliwonse umakhala ndi anansi ake ngati mbala yeniyeni. Amagwira mbalame zomwe zagwira nyama (mwanjira iyi, nsomba), ndikuzitenga.
Maonekedwe ndi malo a eider
Loon - mafoni amadzi am'mphepete kumpoto. Ndi ya mbalame zamtundu wakumpoto izi, zomwe mpweya sindiwo wofunikira kwambiri. Koposa zonse, amadzimva kuti ali mumadzi opanda mchere, osambira bwino komanso osambira.
Pothawa, amawoneka ngati osafunikira. Padziko lapansi, akuwombawa amakhala osawoneka bwino ndikuyenda pamiyendo yawo yakuda. M'mawonekedwe, amawoneka otopa, pomwe ali ndi khosi lalifupi.
Kupatsa malongosoledwe a alendo, ziyenera kudziwidwa mwa zina mwa mawonekedwe ake. Mlomo wamtali komanso wandiweyani wa zolengedwa zokhala ndi mbewa umatiyimbira kenako ndikuzunguliridwa m'mwamba.
Mphuno za zolengedwa zoterezi zimafanana ndi alkalis mawonekedwe. Mchira, wokhala ndi kutalika pafupifupi 9 cm, umakwezedwa ndikuwonetsedwa kumapeto. Pharynx ya mbalame imadziwika ndi kutuluka kowala, maso ndi a bulauni.
Mutu ndi msana zili zofiirira zakuda, pomwe m'mimba muli zoyera. Mukuvala zovala za mbalame, monga mukuonera chithunzi cha nyumba yogona alendo, zingwe zoyera zimawonekera: kutalika kwake kumayambira kuchokera kumaso mpaka kumapeto kwa mulomo, ndipo chosunthikacho chimakongoletsa mapiko a mbalameyo, yomwe imakhala yotalika pafupifupi masentimita 20. Utoto wa mutu kuchokera kumbali ndi khosi umadalira nyengo, kusintha kuchokera kumdima kupita ku kuwala.
Malo omwe mbalame zimakhalamo ndi madzi am'nyanja a Arctic komanso kumpoto kwa Atlantic, kutsuka magombe a Europe ndi America, komanso nthawi zambiri ma eel amakhala kuzilumba zoyandikana ndi awa.
Dera la Canada chaka chilichonse pamakhala zisa za mbalame 25,000. Munthawi wamba, zolengedwa izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yambiri kumadzi otseguka. Mawu am'mimba komanso onyezimira a mbalame nthawi zambiri amatha kumva nyengo yakukhwima.
Mverani mawu a nyumba ya alendo
Nthawi zambiri amapanga mawu: "arrk-arrk", yomwe idakweza dzina lawo.
Kufalitsa
Ziphuphu zimapezeka m'madela ang'onoang'ono kapena m'magulu, kusankha malo otetezeka m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Banja la makolo limakhala limodzi kwa zaka zingapo ndipo zisa pachaka m'malo amodzi. Mabanja amayamba kugwa.
Pakumapeto kwa dzinja, mbewa zachikulire zimabwelera kumalo omwe zimakhala ndi chisa. Yaikazi pamiyala imayikira dzira limodzi. Yaikazi imadyetsedwa ndi yaikazi pamodzi ndi yaimuna. Mwana wankhuku, yemwe ali ndi masiku 18, ndi wocheperapo kuposa mbalame yakale, Komabe, ndi nthawi imeneyi pomwe imachoka chisa ndikudziponyera m'nyanja. Makolo akumudikirira m'madzi ndipo limodzi ndi anapiye amasambira mtunda wautali.
Loon wamakutu wakuda
Maonekedwe achimuna ndi achikazi ndi ofanana - m'mimba ndimakutidwa ndi nthenga zoyera, ndipo pamwambapo pali utoto wonyezimira kapena wakuda wokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera. Ndikothekanso kusiyanitsa anthu kutengera mtundu wathu - aliyense ndi amodzi.
Mtunduwu suwoneka panthawi yachisanu chokha, mtundu wonse wa mbalame ukakhala wowoneka bwino kwambiri. Kuchokera ku atsekwe ndi abakha, matendawa amasiyana m'mayendedwe othawa - amawerama pang'ono ndikuweramitsa khosi lawo pansi. Mapiko a mbalamezo ndi ochepa, motsutsana ndi kukula kwa abakha omwewo, pomwe miyendo imatuluka kumbuyo - nthawi zambiri amasokonezeka ndi mchira. Zala zitatu zakutsogolo za mbalamezi ndizolumikizidwa ndi nembanemba. Chingwe chokhala ndi khosi lakuda chimakhala ndi mawu okondweretsa - pakufalikira kwake mutha kumva kulira komanso kubuula. Kwa munthu wokhala ndi khosi lakuda, kulira kuli ngati khwangwala. Tsoka ilo, loon ili kumapeto, kotero mwayi wokha wopulumutsa mitunduyi ndi Buku Lofiyira. Phokoso lanyimbo zakuda kumakumwa nyengo yakukhwima imamveka ngati “ha-ha-ha-rra”, lomwe linadzipatsa dzina lotere.
MALANGIZO A DWI
Mapiko a eyider amayenera kuyang'aniridwa - amafupikitsa komanso mulifupi, atakutidwa ndi nthenga. Ndiye kuti, amazisintha kuti zizitha kuthawa komanso kusambira. Madzi ndi apakatikati kuposa mpweya, ndipo mapiko akuluakulu sakanakhala othandiza pansi pa madzi. Mapiko otsetsereka, onga a penguin, ndi ochepa kwambiri kuti athe kuuluka. Mapiko a Loon amathandizira kuyenda pansi pamadzi, koma osapereka ndege yabwino. Kuchepa kwa nthenga zofanana ngakhale imodzi kumapangitsa kuti ndege ziziuluka kwambiri. Loon sangakwanitse kugula pang'onopang'ono pachaka. Chifukwa chake, chakumaso chikatha nyengo yochezerayo, chimataya zonse ndipo kwa masiku pafupifupi 45 sichingathe kuuluka. Kunja, fleck imafanana ndi guillemot, kokha kukula kwake ndi kocheperako ndipo kamakhala ndi mulomo wamfupi komanso wonenepa.
DZIWANI IZI:
- Madzi amakhala pamwamba pamadzi, ndipo khosi lake limapinda pang'ono m'mapewa ndipo nthawi zambiri mchira wake umakwezedwa pamwamba pamadzi.
- Mazira a loon ndi a bulauni, oyera oyera kapena opanda nthenga, okhala ndi mawanga a bulauni kapena akuda. Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana, makolo amatha kuzindikira dzira lawo mosavuta.
- Loon ndiye munthu yekhayo wamoyo wokhala wopanda mapiko wakale wa Loon, yemwe kale ankakhala pachilumba chakumpoto cha Atlantic Ocean.
- Ena mwa ma eel nthawi zina amadyetsedwa ndi chakudya cholembedwa kuchokera pakamwa pa mbalame zina - mwachitsanzo, zipewa.
- Osiyana ndi ovuta kutsamira munyanja yamkuntho. Nyengoyi ikakhala nthawi yayitali, mbalame zambiri zimafooka kotero kuti funde lolimba limatha kuponyedwa pamiyala ndipo imafa.
NKHANI ZOSAVUTA ZA IMFA. KULAMBIRA
Kubwerera: khunyu inazolowera moyo wamadzi. Amatha kulowa m'madzi akuya kwa 7 m ndikukhala pansi pa madzi pafupifupi mphindi imodzi.
Chakudya: chovala chake chimakonda kukhala m'mapanga. Nthawi zina imadyanso tating'onoting'ono tating'ono.
Mapaamu ozizira: M'nyengo yozizira, khosi ndi gawo la chifuwa cha eider limayera.
Mazira: wamkazi aikira dzira limodzi pamiyala.
- Malo okhala
PAMENE AMAKHALA
Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Atlantic Ocean, ku Scandinavia ndi ku Finland, komanso ku Iceland, Greenland ndi Northeast Canada. Amaberekanso ku Helgoland.
KUTETEZA NDI KUPULUMUTSA
Kusodza kwambiri, komwe ndiye chakudya chachikulu cha shrimp, kunapangitsa kutsika kwake. Zimatenga zaka zambiri kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa anthu ambiri.
Kukucha. Kanema (00:00:05)
Loon (Alca torda) wochokera ku banja loyera - wachibale wamoyo wopanda zingwe, anawonongedwa kwathunthu mu 1844. Bakha amadya nsomba zomwe amazigwira "ndikuuluka" pogwiritsa ntchito mapiko pansi pamadzi. Imakhala pachilumba chamiyala ndipo imafika kumpoto kwa Atlantic, ku Barents ndi White Seas. Amfa amawasunga awiriawiri kapena m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, mosiyana ndi ena onse okhala m'misika yamitengo. Dzira limodzi limayikidwa mumiyala kapena m'miyala yamiyala pakabalalika miyala kapena ndikuluzikulu za algae. Monga ma crayon ena ambiri, nthawi zonse, kupatula nthawi yakubereketsa, ma eel amakhala panyanja. Chiwerengero cha mbalamezi sichiri chachikulu kwambiri.
Loon ana
Mwanjira ina, mbalame imakhala ndi mazira ambiri - nthawi zambiri imakhala imodzi kapena iwiri. Mitundu ya mazira imaphimba bwino kuchokera kwa adani - mazira otuwa a maolivi amaphatikizana ndi zomera zam'mphepete mwa nyanja. Kutalika kumafika pafupifupi masentimita khumi, ndipo mwa kulemera iliyonse imakoka pafupifupi magalamu 105.
Ndizosintha kuchokera kumaseke kuti mutha kudziwa kuti ndi chisa cha yani - khosi yofiyira kapena yodonedwa ndi khosi. Dzira loyamba limakhala ndi zochepa. Onsewa amathandizirana - amapambana wina ndi mnzake, kulola moyo wawo kupumula pamadzi, kugona ndi kudya. Nthawi yolumikizira imatha mwezi umodzi - anapiye amatha kumeza pakatha masiku 25 ndipo atatha makumi atatu. Makandawo amakhala m chisa kwa nthawi yayitali - osapitilira masiku awiri. Kenako akuluakulu amayamba kuzolowera anapiye. Njira yoyamba ikuwoneka ngati iyi - anapiye amakwera kumbuyo kwa mbalame yachikulire ndikutsika m'madzi. Posachedwa, mutha kuwona momwe ana akusambira paokha pakati pa makolo awiriwo. Sungani mosamala kuti zisachitike zovuta.
Loon Hunt
Cholocha chakumaso ndilofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Anthu aku Far North amagwiritsa ntchito nyama ya nkhuku chakudya, kuphatikiza apo, sizovuta kupweteka. Nthawi zambiri, mbalame zimasokonekera mu maukonde osambira, kuchokera komwe sizovuta kupeza. Poyamba, kuchokera zikopa za akazi (pamimba yoyera ndi bere), zipewa za telala zosokedwa zidasokedwa ndi akatswiri am'deralo, koma masiku ano luso ili siligwiranso ntchito. Chingwe chakuda chakumaso sichikonda kuyandikana ndi anthu - mbalame imamwalira ndi dothi lomwe linasiyidwa pambuyo pa anthu, nthawi zambiri kusaka kumayambira kosangalatsa. Chifukwa chake, m'maiko ena mulinso chikondwerero cha loons. Mbalame zikafika kuchokera kunyanja yotentha, anthu amakumana nawo, amawapatsa chakudya ndipo amakhala ndi nthawi yopumira. Tidazindikira momwe khosi lakuda lakumaso limawonekera. Kufotokozera mwachidule kumveketsa momwe mungasiyanitsire kuyenda, mwachitsanzo, kuchokera kwa bakha wamba.
Loon pamadzi
Mbalameyo ikasambira, mutu wocheperako pang'ono, gawo laling'ono kumbuyo ndi khosi lopindika pang'ono likuwonekera pamtunda - kutchera kwa mbalameyi ndikotsika kwambiri. Mbalameyo ikayamba kuda nkhawa, imadzizama kwambiri m'madzi, pamapeto pake imangosiya mutu ndi dera laling'ono la khosi pamwamba pa madzi.
Ndi mantha akulu, amangolowa pansi pamadzi, kudikirira kwakanthawi, mpaka ngozi itadutsa. Chingwe chokhala ndi khosi lakuda chimayenda mosavuta pansi pamadzi - ngati chimangotulutsidwa cha nkhata mumphindi umodzi, chimatha kuthamanga mtunda wa mita 500. Izi zimamupulumutsa kwa asaka ambiri omwe amasokoneza mbalameyo ndi bakha ndikudikirira kuti ituluke pamalo amodzi.
Zowonjezera pang'ono za pafupi ndi khosi lakhosi lakuda
Tsoka ilo, anthu amtunduwu amakhalabe ocheperako. Madzi amauma, chilengedwe chimakhala m'manja ndi manja a anthu - zonsezi zimathandizira kuti mbalame ziziyang'ana malo okhala, ndipo izi ndi chiopsezo chokhazikika chomwe chivindikiro cha khosi lakuda chimawululidwa. Buku Lofiira limaletsa kusaka kwa [mbalamezi, koma limaletsa anthu pang'ono. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waposachedwa, kuchuluka kwa mbalame kunatsika kangapo, m'malo ena adasowa kwamuyaya. Masiku ano, ma logi akhungu atha kupezeka kawirikawiri - mbalame imayesetsa kukhazikika m'chipululu, kutali ndi maso a anthu, makamaka m'mphepete mwa nyanja zazikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Krasnodar Territory, mbalameyi imalembetsedwa mwapadera - chonsecho muli anthu pafupifupi 500, komwe ndi chiwerengero chotsika kwambiri cha mtundu wamba wa loon.
Khalidwe ndi moyo wamunthu wam'mimba
Amphaka amakonda kukhala masiku amoyo wawo atagona awiriawiri kapena kulumikizana m'magulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amakhalapo mosiyana ndi mbalame zina. Mbalamezi zimatha kudumphira m'madzi akuya kuya kwa 35, ndipo posambira zimakoka mitu yawo khosi ndikusunga mchira wawo nthawi zonse.
Nthawi zambiri zimachitika kuti chimphepo chamadzi champhamvu, chomwe chimagwera, chimathandizira mbalamezo mpaka kutaya mphamvu ndikudzipeza zitafa.
Popatula nyengo yozizira panyanja, nzika za kumpoto zoterezi zimasiya madziwo, ndikupita kugombe, kokha nthawi yachisanu.Pakadali pano, zimawuluka mwachangu, zikuyenda mlengalenga kuthamanga kwa 58 km / h, pomwe nthawi zambiri zikuwombera mapiko awo, kutambasulira mitu yawo kutsogolo, ndikuwongolera mchira wawo ndi miyendo kumbuyo, kuyenda mwachangu komanso molunjika.
Liwu la nyumba yogona alendo limadziwika ndi kuboola kosweka mtima. Komabe, sizingatheke kumumva kawirikawiri, chifukwa kuukira kwa mbalame zotere ndizosowa. Koma ngakhale izi, za amodzi Mphekesera kuti ali ochenjera kwambiri.
Nthawi zambiri, ma lunks amasokera m'magulu ang'onoang'ono kapena awiriawiri
Adani awo ndi zilombo zosiyanasiyana, za mbalame - akhwangwala ndi mbalame za m'madzi, komanso nyama monga nkhandwe zofiira. Koma olakwira makamaka amasaka nkhuku, kuyesanso kudya ndi mazira a mbalamezi.
Kutengera ndi nyengo, fluff mbalame zazikazi Zosintha, monga nyengo ina ya nesting, pambuyo pake zochuluka za mbalamezi zimasinthiratu pamwezi ndi theka, ndipo munthawi yomwe yatchulidwa sizimatha kuuluka konse.
Kamodzi ka eiderdown fluff amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukongoletsa zipewa za akazi. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa nthenga za mbalameyi ndizofewa komanso ndizosangalatsa kukhudza.
Chakudya Cha Loon
Kodi ma eel ndi ati?? Zakudya zawo zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo nsomba, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyendetsa zinthu kumalo ochepa kunja, chifukwa cha izi mbalamezi zimapezeka.
Izi zikuphatikiza zing'onozing'ono za cod, zikwangwani, zikwangwani, gerbil, hering, capelin Kuphatikiza apo, ma invertebrates am'madzi osiyanasiyana, monga shrimp ndi squid, komanso crustaceans, amatha kukhala chakudya cha shrimp.
M'dzinja ndi nthawi yozizira, yomwe ma eel amathera m'madzi am'madzi, amakhala okhutira ndi chakudya chachonde chomwe amalowa munyanja yamadzi. Kugwa pansi kufunafuna ma mollusk ndi ma gerbil, amatha kukhala pansi pamadzi kwa mphindi yopitilira.
Nyengo yamasamba, nyama zokhala ndi mbewa zimadyera m'madzi osaya, momwe zimasaka nyama zing'onozing'ono ndi ena okhala m'madzi pansi pa nyanja yakuya. Mlomo wakuthwa umathandizira kuti musunge kwambiri nyumba ya alendo.
Atenga zombo zawo kunyanja, mbalamezi nthawi yomweyo amazidya, kapena amazipititsa ku anapiye awo. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati olimbana nawo amakhala ndi kulimbika mtima kuti athandize pa zomwe apeza, ma eel amakhala okonzeka kumenya nkhondo mwachisawawa ndi olakwira. Koma, komabe, iwonso amatha kupezerapo mwayi zipatso za ntchito za anthu ena pakubera kapena kuchotsa nsomba zogwidwa ndi mbalame zina.
Kwa chakudya, ma eel amatha kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi zingapo