Moni, Picabu. Pazomwe ndalemba patsamba langa panali pempho la chilankhulo chomveka kuti lifotokozere momwe sitimayo imayendera. Mabuku ndi zolemba zomwe zikupezeka pagulu la anthu pa intaneti zidzatengedwa ngati maziko a zoikirazo, china chake chiziwonjezedwa kuchokera pazosadziwa zambiri pamutuwu. Ndiyamba ndikusankha zonyamula zombo zingapo, kenako ndipitilira chida changa.
Choyamba, zombo zoyenda panyanja zimagawika m'magulu awiri.
Choyamba: zombo zazikulu zoyenda panyanja.
Chachiwiri: zombo zazing'ono zoyenda.
Kusiyanako ndikofunikira. Sizitanthauza kuti mbali zazingwe, zonyamula kapena malo oyenda. Mwachitsanzo, bulig yaying'ono kwambiri mulimonsemo imatengera zombo zazikulu, ndipo ketch kapena iol, yomwe ikhoza kukhala yayikulupo kuposa brig iyi, imakhalabe yaying'ono.
Chomwe chikupangitsa kuti gulu lino liziwoneka ndi mtambo. Zombo zazing'ono zoyenda sizikhala ndi ma masti opitilira awiri. Koma brigant, brigantine, ndi ma schoon ambiri ali ndi masts awiri, nawonso, koma ali m'zombo zazikulu zonyamula maulendo.
Kusiyana kwake ndikuti pama sitima zazikulu zazitali zokhala ndi maulendo awiri pamakhala chiwonetsero chachikulu komanso chowongolera. Ndiye kuti, kumbuyo kumakhala kwakukulu kuposa kutsogolo. Kapenanso, monga chomaliza, ali ofanana. Ndipo pa sitima zazing'ono zoyenda, ma mainsail ndi ma meszen masts. Kutsogolo ndikwabwino, kumbuyo kocheperako. Nthawi zina zombo zazing'ono zimatchedwa akasinja amodzi ndi theka, chifukwa mizzen ndi yotsika kwambiri kuposa grotto.
Mu positi iyi ndilankhula za zombo zazikulu zoyenda panyanja.
Choyamba, mitundu itatu imasiyanitsidwa pano: zombo zokhala ndi zida zoyenda molunjika, sitima zonyamula zida zonyamula anthu ndi sitima zonyamula zida zosiyanasiyana. Tiziwona mwadongosolo.
1. Sitima zonyamula katundu mwachindunji
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi frigate. Ndipo ndiyenera kunena nthawi yomweyo kuti chisokonezo chimakhala ndi dzina loti "frigate". Ngakhale m'mabuku okhudza zochitika za panyanja. Ngati mungaswe "mitundu ya zombo zoyenda panyanja" pa intaneti, ndiye kuti tikuwona: "zida zankhondo", "frigate", "corvette", "sloop", "brig", "bark" ndi zina - zonse mulu umodzi. Koma uku sikugawika kwathunthu.
Chowonadi ndi chakuti palibe malingaliro ngati "batani lankhondo", "corvette", "sloop" (ikafika chombo chokhala ndi mizere itatu) mikhalidwe yamayendedwe apanyanja. Awa ndi malingaliro ankhondo chabe. Awa anali dzina lankhondo lazankhondo za masikero osiyanasiyana pamene asitikali apamadzi amayenda. Anasiyana wina ndi mnzake kukula kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa mfuti.
Zochulukirapo zinali zida zankhondo (zankhondo). Chifukwa chake adayitanidwa chifukwa nthawi zambiri ankamenya nkhondo, atamangidwa pamzere wankhondo. Panalinso zikwangwani zolemera sikisite ndi zana limodzi ndi makumi atatu (kutengera izi, ma boti oyenda panyanja amagawika magawo awiri). Mfuti zinali pamiyala iwiri, itatu, ndipo nthawi zina ma batire anayi. Chifukwa chake dzinalo: "sitima ya masiku awiri", "sitima ya masiku atatu".
Zombo zazing'onoting'ono za mzere zinali zombo zina zankhondo - frigates. Kunali mfuti makumi anayi kudza makumi asanu ndi limodzi pamenepo. Nthawi zambiri, mfuti zinali pamakoma awiri, koma zimatha kuyimirira imodzi ngati frigate inali yaying'ono. Frigates, limodzi ndi omenya nkhondo, adatenga nawo mbali pomenya nkhondo zazikulu. Koma adagwiritsidwanso ntchito popangira ziwengo ndi kupalasa bwato limodzi.
Corvette amadziwika kuti ndi "wamng'ono" pokhudzana ndi chisanu - mpaka mfuti makumi anai. Nthawi zambiri, ma bwaloli anali ogwiritsa ntchito zombo ndi ma sitima amithenga.
Ndipo chaching'ono kwambiri m'banjali ndicho chimalankhulidwe. Zida za Artillery - kuchokera pamfuti imodzi ndi theka mpaka atatu. Mfuti nthawi zambiri zimakhala (monga pa corvette) pamwambamwamba. Ndipo ntchito zamawuzi zinali zofanana ndi za ma corveette: mthenga, wogwirizira, ntchito ya alonda.
Kukula kwakakulu ndi mphamvu ya zida zaluso, zankhondo zankhondo, ma frigates, ma corveette ndi ma poloti zinali zamtundu womwewo pamaulendo apanyanja. Onsewa anali ndi zida zapanyanja zonse. Izi ndizomwe amayankhula zombo zokhala ndi ma masti atatu ndi masisitere onse okhala ndi matanga owongoka (kupatula, choyenda, sitima ya hafel, mizzen kapena counter mizzen, zomwe ndizofunikira poyendetsa).
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti malamulo oyendetsa nyanja amayenera chombo chotere chokha chotchedwa kuti sitima yapamadzi. Mabwato otsala amayenera kutchedwa kuti sitima. Pachikhalidwe, kuphwanya kumachitika, ngakhale pakati pa oyendetsa sitima. Koma tsopano tikulankhula za gulu lokhazikika lam'madzi.
Ponena za ma sail, sitima ndi frigate ndizofanana. Mwanjira ina, frigate ndi sitima, sitimayi yonyamula zida zonyamula zombo zokwanira. Chifukwa chake, potengera zida zawo zoyendera panyanja, mabatani omenyera, ma corveette ndi ma proops nawonso anali achule. Ndipo, pomwe mabwato ankhondo atasowa munyanja, kusiyana kwa chiwerengero cha mfuti kunazimiririka. Ndipo acigawo okha ndi omwe adatsala.
Chifukwa chake frigate ndi sitima yokhala ndi masts angapo kuyambira atatu mpaka asanu ndipo ali ndi ma sail mwachindunji pamilingo yonse.
Brig ndi sitima yokhala ndi masitandi awiri (kutsogolo ndi mainsail) ndikuyenda molunjika pama boti onse awiri (kachiwiri, kupatula kumbuyo kwa hafel bwato, trisel grotto, yomwe, monga sitepe ya hafel yomwe ili pamizere ya mizu ya frigate, imathandizira kuyendetsa). M'masiku athu ano, ma brigs atsala pang'ono kuzimiririka. Oyendetsa sitimayo pamapeto pake adazindikira kuti ndizosavuta, ndizosavuta kuyendetsa zombo zokhala ngati ma brigantines. Koma ndidzanena za iwo pansipa. Tsopano pali brig imodzi yokha. Ichi ndiye sitima yachingelezi Royalist. Asitikali oyenda panyanja amachita izi.
Mtundu wachitatu ndi Bark.
Barque, monga frigate, amatha kukhala ndi atatu, anayi kapena asanu. Kusiyana kwake ndikuti ma mizzen mast ku barque auma. Ndiye kuti, kulibe mabowo, koma ngalawa ya hafel ndi topsel.
2. Sitima zonyamula zida zapanja
Mu sitima zazikulu zokhala ndi zida zopimira, mtundu woyamba ndi schooner.
Schooner ndi sitima yokhala ndi ma boti awiri (foresail ndi mainsail), atatu kapena kuposerapo pomwe pali matayala oyenda. Zikuwoneka kuti zonse ndizophweka. Koma zovuta ndikuti pali mitundu yambiri pakati pa ma schooners. Ndipo mfundo pano siyosiyana manambala. Chowonadi ndi chakuti ndimiyala iti yomwe imayikidwa pamayendedwe awa. Ndipereka chitsanzo cha ena a iwo. Ngati pa schooner zazikulu zazikulu ndi Bermuda, zimatchedwa - Bermuda schooner.
Panali chowongolera kutsogolo kwa ena opanga ma Bermuda, ndipo nthawi zina kuyenda molunjika, pang'onopang'ono, kunali. Koma mwachidule sizimakhudzanso mtundu wa chotengera, chifukwa chimawerengedwa ngati sitima yothandiza. Ndibwino mphepo yabwino, pomwe matanga oyenda sagwira ntchito bwino.
Pali mtundu wankhanza wa schooner - kukhalabe. Awa ndi omwe oyendetsa sitima zazikulu pamalopo samakhala pamata, koma ataima pompopompo amakhala. Awa ndimakona akulu. Ndipo ma boti omwe ali pachiwopsezo cha ma schooner amenewo ali ndi mawonekedwe achilendo amizati yopindika. Kona yawo yakumbuyo imakokedwa ndi hafel yapadera yama arcs awiri (amatchedwa Wishbone). Palibe geek owoneka, angasokoneze mayeso. Ndipo pamiyala yakumbuyo, bwato ndi Bermuda.
Ma scafon a Hafel anali omwe anali ofala kwambiri.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiriwa panali mwayi wopanga ntchito zopanga zombo zotere. Makamaka ku United States ndi Canada. Komabe, idayambiranso kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi. Mu 1880, wolemba woyamba wazithunzi zinayi zapadziko lonse lapansi, William L. White, adakhazikitsidwa. Kenako ma schooners asanu- komanso asanu ndi amodzi atayamba kuwonekera. Adali osavuta chifukwa adatenga katundu wambiri ndipo nthawi yomweyo sanafunikire timu yayikulu - simukuyenera kukwera mumayadi. Iwo anali othamanga mokwanira komanso oyenera kuwongolera pamutu.
Makhalidwe onsewa adalimbikitsa omanga zombo kwambiri kotero kuti pamapeto pake chimphona chokulirapo chamiyala isanu ndi chiwiri chinapangidwa ku America. Anali wamtunda wopitilira mita zana.
Pakalipo masikono okhala ndi zigawo koyambirira, ndipo nthawi zina pamasamba ena. Marseilles, brahmsels, ndipo nthawi zina bom-brahmsels, amawaika pazomangira izi. Ma sitimayi apansi, omwe ndi ofunikira kwambiri, pazombo izi samadziwikirabe, samakhudzidwa, chifukwa chake samatchulidwa ngati zombo zokhala ndi zida zapamadzi zapamadzi. Ndipo popeza pali marseille ndi brahmsel pa schooner, amatchedwa choncho: marseille kapena brahmel.
3. Sitima zonyamula zida zosiyanasiyana
Mtundu woyamba ndi brigantine. Dzinali limachokera ku mawu awiri: "brig" ndi "schooner". Nthawi zina amatero: "schooner brig." Sitimayi, monga brig, ili ndi masts awiri. Ndipo kutsogolo kwa sitimayo, ngati bulange, pali mizere yowongoka: kutsogoloku, kwa marseille, kwa-brahmsel ndi zina. Ndipo chimala chachikulu chili ngati pachikuto: chophimba ndi chophimba. Pali ma brigantines omwe ali ndi Bermuda grotto, koma osowa.
Nthawi zina osokoneza brigantines ndi marseille schooners. Chowonadi ndichakuti m'mphepete mwa Marseille schooner amatha kuyendetsa sitima yowonjezera - mwachidule. Kenako nthawi yomweyo ndipo sangathe kusiyanitsidwa ndi brigantine. Mpaka pomwe muwona hafel fock-triselle kumbuyo kwa mwachidule.
Chifukwa chake brigantine (kapena schooner - brig) ndi sitima yokhala ndi masitandi awiri, yomwe imakhala ndi matayala achindunji kumaso kwa foremast komanso oblique pama mainmast.
Barquentine amawoneka ngati brigantine. Kupanda kutero, khungwa la schooner. Koma ali ndi zigawo zitatu. Pali zinayi. Patsogola, mabulogu amakhala ndi mafunde owongoka, ena onse - akumatsamira.
Zolemba zake zili ndi mawu apamadzi, popanda iwo ndizovuta kulemba chilichonse. M'mawu ena, adzafotokozeredwa mwatsatanetsatane, popeza mukayesera kufotokozera, mawu owonjezera amatuluka ndipo chikhazikitso chachitali ndiwodzaza. Ndikukhulupirira kuti zolemba zonse ndizomveka komanso zotheka kumvetsetsa kwa munthu osazindikira nkhani zam'madzi.
Imelo yotsatira ikakhala ya gulu la zombo zazing'ono zoyenda panyanja. Tithokze chifukwa cha omwe amatha kuwerenga kwambiri ndikuwerenga mpaka kumapeto.
Gulu la Sitima Zapamadzi
Chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zombo zapanyanja inali nthawi ya zinthu zambiri zopezeka m'zaka za zana la XV-XVI. Pakadali pano, malo oyenda ndi ntchito zisanafike sitimayo akusintha kwambiri. Ndipo, chifukwa chake, pali zofunika zatsopano pakapangidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka sitima. Kuyambira pamenepo, kupititsa patsogolo zida ndi zida zamagetsi kumayambira, mitundu yambiri yapadera imawonekera zombo zoyenda.
Kuyambira kuyambira zaka za XVII-XVIII, ndikupanga njira yolumikizana yasayansi yapamadzi, pakufunika kofunikira kwambiri kuti magulu onse azitetezo amtundu uliwonse azikhala. Chofunika kwambiri posankha zombo ndi mtundu wa zida zapanyanja zomwe zimayikidwa pa iwo. Zizindikiro zazing'ono mtundu wa sitima yapamadzi kuchuluka kwa zida zomenyera ndi cholinga chake, komanso kwa zida zankhondo zopepuka komanso kuchuluka kwa zida zamakono. Ganizirani mitundu ya zombo zoyenda okhala ndi zida zosiyanasiyana.
Zida zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi zingagawike m'magulu atatu kutengera mtundu wa ma sail omwe alipo:
Kuphatikiza apo, ndichachikhalidwe kugawa zotengera zonse kukhala:
Zazikulu zimaphatikizapo zomwe zimakhala ndi masitandi awiri. Zombo zazing'ono zoyenda zokhala ndi 1 kapena umodzi ndi theka masentimita zimayesedwa pamsonkhano wawung'ono (lingaliro ndi pamene imodzi ya masikiti ili yotsika kwambiri).
Club Club
"Prussia" ndi sitima yapamadzi yolumikizana miyala isanu. M'mbuyomu, chinali sitima yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi yomwe inali ndi sitimayi mwachindunji, komanso sitimayi yokhotakhota isanu yokhayi yomwe ili ndi sitima yapamadzi padziko lonse lapansi. Sitima yapamadzi idamangidwa mu 1902 mwa dongosolo la kampani yotumiza mabuku ya Hamburg Layes. Hamburg ndiye doko lanyumba loyenda. Mosiyana ndi ena ambiri, bwato la Prussia silinakhale ndi zida zothandizira. Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi mamita 147, m'lifupi ndi mainambala 16.3, kusunthidwa ndi matani 11,150, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 5,081 rt (matani olembetsera), malo oyendetsera ngalawa ndi 6,806 metres mraba, zaka zogwirira ntchito zikuchokera ku 1902 mpaka 1910.
"France II" ndiye sitima yapamadzi yolowera zisanu. Boti lalingalawa limadziwika kuti ndi lalikulu kwambiri m'mbiri yomanga zombo. "France II" idayikidwa m'malo osungiramo katundu "Chantiers et Ateliers de la Gironde" mumzinda wa France ku Bordeaux mu 1911. Kutalika kwa bwato lopalasa ndi 146.20 metres, m'lifupi ndi 17 metres, kusunthidwa ndi matani 10,710, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 5,633 RT, voliyumu yamayilo ndi 6,350 metres.
"R.C. Rickmers" ndi sitima yapamadzi yaku Germany yojambula maulendo asanu, ndikugwiranso ntchito ngati sitima yamalonda. Kutalika kwa bwato lopalasa ndi mita 146, m'lifupi ndi 16.3 mita, kuchoka kwawo ndi matani 10,500, kuchuluka kwa sitimayo ndi matani 5,548 olembetsedwa, malo oyendetsa ngalawa ndi 6,045 metres.
Schooner "Thomas W. Lawson" - bwato lokhalo lokhala ndi maulendo asanu ndi awiri padziko lapansi. Adakhazikitsidwa mumzinda wa Quincy mu 1902. Woyendetsa sitima wotchuka Daon Crowley adafunitsitsadi kupanga sitimayi yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chifukwa chake adakhala wolimbikitsa komanso wolemba lingaliro lakapangidwe ake. Kutalika kwa bwatolo ndi mita 144, m'lifupi ndi 15 mita, kusunthidwa ndi matani 10,860, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 5,218 rt, malo oyendetsera sitimawo ndi 4,330 metres, kutalika konse kwa schooner a Thomas W. Lawson anali 5.218 (gross), omwe 137 (brt) nthawi imeneyo inali yayikulu kuposa Prosta wa nthano zisanu, yomwe idayamba kugwira ntchito miyezi ingapo Thomas Schooner asanachitike. W. Lawson. ”
Royal Clipper ndi bwato loyenda maulendo asanu, nyenyezi zinai, lomwe linapangidwa m'chifanizo cha Prussia (1902 - 1910). Mtundu woyendetsa bwato udapangidwa ndi Sigmund Horen, katswiri waku Poland pazida zama sitima, ndipo bwato lokhalokha lidayamba kugwira ntchito mchaka cha 2000. Bwato lalitali kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi limakhala anthu 227. "Royal Clipper" imatha kuthamanga mpaka 20 mfundo. Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi 134.8 mita, m'lifupi ndi 16.5 mamilimita, kusamutsidwa ndi matani 5,061, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 4,425 rt, malo oyendetsa ngalande ndi 5,202 metres.
Potosi ndi sitima yamalonda isanu yamaulendo asanu, yomwe idapangidwa mu 1895 mothandizidwa ndi kampani yotumiza ma Hamburg Layes. Njira yodutsamo idadutsa pakati pa Germany ndi Chile. Kutalika kwa bwato lopalasa ndi 132.1 metres, m'lifupi ndi 15.1 metres, kusamutsidwa ndi matani 8,580, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 4,026 rt, ndipo malo oyendera ngalawa ndi 4,700 square metres.
Copenhagen "Cobenhavn" - kachipinda komaliza kasanu, komwe kanamangidwa mu 1921 ndi "Sitima ya Ramage ndi Ferguson" yaku Sitima yapadziko lonse ku America pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yapadziko Lonse ku Copenhagen. Kutalika kwa barge ndi 131.9 metres, m'lifupi ndi 15 metres, kusunthidwa ndi matani 7,900, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 3,901 rt, malo oyendetsa ngalawa ndi 4,644 mraba.
"France ine" ndi imodzi mwamipanda yazitali zisanu. Sitima yapanyanja inamangidwa mu 1890. Inali sitima yoyamba yonyamula katundu yaku France komanso yachiwiri padziko lapansi munthawi imeneyi. Sitimayi ndiyotalika mita 133, 14.9 mita mulifupi, ndipo imasamutsidwa ndi matani 7,800.
Wyoming ndi sikisitala wa mamita asanu ndi chimodzi, wa mita-125, wopanga-awiri-decker womwe unapangidwa makamaka kuchokera paini ya ku Canada. Panthawiyo, anali kutalika kwamiyala yamatabwa yomangira matabwa. Wyoming ndiye chombo champhamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi 137 metres, m'lifupi ndi 15 metres, kusunthidwa ndi matani 8,000, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 3,731 rt, malo oyendetsa ngalawa ndi 3,700 metres.
Great Ripablic ndiye chithunzi chachikulu kwambiri chamatanda cha m'ma 1800. Inamangidwa ndi mmisiri wina wotchuka woyendetsa chombo ku America dzina lake Donald Mackay. Clipper "Great Republic" sinali yolingana. Ojambula ambiri ku America a m'zaka za m'ma 1800 anali otalika pafupifupi 70 metres ndipo amatengedwa kuti ndiakulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi; Kutalika kwa Great Ripablik kunali 101.5 mita, m'lifupi mwake clipir anali 16.2 metres, ndipo kuchoka kwawo kunali matani 4556. Kutalika kwa Great Republic grotto kufikira 70 metres. Dera lonse lathunthu lotalikilapo ndi 6070 mita.
"Viking" ndi khungwa wazitsulo zinayi, lomwe linamangidwa mu 1906 ku Copenhagen. Ndiye sitima yapamadzi yayikulu kwambiri yomwe idapangidwapo ku Scandinavia. Kutalika kwa Viking ndi mamita 118, m'lifupi mwake ndi 13,9 metres, kusunthidwa kwake ndi matani 6,300, voliyumu ya ngalawa ndi 2,959 rt, ndipo malo oyendetsa ngalawa ndi 3,690 metres.
Sedov ndi chipinda chokhala ndi miyendo inayi chomwe chinamangidwa mu 1921 pansi pa dzina la Magdalene Vinnen II. Kuyambira 1936, dzinali lasinthidwa kukhala "Kodgeore Johnsen". Ndipo mu 1945, khungwa lidasamutsidwa ku USSR ndi Great Britain ndipo lidasinthidwanso ulemu polemekeza wofufuza wotchuka wa ku Polar waku Russia a Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov. Masiku ano, Sedov ndi imodzi mwazombo zazikulu zophunzitsira mafunde padziko lapansi. Kutalika - 117,5 metres, m'lifupi - 14,6 metres, kusamutsidwa - matani 7,320, voliyumu yotumizira - 3,556 rt, malo oyenda panyanja - 4,192 mita mulitali.
Union ndiye sitima yapanyanja yophunzitsira ya Peruvia Navy. Bwato loyenda lili ndi zida zinayi zamiyendo inayi. Union idamangidwa mu 2014 ndi Shipyard Marine Industrial Services of Peru, yemwe amatchedwanso SIMA. Kutalika kwa barge ndi mamita 115.75, m'lifupi ndi 13.5 mita, kusamutsidwa ndi matani 3,200, malo oyandikira ndi 4,324 metres mu mraba.
Kruzenshtern ndi khungwa la mizere inayi, sitima yapamadzi yophunzitsa ku Russia. Inamangidwa mu 1925-1926 ku Germany.Panthawi yochotseredwa, khungwa lidatchedwa Padua, koma mu 1946 idakhala USSR ndipo idasinthidwa dzina lake kulemekeza woyendetsa ndege wotchuka waku Russia Admiral Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. Doko lolembetsa sitimayo ndi Kaliningrad. Kutalika kwa bwato lopalasa ndi mita 114,5, m'lifupi ndi 14.4 metres, malo osungirako anthu ndi matani 5,805, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 3,064 mercury, ndipo malo oyendetsa ngalawa ndi 3,800 metres. Sitimayo inkayenda mobwerezabwereza ndi kupita kudziko lonse lapansi. Gulu loyendayenda la Mikhail Kozhukhov limapereka mwayi wapadera osati wochezera ku Kruzenshtern, koma kupitilira ulendo wopita ku Kruzenshtern.
Pamir ndi sitima yapamadzi yonyamula maulendo angapo. Panthawi ina, zombo zapamadzi zamaulendo angapo, zomwe zidalandira dzina losadziwika la "kuwuluka" P ", zidadziwika padziko lonse lapansi. Mabwato angapo amenewa adamangidwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 malinga ndi kampani yotumiza zombo ku Germany “F. Laeisz ”. M'modzi mwa iwo ndi Bark "Pamir". Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi mamita 114,5, m'lifupi ndi 14 mita, kusunthidwa ndi matani 3,910, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 3,020 mercury, ndipo malo oyendetsa ngalawa ndi 3,800 metres.
"Juan Sebastian de Elcano" ndiye sitima yophunzitsira ya Spain Navy. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo lophunzitsira masitepe a Naval Academy. Elcano ndiye schooner wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi wophunzitsa zombo. Malinga ndi mtundu wa zida zoyenda panyanja, "Elkano" amatanthauza oyendetsa sitima zapamwamba (marseille), kutsogolo kwake kumakhala masitima anayi owongoka ndi atatu okhazikika, pamiyala itatu yotsalira - masitepe okhazikika okha. Sitimayo idapangidwa ndikupangidwira kumalo osungira sitima a Echevaryeta ndi Larinaga ku Cadiz, ndikuyambitsa pa Marichi 5, 1927. Schooner adatchulidwa a Juan Sebastian de Elcano (1476-1526), woyendetsa woyamba woyamba yemwe anayenda padziko lonse lapansi. Kutalika kwa botilo ndi mamita 113, m'lifupi ndi 13 mapa, kusamutsidwa ndi matani 3 670, voliyumu ya ngalawa ndi 2 464 RT, malo oyandama ndi 3153 metres.
Esmeralda ndi sitima yapanyanja yophunzitsira yasitima ya ku Chile yomwe inamangidwa mkati mwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Inakaikidwa pamalo osungira katundu a Cadiz mu 1946, ndipo patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi sitimayo idagulitsidwa ku Chile ngati gawo lolipira ngongole ku Spain kudzikolo. Pa Meyi 12, 1953, sitimayo inatsegulidwa, ndipo pa June 15, 1954, mbendera ya ku Chile inakwezedwa. Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi mamita 113, m'lifupi ndi 13 mita, kusunthidwa ndi matani 3,673, voliyumu ya ngalawa ndi 2,400 RT, malo oyandama ndi 2,935 metres.
"Mir" ndi sitima yapamtunda yophunzirira yamagawo atatu, chipale molingana ndi magulu ovomerezeka a sitima zophunzitsira, kapena "sitima" mu zida zoyenda panyanja - sitima yokhala ndi zida zokwanira, zomwe ndi Admiral S.O. Makarov State University of Sea and River Fleet (St. Petersburg), ndipo kuyambira 2014, kupita ku Rosmorport. Mir adamangidwa kumalo osungirako zombo a Gdansk mu 1987. Kutalika kwa botilo ndi mamita 109.6, kusanja ndi 6.6 metres, malo opalasa onse ndi 2771 mita mulitali, kutalika kwa chingwe chapakati ndi mamita 49,5. Chimakhala ndi anthu 200.
"Chiyembekezo" ndi sitima yophunzitsira yamagawo atatu. Chombo chomwe chili ndi zida zofunikira panyanja chimalembedwa m'kaundula ngati madzi oundana. Pakalipano ndi Federal State Unitary Enterprise ya Far Eastern Basin Branch "ROSMORPORT". Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi mamita 109.4, m'lifupi ndi 14 mita, kusunthidwa ndi matani 2,297, malo oyandama ndi 2,768 metres.
Sitima yapanyanja yophunzitsira "Mphatso Yachinyamata" ndi bwato lophunzitsira lomwe lili ndi matinde atatu ku Poland, frigate. Inamangidwa ku Gdansk Shipyard yotchedwa Lenin ndipo idayambitsidwa mu 1982. Wolowa m'mabwato odziwika ngati "Lwow" ("Lviv") adakhazikitsidwa ku England mu 1869, imodzi mwazombo zoyenda panyanja. Kutalika - 108.8 mita, m'lifupi - 13.94 mita, kusamutsidwa - 2 946 matani, voliyumu yotumizira - 2 384 RT, kwathunthu malo oyandama - 3 015 metres.
"Pallas" ndi sitima yapamadzi yophunzitsira yamaulendo atatu (sitimayi yokhala ndi zida zofunikira panyanja, zolembedwa ngati cholembera m'kaundula, nthawi zina zotchedwa frigate pamalonda), yoyang'anira Far East State Technical University of Fisheries (Vladivostok). Kutalika - 108.6 metres, m'lifupi - mita 14, kusamutsidwa - matani 2,284, malo okwanira mafunde - 2,771 metres.
"Khersones" - chipinda chophunzitsira chamanja champhamvu zitatu (sitimayo yokhala ndi zida zankhondo zolunjika), malo ophunzitsira a Sevastopol nthambi ya State Maritime University yotchedwa Admiral F.F. Ushakova (doko la regista - Sevastopol). Kutalika kwa chipalecho ndi mita 108.6, m'lifupi ndi 14 mita, kusunthidwa ndi matani 2,987, malo onse oyenda ndi ma 2.770 metres.
Libertad ndi sitima yapamadzi yophunzitsira ya Navy wa ku Argentina. Inamangidwa m'ma 1950s ku malo a sitima a Rio Santiago pafupi ndi La Plata ndipo idakhala imodzi mwa zombo zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi. Kulowa koyamba panyanja kumalizidwa mu 1962. Anadutsa mtunda wopitilira 800,000 wamakilomita 800 miliyoni, anayendera madoko 500 mmayiko opitilira 60. Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi mamita 103.7, m'lifupi ndi 13.8 mita, kusunthidwa ndi matani 3,765, malo onse oyendera ngalawa ndi 3,652 mita m'litali.
Amerigo Vespucci ndi sitima yapamadzi yophunzitsira ya Italiya. Boti loti ayende ma sitima atatu "Amerigo Vespucci" - kukumbukiranso za sitima yapamadzi yonyamula maulendo 50-60s. XIX century. Idayambitsidwa mu February 1931 ku Naples. Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi 100.6 mita, m'lifupi ndi 15,56 metres, malo osungirako malo ndi matani 4,146, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 3,545 rt, ndipo malo oyendera ngalawa ndi 2,580 metres.
Sitima ya Stadsraad Lemkul ndi sitima yapamadzi yolowera ku Norwe, yamakungwa atatu, yomangidwa mu 1914. Anatumizidwa kudoko la Bergen. Ndiye sitima yakale kwambiri komanso yotchuka kwambiri panyanja ku Norway. Kutalika kwa sitimayo ndi 98 mita, m'lifupi ndi 12,6 metres, kusunthidwa ndi matani 1,516, voliyumu ya sitimayo ndi 1,701 rt, ndipo gawo lonse la ngalawa ndi 2,026 metres.
"Eos Yacht" ndi schooner wazithunzi zitatu wazida za Bermuda. Schooner ndi imodzi mwazikulu kwambiri zapamadzi zapadziko lonse lapansi. Ndi wa media tycoon, bilionire Barry Diller, mkazi wa wopanga mafashoni Diana von Furstenberg. Kutalika kwa bwatchi ndi 92.92 mita, m'lifupi - mita 13.47, kusunthidwa - matani 1,500, malo oyandikira - 3,600 metres.
Boti loyenda molunjika
Masoko owongoka ndi chinthu chakale kwambiri chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyambira kale. Anaziika m'ngalawa za ku Aigupto, Foinike, Greek, Polynesia ndi Roma komanso maboti. Sanataye mawonekedwe awo m'nthawi yathu ino. Mawonekedwe awo achilendo ndi mawonekedwe a quadrangular - mu mawonekedwe amakona amkati kapena trapezoid. Chovala chapamwamba chimakhala cholumikizidwa ku goli kapena hafel, ndipo chotsikira mpaka boom, goli lotsika kapena mwachindunji pamawonekedwe.
Ubwino wa ma sail mwachindunji ndi mwayi wogwira nawo ntchito, ndiosavuta kuyika ndikuchotsa. Ali ndi mphamvu yoyendetsa bwino mumphepo yabwino, komabe, ndi mbali ndi champhepo kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kapena kosatheka kuzigwiritsa ntchito. Poyenda, ngodya yocheperako pakati pa kuwongolera kamphepo ndi ndege ya sitimayo iyenera kupitirira 65-67, ndipo izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta. Mayina amalemuyo amatengera dzina la masitayilo omwe amaikirako ndi malo omwe amapezekera.
Mitundu ya Sitima Zapamadzi, ndi ma sail okhazikika:
- Kutumiza. Pankhaniyi, tikutanthauza "sitima" osati ngati sitima yathunthu, koma dzina kupanga sitimayi yayikulu yolimba ndi atatu kapena kupitilira apo. Nthawi yomweyo, amayenera kukhala ndi mafunde owongoka okha.
- Barque. Ikhozanso kukhala ndi ma 3 oposa atatu, koma imasiyana ndi ngalawa chifukwa imakhala ndi sitima zoyenda pamiyendo yayikulu, pomwe kumapeto imangokhala ndi sitima zoongoka.
- Brig ndi sitima yaying'ono. Komabe, iye amakhala ndi ma masti awiri okha.
Maboti oyenda ndi ngalawa okhala ndi oblique
Ma sakew skew adapangidwa mochedwa kwambiri kuposa sitima zowongoka, kokha mu Middle Ages. Woyamba anayamba kuwagwiritsa ntchito, mwina, oyendetsa ma Arab achi. Kuchokera kwa iwo, ngalawa yokakamiza idatengedwa ndi azungu, komwe imafalikira kwambiri ngati odziimira pawokha komanso yowonjezera kwa omwe amawongolera. Ubwino wopanda kukayika woyenda bwinoko molunjika ndi kuthekera kosuntha ndi mayendedwe amphepo. Zombo zikuluzikulu, zomwe zimakhala ndi miyala yayikulu kwambiri, zimatchedwa ma schooners. Kutengera zojambula zake, iwo agawidwa m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana:
- Hafelnaya. Imakhala ndi boti yokhala ndi ma gaffle, yomwe imatambasulidwa pakati pa gaffle kumtunda ndi boom pansi, ndipo kutsogolo kumayikidwa molunjika kumsewu.
- Bermuda Maulendo amtundu wamtunduwu ali ndi mawonekedwe amakono. Pansi pamakonzedwa pa boom, ndi m'mphepete - kutsogoloku.
- Staysail - mtundu uwu umaphatikizapo ma schoon omwe oyendetsa matayala akuluakulu amakhala (matayala opendekera omwe amayikidwa pa likulu kutsogolo kwa masts).
- Marseille - yokhala ndi jib yovutitsa, koma kuwonjezera pamenepo imakhala ndi marseille yachombo.
Polingalira ndi zida zawo zoyenda panyanja, mitundu iwiri yomalizayi ingakhale yolondola kwambiri kuti ingakhale yamafuta osakanizika. Koma, munyengo yam'madzi yam'madzi, dzina "schooner" adawapatsa, zomwe zimawatanthauzira ngati zombo zokhala ndi zida zapadera.
Zombo Zosakanikirana Zosakanikirana
Zombo zankhondo zosakanizika zimaphatikizapo zomwe mitundu yonse iwiri ya sitima imayimilidwa mwanjira zofanana. Izi zikuphatikiza mitundu iwiri ya zombo:
- Brigantine ndi chotengera chokhala ndi masamba awiri, ndipo chapamwamba chimayikidwa chopendekera, ndipo kutsogolo kumangoyang'ana matangawo owongoka.
- Barkentina - amanyamula ma 3 atatu. Pamiyala yakutsogolo pamakhala matayilo achindunji, kwa onse otsatira - onse okhazikika.
Zombo zazing'ono zoyenda ndi mitundu yawo:
Boti laling'ono limatha kunyamula masitepe onse a 1 ndi 2 (imodzi ndi theka). Zombo za 2-zokumbira zimaphatikizapo ketch ndi ayid. Mitundu yonseyi imakhala ndi mizzen ndi mainmasts, ndipo imasiyana m'malo omwe akukongoletsa. Ku Ketch, ili kumbuyo kwa chingwe cha mizzen, pomwe Iola ili kutsogolo. Kuphatikiza apo, mitundu iwiri iyi ya sitima zing'onozing'ono yomwe ili ndi malo osiyanasiyana a mizzen. KuKetch, malo ake amapitilira 15% ndipo amatha kufikira ¼ pamalo onse azitepe. Mu Iol, kukula kwa mizzen kumakhala kocheperako, ndipo sikumaposa 10% ya malo onse asitima. Ma ketch onse ndi iol amatha kunyamula sitima za pa hafel kapena ku Bermuda - munthawi imeneyi amatchedwa "Bermuda ketch", kapena, mwachitsanzo, "hafel iol".
Ma boti ang'onoang'ono oyenda amodzi amagawika m'mitundu iyi:
- Zachikondi. Imakhala ndi chingwe chimodzi chasunthira kumalire. Ma seti wamba: mainsail (hafel kapena Bermuda), topsel, restsail ndi jibs. Monga ma boti ena onse ang'onoang'ono, kutengera mtundu wa grotto, pali hafel kapena Bermuda.
- Ndime yake imakhala yolimba pamiyala yayikulu, ndi chokhacho chokhacho. Nthawi zina, topsel yowonjezera imayikidwa pamwamba pa gaffle grotto.
- Kat, bwato laling'ono lomwe lili ndi zida zosavuta, zopanga boti limodzi lokhalo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma boti amakono ndi maboti amathanso kutchulidwa ndi mtundu wa zinthu zomwe zida zawo zimapangidwira:
- Zitsulo.
- Chingwe.
- Wood.
- Simenti yolimbitsa.
Mwa kuchuluka kwa ma boti, maboti oyenda panyanja amatha kukhala bwato limodzi, ma bulu awiri (ma catamarans) komanso ngakhale ma hule atatu (ma trimarans). Pamaso pa keel zombo zazing'ono zoyenda pali:
- Keel - khalani ndi keel yayikulu, yomwe imasewera ngati balancer, kuletsa yacht kuti isagwedezeke pa nthawi yamafunde. Imawonjezera kukhazikika pakusunthira pakati pakukoka pansi pamadzi.
- Ma boti oyenda panyanja. Ili ndi kabayidwe kakang'ono - keel yokweza, yomwe, ngati kuli koyenera, ingachotsedwe, potero ikuchepetsa kusanja kwa bwatolo.
- Zomwe amatchedwa "kunyengerera" ma yachts, kuphatikiza mumapangidwe awo zabwino za mitundu yonse yomwe ili pamwambapa.