1. Ma Petrel - mbalame za m'madzi zazitali

Zimbalangondo kapena zimbalangondo za mayina ndi dzina la gawo limodzi. Chowonadi ndichakuti chifukwa cha nyanga zam'mimba pamphuno za ma pettle (chifukwa chomwe dzinalo linatchulidwira), mbalamezi zimatha kukhala ndi gawo lalikulu la moyo wawo podutsa nyanja ndi nyanja.

2. Mitundu yopitilira 80 ya agogo, mamiliyoni aanthu - mbalame izi zinadzaza nyanja zonse ndi nyanja za padziko lapansi.

3. Amakhala m'malo amtunda kuyambira North Pole kumwera. Koma gawo lakumwera limatchuka chifukwa cha mitundu yayikulu kwambiri yazinyama. Ma petrel amakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana kumwera kwa Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean. Makamaka mbalame zimapezeka pagombe la Antarctica ndi Australia. Pokhala nesting, amasankha zisumbu zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala munyanja.

4. Mitundu isanu ya zinyama zamiyala pafupi ndi nyanja yaku Russia, kuphatikiza apo, mitundu khumi ndi itatu ya mitundu yawo imatha kuwonedwa munthawi yamadongosolo.

5. Kukula kwa ma perel ndi mitundu. Mbalame zazing'ono kwambiri kutalika kwake ndi 25 masentimita, mapiko awo ali pafupifupi masentimita 60, ndipo kulemera mpaka 200 g. Koma mitundu yambiri ya mbalamezi ndi yokulirapo kukula. Palinso mitengo ina yofunika kwambiri yamphongo yomwe ili yayitali kwambiri ndi albatrosses. Kutalika kwa matupi awo kumafika mita imodzi, mapiko ngati pafupifupi 2 mita ndi kulemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 5, koma pali anthu mpaka 8-10 makilogalamu.

6. Chosangalatsa kwambiri kuyambira pakuwona biology ndi mitundu iwiri ya ma ngati: zimphona ndi zoonda pang'ono.

Chiphalaphala Cha kumpoto

7. Ng'ombe yayikulu yakumpoto - mbalame yayikulu kwambiri m'banja. Kutalika kwa mulomo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 10, mapikowo akukwera mpaka masentimita 55. Mlomo wake ndi wachikaso chautoto, wokhala ndi nsonga ya bulauni kapena yofiyira.

8. Mtundu wa ma plumage mu akulu ndi imvi yakuda, yoyera pamalo a chibwano ndi mutu, wokhala ndi mawanga oyera pamutu, pachifuwa komanso pakhosi. Mu nyama zazing'ono, nthenga zimakhala zakuda komanso zopanda mawanga.

9.Mtunduwu ndiofala kumwera kwa Atlantic, Pacific, nyanja zam'madzi za India. Zoweta ku South Georgia Island.

Chimphona chakum'mwera

10. Phula wamkulu wakummwera ali ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 100, mapiko akufikira masentimita 200. Kulemera kuyambira 2,5 mpaka 5 kilogalamu. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu wokhala ndi mathero obiriwira.

11. Pali mitundu iwiri yosankha mbalame iyi - yakuda ndi yopepuka. Mapaundi oyera ndi oyera, nthenga zazing'ono zakuda. Mitundu yakudayo imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, wokhala ndi mutu woyera, khosi ndi chifuwa, chokongoletsedwa ndi mawanga bulauni.

12. Mtundu wa miyala iyi umapezeka kumwera kwa Atlantic, Pacific, nyanja zam'madzi za India. Zomera pachilumba pafupi ndi Antarctica.

Phale wotsika mtengo

13. Ziweto zopendekera zozama ndizochepa: pafupifupi masentimita 40 kutalika kwake ndi mapiko a mita imodzi. Zowoneka zawo ndi zofiirira, pafupifupi zakuda, mimba zawo ndizopepuka.

14. Mbale wotsutsana nayo sakhala wankhanza konse. Amayenda kuchokera kuzilumba zobalalika mu Bass Strait pakati pa Tasmania ndi gombe la South Australia. Apa ndipamene ng'ombe zooneka ngati zazing'ono zimabadwa, ndipo ana awo amatulutsidwa.

15. Ngakhale ali ndi kakulidwe kakang'ono, milomo yaying'ono yopanda malipiro amasamukira makilomita masauzande popanda mavuto: kuchokera ku Australia kupita ku Japan, kenako kudzera ku Chukotka kupita kugombe lakumadzulo kwa North America ndi kuchokera kumeneko kupita kumayiko awo, kupita ku Bassov Strait. Mwanjira ina, ana awa amawuluka mozungulira gawo la Nyanja ya Pacific, yomwe ndi yayikulu kwambiri Padziko Lapansi!

Chipale chofewa

16. Chipale chofewa - mbalame yaying'ono yotalika masentimita 30 mpaka 40, mapiko mpaka 95 masentimita, kulemera mpaka 0,5 kilogalamu.

17. Zowonjezera zamtunduwu ndizoyera zoyera ndi malo ochepa akuda pafupi ndi diso. Mlomo ndi wakuda. Miyendo ndi imvi. Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica.

Grey petrel

18. Phale wamtundu wamtali wokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 40 mpaka 50, mapiko ake pafupifupi masentimita 110. Mtundu wa maula ndi wakuda kapena woderapo, pafupifupi wakuda. Pansi pamapiko ndi siliva. Mbalameyi imakhala pachisumbu chakumwera kwa Pacific ndi nyanja za Atlantic.

Mbale wa Antarctic

19. Mapale a Antarctic - kukula kwapakatikati. Kutalika kwa matupi awo ndi pafupifupi masentimita 45, mapiko mpaka 110 masentimita, kulemera kwa kilogalamu 0.5-0.8.

20. Zowonjezera zamtunduwu ndizopepuka zasiliva kumbuyo ndi zoyera pamimba. Mapiko pamwamba ali ndi toni ziwiri: brownish-bulauni wokhala ndi chingwe choyera pakati. Mlomo ndi woderapo. Miyendo ndi ya buluu yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuda. Malo okhala mitunduyi amaphatikizanso gombe la Antarctica.

Mtolo wabuluu

21. Mtundu wa buluu - mtundu wocheperako wokhala ndi mapiko ofika masentimita 70. Zowonjezerazo ndi imvi kumbuyo, mutu ndi mapiko. Pamwamba pamutu pali zoyera. Mlomo wabuluu. Miyendo ndi ya buluu yokhala ndi ma membala apinki.

22. Ziphuphu za buluu ndizofala kwambiri kuzilumba zazing'ono pafupi ndi Cape Horn.

Phula laling'ono (wamba)

23. Phula laling'ono kapena wamba limakhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 31 mpaka 36, ​​kulemera kwa magalamu 375-500. Wingspan mpaka masentimita 75.

24. Mtundu wa msana wake umasiyana kuchokera ku imvi mpaka yakuda, m'mimba ndi loyera. Mapiko omwe ali pamwamba ndi akuda kapena amtambo, pansi ndi oyera ndi malire wakuda. Ndalamayo ndi imvi, yakuda kumapeto. Mtundu wa zisagwazo ku North Atlantic.

Great Pied Belly Petrel

25. Phula yayikulu yamiyala. Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyi ndi mpaka masentimita 51, mapiko ake mpaka masentimita 122. Kumbuyo ndikuda bii ndi chingwe choyera kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi nthenga zoyera pamchira. Tummy ndi yoyera. Chipewa chakuda chakuda chimawoneka pamutu. Mlomo ndi wakuda. Amakhala ku South Atlantic.

Cape Petrel

26. Nkhunda za Cape kapena Cape ma Cape. Kulemera kwa mbalameyo kumachokera magalamu 250 mpaka 300, kutalika kwa thupi kumakhala pafupifupi masentimita 36, ​​mapiko ndi mpaka masentimita 90. Mapikowo ndi otakata, mchirawo ndi waufupi, wozungulira.

27.Gawo lam'mwamba lamapiko limakongoletsedwa ndi patambo yakuda ndi yoyera yokhala ndi mawanga awiri oyera oyera. Mutu, chibwano, mbali za khosi ndi msana zakuda. Mitunduyi imakhala yofala kudera lina la subantarctic.

Westland Petrel

28. Phula la Westland lili ndi thupi lanyama lotalika mpaka 50 sentimita. Mlomo wakhomedwe wokhala ndi mawonekedwe. Mbalameyo ipakidwa utoto kwathunthu. Amapezeka ku New Zealand kokha.

29. Mbawala za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame za mbalame zina zimasiyana ndi mbalame zina chifukwa zimayenda pamwamba pamadzi. Mchizungu, mbalamezi zimatchulidwanso kuti "mafuta" - polemekeza mtumwi Peter, yemwe amayenda pamadzi. Koma ma petrel mu izi amathandizira nembanemba apadera pamiyendo.

30. Mtundu wa maula a ma phale ndi zoyera, imvi, zofiirira kapena zakuda. Pazonse, mitundu yonse imakhala yokhala ndi zofanana zofanana - zazimuna ndi zazikazi - chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa mitundu ya mbalame ndi mbalame zamitundu yosiyana mitundu imodzi.

31. Oimira onse a banja la abulu amawuluka bwino, akusiyana mokha machitidwe othawa. Manja awo amakhala kumbuyo ndipo sanapangidwe bwino. Chifukwa chake, kukhala pamtunda kwa phula si ntchito yovuta.

32. Mlomo wa mbalame ndi wautali, wofanana ndi mbedza yokhala ndi nsonga yakuthwa ndi m'mphepete, yomwe imathandizira petele kuti isamagwedwe ndi mulomo.

33. Chakudya cha phula chimakhala ndi tinsomba tating'ono, tambiri, ndi ma crustaceans. Kwambiri, mbalame amakonda kudya pa hering'i, zophuka, sardine, cuttlefish.

34. Nyama yamphaka imasakidwa makamaka usiku, pomwe nyama yake imayandama m'magulu apamwamba amadzi. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi imayang'ana kaye nsomba yaying'ono, kenako mwadzidzidzi imalowa m'madzi kumbuyo kwake. Mapaipi ang'onoang'ono amatha kubowoleza mamita 6-8. Ndi milomo yawo amathira madzi am'nyanja, kusiya zotsalira.

35. Popeza kupanga chakudya choterocho kumafuna kuyesayesa kwakukulu kwa mbalameyo, ma nguluwe nthawi zambiri "amakhala achinyengo" ndikupeza chakudya, zophatikiza ndi zinsomba kapena zombo zosodza.

36. Ziweto za pachifuwa pamiyala yokutidwa ndi udzu, kutali ndi nyanja yam'makomo akulu. Nyengo yoyamba yakukhwima mu mbalame imayamba pafupifupi kuyambira zaka 8, mwa anthu osowa - kuchokera ku 3-4. Ziwombankhanga ndi mbalame zowopsa ndipo zimakhulupirika osati kwa wina ndi mnzake, komanso malo awo okhala.

37. Zomera zamtundu uliwonse ndizosiyana. Nthawi zambiri makolo amakumba dzenje kuchokera pa 1 mpaka 2 mita kuya ngati chisa. Kenako yaikazi imayikira dzira limodzi, lomwe onse awiri amalowererana masiku 50-60.

38. Masabata oyamba kubadwa kwa mwana wankhuku, amafunikira chisamaliro chanzeru cha makolo. Nthawi zambiri, champhongo ndi chachikazi chimakhala ndi anapiye pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, pambuyo pake imachoka.

39. Mbale zazing'ono zazikulu zimakhala ndi fungo labwino. Kwa mbalame, izi ndizosowa kwenikweni. Ndi fungo, amapeza zinyalala kuchokera kuzombo ndi zovalazo.

40. Mu banja lachibale, mumakhala mabanja awiri omvera - Fulmarinae ndi Puffininae. Oimira Fulmarinae amayenda momasuka komanso moipa, furu amapezeka m'mtunda wapamwamba wamadzi. Kuuluka kwawo kukuyenda, kukuyenda. Oimira Puffininae akuuluka, akukonzekera ndipo nthawi zambiri amawomba mapiko awo. Mbalamezi zimakhamukira pansi pamadzi.

Petrel wopusa

41. Akazi opusa ndi amodzi mwa oimira gulu la ma CD-nosed Order ku Russia. Iwo ali nalo dzina lawo chifukwa chokomera kwake kuzungulira kulikonse. Nthawi zambiri pa nesting - pamtunda - wopusa amatha kutseka ngakhale munthu.

42. Kuuluka kwa mbalamezi kumatha kuwuluka kapena kugwedezeka. Mu nyengo yofatsa, yopanda phokoso, amatha kupezeka atapumira pamadzi kapena akuwuluka pamwamba pake.

43. Zoyala zimasungidwa munyanja imodzi ndi imodzi. M'magulu amodzi amangosungira zombo zowedza kuti azinyamula zinyalala. Nthawi yomweyo, amakangana, kenako mumatha kumva kubangula kwa mbalamezi.

44. Zimbudzi ndizobisalira mbalame. Ziweto zambiri zimatha kukhala zaka 30. Mkazi wakale wachigololo adakhala zaka 52.

45. Chifukwa chiyani mbalamezi zinkatchedwa miyala? Phula zimatha pafupifupi moyo wawo wonse kunyanja ndi nyanja zamchere, ndipo pamtunda zimangopezeka mazira. Mphepoyi isanachitike, mbalamezi zimadzuka pamadzi kupita kumlengalenga, pomwe zimakakamizika kukhala kwakanthawi mpaka zitakhala zosayenera. Ambiri mwa mbalamezi amafikira m'mbuyo kumbuyo kwa chombo chodutsa, ngati kuti akuchenjeza oyendetsa sitimawo za mkuntho womwe ukubwera. Chifukwa chake, iwo ankatchedwa ziweto.

Mbale wagulu

46. ​​Kulemera kwa oyimira ochepa kwambiri a gulu lothamanga ndi magalamu 20 okha. Izi ndi mbalame za banja la kasturkovye. Zimakhala m'malo otetezedwa kuti zisaphedwe: m'makomo mwa miyala, m'ming'alu kapena m'miyala.

47. Mukakhala bata nyengo ya katurki imapezeka ikuuluka pamwamba pamadzi am'nyanja. Ndege zawo zikuuluka. Mu nyengo yamkuntho, mbalame zachilendozi zimakonda kukhala pakati pa mafunde amphamvu - zimaziteteza ku mphepo zamphamvu. Nyama zazing'ono zam'madzi zimaphatikizidwa muzakudya za katurki.

48. Ziribe kanthu kuti abuluwa amakonda bwanji kuyendayenda padziko lapansi, mpaka masiku awo atatha, amabwerera kumalo komwe adabadwira kuti akhale ndi moyo ku m'badwo wotsatira. Pa nthawi ya chakudya, pomwe nthawi yayitali amakhala ali pamtunda, ma perel samanyansidwa ndipo Carrion - mulomo wawo ndi wakuthwa, nyama siyidula kuposa mpeni.

49. "Mvula ya Petrel" - chodabwitsa chodziwika kwa oyendetsa sitima. Chiwerengero chambiri chamapulogalamu chimakhala pamiyala ya zombo (makamaka nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika nyengo yoipa). Oyendetsa sitimawo anawatcha "owopsa", pamene mbalamezi zimakhamukira ku zombo kupita ku kuwala kwa nyali.

50. Pali chikhulupiriro choti mawonekedwe a phula mlengalenga amawonetsa namondwe, monga zikuwonekera ndi dzina la mbalameyo. Komabe, mfundo yake ndiyakuti mvula isanabwere, mitundu ina ya mbalame imapita kunyanja, pomwe petulo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwuluka panyanja nthawi iliyonse nyengo ndipo chifukwa chake imangokhala mlengalenga. Nyengo yabwino, sichioneka pakati pa mbalame zina ndipo sichimenya. Koma nyengo ikukonzekera kudikirira nyengo, kukwera pamwamba pamadzi, osati pansi.

Zojambula za Petrel ndi Habitat

Petrel - kanyanja kwenikweni. Amakhala nthawi yake yonse m'madzi. Pokhapokha mazira amatha kuyandikira kumtunda. Anthu omwe amakonda kuyenda panyanja amawona momwe mbalameyi imazungulira pamwamba pa sitimayo, kenako amakhala pamafunde. Kuwona kodabwitsa. Mphepo yamkuntho ikakhala panyanja, cholembera sichingathe kumira pamadzi, imayenera kuwuluka mpaka chimphepo chitha.

Pafupifupi mitundu 80 yakhalapo mbalame za pabanja. Oyimira ochepa kwambiri amtunduwu amalemera pafupifupi magalamu 20, kulemera kwake kwakukulu kungafikire mpaka 10 kg. Zodabwitsa modabwitsa! Koma malinga ndi akatswiri a sayansi ya zamankhwala, komabe chosangalatsa kwambiri komanso chosazolowereka ndi mitundu iwiri ya ma ngati - yayikulu komanso yoonda.

Mbaleyo ikafika, nyengo ikhala bwino. Ndipo mbalame ikazungulira pamafunde - kudzakhala namondwe

Mbedza zam'madzi chimphona ndichodabwitsa. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa mbalameyi kumafika mpaka mita imodzi. Zimalemera kuyambira 8 mpaka 10 kg. Mapiko ake ndi akulu basi, akufika pafupifupi mamita 2.8. Poyerekeza, mbalame ya albatross imakhala ndi mapiko a mamita 3. Chifukwa cha mapiko akuluakulu chotere, nyamayo imatha kuyendayenda padziko lonse lapansi.

Pakatikati mbalame gulu la mbalame imakhala ndi miyeso yofanana ndi kukula kwa maimeza. Mtundu wa ma plumage ndiosiyanasiyana pamtundu uliwonse. Zoweta zambiri ndi zakuda. Ndipo pokhapokha mchira wawo ndi pomwe mungathe kuzindikira zoyera. Oimira onse amtunduwu ali ndi mlomo wamfupi komanso mikono yayitali, yolimba. Mutha kupeza ziboliboli za mtundu wakuda. Zoyera ndi imvi ndizofunikira kwa iwo.

Mitunda yonse, kuyambira kumpoto mpaka Kummwera kwa Nyanja, imakhala ndi mbalame yodabwitsa. Pama nyanja ambiri ndi nyanja zamchere, ma perel amapezeka. Chifukwa cha mapiko awo, amatha kuyenda maulendo akuluakulu kuchokera kumadera ozizira mpaka kumadzi ofunda a nyanja zomwe zimatsuka ku South America. Mafuta ambiri amapezekanso ku South Pacific. Ngakhale malo ozizira a Nyanja ya Arctic ndi Nyanja ya Bering sakuwaopa.

Khalidwe la Mbalame ya Petrel ndi Moyo

Chifukwa chiyani dzina la mbalame ya phula? Chilichonse ndichopepuka. Iwo, ngati seagulls, amatha kumverera pasadakhale ngati nyengo zoyipa zikuyembekezeka kapena zabwino. Ngati cholembera wagwera pamadzi, ndiye kuti nyengo ikhala bwino. Ndipo mosiyanasiyana, ngati iye amangokhalira kuzungulira pamafunde, ndiye kuti posachedwa pamakhala chimphepo.

Zithunzi zojambulidwa ndi petulo yaying'ono-yopanda mtengo

Petrel wakuba. Amatha kukoka dzira kuchokera penguin monyenga komanso monyinyirika. Kuphatikiza apo, zimakhala zowopsa kwa ma penguin pang'ono, makamaka akakhala ndi njala yayikulu. Ma penguin amadziwa bwino izi, motero amakhala atcheru nthawi zonse.

Anapiye a ana amphongo okha ndiwodzikuza komanso ankhanza. Ndi bwino kuti usayandikire anthu oterewa. Chowonadi ndi chakuti agalu m'mimba amapanga mafuta apadera, onunkhira monyinyirika omwe mbalameyo imalavulira wina amene angawopseze.

Ndikosavuta kutsuka madzi awa. Pa nthawi ina ana aang'ono amatha kutulutsa lita imodzi. Zochuluka motani zomwe zili mu nkhokwe ya akulu ndizowopsa ngakhale kungoganiza. Koma palinso ma petrel osakhala aukali. Mwachitsanzo, phale wotsika mtengo. Samamanga zisa. Amakhala m'makola okhala m'mphepete.

Wojambulidwa ndi mbalame ya chipale chofewa

Monga nthumwi zina zambiri za mbalame za m'mapapo, m'mphuno za phula zimatseguka m'machubu a nyanga. Amati mothandizidwa ndi mphunozi, mchere wambiri umachoka m'gulu la mbalame. Komanso chifukwa cha mphunozi, ma pettle amatetezedwa ku madzi. Chifukwa cha miyendo, yomwe imakhala ndi zimagwira ndipo imakhala kumbuyo, mbalamezo zimatha kuyenda mofulumira kudzera m'madzi.

Poyenda, imayenda mosasunthika ndi mlomo ndi mapiko ake oterera. Zonse mafotokozedwe a mbalame ya petrel lankhulani za mphamvu zake, mphamvu ndi kukongola. Mapira amapanga awiriawiri. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri amakhala okha.Pakatikati, akafuna kuwuluka kupita ku malo odyera, amapeza awiri awo.

Wojambulidwa ndi mwana wankhuku

Kudya petrel

Chakudya chomwe Petrel amakonda kwambiri ndi nsomba zochepa. Amakonda hering'i, zophuka ndi sardine. Ndizosangalatsanso kuti mbalamezi zimadya cuttlefish ndi crustaceans. Ndizosangalatsa kuwona momwe pang'onopang'ono amayang'ana pansi nyama yake, kenako mwadzidzidzi imalowa m'madzi ndikutuluka nayo. Mlomo wake umapangidwa kuti utasefa madzi ndikusiya chilichonse chokha.

Nthawi zambiri, kusaka koteroko kumachitika usiku. Ndi nthawi yino yomwe anthu okhudzidwa ndi phula amayandama pamadzi. Kuti adyetse, petulo amawononga nthawi yambiri, mphamvu ndi nyonga. Nthawi zina amafunika kuthana ndi ma kilomita kuti asakhale ndi njala.

Wojambulidwa ndi mbalame yaying'ono yamphongo

Kuswana ndi Kutalika Kwa Moyo Wa Perel

Nthawi yakukonzekera kwa ma phale imayamba kuyambira pomwe iwo akufika pamalo omwe amakhala. Monga lamulo, iwo amabwerera kuchisa chawo chatha. Momwemonso, awiriwo amapanga zomwezo. Chifukwa chake, amakhala okhulupilika kwa wina ndi mnzake kwa zaka zotsala. M'malo otentha, ma phale amakhalapo okhala okhaokha osawulukira kulikonse.

Mbalame zomwe zimawulukira zisa zawo zimachita phokoso, ndipo nthawi zina zimamenyananso. Zomera zamtundu uliwonse wa phula ndizosiyana. Mbalamezi zimangoyikira dzira limodzi chisa ndipo nthawi zina zimaswa. Wamphongo samachita manyazi kusinthana ndi mkazi wake ataganiza zouluka kukasaka chakudya.

Wojambulidwa ndi phula mumchisa

Nthawi yolowa mazira masiku 52. Pafupifupi sabata limodzi, mwana wakhanda wobadwa kumene amakhala wopanda chitetezo chilichonse ndipo sangathe kuchita popanda makolo. Kenako imakula mwachangu komanso mwachangu ndipo pamapeto pake imachoka pachisa. Mbidzi zimakhala zaka pafupifupi 30.

Petrel

Mbalame za ku Antarctic zimadziwika kwambiri ndi ma penguin, koma mbalame zopanda ndege. Koma kudera lankhanzalo kuli mbalame zambiri zomwe zimawuluka ndipo chaka chonse.

Monga lamulo, iyi ndi mbalame ya albatross, skua ndi Arctic tern. Koma mbalame yotchuka kwambiri ku Antarctica ndi petrel.

Pafupifupi, ma phale ndi banja lonse, koma ku Antarctica pali mitundu itatu yokha - iyi ndi petulo ya Antarctic, petrel ya chipale chofewa komanso chimphona chachikulu.

Moyo & Habitat

Petrel ndi amodzi mwa mbalame zotchuka kwambiri zam'madzi. Ena mwa anthu omwe amayendera maulendo apanyanja sanasangalale kuwona mawonekedwewo, mwina akuwuluka m'mwamba, nthawi zina kumadzigwetsa pamwamba pa mafunde, kenako nkukwera ndi kuthamanga kupita kunyanja yakuya kuchokera pamenepo.

Mukayang'ana mbalameyi, munthu akhoza kukumbukira mosaganizira mawu a Nyimboyi pa Petrel M. Gorky: "Pakati pa mitambo ndi nyanja, ma Petrel modzikuza, monga mphezi zakuda. Kukhudza phiko la funde, kapena kukukwera ndi muvi kupita kumitambo, amalira, ndipo mitambo imva chisangalalo mu kulira kwamphamvu kwa mbalame. "

Ma petrel ndi mbalame zokhala ndi matupi olowezedwa ndi mapiko amphamvu zomwe zimakopa chidwi cha osakwera okha oyenda panyanja, komanso oyendetsa sitimawo odziwa bwino omwe nthawi zonse amakhala osamala ndi zomwe amachita. Chifukwa amakhulupirira kuti ma puta ndi oletsa nyengo.

Kuyambira kale, oyendetsa sitima amayang'anira njira imodzi. Nyanja ikakhala chete kapena ikasunthika pang'ono, ma peteleti amakwera m'mwamba. Zikuwoneka kuti palibe chomwe chikuwunikira kuwonongeka kwa nyengo, koma mwadzidzidzi, popanda chifukwa, mbalamezi zimatsika ndikuyamba kuwuluka pamadzipo. Aliyense, dikirani. Ndipo patapita kanthawi, mphepo imakulirakulira, mitambo nthawi zambiri imakwera, ndipo namondwe amayamba.

Njira imeneyi patapita nthawi yakhala chizindikiro chapadera cha apaulendo apaulendo. Ndipo kale, pomwe kudalibe ma barometers, zida zomwe zikuwonetsa kukhudzika kwa mlengalenga, izi zimaponyanso kangapo kupulumutsa zombo zam'madzi, zomwe oyang'anira ake, powona izi zamtolo, adatsogolera mwachangu zombo zawo kupita kumalo komwe amatha kudikirira chimphepo. Kuchokera apa kunatchulidwa dzina la mbalamezi, cholembera - chikuwonetsa namondwe.

Iwo omwe anali ndi mwayi wokwanira kuyang'ana nyanjayo, mwachidziwikire, sakanachitira mwina koma kulabadira kuti angapo, osafanana ndi mzake, amachita motere. Wina umayamba kuganiza kuti awa ndi abale amtundu wakutali. Ndipo zilidi. Kupatula apo, pali mitundu ingapo khumi ndi iwiri ya agogo. Pokhapokha pa kutuluka kwa nyanja zam'madzi za Russia zimakhala mwa mitundu isanu ndi iwiri: zopanda zoonda, za Levantine, imvi, zazing'ono, zazikulu, zamiyendo ndi zokutira.

Chidwi chachikulu ayimire mitengo ya mimbulu Antarctica ndi zilumba zapafupi. Kumeneku ndiko kubadwa wamkulu kwambiri - Giant Petrel, yemwe mapiko ake amaposa 2 mita.

Kumeneku, mtunda wa makilomita 300 kuchokera kugombe lakuya ku Antarctica ndi kuzilumba za Antarctic: South Shetland, Bouvet, South Georgia, South Sandwich, South Orkney, Balleny ndi Scott chisa chokhazikika bwino kwambiri.

Maonekedwe a peteleta yaying'ono

Phula laling'ono poyerekeza ndi oimira ena amtunduwu ndi ochepa.

Kutalika kwa mbalamezi ndi masentimita 30-38, iwo amalemera kuchokera ku 350 mpaka 500 magalamu. Mapiko a mapiko ake amayambira masentimita 76-89.

Ziweto ndi nsapato za m'madzi.

Thupi lakumwamba limakutidwa ndi nthenga za imvi kapena mtundu wakuda, ndipo m'mimba ndi chifuwa zimakhala ndi nthenga zoyera. Mapiko ali pamwambapo ndi amaso amdima, abulauni kapena akuda, ndipo pansi pake ndi oyera. Mapikowo ndi oyera. Mlomowo umapepuka ndipo mutu wake ndi wakuda.

Wamakhalidwe ang'onoang'ono a abulu komanso zakudya

Chakudyacho chimakhala ndi nsomba zazing'anga: zophukira, hering'i, sardine. Kuphatikiza pa nsomba, nyama zing'onozing'ono zimakonda kudya cephalopods ndi crustaceans, komanso tizilombo tosiyanasiyana touluka.

Ziphuphu zimadya nsomba ndi zina zam'madzi.

Zoweta zazing'ono zakhala zaka pafupifupi 50. Mbendera za mbalame zimakhalira ndi moyo. M'nyengo yozizira, mbalame zokhala ndi mbewa izi sizimangokhala mu Black Sea, anthu ena amafika ku Argentina ndi ku Brazil. Kwa ma pettle ang'onoang'ono omwe akuwuluka mtunda wa ma kilomita 10,000 si kovuta. Pa moyo wawo wonse, mbalamezi zimayenda ma kilomita pafupifupi 8 miliyoni.

Awiri a mbalamezi amasankhidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo.

Ziweto zazing'ono zimadyetsedwa nthawi yayikulu munyanja, pomwe nthawi zambiri zimayikidwa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Nthawi yakudzu, imakumana m'magulu akuluakulu. Masana, agogo ang'ono samakhala chete, ndipo usiku amapanga kwayala yosasangalatsa.

Kuswana

Zing'ono zazing'ono nthawi zambiri zimakonza zisa m'maenje. Mbambo za mbalame zimakumba zokha, kutalika kwake kumatha kufika mita imodzi. Ngati dothi ndilovuta kwambiri ndipo silingakolole, yaikazi imayikira dzira pamiyala pakati pa miyala. Kusintha kumakhala dzira limodzi loyera. Nthawi ya makulitsidwe imatha pafupifupi miyezi iwiri.

Nthawi yakuswana, mbalameyo imayikira dzira limodzi.

Miyezi iwiri itabadwa, makolo amasiya kudyetsa anapiye, ndipo amayamba moyo wodziyimira pawokha. Atasiya dzenje, anapiyewo akupita kunyanja.

Mverani mawu a pang'onopang'ono uja

https://animalreader.ru/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/serij-burevestnik-puffinus-griseus.mp3
Njira iyi ndi yayitali, motero ndiyowopsa kwa khanda. Phukusi limayenda usiku, ndipo masana limathawira m'malo obisika. Tsiku ndi nthawi yoopsa kwambiri ya mwana wankhuku, chifukwa panthawiyi nyama iliyonse yomwe imadya imatha kuzindikira mosavuta. Mwanayo akafika kunyanja, ndiye kuti amayamba kudya kumeneko, kulowa pansi ndi kuphunzira kuuluka. Ana anapiye akakhala papiko, amalumikizana ndi abale awo.

Phula laling'ono siliri pafupi kuti awonongeke. Chiwerengerochi ndi pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi.

Ngati mwapeza cholakwika, chonde sankhani gawo ndikusindikiza Ctrl + Lowani.

Macaw parrot

Kufotokozera kwa mbalame

Kukula kwa ma perels kumasiyana mitundu. Mbalame zazing'onoting'ono kwambiri ndizotalika mpaka 25cm, mapiko awo ali pafupifupi 60 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi mpaka 200. Koma mitundu yambiri ya mbalamezi ndi yayikulu kukula. Palinso mitengo ina yofunika kwambiri yamphongo yomwe ili yayitali kwambiri ndi albatrosses. Kutalika kwa thupi lawo kumafikira 1 m, mapiko pafupifupi 2 m ndi kulemera mpaka 5 kg.

Mtundu wa maapozo anyaniwo ndi zoyera, imvi, zofiirira kapena zakuda. Pazonse, mitundu yonse imakhala yokhala ndi zofanana zofanana - zazimuna ndi zazikazi - chifukwa chake ndizosavuta kusiyanitsa mitundu ya mbalame ndi mbalame zamitundu yosiyana mitundu imodzi.

Oimira onse a banja la petrel amawuluka bwino, amasiyana mitundu yamtundu wokha. Manja awo amakhala kumbuyo ndipo sanapangidwe bwino. Chifukwa chake, kukhala pamtunda kwa phula si ntchito yovuta.

Mlomo wa mbalame ndi wautali, wofanana ndi mbedza yokhala ndi nsonga yakuthwa komanso m'mphepete, yomwe imathandizira petele kuti isamagwedwe ndi mulomo.

Zolemba zazakudya za Petrel

Chakudya cha phula chimakhala ndi nsomba zazing'ono, zipolopolo, ndi crustaceans. Kwambiri, mbalame amakonda kudya pa hering'i, zophuka, sardine, cuttlefish.

Nyama yamphongo imasaka usiku, nyama yake ikagwera kumtunda kwamadzi. Pakadali pano, mbalameyi imayang'ana kaye nsomba yaying'ono, kenako mwadzidzidzi imalowa m'madzi kumbuyo kwake. Mapaipi ang'onoang'ono amatha kubowoleza mamita 6-8. Ndi milomo yawo amathira madzi am'nyanja, kusiya zotsalira.

Popeza kupanga chakudya choterocho kumafuna kuyesayesa kwamphamvu kwa mbalameyo, ma nguluwe nthawi zambiri "amachita machenjerero" ndikupeza chakudya, zophatikiza ndi zinsomba kapena zombo zophera nsomba.

Kufalikira kwa mbalame

Mitundu ya Petrel imakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana kumwera kwa Pacific, Atlantic, Indian Ocean. Makamaka mbalame zimapezeka pagombe la Antarctica ndi Australia. Pokhala nesting, amasankha zisumbu zazing'ono zomwe zimakhala munyanja.

Chiphalaphala Cha kumpoto

Mbalame yayikulu kwambiri m'banja. Kutalika kwa mulomo ndi pafupifupi 10 cm, mapikowo ndi mpaka masentimita 55. Mlomo ndi wamtambo wamtambo wamtambo, wokhala ndi lingaliro lofiirira kapena lofiirira. Mtundu wa ma plumage mwa akulu ndi imvi yakuda, yoyera m'chifu ndi kumutu, yokhala ndi mawanga oyera pamutu, pachifuwa komanso pakhosi. Mu nyama zazing'ono, nthenga zimakhala zakuda komanso zopanda mawanga.

Mitunduyi imapezeka kumwera kwa Atlantic, Pacific, nyanja zam'madzi za India. Zoweta ku South Georgia Island.

Chimphona chakum'mwera

Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo ndi pafupifupi 100 cm, mapiko ndi apamwamba mpaka 200 cm. Mlomo wake ndi wachikasu pomaliza kubiriwira.

Pali njira ziwiri zamtundu wa mbalame - zakuda komanso zopepuka. Mapaundi oyera ndi oyera, nthenga zazing'ono zakuda. Mitundu yakudayo imakhala ndi mtundu wa bulauni, wokhala ndi mutu woyera, khosi ndi chifuwa, chokongoletsedwa ndi mawanga bulauni.

Imapezeka kumwera kwa Atlantic, Pacific, nyanja zam'madzi za India. Zomera pachilumba pafupi ndi Antarctica.

Mbale za Antarctic

Wopimira ndi sing'anga. Kutalika kwa thupi lake ndi pafupifupi masentimita 45, mapiko mpaka 110 masentimita, kulemera kwa 0,5-0.8 kg. Zowonjezerazo ndizopepuka zasiliva kumaso ndi zoyera pamimba. Mapiko pamwamba ali ndi toni ziwiri: brownish-bulauni wokhala ndi chingwe choyera pakati. Mlomo ndi woderapo. Miyendo ndi ya buluu yokhala ndi zikhadabo zakuda.

Malo okhala mitunduyi amaphatikizanso gombe la Antarctica.

Cape Doves kapena Cape Petrels

Kulemera kwa nkhuku kumayambira 250 mpaka 300 g, kutalika kwa thupi ndi pafupifupi masentimita 36, ​​mapiko ndi mpaka masentimita 90. Mapiko ndiotalikirana, mchira ndi wamfupi, wozungulira. Mbali yakumtunda yamapikoyo imakongoletsedwa ndi pensulo yakuda ndi yoyera yokhala ndi mawanga awiri oyera oyera. Mutu, chibwano, mbali za khosi ndi msana zakuda.

Mitunduyi imakhala yofala kudera lina la subantarctic.

Chipale chofewa

Mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ndi thupi lalitali 30 mpaka 40 masentimita, mapiko mpaka 95 masentimita, kulemera mpaka 0,5 kg. Zowonjezerazo ndi zoyera bwino ndi malo aang'ono akuda pafupi ndi diso. Mlomo ndi wakuda. Miyendo ndi imvi.

Amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Antarctica.

Mtolo wabuluu

Mawonedwe ang'onoang'ono okhala ndi mapiko ofika masentimita 70. Zowonazo ndizimvi kumbuyo, mutu ndi mapiko. Pamwamba pamutu pali zoyera. Mlomo wabuluu. Miyendo ndi ya buluu yokhala ndi ma membala apinki.

Mbalameyi ndiofala kwambiri kuzilumba zazing'ono za Cape Horn.

Mitundu ya subfamily Puffininae imawuluka, ikukonzekera ndipo nthawi zambiri ikuuluka mapiko. Mbalamezi zimakhamukira pansi pamadzi.

Phula laling'ono kapena wamba

Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 31 mpaka 36 cm, kulemera kwa 375-500 g. Wingspan mpaka masentimita 75. Mtundu wa kumbuyo umasiyana ndi imvi mpaka yakuda, pamimba ndi loyera. Mapiko omwe ali pamwamba ndi akuda kapena amtambo, pansi ndi oyera ndi malire wakuda. Ndalamayo ndi imvi, yakuda kumapeto.

Zomera zimapezeka ku North Atlantic.

Great Pied Belly Petrel

Kutalika kwa thupi la mbalameyo kumakhala mpaka masentimita 51, mapiko amakhala mpaka masentimita 122. Kumbuyo kwake kuli utoto wakuda ndi mzere woyera kumbuyo kwa mutu ndi nthenga zoyera kumchira. Tummy ndi yoyera. Chipewa chakuda chakuda chimawoneka pamutu. Mlomo ndi wakuda.

Amakhala ku South Atlantic.

Grey petrel

Kutalika kwa thupi kuyambira 40 mpaka 50 cm, mapiko ngati masentimita 110. Zowoneka ndi imvi kapena zofiirira zakuda, pafupifupi zakuda. Pansi pamapiko ndi siliva.

Mbalame zimakhalira pachilumba chakumwera kwa Pacific ndi nyanja za Atlantic.

Mbale wa Antarctic

Mbalame ikuluikulu mpaka theka la mita kukula ndi mapiko mpaka masentimita 120. Zowoneka zakuda ndi imvi, chifuwa choyera, mulomo wakuda ndi miyendo zimapatsa chidwi, chofulumira. Ndipo mapiko amphamvu amphamvu amupatsa mwayi wokhala mlengalenga kwa nthawi yayitali popanda kuyesetsa kwambiri, osasunthira mapiko ake, koma akungowuluka mumphepo.

Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi nthawi yonse yomwe papa amakhala panyanja. Samawopa ngakhale nyengo zovuta kwambiri. M'malo mwake, popeza chakudya chake ndi nsomba zochepa zazing'ono, nyama zapamadzi zam'madzi, ndiye kuti pakasokonezeka kwambiri panyanja chakudya chake chili pamadzi ndipo amatha kudya mokwanira, akugwira krill kapena nsomba yochokera pamafunde. Mlomo wautali wokhala ndi mbewa yolowera m'mphepete lakuthwa umalola kuti ugwire ngakhale nsomba zoterera kwambiri kapena moyo wina wam'madzi.

Miyendo ya phula siidapangidwa bwino, ndipo imakhazikitsidwa kumbuyo, kotero pamtunda imayenda movutikira, nthawi zambiri, chifukwa chokhazikika imangokhala pachifuwa ndi mapiko. Koma pamtunda, amangogwiritsa ntchito nyengo yakukhwima. Zimbudzi za ku Antarctic zimapezeka kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja, posankha malo nthawi zambiri pamiyala. Chikazi chimayikira dzira limodzi lokha ndi chipolopolo choyera. Komanso, dzira ndilokulira modabwitsa poyerekeza ndi kukula kwa mbalameyo. Kubwatcha kumatenga masiku 40, ndipo pakatha mwezi wina, ng'ombe yamphongo imayamba kuuluka.

Wopatsa wamkulu

Ichi ndiye chachikulu kwambiri pabanja la abulu. Kukula kwake kumatha kukhala mpaka 80 ndi masentimita ena, ndipo mapiko amatha kupitirira mamita awiri. Awa ndi mbalame zautoto wakuda zofiirira, ndipo nthawi zina ndimtundu wakuda. Mutu ndi khosi zimakhala zopepuka, mulomo ndi wamphamvu ndi m'mphepete lakuthwa, mpaka mainchesi 10, wachikaso pakatikati ndipo uli ndi mapeto ake obiriwira. Mokulira, mtundu wa maula ndi mulomo umasintha ndi zaka mu mbalamezi, ndipo anyani amphongo amapezanso mtundu womwewo pofika zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Ndi kupaka utoto kuti mutha kuzindikira zaka zawo.

Koma palinso ma albino, omwe maula ndi oyera. Mutu wa mbalame zamtunduwu ndi wopepuka, pamakhala timabowo tofiirira pakhosi ndi pachifuwa, ndipo m'malo ena nthenga zakuda zimapezeka m'thupi. Kupatula apo, siosiyana ndi anzawo amtundu.

Zimphona zazikulu zimangokhala yovuta kwambiri ndipo chakudya chake chachikulu ndi zovunda. Izi ndi nyama zakufa za m'madzi ndi mbalame. Nyanja amadya nsomba, squid, Antarctic krill, chimbudzi ndi chilichonse chomwe chimabwera. Nthawi zina amaphatikizika ndi zombo zophera nsomba ndikuyenda nazo, ndikudya zonyalazo zomwe zimataya kunyanja chifukwa chodula nsomba. Zilombo zazimphona zazikulu ndi mbalame zamphamvu kwambiri ku Antarctica, ndipo popeza kuti palibe nyama zomwe zitha kudya, mbalame zikuluzikulu zoterezi zimachita nawo gawo. Nthawi zambiri amakhala akuba.Amaba mazira a ma penguin ndi mbalame, amawukira anapiye ndikudya mitembo ya ma penguin omwe adagwa. Mbalame zazing'ono nthawi zina zimaphedwa, kuphatikiza ndi ma pettle ndi ma penguin ang'ono. Chithunzichi chikuwonetsa momwe wakuba akuchitira.

Zoweta zazimuna zazikulu nthawi zambiri zimakhala chisa m'malo momera. Chikazi chimayikira dzira limodzi, lomwe limakula katatu kuposa nkhuku. Makolo ake akumangirirana, akusinthana wina ndi mnzake kuti adzidyetse. Patatha miyezi iwiri, anapiye amatenga dzira, lomwe adyetsa miyezi itatu. Agogo akuluakulu amapatsa mwana wawo chakudya usiku chifukwa amakhala akusaka masana. Phukusi lachiphona lalikulu limakula mwachangu kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, ndi wakhama ndipo amawonetsa ukali. Mbalame ikam'yandikira, sikuti amangothawa, koma amadzimenya. Pa mdani, iye amalavulira pansi mankhwala onunkhiritsa, onunkhiritsa kuposa kumupangitsa kuti apume pantchito. Chifukwa chake ngakhale makolo palibe, iye akhoza kudzilimira.

Ndipo m'dzinja likadzafika, agulugufe akuluakulu amapita kumadera otentha kumpoto, kusiya ana awo. Modzipereka, ana abwana achichepere amaphunzira kukhala ndi moyo ndikuphunzira kuuluka ndikupeza chakudya chawo. Akakula ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu pang'ono, amawuluka kumpoto kwawo, komwe amalumikizana ndi agogo ena akuluakulu.

Anzanu amphongo ali ndi chidwi chodabwitsa chomwe sayansi singathe kufotokoza. Kupatula apo, ma petrel nthawi zambiri amawuluka kuchoka komwe adabadwira makilomita masauzande kutali, koma nthawi yomweyo, mwanjira ina, nthawi zonse amapeza njira yobwerera. Kuyeserera kunachitika pamene mwana wina wachinyamata anagwidwa pamtunda wamakilomita 5,000 kuchokera kumalo odyera. Atamasulidwa, atatha masiku 12 anali kale kunyumba. Sichingakhale momwe amayenda kuyenda, chifukwa m'malo awa sanali konse, koma ndichowonadi. Antarctic wankhanza sangathe kulingalira popanda mbalame yodabwitsayi.

Banja lachibale

Ma Petrels - Procellariiformes

Gulu lodziwika ngati petrel limaphatikizapo mitundu monga:

• Albatross wakuda, wakuda, aliyense wa magulu am'madzi am'madzi omwe amaphatikiza ndi albatrosses (Diomedeidae),
• miyala, maukwati, mikate, ndi ma nguluwe wamkulu (Procellariidae),
• gulugufe (Hydrobatidae)

Pali mitundu pafupifupi 117 yosiyanasiyana kukula ndi kulemera. Mitolo yonse yazindikirika ndi yawo
mphuno zooneka bwino zomwe zili pamwamba pa mulomo. Izi zimawapatsa dzina lina - "tubulars". Miyendo ya mbalamezo imakhala yolumikizidwa, ndipo zala zakumaso ndizosakhazikika kapena kulibe. Mitundu yonse imakhala ndi fungo lamphamvu musky, chifukwa cha kubisala kwa madzi a m'mimba. Mcherewu ungagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yodzitchinjiriza mwa kuwaza pakamwa pomwe mbalame itachita mantha.

Zoweta zinali zofunika kwa anthu am'derali monga gwero la chakudya chama protein, nthenga ndikuzipangira zazikulu kuzilumba zomwe mbalamezi zidachulukana. Izi zadzetsa kuwonongeka kwakanthawi kapena kwathunthu kwa mitundu yofotokozedwa komweko. Anthu, kuphatikiza apo, anali ndi udindo wobweretsa zilombo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo makoswe, nkhumba, ndi amphaka. M'madera omwe anthu ambiri amapilira, anthu amapitiliza kutola mazira, anapiye ang'ono. Mbale zambirimbiri zazing'onoting'ono kapena ma petrel achidule (Puffinus tenuirostris) zimagwidwa pachilumba cha Bass Strait kuchokera kuzilumba za Tasmanian, ndipo zimagulitsidwa mwatsopano, kwamchere, kapena kowundana, ngati muttonbird. Mwakuwoneka konse, dzina la Muttonbird linachokera ku kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa thupi monga chokomera mwanawankhosa kuchokera kwa oyamba kukhala ku New South Wales. Chiwerengero cha muttonbirds tsopano chakhazikitsidwa kuti zisunge kukhalapo kwa anthu.

Ku New Zealand, anthu amtundu wachipembedzo cha Māori akhala akutenga ana aang'ono a Titi (maapozana amitundu ingapo) kuyambira kalekale, ufulu wawo umakhala ndi pangano ndi Mfumukazi Victoria. Kumbali ina ya dziko lapansi, mazana zovala (Puffinus) m'mbuyomu adakodwa mumsika wazakudya komanso ngati nyambo ya lobster pazilumba za Wales ku Skomer ndi Skokholm, zomwe tsopano zokhala ndi malo osungirako omwe akuti akuti ali ndi ma petrel pafupifupi 200,000 ndi ma petrel 2000 (Hydrobates pelagicus). Pachilumba cha Tristan da Cunha ku South Atlantic, munthu wokhala pachilumbachi amatenga mazira a mbalame zazikulu zingapo zosakanikirana, zomwe zimaphatikizapo zinyama zoposa 6,000,000 (Puffinus gravis).

Kukolola mitengo yonse (Fulmarus glacialis) ndichikhalidwe chakale pakati pa anthu okhala pagombe lozizira lakumpoto, komwe mbalame zimasankhidwa kuti ziziswana. Ku Iceland, pafupifupi ma 50 000 amadzimadzi adagwidwa pachaka kuyambira 1897 mpaka 1925, koma ornithosis (avian virus) yomwe idawoneka mu 1939 idatsogolera kuletsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa chakudya chokwanira.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1700, panthawi ya koloni ya Bermuda, mamiliyoni a mvula zamkuntho za ku Bermuda adadyedwa anthu atatsala pang'ono kutha. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 300, nyamazo zidawonedwa kuti zatha, koma mu 1951 awiriawiri adapezeka ali pachilumbachi, pomwe zotsalira tsopano amakhala osamala kwambiri. West Indies Black-Capped Petrel idawonedwanso kuti yatha chifukwa cha kunenedweratu kwa anthu, makoswe ndi mongooses, mpaka mu 1961 anthu adapezeka, ndikuyerekeza ndi mbalame zosachepera 4,000. Zidapezeka kuti zidabzala mu nkhalango za Haiti zosavomerezeka.

M'zaka za m'ma 1800 ndi 1900, ma albatross ambiri anaphedwa chifukwa cha chakudya (makamaka chinsomba) komanso chifukwa chogulitsa zipewa. Ndi kutha kwa sitima zapamadzi, kusintha kwa mafashoni, ndi kupanga malo ambiri okhala ndi malo okhala, monga malo otetezedwa, olusa ngati amenewo adasowa, koma ma albatrosses sakanatha kupewa kupsinjika m'manja mwa anthu. Pakadali pano, chakudya cha ma albatross ambiri padziko lapansi chikuwopsezedwa ndi gulu la asodzi, lomwe limasonkhanitsa anthu ovuta a squid.

Mitundu yambiri yamapiri imakhala kum'mwera chakum'mwera, koma mitundu ingapo idasamukira kumpoto kudutsa ku equator, nthawi yachisanu, kunyanja zakumpoto komwe imasungunulira, kudyetsa ndikupumula pokonzekera kubwerera kwawo nthawi yachilimwe kumwera. Mofananamo, mitundu yobereketsa ku North Hemisphere imakhalanso nthawi yachilimwe, imasamukira kumwera kutali kukazizira. Maulendo angapo osamuka samadutsana ndi equator. Mitundu ingapo, pafupi kugona, yambiri zovalamalo okhala m'malo otentha komanso otentha. Chifukwa chake, m'mitunda yonse yam'nyanja yopanda kuzizira, anthu amakhala, koma amakhala ochepa malo opanda phokoso, momwe mulibe mphepo yokweza mapiko awo ataliitali, chakudya chotchedwa crustacean chomwe nsomba zam'madzi zambiri zimadalira. Kudera lamadzi lokwera kwambiri m'mphepete mwa mphepo ya ku Antarctic, pakati pa 40 ° mpaka 60 ° kum'mwera, ndiye mtundu wambiri kwambiri wa krill shrimp (mtundu wa Ephausia), womwe umakopa chubu chobiriwira pamwamba ndikudyetsa kuponya mbiya. Ena amadyera m'mphepete mwa ayezi kuchokera ku bara la Antarctic, ndi mitundu inayi ya tubarosa (Antarctic fulmar [Fulmarus glacialoides], chimphona chachikulu [Macronectes giganteus], mitengo ya matalala [Pagodroma NIVEA], ndi mawayilesi ochepa a Wilson koma ochulukirapo [Oceanites Oceanicus]) m'mphepete mwake. Zimbudzi za a Wilson zimatha kutsekedwa ndi chipale chofewa masiku angapo panthawi yayitali yobereketsa. Mphuno zokha ndi ziphuphu zomwe zimapezeka pafupi ndi malire oundana ku Arctic, ndizopusa zomwe zimafika ku Franz Josef Land, Greenland ndi Arctic Circle kumpoto kwa zilumba za Aleutian.

Mwa a albatrosses (banja la a Diomedeidae), mitundu iwiri yokha, Midway ndi White-backed Albatross (Diomedea albatrus) imakhalanso kumpoto ku vuto lotere. Ma albatross amenewa anali atatsala pang'ono kutha chifukwa cha asaka komanso kuphulika kwa mapiri pachilumba cha Torisima. Panali mbalame zambiri zomwe sizinakhazikike munyanja nthawi imeneyo kuti zilolere pang'ono, anthu obwezeretsawa alipo oposa 1800 pakadali pano. Pafupifupi mitundu 10 yamtundu wa albatross imasiyana siyana ku Southern Hemisphere, ikuwomba mphepo zosawerengeka za "kubuma" (pakati pa 40 ° ndi 50 ° Kumpoto) ndikupita kumpoto ndi chakudya, mafunde ozizira ozungulira gombe lakumadzulo kwa South America, South Africa, Australia ndi New Zealand. Mtundu umodzi, wavy albatross (D. irrorata), ndiwosiyana ndi ena chifukwa umangokhala pachilumba cha Galapagos ku equator, komwe mwina sikupezeka chisa choposa 3,000 pachilumba cha Hood.

Banja la Procellariidae limaphatikizapo lalikulu zovala, monga kumpoto ndi kumwera kwa fulmar, Typhoons (Pterodroma), mitundu ingapo ya zolembera, mbalame za Whale. Zina mwa mapolo ndi ma perel ndi mitundu ikuluikulu yomwe ili m'makoma kumtunda kumapiri a Andes, West Indies, Madeira, ndi New Zealand. Oyimira wamkulu kwambiri pabanjali ndiopira zazikuluzikulu (Macronectes) - Albatross - ngati oyenda pansi ndi ozungulira oyendayenda ndi mlomo wolemera komanso wamapiko amitala 2.4 (8 mapazi). Aang'ono kwambiri ndi a Whalebird (prion), mitundu inayi ya mbalame zazing'ono, zazing'ono, zazing'ono zophunzitsidwa, 22 mpaka 30 inches (mainchesi 9 mpaka 12); amabala kuzilumba zazing'ono.

Banja la petrel (Hydrobatidae) limakhala m'makoma onse awiri, koma ambiri kwambiri ku Pacific Ocean, ochepa kwambiri zovala ku Baja California. Imachita mpikisano ndi miyala ya ku Europe ngati mitengo yaying'ono kwambiri. Mawu petrel ("Little Peter") amachokera ku chizolowezi cha gulugufe chomwe chimayenda pamafunde.

Mbale zam'madzi mabanja (Pelecanoididae) ndi genus (Pelecanoides) ali ndi mitundu inayi. Ndi ang'ono, amatsogolera moyo wokhala pagombe, mbalame zam'madzi ndizokhazikika kuzilumba zakumwera, kuphatikizapo Tristan da Cugna, zilumba za Falkland, New Zealand ndi kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Australia. Mbale zazimuna za m'madzi sizitali kwambiri komanso zakuda ndi zoyera; ndizofanana mawonekedwe ndi zizolowezi kwa mbalame zazing'ono kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi.

Zonse zovala amakhala ndi moyo wautali chifukwa cha kusinthika kwawo ndi chilengedwe chamadzi. Popeza amakhala nthawi yayitali m'madzi, amakhala atakhazikika pansi, akugwiritsa ntchito mapiko awo mosamala kuti awathandize kuyenda, miyendo yawo ili kutali kwambiri kuti ayende mozungulira ngati miyendo iwiri. Pali mitundu yocheperako yomwe imagona m'miyala ndi m'ming'alu yamiyala ndikumakhala moyo wadzuwa, kukhala yosathandiza ndikulephera kugwa pansi mofulumira ikagwidwa ndi adani. Monga lamulo, makulidwe a mbalame ndi owongolera ndipo samalumikiza njira yomwe munthu ali nayo pangozi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amaloleza kumusokoneza. Albatrosses ndi omvera makamaka - motero dzina la mollymawk (albatross), kuchokera ku Dutch mollemok ("wopusa Seagull").

Kuuluka, maulendo ataliitali a Albatross pamafunika maulendo osalala kuti anyamuke tsiku lodzaza, pamalo oyenda adzagwiritsa ntchito phirilo kapena kukwera pathanthwe kapena mtengo kuti athe kutalika kapena kuwombera m'mphepete mwa mwala wapafupi. Pa mapiko, ndiwowuluka bwino ndege; mkuntho wamphamvu panyanja kudya nthawi zambiri amakhala opepuka komanso okongola. Mbalame ya albatross imatha kugwira ndi kunyamula sitimayo mwachangu panyanja, yokhala ndi mapiri ataliatali osasokoneza mapiko ake. Kuwala kwa albatross kuyenda motsutsana ndi mphepo popanda kukupiza mapiko ake kumadalira kuti kuthamanga kwa mphepo kumakhala kotsika mozama pamafunde kuposa ma mita angapo kumtunda. Mawonekedwe a ndege ndi mndandanda wa ma eyala angapo omwe amapanga mphamvu m'mlengalenga zam'mlengalenga, zotsatiridwa ndikuyenda motsutsana ndi mphepo yam'mphepete mwamlengalenga ndi mphepo yochepa. Kenako imayenda mumphepo, ikusonkhananso chatsopano. Chithunzithunzi chofanizira chija chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito, pamenepo, kuyenda ndi mtanda kapena kuwomba. Kuthamanga kwachilendo kwa albatrosses achifumu komanso oyenda mozungulira (Diomedea epomophora ndi D. exulans), omwe mapiko ake amafikira pafupifupi 3.4 metres (11 mapazi), kuyambira 80 mpaka 110 km (50 mpaka 70 miles paola). Ngakhale kuwuluka kumawoneka kosavuta, gawo lina lamphamvu limagwiritsidwa ntchito pothandizira minofu, yomwe imakhala ndi mapiko aatali, opapatiza mpaka kutalika kwathunthu.

Ndege yapakati zovala zofanana ndi albatrosses, koma mapiko awo amafupikitsa nthawi zonse. Mapiko ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amakhala osakhazikika, osinthika, ndipo nthawi zina akuwuluka, miyendo ikulendewera pansi, ndikuyenda pansi pamadzi.

Zoweta, agogo amadyera nsomba zazing'ono ndi ma crustaceans oyandama pafupi ndi pamwamba, amapanga kuyenda kwakanthawi kofunikira. Mbale zambiri zazikulu zimadya nyamayi yambiri. Ma Albatrosses, mapira akuluakulu komanso kunyira pansi pang'ono, amadya kuchokera pansi, nthawi zambiri amafikira pamadzi. Usiku, zimadya nyamayi zomwe zimakwera pamwamba, masana zimadya nsomba kusukulu, zinyalala zochokera ku zombo, zovulazidwa, zotopa, kapena mbalame zakufa, komanso zovunda, kuphatikiza nyama ya zinzake zakufa ndi ma cetaceans ena. Wopatsa wamkulumwina tubonos yekhayo yosinthika mokwanira kuti iphe mbalame zina, imagwirana ndi ma penguin awo ang'onoang'ono, omwe satetezedwa ndi makolo awo.

Kubalana komanso kukula.

Nthawi zambiri okhwima ndi akulu zovala bweretsani ku malo okhazikika okhazikika, milungu yambiri, chifukwa cha dzira limodzi loyera. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala mpikisano wowopsa malo osungira chisa m'midzi yayikulu yomwe ili ndi anthu ambiri kuzilumba zazing'ono. Kubwerera chaka chilichonse ku chisa chomwechi, amuna ndi akazi amakhalabe okhulupirika kwa iye, ndipo motero, wina ndi mnzake kwa moyo wonse. Amakhulupirira kuti magulu ena a albatross amakhala limodzi kunyanja popanda kudzipatula nthawi yayitali. Mosiyana ndi ma petrel ambiri omwe amaphulika, amapezeka pamtunda pokhapokha usiku, kuti sangathe kuwonana ndi omwe ali pagombe (amawazindikira ndi mawu, kukhudza komanso, mwina kununkhiza) ndipo, mwina, osakwatirana mwadala pagulu.

Pakukomana kulikonse pagombe pakati pa kuswana zovalaPali miyambo yovuta, mbalame zimamenya, cluck ndikulira. Zodabwitsazi zimachitika nthawi yausiku komanso nthawi yamasana, albatrosses, ndipo kumapeto kumakhalanso mauta ndi chithunzi cha mavinidwe. Khalidwe lotere limapatsa nthawi mnzake wothandizana naye, kuzindikira madera komanso kuthana ndi mkwiyo wanthawi zonse kapena mantha.

Mitundu ya zisa ndizosiyana pang'ono m'mitundu mitundu. Albatrosses amayeretsa, ndikupanga mulu wa dothi ndi masamba. Zazitsiru zopanda nzeru ndi zisa zina zamasana, ma phula chisa pamphepete kapena pansi. Kwambiri zovala, kukumba mbulu ndipo agulugufe ena amakumba mabowo panthaka yofewa, agulugufe ena amagwiritsa ntchito ming'alu yachilengedwe.

Chisa chikapangidwa, m'modzi mwa awiriwo zovala Nthawi zambiri amakhala osamala kuti asagwire mbalame zina zomwe zikadafunafuna malo abwino opezako malo. Amuna amatha kukhala osamala kwa masiku angapo usana ndi usiku, pomwe anyani amadyera kunyanja kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za dzira lakukula. M'mitundu ina, yaikazi imatha kuyenda ulendo wobwereza m'mawola ochepa atangoikira mazira, ngati mwamunayo wasokonekera. Mbalame zolengedwa sizidyetsana, mmalo mwake zimagona kwa masiku angapo, mbalame yotsalayo kuti iteteze ndikuyika mazira amatsitsa, pomwe mbalame inayo imadya ndi kunenepa munyanja.

Mazira amadzaza kwa nthawi yayitali, pafupifupi masiku 80 akusuntha kwa albatrosses, masiku 52 m'miyala, masiku 40 m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono.Pakupita sabata limodzi kapena pang'ono kuchokera pamene anagwidwa, nkhuku yolimba mtima imafuna kutentha kwa thupi la kholo kuti ikhale ndi moyo. Munthawi imeneyi, amadya zakudya zamafuta am'madzi zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi ochepa, zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi mbalame zachikulire, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti minyewa ikachepetse kuthamanga kuzosowa kwa anapiye. Mwachilengedwe, mwana wankhuku amayang'ana makomo a makolo otseguka, ofunda, onunkhira, akukankha ndikumva m'maso, amapeza pakamwa pa akuluakulu.

Chingwe zovala, imakula msanga, ndikuyamba kusuntha, ndipo anapiyewo amakhala atangokhala magazi otentha, ndiye kuti, amatha kukhala otentha, ndipo makolo ake amadyetsedwa kupita kunyanja ndikubwerera ndi mbewu yayikulu yam'mimba m'mimba mwawo. Makolo ena sabwerera kuchokera kokasodza kwa nthawi yayitali. Zoweta amatha kuyenda pafupifupi km km kuchokera ku Wales kupita ku Bay of Biscay ndikubwerera kuti akapeze chakudya chomwe amakonda, sardines. Mbalame yotchedwa albatross imatha kusiyanso mwana wake wankhuku yabwino kwa sabata limodzi kapena awiri. Ngati zingachitike kuti makolo onsewo abwerera nthawi imodzi, mwana wankhuku amatha kumeza chakudya chofanana ndi kulemera kwake pachakudya chimodzi. Zimakhala zamafuta kwambiri kumapeto kwa nthawi yayitali, yomwe imatha miyezi iwiri m'magulu ang'onoang'ono ndipo imafika miyezi isanu ndi inayi mu albatrosses akuluakulu.

Mwana wankhuku asananyamuke chisa, makolo omwe amakalamba amawuluka kupita kunyanja. Imeneyi imayamba nyengo yanjala, yomwe imatha sabata yayitali m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, masiku 12 mumagulu ang'onoang'ono, komanso ochulukirapo m'mitundu yayikulu mwana asanapite kunyanja. Pakakhala yopanda kanthu, imakhala yopindika bwino, yolimba komanso yolemetsa, kuti ikukula, imafunikira kanthawi kochepetsera thupi komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi isanadutse. Pakatha masiku angapo kusala komanso kuwuluka mapiko, imatha kuuluka usiku umodzi wamphepo, makamaka ngati ikakodwa ndi bowo pamalo okwera ngati mivi, pomwe imatha kugwedezeka ndikutsamira panyanja mkuntho. Nyengo yozizirira ndiyabwino kuposa mdani, mwana wobadwa pachisumbu ambiri zovala kugwa pansi kupita kunyanja, cholemera kwambiri, sichikhalanso pamalo popanda kuwuluka mlengalenga. Ndi akatswiri odziwa kusambira, ndipo amatha kulowa pansi kwambiri kuti apewe ngozi zomwe zimayambitsa ndege.

Mwadzidzidzi chifukwa cha kuwopsa kochokera kumtunda, anapiyewo amaphunzira kuuluka, ana amphongo ang'onoang'ono amachoka m'njira yachikhalidwe yosamukasamuka, yekha paulendo wautali wopanda akulu. Motsogozedwa ndi chikhumbo chake chamkati chouluka, akupitabe kuwuluka; amakumbukira nthawi yozizira yomwe anali asanawonepo, nthawi zambiri pa liwiro lodabwitsa. Anzake ena amaphatikizika ku Wales ngati mtundu wachichepere atakwera ndege: makilomita 9,900 (pafupifupi 6,200 miles) kumwera kwa Brazil masiku 16.5. Kukhala kwa theka la tsiku pakupuma ndi chakudya, izi ndi zofanana ndi kuti liwiro loyenda makilomita 50 (mailo 30) pa ola limodzi nthawi ndikupambana kwambiri kwa mbalame yomwe yangochotsedwa pachisa.

Ma albatross achichepere amakhalabe chisa nthawi yayitali, bola ngati anapiye a albatross akamasambira nyengo yozizira ya Antarctic. Amapulumuka chimphepo chamkuntho ndi mphepo yamkuntho yomwe imawomba zisa za enimboli, koma imakhala yotentha pansi pa mafuta awo kuti asakhale ndi chakudya masiku amasanu, kufikira makolo awo atawonekera kuti adyetse. Chifukwa chotalika nthawi yayitali, ma albatrosses oterewa sangathe kubereka mwana wambiri pakatha zaka ziwiri zilizonse. Kuti alipire kuchuluka kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kubereka, ma albatross amakhala ndi moyo wautali, chiyembekezo chokhala ndi moyo, atatha kubereka, akuwoneka ngati zaka makumi angapo. Kuyang'aniridwa kwa ma albatrosses kwawonetsa kuti samabereka bwino kufikira zaka 7. Kuti azisungabe kuchuluka, azinyama zoyambira komanso zachifumu zodziwika bwino kwa nthawi yoyamba komanso pambuyo pake, azikhala ndi moyo wabwino pakati pa mbalame. Ziwombo zina zazing'onoting'ono zazing'onoting'ono zimayikira dzira loyamba zikakhala ndi zaka zisanu, ndipo zazing'ono kwambiri petrel chitani izi m'chilimwe chachitatu kapena chachinayi.

Nthawi zonse pamakhala gawo lalikulu la anthu aliwonse zovalazomwe sizibereka. M'chaka choyamba cha kunyanja, mbalame yaying'ono siyimayandikira kupita kumtunda. Mbalame zokhwima zimatha kusamukira, ndikukhalamo zisa, ana azaka za m'madzi amatha kudutsira panjira, kuthera nthawi yozizira panyanja. Mu zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, achinyamata azidzaswanirana kuzilumba ndi m'mphepete mochedwa kwambiri kuti achite zambiri kuposa kubzala asanachitike komanso kufufuza nthaka kuti agwirizanenso mtsogolo. Pakati pa dzinja m'madambo, pamakhala mbalame zodziwika bwino zomwe zimalonjeza kuswana. Kumene madera amakhala kale, nthawi zonse zimakhala zolondola, koma mbalame zazing'ono zopanda nzeru zomwe zimachoka kuti zikapangidwe kwatsopano m'dera lakwawo.

Mbalame zazitali zamapeto zazitali zokhala ndi khosi lalifupi, zokhala ndi michira yayifupi komanso yapakati komanso miyendo. Zilembozo zimakhala pakati pa zala zakumaso, ndipo zala zakumaso (chala) ndizing'ono kapena sizikupezeka. Mosiyana ndi achibale awo amphamvu ouluka, agulugufe obisalamo ali ndi mapiko afupi. Mbali inayi, gawo la mapikowo limakhala lotalikirapo, kapena mulifupi) mapiko limatha kupitirira 14:01 kwa ma albatross ena. Ili ndi phiko lalitali, lopapatiza komanso lokweza kwambiri; mapiko ake amasinthika kwambiri kuti athe kutsetsereka.

Kwambiri zovalapodziteteza ku chiopsezo, amatula mafuta omwe ali m'mimba ndi mphamvu inayake. M'mitundu ina, makamaka zopanda pake pamiyala, uwu ndi chizolowezi, mantha, omwe amathandizanso kuuluka kwa mbalame, atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chida chodzitetezera. Kupeza mdani, mbalameyo imaponyera mitsinje ya fetid madzi pa mita imodzi kapena kuposerapo, nthawi zambiri molondola kwambiri. Chizolowezi ndichilengedwe, mwana ndi wopusa, amafanana ndi syringe - mafuta achikasu. Pambuyo pake, nkhuku yofiyira imalowetsa mafuta kwa mlendo aliyense, ngakhale kwa makolo ake.

Kupenda kwa mafuta apaderawa kumawonetsa kuti masamba a kapamba (chipinda choyamba cham'mimba) ali ndi mavitamini A ndi D. Mu mbalame zambiri, makoma a kapamba amapanga madzi amadzimadzi omwe amawononga mwachangu zakudya zosaphika.

Mimba ikaika mafuta, mafuta ochulukirapo amamasulidwa pang'ono, zomwe zimatha kusokoneza kagayidwe petrelngati atasungidwa m'mimba ambiri. Kutaya kudzera mkamwa ndi mphuno, imaponyanso mavitamini ndi mchere wambiri m'zakudya zam'nyanja ndi madzi am'nyanja. Zofanananso ndi mawonekedwe a sebaceous gland secretions a mbalame zina, ma secretion a mafuta amathanso kuthandiza popewa madzi, amatsuka nthenga zawo ndi mafuta awa.

Chiyambidwe cha mafotokozedwe ndi mafotokozedwe

Petrel - nsomba yam'madzi ya petulo. M'malo mwake, malamulowa amaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya mbalame, zomwe zimaphatikizidwa pansi pa dzinali. Chodziwika kwa mitundu yonse ndi chipangidwe chawo cha thupi, chomwe chimakupatsani mwayi wowuluka kwa nthawi yayitali pamwamba pa madzi ndi kudya kuchokera ku nyanja. Chochititsa chidwi chachikulu ndi machubu omwe amakhala mulomo womwe mcherewo umayenda.

Ma Petele amafunikira madzi ambiri, koma amakhala pamwamba pa nyanja zamchere ndi nyanja zamchere, momwe pamtunda waukulu wamakilomita palibe madzi abwino. Chifukwa chake, iwo, monga ma penguins, adasinthiratu kuti amwe madzi amchere. Mchere wamchere umadutsa mu "fyuluta" mumlomo wawo ndipo umatulutsidwa ndi timachubu ngati mchere.

Maonekedwe ndi mawonekedwe ake

Chithunzi: Kodi ndi mawonekedwe angati?

Ndi mawonekedwe ake onse, cholembera chikuwonetsa kuthekera kwakuwuluka kwakanthawi yayitali pamwamba pa nyanja. Amakhala ndi thupi lalifupi, mapiko olimba komanso tinthu tating'ono. Nthenga zake za nthenga ndi zonenepa, sizimalola kuti mbalame zizizunguliridwa ndi mphepo ndipo zimanyowa kuchokera kumadzi amchere ndi mvula.

Chochititsa chidwi: Matambo a ma phale ndi ochepa kwambiri ndipo ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mchira kuti mbalamezo sizingathe kuyimirira - zimadalira mapiko awo ndi chifuwa. Milomo ya mbalamezi nthawi zonse imakhala yowongoka pang'ono, yokhotakhota kumapeto kwake - izi zimapangitsa kuti mbalamezo zizitha kugwira nsomba zosalala.

Kutengera mtundu wa nyama, ma agamba amasiyana kunja, kuphatikiza kukula kwake.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ndi iyi:

• chimphona chakumpoto. Iyi ndiye mbalame yayikulu kwambiri m'banja la agogo,
• chimphona chakum'mwera. Mbalameyi ndi yocheperapo kukula kwa wachibale wawo wakumpoto,
• Mbale wa Antarctic. Awa ndi mbalame zazitali zofiirira,
• Cape petrel. Amadziwikanso kuti Cape Doves. Iyi ndi mbalame yaying'ono yowala, yotalika kutalika kwa 36 cm.,
• petrel chipale. Izi ndi mtundu wocheperako mpaka 30 cm.,
• petrel wabuluu. Komanso mbalame yaying'ono yokhala ndi mapiko ofika mpaka 70 cm.

Izi ndi zina mwa mitundu ya miyala yaing'ono. Banja limaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa 70 yovomerezeka mwalamulo.

Kodi cholembera amakhala kuti?

Chithunzi: Petrel kuthawa

Phula limakhala pafupifupi moyo wake wonse limazungulira panyanja ndi nyanja. Mapiko ake amatha kuzungulira kuti agwire thupi la phula masiku ambiri, kuthamangitsa mpweya. Ndikosavuta kutchula mitundu ingapo ya agogo, chifukwa, mosiyana ndi a albatross, amakhala ku Southern and Northern hemispheres. Mbale wamkulu wakumpoto amatha kupezeka munyanja za Atlantic, Pacific, Indian. Malo omwe amakhala ndi zilumba za South Georgia.

Phula lalikulu lakum'mwera limakhala m'madzi amodzimodzi, koma zisa zokha pafupi ndi Antarctica. Agarctic ndi chipale chofewa amakhalanso komweko. Ng'ombe za Cape ndi buluu zimakonda nyengo yapansi pa Antarctic, yokhala ku Cape Horn. Mbawala ya Wetland imangokhala m'mphepete mwa New Zealand. Zing'onoting'ono zazing'ono, zamtundu wamtundu wamtundu wa Atlantic. Kukhazikika kwa phula laling'ono locheperako kulibe malire - ku Tasmania kokha pagombe la Australia.

Ziweto sizifunikira malo ngati malo okhazikika. Amatha kupuma pang'ono pa madzi, kukhala ndi mwayi kugona tulo, kumangodalira mapiko ndi mphepo. Ziphuphu nthawi zambiri zimakhazikika pa sitima zapamadzi ndi pamabwato - Umu ndi momwe malingaliro amapezekedwera ndi oyendetsa sitima. Ziphuphu zimapezeka mchaka chokha podulira, zikafunika kuyikira mazira ndikusamalira ana. Nthawi zonse amasankha malo omwe amakhala.

Chochititsa chidwi: Woberekera pachilumba china amangokhala pamenepo.

Tsopano mukudziwa komwe pang'onopang'ono amapezeka. Tiwone zomwe amadya.

Kodi petrel amadya chiyani?

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Petrel

Petrel ndi mbalame yolusa. Kuti mafuta azikhala ndi mphamvu m'thupi lalikulu lomwe likuuluka masiku ambiri, petulo imafunikira mapuloteni ambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezera pa nsomba zazing'ono, chakudya chake chimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya crustaceans ndi cephalopods - makamaka squid. Nthawi zina abulu amathamangitsa maboti asodzi. Pamenepo sangathe kupumula kokha, komanso kupindula ndi nsomba kuchokera maukonde. Komanso, agulugufe amadya zovalazo, amaba chakudya cha mbalame zina zomwe zimadyedwa ndi zinyama.

Makamaka abulu akuluakulu amatha kusaka pamtunda. Kwenikweni, amawononga zisa za nkhanu, ma penguin ndi mbalame zina pomadya mazira. Koma zimachitika kuti amagwiranso anapiye a ma penguin kapena ana a zisindikizo za ubweya. Phale lalikulu silitaya chilichonse kuti linyenthe kuphina pomwe amayi ake ali palenje.

Chochititsa chidwi: Ngakhale kuti ma penguin ophulika ndi mbalame zing'onozing'ono, ma petrel samawakhudza chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo okongola.

Chinthu chapadera muzakudya za ma petrel ndi krill. Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe a mulomo, womwe umalola kusefa madzi amchere, ma petrel, kukonzekera pansi pomwe pamadzi, kunyamula madzi pamlomo, kusefa ndi kutengera kaphikidwe kazakudya pamtunda. Izi zimawathandiza kuti apulumuke ngakhale munthawi yamavuto. Ziwombankhanga zimasaka usiku wonse. Akakanikiza mapiko mwamphamvu thupi, iwo, ngati roketi, amagwera m'madzi pamalo pomwe amawona kuti pali sukulu ya nsomba. Nsomba zingapo zimagwidwa mwachangu, zimamezedwa mwachindunji pansi pamadzi ndikusambira ndi nsomba yaying'ono mulomo wake. Kuzama kwambiri komwe mbalamezi zimatsikira ndi mita 8.

Mawonekedwe a machitidwe ndi moyo wawo

Chithunzi: Petrel ku Russia

Nthawi zambiri mbalame imakhala ikuuluka pamwamba pamadzi. Zimawuluka zazing'onozing'ono - anthu 5-7. Chifukwa chake ndikosavuta kwa iwo kufunafuna nyama pansi pa madzi ndi kuthawa zoopsa zomwe zingachitike. Magulu akuluakulu a magulu abulu amasonkhana pasukulu ya nsomba, sitima, kapena nyama ina. Chifukwa cha izi, oyendetsa sitima ena amawaona ngati "minyazi yam'nyanja." Oyendetsa sitima akudziwa chozizwitsa chomwe petuloyo ikufuna kuona ngati namondwe wayandikira. Mu nyengo yofatsa, yofunda ndi youma, mbalamezi zimakwera mumlengalenga, kufunafuna nyama. Koma ngati bingu ndi chimphepo champhamvu zikuyandikira, miyala ina imatsikira pamadzi ndikufuula. Chifukwa cha khalidweli, abusa adadziwikanso dzina.

Anapiye ndi mbalame zamwano komanso zanzeru. Kupita ku zombo zazing'ono, amagawana maudindo: anthu ena amasokoneza oyendetsa sitimawo, kumayeserera kuba nsomba, pomwe ma pettle ena amabera ndi chakudya. Pa ma barge asodzi, ma abulu amatha kudzaza mimba zawo bwino. Koma pali mbali yakumbuyo, chifukwa cha omwe ma petrel sakonda kutsikira zombo. Osati zokhazo, ma tchuthi awo samasinthasintha kuyenda koyenera, komanso sangathe kuchoka, ndikugwera pansi kwambiri.

Chowonadi ndi chakuti ndi kuchuluka kwamapiko ndi kukula kwa thupi, mutha kuwuluka pokhapokha kuchokera kumtunda kwambiri ndikugwira mafunde amphepo. Chifukwa chake, agulugufe amawuluka mosavuta mumphepo yamkuntho, pomwe amatha kuyendetsa modekha pakati pamagetsi angapo. Kukwiya kwa ma petrel kumafikira ku nyama zina. Atazindikira chisindikizo cha ubweya kapena penguin ngati nyama, sangadikire kuti kholo lawo lipite kokasaka, koma lidzagwere poyera. Nthawi zambiri kutsegula kwa penguin kapena ubweya sikokwanira kuthamangitsa petulayo, ndipo imapha mwana wamphongoyo, kudyera pamenepo pamaso pa kholo.

Kapangidwe ka anthu ndi kubereka

Chithunzi: Grey Petrel

Kuonera zolaula m'miyala sikufotokozedwa. Mitundu ina, yaikazi imakhala yocheperako kuposa yaimuna, koma nthawi zina pamakhala kusiyana koteroko. Chifukwa chake, anyaniwa amadzisankha amphongo kapena amphongo mwa chizindikiritso chake.

Mbodzi amabwera palimodzi m'magulu akulu, pomwe amafunafuna wokwatirana naye. Madera oterewa amatha kufikira anthu miliyoni imodzi. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kupeza malo abwino a chisa, kotero ma petrel amalimbana kwambiri pakati pawo pamalo abwino. Kulimbana pakati pa ma phale kumapitilizabe ufulu wokhala ndi mkazi. Ndizachilendo kwambiri kuti ma agulu amapanga magulu awiri osakhazikika kwa zaka zingapo.

Akazi akasankha yamphongo, masewera a mating amayamba. Wamphongo amabweretsa mphatso kwa mkaziyo - miyala ndi nthambi kuti amange chisa. Onsewo amapanga chisa, kenako ndikukhwima ndi kuyikira dzira limodzi. Yaikazi imasiya dzira m'manja mwaimuna, ndipo imawulukira mwezi wathunthu ndikudya mu nyanja. Pobwerera, anapiye anali ataswedwa kale, motero adayamba kumudyetsa chakudya chodyedwayo chapakatikati pawo. Tateyo amatha kuuluka kupita kunyanja kukadyetsa, koma nthawi zambiri amabwerera kudzadyetsa zazikazi ndi mwana wankhuku.

Kumusiya yekha ndi owopsa - ma pettle ena, pazifukwa zopanda nzeru, amatha kupha mwana. Ziweto zazing'ono zimakula mpaka miyezi iwiri, yayikulu - mpaka inayi. Anapiwe okhwima amatuluka chisa ndikuiwala makolo awo.Zambiri, mbalamezi zimakhala zaka zosachepera 15, koma zazitali kwambiri zidakhala mu ukapolo mpaka 50.

Adani Achilengedwe Achilengedwe

Chithunzi: Kodi ndi mawonekedwe angati?

Ziweto ndi mbalame zazikulu zomwe zimatha kudzisamalira zokha, chifukwa chake zimakhala ndi adani achilengedwe ochepa. Ma skuas akum'mwera nthawi zambiri amawononga zisa zawo, kudya mazira ndi anapiye osalimba, ngati makolo awo apita kwina. Komanso, mbalamezi zimapikisananso ndi miyala kuti izidya, ndiye kuti kulimba kwamphamvu pakati pawo.

Makoswe ndi amphaka omwe amabweretsa mdera lachiwerewere nawonso ndi owopsa ku zisa ndi anapiye. Koma ma petrel amakhalanso ndi zida zawo zoteteza. Poopa mantha, mwana wankhuku amawombera madzi amkamwa mwake, omwe nthawi yomweyo amawopseza adani. Amadzimadzi awa ndi mafuta, ndizovuta kuchapa ndikumununkhira nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimasokoneza kusaka kwina kwa nyama zomwe zitha kudya.

Chochititsa chidwi: Monga momwe zimakhalira ndi ma penguins, chisokonezo chokhudza kugonana nthawi zina chimayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa akazi aamuna ndi akazi omwe mbalamezi.

Komanso, mitundu yaying'ono yamapira ikhoza kuopsezedwa ndi nsomba zina ndi mikango yam'nyanja. Zitha kugwidwa ndi asodzi kapena anthu ena akuluakulu am'madzi pomwe chimangogwera m'madzi kuti chigwire nyama kapena chikangosambira pamafunde. Pansi pamadzi, mbalamezi ndizosavomerezeka, motero, ndizophweka.

Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu

Chithunzi: Mbalame ya Petrel

Ziphuphu ndizambiri. Pokhala zilombo zazikuluzikulu, sizipangitsa chidwi ndi mbalame zina zodya nyama ndi nyama. Posoŵa phindu lamalonda, sanali oyang'anira kusaka anthu. Chiwerengero cha mitengo ya miyala yamadzi ku Atlantic kokha ndi pafupifupi mamiliyoni 3. Dera la Pacific Ocean limakhala anthu pafupifupi 4 miliyoni. Mbale ya Antarctic ili ndi anthu pafupifupi 20 miliyoni. Chiwerengerochi ndi chokhazikika.

Komabe, mitundu ina imadziwika kuti ndi yosowa, ngakhale siyophatikizidwa ndi Red Book.

Izi ndi izi mitundu:

• Mbale wa Balearic
• phula wamiyendo yapinki,
• mvula yamkuntho yoyera
• Mphepo yamkuntho ya Madeira
• Mphepo yamkuntho ya Hawaii.

Kuchepetsa manambala kumachitika chifukwa cha anthropogenic okha, omwe ali ndi zifukwa zingapo, chimodzi mwazomwe zimadetsa nyanja zam'madzi zapadziko lonse. Nthawi zambiri, ma petrel amagwera m'malo amafuta, amawalowetsa m'masukulu a nsomba, chifukwa chake posachedwa amafa ndi poizoni. Ndiye mbalame zimatha kumangika mu pulasitiki posambira komanso kufa osatha kuyandama kapena kuchoka. Ndiponso, kuwedza unyinji. Nsomba zimagwidwa pamsika momwe zimakhalira ndi ma petrel. Amataya chakudya, ndichifukwa chake amafunika kusamuka kwakutali kukafunafuna chakudya. Zimakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Petrel - mbalame yayikulu, yocheperako kukula kokha kuposa albatross. Kukula kwawo, momwe amakhalira komanso mawonekedwe awo zawalola kukhala amodzi mwa mitundu yambiri ya mbalame. Amayendetsabe zombo pamaulendo apamadzi ndipo amadziwitsa oyendetsa sitimayo kuti kukuntha kwamkuntho.