Njoka yamtunduwu ndi ya banja la dzenje. Jararaca afalikira ku Brazil. Amakhala kumadera omwe amakhala kumwera kwa Amazon, komanso kumadzulo - kumalire ndi Peru ndi Ecuador, komanso kumpoto kwa Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay.
Kutalika kwa chokwiramo ndi 1.40 metres, ndipo zitsanzo zazikulu zikubwera. Mutu wa njoka umakhala ndi ovoid mawonekedwe ndipo umasiyanitsidwa bwino ndi khosi.
Muzzle wokutidwa ndi zishango, zolozera, ndi mphuno yotsekemera komanso yotukuka pang'ono.
Mtundu wa njokayo umasiyana kuchokera pakuda mpaka imvi. Pali anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la burgundy. Poyerekeza izi, mikwingwirima yopapatiza komanso yocheperako yomwe imakhala yakuda m'mphepete imawoneka bwino. Amakhala osiyana ndi mbiri yabwino kwambiri. Mimba imakhala yotuwa ndi utoto wamkaka wamkaka kapena malo oyera, omwe amakhala m'mizere iwiri kapena inayi. Njoka zazing'ono zimakhala ndi nsonga yoyera.
Mano oopsa ndiakulu kuposa pamenepo, kutalika kwake ndi pafupifupi masentimita awiri. Pakadali pano, zizindikilo zakunja sizigogomeza za poizoni wakuthupi, koma zhararaka ndiye woimira kwambiri pakati pa njoka zaku South America.
Chiwerengero cha mitunduyi ndi chachikulu kwambiri, motero anthu akumaloko nthawi zambiri amadwala. M'malo ena ku Brazil, kuoneka zodzala zowopsa kumapangitsa anthu kuchoka m'malo awa ndikupeza malo okhala. Ma Campos - shrubby ndi savannas a udzu, nkhalango zimakhala ndi njoka zambiri.
Zhararaka imagona pansi osasunthika masana komanso mabasiketi padzuwa, nthawi zina kupumula pamtunda waung'ono. Nthawi yotentha ikafika, amabisala mumthunzi, ndipo kutuluka kwa usiku kumapita kukafunafuna chakudya. Njoka imadya mbalame ndi makoswe. Kuluma nyamayo, zhararaka imaponyera mutu kumbuyo ndikutsegula pakamwa pake, mawonekedwe amtunduwu pakusaka amakupatsani mwayi wokumba m'manja mwa mano opindika. Pakuluma, mtsuko umatulutsa madontho a poizoni wamphamvu. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kuoneka ngati chinyama chowopsa kumadzetsa mantha mwa anthu.
Mtundu wamtunduwu pakati pa anthu akumaloko uli ndi mbiri yoyipa. Komabe, anthu amawasunga m'minda ya nazale kuti atenge poizoni wokwera mtengo. Pothawira ku njoka yotchuka ku Butantan, yomwe ili mumzinda wa São Paulo, chiwerengero cha zhararaki ndi chachikulu kwambiri.
Ogwiritsa ntchito njoka amabweretsa "repradite" poizoniyu. Chiwerengero cha garaz omwe adagwidwa pazaka 60 zapitazi ndi anthu oposa 300,000. Ngakhale njoka zochuluka kwambiri, ziwerengero zake sizikuchepa, koma zimangokhala pafupifupi ofanana ndipo zimakwana makope 800,000 pachaka. Ziwerengerozi zikuwonetsa kuti kuzimiririka sikuwopsezedwa ndi kutentha, ndipo zida zamtengo wapatali zamankhwala zimatha kupitilizabe kutulutsidwa. Zamoyo zouluka m'malo azomera zachilengedwe zimapitabe kubereka kuti zikhale zochulukirapo.
Zhararaka imodzi imapereka koyamba kwa 34 mg (mu fomu youma) ya poizoni, koma palinso ena omwe amapanga zipatso zambiri mpaka 150 mg. Mchaka, njoka zamtunduwu zomwe zimapezeka ku Butantan zimapatsa 300-500 g ya poyizoni.
Komanso m'chuma cha anthu oluma akumaloko, zhararak ndi mtsogoleri. 80-90% ya anthu omwe akudwala kuluma natembenukira kwa madotolo, adakumana ndi njoka'yi.
Poizoni wake ndi wamphamvu ndipo, monga ma botrop ena, amayambitsa kuwoneka kofiyira komanso kutupa kwambiri pamalo omenyawo. Kenako hemorrhage imachitika m'dera lomwe lakhudzidwalo ndipo minofu imawonedwa. Pakakhala seramu yapadera ,imfa pakati pa anthu ndi 10-12%.
Ndi chithandizo chanthawi yake chachipatala, anthu ambiri olumidwa amachira.
Malinga ndi kapangidwe kazomwe zimapangidwira, poizoni wa zhararaki ndi gulu lopangidwa ndi mapuloteni angapo okhudzana ndi ma enzyme. Ma protein a Serine, metalloproteinases, phospholipases A2 ndi L-amino acid a oxidase adapezeka m'menemo, kuwonjezera, mapuloteni popanda ntchito ya enzymatic adawululidwa: myotoxins, C-mtundu lectin, disintegrins, natriuretic peptides. Kulumidwa kwa Zhararak kumayendetsedwa ndi zotupa za thupi lonse: coagulopathy, kulephera kwa impso ndi mantha. Kuti athandizire anthu, mankhwalawa adalengedwa kuchokera ku nyama.
Ku Brazil, antitoxins amagwiritsidwa ntchito Mlingo waukulu kuchitira odwala omwe alumidwa ndi kutentha, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kumayenderana ndi zovuta zamtundu umodzi, ndipo kumatha kudwala matenda a seramu mwa anthu.
Akatswiri akugwira ntchito kuti apange antidoteti wogwira mtima kwambiri, komanso poizoni wambiri ku zhararaki. Chowonadi ndi chakuti makhwala amakono amatha kusokoneza dongosolo la poizoni, komabe, zotupa zam'deralo sizimatsekedwa, ndipo zimatha kuduladula chiwalo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa chilema mwa munthu yemwe wakhudzidwa ndi poyizoni.
Mu chilengedwe, njoka yamtunduwu imakhala ndi mdani woyenera, yemwe amatha kuthana ndi nyama zoopsa. Kukula kwakanthawi mussurana sikukuvuta chiphe cha zhararaki. Mtunduwu ulinso ndi poizoni, koma mosiyana ndi kutentha kowopsa, poizoni wawo siwopsa m'thupi la munthu. Pofuna kuteteza motsutsana ndi zhararaki, okhala m'derali amakhala ndi mussuran m'nyumba mwawo.
Ngakhale zovulala zomwe njokayo imachitira anthu omwe amaluma, ululu umapitilizabe kukhala ndi zherarak kuti mupeze poyizoni.
Mankhwala ozikidwa pamutu amathandizira pakutseka magazi, kuwongolera njira ya matenda oopsa monga mphumu ya bronchial, khunyu, angina pectoris. Kununkhira kwa njoka ndi njira yabwino yotsitsira ululu wa radiculitis. Mwina sizachabe kuti chizindikiro cha madotolo ndi njoka, chomwe chimapinda chikho. Sikoyenera kuwononga njoka zapoizoni popanda chifukwa.
Dziko lachilengedwe limakhala losalimba kwambiri ndipo kusokonezedwa konse kosayenera kungakhumudwitse chilengedwe.
28.04.2015
Common Zhararaka (lat. Bothrops jararaca) ndi phanga lochokera ku banja la Viper (lat. Viperidae). Ichi ndi chiweto chakupha kwambiri, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala m'malo okhala ndi anthu, chifukwa chake chimayambitsa ngozi.
Amapereka poizoni wamphamvu kwambiri wamankhwala osokoneza bongo. Kutupa kwamphamvu kumawonekera pamalo a kulumayo, kenako ndikumapweteka kwambiri mutu, kukokana komanso kupuwala kwathunthu kwamthupi. Kenako zimakhala kuti thupi limayamba kufa ndikuwola. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, mongooses adayambitsidwa ku South America kuti alimbane ndi kutentha. Tsoka ilo, sanakwaniritse zomwe anali nazo.
Jararaca amakhala m'nkhalango komanso m'malo otentha kumpoto kwa Argentina, Brazil ndi Paraguay. Njoka imeneyi nthawi zambiri imawoneka m'minda. Chinyama chamoyocho chimakhala ndi moyo chaka chonse, popeza malo ake ndi otentha m'malo otentha.
Khalidwe
Zhararaka ndi nyama yozaza. Amapita kokasaka usiku. Amapeza womugwirira mothandizidwa ndi ziwalo zamagetsi, kenako amamuukira, natsegula pakamwa pake ndikuyika mano ake poyizoni. Chinyama chovulala chimafa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo njokayo imayamba kudya.
Zakudya zake zimakhala makamaka makoswe ndi mbalame. Kuseri kwa makoswe, nyama yothirayo imakonda kupita m'midzi ndi m'midzi. Kuphatikiza apo, imakwera mitengo mosavuta ndipo imatha kugwira mbalame mosavuta.
Madzulo, njoka imapuma, itapindika paliponse. Pakugona masana, sayenera kufunafuna malo abata. Maukwati ake amakulolani kuti muzingoyimitsa udzu kapena kuthengo kuti musawonekere.
Ngakhale pa nthawi yopuma masana, chimbudzi chimayang'anira gawo lawomwe. Ngati wina wadutsa mzere wamtengo wapatali, ndiye kuti sanazengereze amathamangira kwa omenyedwawo.
Nthawi zambiri anthu amaluma omwe sakudziwa kuti kuyandikira kwa njoka yaululu kuyandikira.
Kuswana
Zhararaka vulgaris ndi wa ovoviviparous repitles. M'mwezi wa Januware, mwamunayo amayamba kusaka mkazi wamkulu. Ngati pa nthawi ino pali olemekezeka awiri omwe amadzinenera kuti ndi dona m'modzi, ndiye kuti amayendetsa nkhondo. Atazungulira matupi awo, otsutsawo adakankhira pansi, koma osagwiritsa ntchito zoyipa zawo. Wopambana amapita kwa wamkazi, ndipo omwe atha amakwawa.
Pambuyo pa kukwatirana, mabanjawo amathetsa. Kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi, zazikazi zimamanga mazira, kenako zimabereka pafupifupi 80 ana.
Njoka zazing'ono mpaka 25 masentimita ndizitali zowala modabwitsa, zamakono kwambiri komanso zowopsa. Kuyambira masiku oyamba amoyo, amapita kukasaka pawokha. Choyamba, amakhutitsa njala ndi zazing'ono zazing'ono.
Kuti akopewo, njokayo imasunthira mchira wake munjira yapadera, kutsanzira kayendedwe ka mphutsi za tizilombo tosiyanasiyana, tomwe timasakidwa ndi zokwawa zazing'ono.
Zhararaki zazing'ono zimakhala nyama ya nyama zina. Ngakhale nkhuku wamba imatha kupha njoka yaying'ono. Chamoyo chotsalira m'mikhalidwe yovutayi chimasandutsidwa chinyama chowopsa.
Kufotokozera
Kutalika kwa thupi kumafikira masentimita 150. Mutu waukulu wopangidwa ndi mphero umasiyanitsidwa ndi thupi ndi kupendekera kwachiberekero. Masana, maso amakhala ndi mzere wozungulira, ndipo usiku amakhala ozungulira. Pakati pa maso ndi mphuno pali ziwalo za thermolocation.
Mchiberekero ya khomo lachiberekero imalongosoledwa momveka bwino. Thupi lowonda limakutidwa ndi masikelo ang'ono. Makona atatu amdima ali kumaso kwa msana. Mimba imapakidwa utoto wowala wagolide. Mchira waufupi kwambiri.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa zararaki wamba kuli pafupifupi zaka 12.