Kuteteza zachilengedwe m'malo okhala anthu ndipo koposa zonse, m'mizinda, ndizofunikira kwambiri. Izi ndichifukwa choti magwero akulu oyipitsa pano ali pafupi kwambiri ndi munthu ndipo zimabweretsa ngozi kuumoyo wake. Vuto limodzi lovuta kwambiri lamizinda yamakono ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe. Kusintha kwakukuru kwa malo obwera chifukwa cha kutukuka kwa madzi, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ambiri pazosowa zapakhomo, komanso kusintha kwanyengo kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri azachilengedwe komanso a zachilengedwe.

M'mizinda, zazikulu zomwe zimayipitsa mpweya ndi (ndi zida zotenthetsera) mabizinesi ogulitsa mafakitale, zoyendetsa pamsewu, ndikuwotcha zinyalala zosiyanasiyana. Zomwe zimapangidwa m'mafakitole zimaphatikizapo: zitsulo zopanga komanso zopanda fayilo, mafuta opangira mafuta, kupanga zinthu zomanga, mankhwala ndi mafakitale ena, komanso mbewu zothandizirana. Kuchuluka kwa uve m'mlengalenga mwa zinthu zopangidwa ndi mafuta kuchokera kumphamvu zamagetsi zimatengera mafuta ndi mtundu wa kuyika kwamphamvu yamafuta. Zoyipitsa zazikulu ndi zinthu zamphumphu (zotumphukira za sulufu ndi phulusa) komanso zosakwanira (makamaka kaboni wa monoxide, soot, hydrocarbons). Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi nitrogen oxides, omwe amapangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku mpweya wa nayitrogeni pa kutentha kwambiri kwa kuyaka. Zomera zamafuta zomwe zimawotcha mafuta pafupifupi sizimatulutsa phulusa, koma zimatulutsanso katatu sodium ya sulfuric. Zomera zazing'ono zomwe zimapangidwa zimatulutsa pang'ono nayitrogeni okusayidi, koma zimatha kutulutsa zinthu zambiri zopanda mphamvu, makamaka mwaye.

Tikuyenera kunena kuti kugawa kwapakati pakokha kwa chaka ndi chaka sikusiyana. Kutulutsa kochulukirapo kwa mlengalenga kumawonedwa m'miyezi yozizira pomwe mitengo yamafuta ndi nyumba zowiritsa zimagwira ntchito mokwanira.

Gulu la zoyendetsa magalimoto zoipitsa mpweya zimaphatikizapo: njanji, madzi, mpweya ndi mayendedwe amsewu. Komanso, gawo la womaliza pakusintha kapangidwe ka mpweya likukula mwachangu. M'mizinda zana limodzi mphambu makumi asanu a mizinda yaku Russia, mpweya wamagalimoto umapambana ndi mafakitale. Ku Moscow, chiwerengerochi ndi 88%. Ma injini amkati amayaka amawononga mpweya wambiri, ndipo mpweya wawo wotulutsa umakhala ndi mitundu yoposa 200 ya mankhwala. Gawo lalikulu ndi kaboni monoxide ndi mpweya wake, nitrogen oxide, ma hydrocarbons ndi ma lead. Kukhazikika kuti galimoto imodzi yokhala ndi mileage kilomita 15,000 pachaka imatenga mpweya wa 4.4 wa mpweya kuchokera mzindawo, ndikupanga matani 3.3 a kaboni dayokisaidi, matani 0,5 a mpweya monoxide, 0,1 ma hydrocarbons oopsa ndi makilogalamu 30 a ma oxide mmenemo nayitrogeni. Kuipitsa kwakukulu komanso nthunzi zamafuta, mafuta ndi zakumwa zina zakumwa m'malo opangira mafuta komanso m'malo opangira magalimoto.

M'mizinda, mayendedwe am'miseu ndiye gwero lalikulu la carbon monoxide (pafupifupi 90% ya mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wa anthropogenic). Kutengera ndi nthawi ya tsiku komanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto omwe ali mgalimoto, zomwe zimadetsedwa ndi mpweya wam'mizinda kuyambira 1 mpaka 50 mg / m 3. m'malo opingasa, ndende yake imakhala yokwanira ma 2,5 mpaka 4 kuposa momwe imakhudzidwira. Zotsatira zake zakuti mpweya wa monoxide ndi wopepuka 200 peresenti kuposa mpweya, umaphatikizana ndi hemoglobin yamagazi, umalepheretsa kusintha kwa mpweya m'misempha.Nthawi yomweyo, munthu amakhala ndi zovuta m'malingaliro ndi kusanthula kwa chidziwitso, maluso omwe amapangidwa kale amaphwanyidwa. Polankhula za gawo loyendetsa magalimoto ngati gwero loyipitsa mpweya, liyenera kutsindika za magwiridwe ake. Choyamba, kuchuluka kwa magalimoto m'mizinda yayikulu kukukula mwachangu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, kutulutsa koipitsitsa pazinthu zovulaza kumakulirabe. Kachiwiri, kusiyanasiyana ndi komwe mafakitale akuwononga, "omangika" kumalo ena ndipo omwe atha kukhala kwayokha kuchokera kumanyumba okhalamo ndi malo otetezeka aukhondo, galimoto ndi gwero loyipitsa, zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zili pafupi kwambiri ndi malo okhala, malo achisangalalo, ndi zina zambiri. . Chachitatu, kutumiza kwa magalimoto kumakhala pafupi kuti munthu apume, kupezeka kwake kumizinda kumakhala kovuta. Ndipo, pomaliza, mphamvu zamakono sizitha kupereka ukhondo wapa mzindawo.

Poyerekeza ndi zomwe zimatuluka mu magalimoto oyendetsa magalimoto ndi mabizinesi akampani m'mizinda, gulu la zinthu zoopsa ndi loopsa. Zina mwazinthuzi zimakhala ndi gulu la cya, ma phosphorous, ma halojeni, mankhwala ena azitsulo (mwachitsanzo, zotengera za arsenic), michere ndi ma organic acid (sulfure, nitric, phosphoric, etc.), alkali, ammonia, mankhwala a sulfure, phenols, cresols ndi awo zotumphukira. Kusunga kwawo mnyumba zosungiramo zinthu kumabweretsa ngozi kwa anthu akumatauni, popeza alipo ambiri omwe adakhazikika.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya wa atmospheric sikungowonongera thanzi la anthu, komanso m'njira zosasinthika. Mwanjira zambiri, chizindikirochi chimatengera kuwonekera kwa mlengalenga, komwe kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa fumbi. M'mizinda yayikulu, monga ku Moscow, kufalikira kwa mlengalenga kumatha kukhala kokulirapo, zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa ma radiation a dzuwa. Chifukwa cha kufumbi kwam'mlengalenga, kuwunikira m'mizinda kumachepa, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a ma radiation omwe akubwera masiku ano amasintha. Ngati njira zakuthupi kapena zamankhwala zikadatha kuchotsa tinthu tomwe timayambitsa mlengalenga omwe amafalitsa kuwala kwa dzuwa, ndiye kuti kusokonekera m'mizinda kumatha kuwonjezeka ndi 15-20%. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa gawo la ultraviolet. Kuwonongeka kwa ma biologic omwe amagwira ntchito modabwitsa amatha kuchuluka chifukwa chokonzekera mwanzeru madera oyandikana nawo, kuchuluka kwa nyumba zambiri, komanso magonedwe amisewu yolakwika.

Mbali ina ya vutoli ndikuti mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimayamwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwonjezeka mwachindunji kwa kutentha kwa mpweya. Zina zimathandizira kutentha kwanyengo m'mizinda. M'minda, madzi amvula amalowa m'nthaka, ndipo mu mzindawu mumayenda mitsinje ndipo, chifukwa chake, samachotsa kutentha chifukwa champhamvu. Kutentha kwa nyumba zogona, mafakitale, ndi zina zambiri kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kwa mpweya kuwonjezere.Mapaipi amagetsi otenthetsera magetsi amatulutsa 15 mpaka 20% ya kutentha komwe kumadutsa pakati pawo. Pamenepa, kutentha kwapakati pachaka kumizinda kumakhala kokwanira kuposa komwe kuli anthu ochepa pafupifupi 1.5 ° C.

Kutchulidwa kwapadera kuyenera kupangidwa ndi maboma amphepo zamkuntho kumatauni. Izi zimatchulidwa kwambiri m'malo ambiri atsopano ndi chitukuko chaulere. Chifukwa chokonzekera madera oyandikana nawo, madontho am'deralo mumayendedwe amlengalenga amawonedwa pamalo amodzi. Chifukwa chake m'misewu yaying'ono pakati pa nyumba zazikulu ziwiri pomwe pali mayendedwe amphepo, kuthamanga kwake kumatha kuchuluka kwambiri. Malinga ndi malamulo a aerodynamics, dontho lokakamiza kwanuko limachitika, lomwe mkati mwa kotala limapeza mawonekedwe akukoka. Kukhala m'malo oterewa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amtima kumatha kuwononga thanzi lawo.

Vuto lalikulu komanso lodziwika bwino lamizinda ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madzi am'madzi ndi mafakitala. Madzi akamagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira madzi azimbudzi ndi am'nyumba mkati mwa mzindawu, amadzimadzi amadzimadzi am'madzi ambiri, opangidwa ndi zinthu zochepa zam'madzi ndi zophatikizika, zonse zimasungunuka komanso kuyimitsidwa. Malinga ndi WHO, m'mizinda yambiri kuchuluka konse kwamadzi amdothi kumafika malita 600 patsiku patsiku lililonse ndikupitilizabe kukula. Zotsatira zake, zinthu zonse zomwe zasungunuka m'mitsinje ingapo zimawonjezeka ndi 400% zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe.

Kuipitsidwa kwa madzi achilengedwe kumachitika chifukwa choti madzi akutha kuchokera kumizinda. Madzi oterowo (amapangika chifukwa chanyengo komanso kudza kwa madzi othirira) amakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe komanso michere. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, mpweya womwe ukugwera pagawo la mzindawu ndi njira yothetsera mchere, ma acid, zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangidwa ndi ma tinthu tokhazikika. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zodetsa kulowa m'madzi akumwa chifukwa cha madzi obwerera m'tawuni ndi 8-15% ya kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zamadzi amnyumba zopangidwa pamalo amodzi. Pali zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsa zazitsulo zolemera ndi zinthu zamafuta m'madzi amkuntho, ndipo kuipitsidwa kwawo kwamphamvu kumadziwika.

Vuto la mizinda, lolumikizana mwachindunji ndi chilengedwe cha anthu, ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi apansi panthaka. Kukula kwa vutoli kuli chifukwa chakuti pansi pamadzi ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimathandizira kupezeka kwamadzi, ndipo choyambirira, thanzi la munthu limadalira mtundu wawo ndi kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa. Kuwonongeka kwamadzi kumera kumachitika chifukwa chamadzi am'nyumba komanso mafakitale, kusefedwa kuchokera kuchotchingira zinyalala ndi zotulutsira madzi, chifukwa cha kutayika m'zotayira ndi malo othandizira, chifukwa chamkuntho, kusungunuka ndi madzi othirira, komanso pangozi zadzidzidzi. zogwirizana ndi kupanga, kusunga ndi kuyendetsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazinthu zopangira mankhwala kapena zinyalala.

Vuto lalikulu m'matauni ndi vuto la zinyalala, kuwononga kwawo ndi kutaya zinthu. Kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zanyumba ndi mafakitole kukuchulukirachulukira, kukuwopseza kuwononga chilengedwe, makamaka mpweya ndi madzi achilengedwe m'malo obwezeretsa. Mavuto akulu amakhalanso okhudzana ndi chithandizo chamadzi amumadzi oyipa, popeza mbewu zamankhwala zimabala zambirimbiri kapena zotsetsereka. Njira yodziwika kwambiri yochotsera zinyalala pakali pano ndi bungwe la malo osankhidwa mwapadera. Zowonongeka izi zitha kukhala zowopsa paumoyo wa anthu; zakhala zikuthandizira matenda opatsirana, nthawi zina, miliri. Makoko ndi majeremusi awo amabisalira zinyalala, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ntchentche. M'zaka zaposachedwa, magulu agalu onyentchera amakhala m'tawuni yakumtunda, yomwe imatha kukhala gwero la matenda osiyanasiyana opatsirana.

Zinapezeka kuti madzi omwe amayenda kuchokera pamalo otayika, monga lamulo, ali ndi vuto lakapangidwe kamakinidwe kake ka mankhwala komanso maulendo 10 kuposa kuwonongeka kwa makhwalala, komanso zodetsa m'malo opezeka zinyalala zimalowa mu dothi mpaka mamita 2.5. Pakati pawo, mankhwala a mercury amapezeka nthawi zambiri, zomwe zitha kukhala zochulukirapo ka 50 kuposa m'nthaka zopanda malo okhala m'matauni. Mphamvu yamagetsi obwera pamadzi a pansi pamadzi ndiyabwino kwambiri, chifukwa kutentha komwe kumachitika pansi pa nthaka komanso pafupi ndi kutaya kumafika pamitengo yayitali komanso kuchuluka kwa ma 10 o. Zowonongeka pamtunda ndizofunikira, koma osati gwero lokha lodetsa nthaka. Zoyipitsidwa za nthaka mu mzindawu zikuphatikizapo mpweya wa mafakitale, zomangamanga, msewu ndi fumbi lina, madzi apansi panthaka, matanthwe, masamba ogwa, chipale chofewa (chomwe sichinatumizidwebe posachedwapa m'mizinda yambiri), ndipo nthawi zina dothi limagwiritsidwa ntchito kubwezeretsa zina ziwembu zakumatauni.Zonsezi zimapanga chilengedwe cha malo amatauni.

Pakadali pano, chifukwa cha kukula kwa mphamvu zamitundu mitundu, mafakitale ambiri, zinthu zamagetsi zamtundu wamagetsi zimapeza amodzi mwa malo otsogolera pakufunika kwachilengedwe pakati pazinthu zina zachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, tsopano titha kufotokoza kwathunthu pazomwe zimatchedwa "kuipitsa" kwa magetsi, ndipo vutoli likupezeka m'gulu la padziko lapansi, mosiyana ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe, minda yamagetsi, chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zawo popanga komanso m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, sizingasinthidwe ndi china chilichonse zosavulaza.

Phokoso limasokoneza malo okhala mzinda waukulu. Phokoso ndi kuphatikiza kwakumveka kwa phokoso - makina olimbitsa makina pafupipafupi kuyambira 16 mpaka 20,000 Hz, ozindikiridwa ndi khutu la munthu. Pazinthu zopanga, zimayambitsidwa ndi kayendedwe ka zida zamakono ndi magalimoto, mumisewu ya mzindawo - ndi mayendedwe ndi anthu okhala mumisewu. Kuyendetsa, makamaka magalimoto, kumabweretsa unyinji (mpaka 70 - 90%) wa kuipitsa kaphokoso. Ku Moscow, mayendedwe ndiye gwero lalikulu la phokoso. Oposa mamiliyoni atatu, kapena 30% ya anthu aku Moscow, amakhala m'malo omwe phokoso lambiri limapangidwa ndi gwero ili. M'zaka zaposachedwa, phokoso pamsewu waukulu wamzindawu wakula ndi 5 dBA ndipo wafika 78 - 82 dBA. Kutalika kwa magawo azisoni acoustic nthawi zina masana kumatha kufika 700 - 900 m, kutengera mtundu wa nyumba yoyandikana, komanso kukula kwa phokoso kumakulirakulira kupitirira malire akumva kwa anthu. Thupi limakonda kumveka phokoso osazindikira, koma kulemera mofananamo, zotere zimayambitsa kuyipa kwa munthu: kuchuluka kwa nkhawa, kusokonezeka kwa mtima.

Vuto lalikulu la mizindayi ndi kuipitsa kwa radiation, komwe kumapangidwa chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito magetsi opangira magetsi komanso nyumba zopangira mafuta (zimatulutsa mpweya wambiri mlengalenga ndi utsi), ntchito zamabungwe ndi mabungwe omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowulutsa, komanso kugwa kwa ma radionuclides ochokera mlengalenga. Ma radiation achilengedwe amatuluka modabwitsa pamawonekedwe a anthropogenic radiation. Zomwe zimapezekazi zimaphatikizapo miyala yomwe imabwera masana ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe, komanso zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga zomwe zili ndi ma radionuclides achilengedwe. Kukhazikitsidwa kuti makhoma a nyumba zomangidwa ndi njerwa ndi konkriti amakhala ndi ma radionuclide achilengedwe kuposa matabwa, motero anthu okhala mtawuniyi amalandila radiation yayikulu mnyumba zawo komanso mnyumba zogwirira ntchito kuposa okhala kumidzi.

Chifukwa cha izi pamwambapa, chilengedwe chovuta kwambiri chakhazikika m'mizinda yomwe imakhudza thanzi la anthu. Zotsatirazi zimaphatikizira kuwonjezeka kwa matenda omwe amakhudzana ndi njira yakumizinda (kutuluka kwa matenda omwe amatchedwa chitukuko), kusokonekera kwa njira zosinthira, komanso kusinthidwa kwina kwakapangidwe ka kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa matenda.

Zosintha

Zotsatira zakunyumba, pamakhala kupanikizika kwakukulu pa lithosphere. Izi zimabweretsa kusintha kwa zolemba zapamwamba, mapangidwe a karst voids, ndi kusokonekera kwa maboti amtsinje. Kuphatikiza apo, pali kufalikira kwa madera komwe kumakhala kosayenera chifukwa cha moyo wa zomera, nyama ndi anthu.

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Kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe

Zowonongeka zazikulu za zomera ndi nyama zimachitika, kusiyanasiyana kwake kumachepa, mtundu wamtundu "wamtawuni" umawonekera. Chiwerengero cha malo achilengedwe komanso zosangalatsa, malo obiriwira akuchepa.Zotsatira zoyipa izi zimachokera ku magalimoto omwe amadzaza m'misewu ndi m'matawuni akulu.

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Mavuto opezeka ndi madzi

Mitsinje ndi nyanja zodetsedwa ndi madzi akunyumba komanso m'nyumba. Zonsezi zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa malo amadzi, kuzimiririka kwa zomera zam'mitsinje ndi nyama. Zida zonse zamadzi padziko lapansi ndizodetsedwa: madzi apansi panthaka, ma hydraulic system, Nyanja Yadziko Lonse. Chimodzi mwazotsatira zake ndi kuchepa kwa madzi akumwa, kuphatikizapo kufa kwa anthu zikwizikwi padziko lapansi.

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Kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya

Ili ndi limodzi mwamavuto oyambilira omwe chilengedwe chimapezeka ndi anthu. M'mlengalenga mumadetsedwa ndi mpweya wamagalimoto, mpweya wochokera kumafakitore. Zonsezi zimabweretsa kufumbi m'mlengalenga, mvula ya asidi. Mtsogolomo, mpweya wonyansa umakhala chifukwa cha matenda a anthu ndi nyama. Pamene nkhalango zidulidwa kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa mbewu zomwe zimapanga kaboni dayokisafi zimachepetsedwa padziko lapansi.

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Vuto la zinyalala zapanyumba

Zinyalala ndi chinthu chinanso choipitsa nthaka, madzi, ndi mpweya. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakonzedwanso kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zaumwini kumafuna zaka 200-500. Pakadali pano, ntchito yokonza ikuchitika, zinthu zovulaza zomwe zimayambitsa matenda zimamasulidwa.

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Palinso zovuta zina zachilengedwe zamizinda. Zosafunikanso monga phokoso, kuwonongeka kwa wailesi, kuchuluka kwa Dziko lapansi, mavuto a magwiridwe antchito amizinda. Mavutowa akuyenera kuthana nawo pamlingo wapamwamba kwambiri, koma anthu enieniwo amatha kuchita zinthu zazing'ono. Mwachitsanzo, ponyani zinyalala mu urn, pulumutsani madzi, gwiritsani ntchito zida zosinthika, zomera zomera.

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Kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya kuchokera ku mpweya wamagalimoto ndi mpweya wa mafakitale mumzinda waukulu. Kusanthula vuto la kutaya ndi kutaya zinyalala zapakhomo mumzinda waukulu. Kuganizira mavuto akuwonongeka kwa phokoso komanso kumwa madzi mumzinda waukulu.

Tumizani ntchito yanu yabwino pamaziko azidziwitso ndikosavuta. Gwiritsani ntchito mawonekedwe pansipa

Ophunzira, ophunzira omaliza, asayansi achichepere omwe amagwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso m'maphunziro awo ndi ntchito adzayamika kwambiri.

Wolemba http://www.allbest.ru/

1. Mzindawu ndi kutawuni

2. Mavuto azachilengedwe a mizinda yayikulu

2.1 Mpweya woipitsidwa ndi mpweya wamagalimoto

2.2 Kuipitsa kwa mpweya kuchokera ku mafakitala

2.3 Mavuto akunyumba

2.4 Kuipitsa kaphokoso

2,5 Vuto lakumwa madzi

3. Gawo lothandiza

kutulutsa kodetsa mzinda

Zodabwitsa - mzinda! Opanga matawuni akumukonzera pulani - pulani yabwino yomwe omanga amasintha kukhala yeniyeni pomanga nyumba ndi nyumba, kuyika misewu ndi misewu. Onse akufuna kuwona mzindawu monga momwe anafunira. Ndipo amasankha mayendedwe osiyananso ndi njira yomangira. Mzindawu, mwana wopulupudza uyu waumunthu, samazengereza kuchita zosagwirizana ndi zomwe tikufuna kuchita.

Chokongola, choyambirira, ndi mzinda womwe umakhala mogwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Inkagwiritsa ntchito mwaluso mawonekedwe a chilengedwe, nyumba ndi zomanga zofanana kukula kwake kwa zitunda ndi magombe, m'lifupi mwa mtsinje. Koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala kuti pomanga chilengedwe amakankhidwa kunja kwa mzindawu, dziko limamangidwa mu simenti, phula, mwala.

Zinachitika kuti ambiri mwa anthu oyandikana nawo amayesetsa kukonza miyoyo yawo mu mzindawo, osati mumzinda wochepa chabe, koma mumzinda waukulu. Nchiyani chimayendetsa anthu awa? Kodi chimawakopa ndi chiyani? Mpweya wopanga, mipata yokwanira yolumikizirana, malo abwino akutuluka ndi kuyesa kwa malingaliro atsopano?

Malingaliro pamizinda yayikulu ndikutsutsana monga momwe ilili. Katswiri wodziwa za chilengedwe ku Soviet Nikolai Nikolaevich Baransky adawatcha ma nyali, mphete zachuma, zachikhalidwe komanso ndale.Ndipo wolemba mapulani a Chingerezi komanso mapulani akumatauni Frederick Gibberd adalemba kuti mzinda waukulu umakhala woipa, umasiyanitsa munthu ndi chilengedwe. Kuthekera kwakukulu kwamizinda ikuluikulu kumawapangitsa kukhala ma labotale opanga dziko lapansi, momwe zothetsera mavuto zikuluzikulu za anthu zimakhazikitsidwa. Ngakhale mizindayi ili ndi zovuta ndi zolakwika komanso zoyipa zomwe zatsutsidwa kwazaka zambiri, komabe zimasewera ngati injini zopita patsogolo.

Mutu wa nkhani yanga ndi "Mavuto Amizinda yayikulu". Mutuwu ndi wofunikira kwambiri, chifukwa mzinda (makamaka mzinda wawukulu) ndi chitsanzo cha anthu omwe adapanga. Ndipo zikhalidwe zonse za anthu amakono zikuwonetsera osati zenizeni zamasiku ano, komanso amaneneratu mavuto omwe gulu lino lidzakumana nawo mtsogolo.

Chifukwa chake, cholinga cha nkhani yanga ndikuwunika mavuto ena apadziko lonse lapansi omwe anthu amakumana nawo akakhala m'mizinda yayikulu, ndipo ndikufuna ndilingalire zolakwika zingapo za "injini zakupita patsogolo".

1. Mzindawu ndi kutawuni

Mzinda mdziko lathu ndi malo omwe anthu opitilira 12,000 amakhala, 85% mwa iwo omwe amagwira ntchito zachuma ngati mafakitale. Mzindawu uli ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera, omwe amasintha kuchokera pakatikati kupita kunja kwa boma. Gawo lapakati la gawo la Russia limadziwika ndi mizindayi yomwe idachokera m'midzi yakale ya fakitale - Ivanovo, Vladimir. Mizinda yakale yakumpoto imakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje yomwe madzi amayenda, nthawi zambiri pamalo pomwe amayenda munyanja kapena nyanja - Novgorod, Astrakhan. Mafakitale am'mizinda ku Urals ndi okongola kwambiri, ambiri omwe amagwirizanitsa ntchito wamba - Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tagil, Kamensk - Uralsk.

Mizinda yamakono tsopano ili ndi ntchito yosiyana. Malo oyamba, inde, amatengedwa ndi likulu - chinsinsi chachikulu cha ubale wachuma, moyo wandale komanso chikhalidwe cha boma, njira zofunikira kwambiri, labotale yasayansi ndiukadaulo yotsogola ndi mabungwe otsogolera asayansi. Zochita zapa doko zimasiya chizindikiro pa moyo wonse wa mzindawu. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kapangidwe ka anthu padziko lonse ndi momwe mafakitale amathandizira, omwe, kumbali ina, amalemba zinthu asanazinyamulire pazombo, koma, amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi sitima, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi izo. Nthawi zina, zochitika zachilendo zamzindawu zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zochitika padoko. Mwachitsanzo, ku Priazovskoye Berdyansk, misewu imakhomedwa ndi mwala wachi Greek, womwe unkakhala ngati zombo pama sitima ochokera ku Greece kupita ku Berdyansk kuti atole tirigu. Mizinda - malo otaikirako ndi kutentha kwawo kambiri ndi kuwala kumakhala kotchuka komanso kuyamikiridwa mdziko lathu. Nawonso, amakhala ndi chowonjezera - chitukuko cha sayansi (balneology), malonda ndi zakudya, komanso maphunziro a azaumoyo. Ndipo zonsezi ndizazungidwa ndi malo okongola. Palibe ngozi kuti ndi mzinda wa Sochi mdziko lathu womwe unkaperekedwa pa Masewera a Olimpiki. Mizinda yambiri ku Russia ndi mafakitale. Mafakitole - zimphona, mphamvu zam'mimba, migodi ndi zomera zosintha zimapanga mawonekedwe ake. M'mizinda iyi, makampani ena amaika mawu pazonse: zitsulo, uinjiniya wokulirapo, makampani opanga zovala, ndi zina zambiri. Mizinda ikusiyidwa - asayansi akuchita kafukufuku woyambira asayansi ndi mizinda "yotsekedwa" yomwe ikugwira ntchito yopanga zida zamakono.

Mizinda imasiyana osati momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu.

Kuyambira anthu 20 mpaka 50,000 ndi matauni ang'onoang'ono,

kuchokera 50 mpaka 100 zikwi - avareji,

kuchokera 100 mpaka 250,000 ndi akulu,

kuchokera 250 mpaka 500,000 - zazikulu,

kuyambira 500 mpaka 1 miliyoni ndi akulu kwambiri,

opitilira 1 miliyoni - mizinda - mamiliyoni.

Anthu okhala mu mzindawu, ndizovuta zake zomwe amachita. Umboni wa izi ndikutukula kwa kayendedwe ka zoyendera kumadera akumatauni.Kuyenda kwa anthu mkati mwa mzinda wa anthu opitilira 20,000 titha kumayenda. Mu mzinda wokhala ndi anthu opitilira 20,000 pakufunika kale basi, yoposa 100 miliyoni kwa basi ndi tram, m'mizinda momwe muli anthu opitilira 500, kuphatikiza pa mayendedwe omwe atchulidwa, trolleybus nthawi zambiri imawonjezeredwa, ndizovuta kale popanda iwo njanji zowala. M'mizinda - mamilionea opanda metro yothamanga, nthawi yayitali kwambiri, zolakwika zazikulu zimachitika pogwira ntchito yamagalimoto onse akumatauni. Misewu yayikulu yamakono m'mizinda imabweretsa zovuta zazikulu zachilengedwe, zomwe tidzakambirana mwatsatanetsatane muzinthu zotsatirazi za nkhani yanga.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'moyo wamakono, osati dziko lathu lokha, komanso dziko lonse lapansi, ndikukula msanga kwamizinda. Urbanization akutanthauza kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa mizindayi, gawo la nzika zonse, gawo lomwe mizinda ikukhalira ndikuwonjezereka kwa moyo wamatauni kumidzi.

Mutha kuwunika momwe kuchuluka kwa madera akumidzi padziko lonse lapansi adasinthira mu theka lachiwiri la 20 malinga ndi gome (onani tebulo. 1)

Ku Russia, pali magawo angapo a kutamandidwa:

Gawo loyamba ndi kuyambira pomwe mizinda yoyamba idawonekera mpaka kuthetsedwa kwa serfdom (1861). Mizinda yoyambirira pagawo lomwe Russia adakhala idawoneka zaka zoposa 1000 zapitazo, pagombe la Black Sea la Caucasus (mizinda yachi Greek - linga) komanso pagombe la Caspian Sea (Dagestan). Mizinda yakale ya ku Russia ya nthawi yamakedzana (Pskov, Novgorod) yakhala ikuwerengera zaka zoposa 1000. Mizinda ya Asilavo ku Russia ya nthawi imeneyo ndi olamulira, pomwe amisiri ndiamisili adakhalako. Chitsitsimutso china munthawi yakutukuka kwam'mizinda chidayambitsidwa ndi nthawi yakusinthika kwa chikhalidwe cha Peter ndi Peter. Kukula kwa zinthu zamagetsi kunathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mizinda (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

Gawo lachiwiri - 1861 - 1917. zinali zodziwika ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ubale wamalonda azachuma mdziko muno, kukula msanga kwa mafakitale ndi zamayendedwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala m'mizinda. Podzafika 1917, 17% ya anthuwa amakhala m'mizinda. Makina amidzi yamatawuni adapangidwa kumapiri a Oka ndi Volga. M'maboma amigodi a Urals, komanso m'mbali mwa Trans-Siberian Railway. Zomwe zikuluzikulu zakukwera kwa anthu am'mizinda nthawi imeneyi zinali kusintha kwa midzi kukhala mizinda ndikusamutsira anthu okhala mumzinda.

Gawo lachitatu - 1917 - 1941 - zaka zakudziko. Kukhazikika kwa kutawuni komweko kunabwereza kubwereza kwachuma, komwe kumakhala madera ambiri a Russia. Munthawi imeneyi, njira zoyambilira zidatengedwa kuti zikhale zachilengedwe komanso chitukuko cha mafakitale kumadera akum'mawa, zomwe zidakonzeratu kufalikira kwa mizinda yawo.

Gawo lachinayi - 1941 - 1945 - nthawi ya Nkhondo Yaikulu ya Patriotic. Kudali kudziwika ndi kusintha kwachuma kwachuma komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala kumatauni kummawa. Pakadali pano, anthu okhala m'matauni m'chigawo cha Volga, Urals, ndi Western Siberia akukulira mwachangu. Nthawi yomweyo, chiwerengero cha anthu omwe awonongedwa ndi nkhondo kumadzulo, madera okhala kwakanthawi akuchepa.

Gawo lachisanu ndi nthawi ya pambuyo pa nkhondo kuyambira 1946 mpaka lero. Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa anthu akumatauni kwachulukirachulukira, ndipo gawo lawo m'chiwerengero chonse cha dziko lidakwera (mu 1946-1995, gawo la anthu akumatauni lidakwera kuchoka pa 47% kufika pa 73%). Maganizo azolowera mtawuni anali kukulirakulira chifukwa cha madera akum'mawa ndi kumpoto. Nthawi yomweyo, pakukula kwawotawuni, panali zosintha zingapo zoyenera:

1. Kuchulukitsa kwa anthu m'mizinda yayikulu ndi yayikulu,

2. Mizinda yakumasulira ikuluikulu idayamba mwachangu

3. Njira zakakhazikitsidwe malo okhala,

4.Udindo wamizinda yayikulu, makamaka yayikulu, m'magawo onse a moyo wachuma chachuma yawonjezeka,

5. Moyo wamatauni unafalikira kumidzi.

Mutha kuwona momwe magawidwe a mizinda yaku Russia amasintha malinga ndi dongosolo lomwe ndidapangira ndikugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zalembedwa ndi Lilia Karachurina "Urbanization in Russian" (magazini ya "Domestic Notes"). Zikuwonetsa kuti chiwonetsero chachikulu cha kukula kwa mizinda chinachitika mu 1917-1995. Mpaka pano, kukwera kwa mizinda kwakhala pa 75%.

2. Mavuto azachilengedwe a mizinda yayikulu

2.1 Mpweya woipitsidwa ndi mpweya wochokera kumafakitale

Mizinda yayikulu ili ndi mavuto ambiri: yamagulu, anthu. Mavuto omanga nyumba zokhalamo, misewu, chitukuko cha zomangamanga. Ndikufuna kukhala mwatsatanetsatane pazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapangitsa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu kuwonongeka kwakukulu.

Chimodzi mwazovuta zazikulu ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kuchokera pamagalimoto. Galimoto ndi chizindikiro cha zaka za zana la 20. Ku Russia, palinso njira yayikulu yokonzera magalimoto. Amadzaza misewu, amapanga mafuta osakira anthu ambiri, amawotchera mafuta okwera mtengo, ndipo chofunikira kwambiri ndi kuwononga mpweya ndi utsi wawo. Magalimoto "amawotcha" mafuta ochulukirapo kuposa mafuta onse amagetsi am'mayiko muno. Kutulutsa kwamagalimoto ndi chisakanizo cha zinthu pafupifupi 200.

Malinga ndi akatswiri, chiwonetsero chosewerera pachaka cha magalimoto ku Russia ndi matani miliyoni miliyoni, kuphatikiza:

- matani 27 miliyoni kaboni monoxide

- Matani miliyoni miliyoni ma hydrocarbons

- matani 9 miliyoni asafe okosijeni

- matani miliyoni 200-230 mpweya woipa.

Zofunika kwambiri zakuipa kwamayendedwe amumsewu kwa anthu ndi chilengedwe ndi motere:

1. Kuipitsa mpweya

2. Kuipitsa chilengedwe,

4. M'badwo wamatenthedwe (kupunduka kwa mphamvu).

Mayendedwe sakhala okhudzana ndi zachilengedwe, koma mayendedwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana pakusintha kwachilengedwe. Kutulutsa kuchokera kumagalimoto - makamaka mayendedwe mumigwagwa - amaimira gawo lalikulu kwambiri lazinthu zonse zotulutsa: zoposa 90% za mpweya uliwonse, zoposa 50% ya mpweya wa NO2 komanso zoposa 30% yazinthu zonse zopanda mpweya. Zoyendetsa zimaponya 22% ya mpweya uliwonse wa CO2.

Carbon monoxide ndi nitrogen oxide, zomwe zimatulutsidwa kwambiri poyang'ana koyamba chifukwa cha kuwala kwa galimoto yopanda pake, ndi zina mwazomwe zimapangitsa mutu, kutopa, kusakwiya, komanso kugwira ntchito kochepa. Mpweya wa sulufu umatha kukhudza zida zamtunduwu, zimathandizira kubereka komanso kusabereka, ndipo zonsezi pamodzi zimayambitsa kupsinjika, kuwonekera kwamanjenje, kufunitsitsa kwakayekha, kusayanja anthu oyandikira kwambiri. M'mizinda yayikulu, kufalikira kwam'magazi komanso kupuma, matenda a mtima, matenda oopsa, komanso neoplasms ndizofala kwambiri. Malinga ndi akatswiri, "chopereka" cha mayendedwe ammlengalenga kupita mumlengalenga chimafika pa 90% cha carbon monoxide ndi 70% kwa nitric oxide. Galimotoyo imawonjezeranso zitsulo zolemera ndi zinthu zina zovulaza m'nthaka komanso pamlengalenga.

Zomwe zimayambitsa kwambiri kuwononga mpweya ndi magalimoto ndi mpweya wabwino wamagetsi omwe amapezeka mkati. Injini yamagetsi yamkati ndi injini yamagetsi yomwe mphamvu yamafuta amafuta amasinthidwa kukhala ntchito yamakina.

Zoyipitsa zazikulu zakuthambo zam'mlengalenga mu Russian Federation pakadali pano magalimoto omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta omwe azitsogolera: kuchokera 70 mpaka 87% ya mpweya wopitilira, malinga ndi kuyerekezera kosiyanasiyana. Tani imodzi yamafuta owongoka ikawotchedwa, pafupifupi 0,5 ... 0,85 kg ya ma lead oxide amatulutsidwa mumlengalenga. Malinga ndi kafukufuku woyambirira, vuto la kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe ndi mtovu wamagalimoto likupita patsogolo.Njira yayikulu yothanirana ndi kuipitsa chilengedwe ndi utsi kuchokera kuzotulutsa zamagalimoto ndi kukana kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta omwe ayendetsedwa. Malinga ndi 1995 9 mwa 25 mafuta oyenga ku Russia amasintha ndikupanga mafuta opopera. Mu 1997, gawo la mafuta osagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga linakwana 68%. Komabe, chifukwa cha zovuta zachuma komanso bungwe, kukana kwathunthu kupanga mafuta okutsogolera mdziko muno kuchedwa. Kuyambira 2003, kupanga ndi kugulitsa kwa mafuta owongolera kwakhala koletsedwa ku Russia.

Aldehydes - amapangidwa pomwe mafuta amawotcha pamoto wotsika kwambiri kapena osakaniza amakhala wochepa kwambiri, komanso chifukwa cha oxidation wa mafuta owonda pakhoma la masilinda.

Mukawotcha mafuta kutentha kwambiri, izi zimatha.

Kuipitsa kwa mpweya kumachitika kudzera munjira zitatu: 1) mpweya wotulutsa kuchokera mu chitoliro chopopera (65%), 2) mipweya yama crankcase (20%), 3) ma hydrocarbons omwe atuluka chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa mafuta kuchokera mu thanki, carburetor ndi mapaipi (15%) (onani Zakumapeto. )

Galimoto iliyonse imatulutsira magawo 200 osiyanasiyana mlengalenga. Gulu lalikulu kwambiri lazophatikizira ndi ma hydrocarbons. Zovuta zakugwa zakuthambo zam'mlengalenga, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zikuyenda pakanthawi kochepa, sizimangophatikizidwa ndi mpweya wamagetsi, komanso mpweya wodziyeretsa m'mlengalenga. Kudziyeretsa tokha kumatengera njira zosiyanasiyana za thupi, za physico ndi zamankhwala. Kukula kwa mpweya wolemekezeka wama cell (sedimentation) kumasula mlengalenga mwa tinthu tokha ta Coarse. Njira zosalowerera ndale komanso kumanga mpweya m'mlengalenga zimachedwetsa. Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi zobiriwira zobiriwira, chifukwa pali kusinthana kwamagesi kwambiri pakati pa mbewu. Mtengo wosinthana wa gasi pakati pa chomera ndi 25-30 kuchulukitsa kuposa kuchuluka kwa mpweya pakati pa munthu ndi chilengedwe paziwalo zonse zogwira ntchito molimbika. Kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumakhudza kwambiri njira yochira.

Kukhazikika kumathetsa mpweya, mchere, kuyamwa ndikuyika ma fumbi osakhala a padziko lapansi.

Kutulutsa kwamagalimoto kumagawidwa ndikusinthidwa mlengalenga molingana ndi malamulo ena.

Chifukwa chake, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tokulirapo kuposa 0,5 mm timakhazikika pamtunda wapansi makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu yokoka.

Kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi mpweya wochokera ku maofesi a ATC kumadalira kayendedwe ka zinthu zoyipitsidwa pamitunda italiitali, kuchuluka kwa zochita zawo zamakina, ndi nyengo yogawa.

Kuphatikiza pa meteorological zinthu zomwe zimadziyeretsa zakumlengalenga, zina mwazinthu zowononga mpweya kuchokera mumayendedwe amsewu zimakhudzana ndi zochitika zamtundu wa mlengalenga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zinthu zina zoyipa (zodetsa zakuthambo zam'mlengalenga). Zovala zimalowa mu zochitika zam'thupi, zamankhwala ndi zojambulajambula ndi zinthu zam'mlengalenga.

Mitundu yazinthu zopangira mafuta opangira injini zamagalimoto zimatha kugawidwa m'magulu ofanana ndi thupi kapena kapangidwe ka zinthu ndi zinthu:

1) zinthu zopanda poizoni: nayitrogeni, okosijeni, haidrojeni, madzi ndi mpweya wa kaboni, zomwe zili mlengalenga zomwe sizili bwino sizingafikire anthu.

2) kaboni wa monoxide, kupezeka kwake komwe kuli mawonekedwe a injini zamafuta,

3) nitrogen oxides, omwe, pomwe amakhala m'mlengalenga, amaphatikiza ndi oxygen.

4) ma hydrocarbons (alkain, alkenes, alkadiene, ma cyclanes, mankhwala onunkhira),

7) mankhwala opangira,

8) chosavomerezeka chosalekeza.

Kuzindikira kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumadalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zaka, jenda, thanzi, chakudya, kutentha ndi chinyezi.Achikulire, ana, odwala, osuta omwe akudwala matenda opatsirana poyambira, kuperewera kwa m'matumbo, mphumu amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu.

Dongosolo lodziwika bwino lomwe limachitika chifukwa chogundidwa ndi OS poipitsa malinga ndi World Health Organisation (WHO) ili ndi mawonekedwe awa.

Vuto la kapangidwe ka mpweya wamlengalenga ndi kuipitsidwa kwake kuchokera ku kuponyedwa kwa magalimoto likuyamba kukhala lofunikira. Izi zitha kuthandizidwa kumbuyo ku chitsanzo cha Moscow. Mu 1982, zopereka zamagalimoto pakuwononga mpweya zonse zinali 69%, mu 1990 -74.6%, ndipo pomaliza pake, mu 1993 -79.6%.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumakhaladi malo oyamba, popeza mpweya ndi chinthu chopitiliza kumwa thupi.

Njira yopumira yaumunthu imakhala ndi njira zingapo zomwe zimathandizira kuteteza thupi kuti lisamatulutsidwe ndi kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya. Tsitsi la mphuno limatulutsa tinthu tambiri. Nembanemba yolimba kumtunda wopumira imalowetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ndikupukuta mafuta ena owononga mpweya. Limagwirira ntchito yotulutsa pang'onopang'ono komanso kutsokomola imachotsa mpweya woipa ndi ntchofu pa nthawi yopumira.

Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayambitsa chiwopsezo chachikulu ku thanzi la munthu, chifukwa amatha kudutsa ulusi woteteza zachilengedwe kupita m'mapapu. Kupuma kwa ozone kumayambitsa chifuwa, kufupika, kumawononga minofu ya m'mapapu ndikuchepetsa chitetezo cha mthupi.

Zovuta zakuwonongeka kwa mpweya paumoyo wa anthu zili motere.

Tinthu tosiyidwa - tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tambiri kuchokera pa 0.01 mpaka 100 maikolofoni timayikidwa motere:

Koposa ma maikolofoni 100 amatetezedwa, osakwana ma maikolofoni osakwana 5 amakhala kuti alibe mpweya.

Mitengo yamtundu woyambayo ilibe vuto, chifukwa imayenda mofulumira padziko lapansi kapena m'mapazi apamwamba. Mitengo yamtundu wachiwiri imagwera kwambiri m'mapapu. Kukhalapo kwa mankhwala a kaboni, hydrocarbon, paradin, zinthu zonunkhira, arsenic, mercury, ndi ena m'mapapu chifukwa cha kufinya kwa fumbi, komanso ubale ndi pafupipafupi wa khansa, matenda opuma kwambiri, mphumu, bronchitis, emphysema. Kuwonjezeka kokhazikika kwa kufupika kwa bronchitis kumayamba ndi kuchuluka kwa 150-200 mct / m 3. Pamene soot ikalowa m'magazi othandizira kupuma, matenda osachiritsika amatuluka (ma tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri 0,5 ... ma 2 micons), mawonekedwe akuwoneka, ndipo soot imatenga zinthu zamphamvu za carcinogenic (benzapyrene) pamtunda, zomwe zimakhala zowopsa m'thupi la munthu. Mlingo wa mwaye mu mpweya wotulutsa ndi 0,8 g / m 3

Sulfa anhydride. Imakhala ndi zovulaza mucous nembanemba wam'mimba kupuma, kuchititsa bronchial. Kuyambira ndi 500 mct / m 3 kwa odwala omwe amakhala ndi bronchitis, zovuta zimawonedwa, 200 mct / m 3 zimayambitsa kuwonjezeka kwa asthmatics.

Nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen dioxide ndi phytochemical zotengera zinthu zamakampani a petrochemical ndi machitidwe a injini ya dizilo. Zimakhudza mapapu ndi ziwalo zamawonedwe. Kuyambira ndi 150 mkt / m 3, kuwonetsa nthawi yayitali kumayambitsa kupuma. Nitrogen oxides amakhumudwitsa mucous nembanemba amaso ndi mphuno, kuwononga mapapu. M'mapumidwe thirakiti, nitrogen oxide imachita ndi chinyontho m'derali. Nitric oxide imathandizira kuwonongeka kwa ozoni.

Ozone. Kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni oxide ndi ma hydrocarbons motsogozedwa ndi ma radiation a dzuwa kumapangitsa kukhala kotulutsa zithunzi. Kumbuyo kwa ozoni m'chilengedwe ndi 20 - 40 mkt / m 3. Pa 200 mct / m 3, kuwonekera koipa mu thupi la munthu kumawonedwa.

Carbon monoxide. Mukawotcha mafuta pakalibe mpweya, CO imapangidwa panthawi yomwe amayendetsa injini zamagalimoto. Kuphatikiza ndi hemoglobin mu mpweya womwe umalowa, umalowa m'magazi, kuthana ndi kuchuluka kwa magazi ndi okosijeni, ndipo chifukwa chake, zimakhala, minofu, ndi ubongo.CO imayambitsa kuphwanya kwamanjenje, kupweteka mutu, kuchepa thupi, kusanza.

Kafukufuku wofikira Institute of Human Ecology ndi Environmental Health dzina lake A.N. Sysina adawonetsa kuti kupuma kwakutali kwa mpweya wokhala ndi mpweya wa carbon monoxide pamakina a 3-6 MPC ndi nitrogen dioxide 2-3 MPC kumayambitsa mayankho angapo mthupi la mwana.

Kutalika kwa nthawi yamapenyedwe akuwonekera - kayendedwe ka mota, kuperewera kwa tillillitis, rhinitis, matenda oopsa a m'mitsempha, kutsika kwa mapapo anakhazikitsidwa.

Omwe akuimira ma aldehydes omwe amalowa mumlengalenga ndi mpweya wotulutsa ndi formaldehyde ndi acrolein. Formaldehyde imakhumudwitsa dongosolo lamanjenje. Zimakhudza ziwalo zamkati ndikuyendetsa ma enzymes, zimasokoneza njira za metabolic mu cell ndikupondereza cytoplasmic ndi synthesis wa nyukiliya.

Ma hydrocarboni amakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa, limakwiyitsa maso, mphuno ndipo ndi loipa kwambiri kwa maluwa ndi ziphuphu.

Ma oxide amtole amadziunjikira m'thupi la munthu, kulowa mkati mwake mwa chakudya chanyama ndi chomera. Mafuta ndi mankhwala ake ali m'gulu la zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimatha kuwononga kwambiri thanzi la munthu. Kutsogolera kumakhudza dongosolo lamanjenje, lomwe limapangitsa kuchepa kwa luntha, komanso kumapangitsa kusintha kwa zochitika zolimbitsa thupi, kugwirizanitsa, kumva, kumakhudza mtima wama mtima, kutsogoza matenda a mtima.

2.2 Kuipitsa kwa mpweya kuchokera ku mafakitala

Zaka mamiliyoni angapo zapitazo, utsi ndi zodetsa zinafika mlengalenga chifukwa cha kuphulika kwa mapiri. Nthawi yomweyo, chilengedwe chimatha kuthana ndi chidetso chachikulu chotere. Ngakhale munthu ataphunzira kuyatsa moto, chipolopolo chosalimba ichi chimasunga mpweya kwa nthawi yayitali. Izi zidapitilira mpaka nthawi ya kusintha kwa mafakitale.

Mizinda ikuluikulu ya dziko lililonse, monga lamulo, malo opangira ma fakitale momwe mamiliyoni ndi mabizinesi akuluakulu azinthu zosiyanasiyana amaphatikizidwa. Makampani opanga zamankhwala, zitsulo ndi mafakitale ena amatulutsa fumbi, mpweya wa sulufu ndi mipweya ina yoyipa yomwe imatuluka munthawi zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo mlengalenga.

Zitsulo zopitilira. Njira zosungunulira chitsulo ndi kukonza kwake muzitsulo zimayendera limodzi ndi kutulutsa mpweya osiyanasiyana mumlengalenga. Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi fumbi mukamakola malasha kumayenderana ndi kukonza kwanyumbayi ndi kuikika mu uvuni, ndi kutsanulira keke m'magalimoto ozimitsa komanso ndikuzimitsa keke. Kuthimitsa koketi kwamadzi kumayendera limodzi ndi kutulutsidwa mumlengalenga wa zinthu zomwe zimapanga madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Zitsulo zopanda feriji. Pamene zitsulo za aluminium zimapezedwa ndi ma electrolysis okhala ndi mpweya wotuluka kuchokera ku malo osambira a electrolysis, mpweya wambiri wamatumbo ndi fumbi umatuluka mumlengalenga.

Kutulutsa kwa mpweya kuchokera m'mabizinesi amafuta ndi petrochemicals kumakhala ma hydrocarbons ambiri, hydrogen sulfide ndi mpweya wonunkhira. Kutulutsa kwazinthu zowononga mumlengalenga pamalo oyeretsa mafuta kumachitika makamaka chifukwa chosakwanira kusindikizidwa kwa zida.

Kupanga simenti ndi zida zomangira kumatha kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi mafumbi osiyanasiyana. Njira zazikulu zaukadaulo zamakampaniwa ndizopukuta ndi kupesa kwamoto, zinthu zomalizidwa ndi zinthu zina mumayendedwe amipweya yotentha, yomwe imalumikizidwa ndi kupumira kwa fumbi mumlengalenga.

Makampani opanga mankhwala amaphatikizapo gulu lalikulu la mabizinesi. Zomwe zimapangidwira zimagwirira ntchito zamakampani ndizosiyanasiyana. Zomwe zimachokera ku mabizinesi amakampani opanga mankhwala ndi carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfure diamoni, ammonia, fumbi kuchokera pakupanga, organic, hydrogen sulfide, carbon disulfide, chloride ndi mankhwala a fluoride.Mwa mitundu yonse yopanga mankhwala, kuipitsa kwakukulu kumachokera kwa omwe penti ndi ma varnish amapangidwa kapena kugwiritsa ntchito. Izi ndichifukwa choti ma varnish ndi utoto nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pamaziko a alkyd ndi zinthu zina za polymeric, komanso ma nitro varnish, nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kosungunulira. Kutulutsa kwachilengedwe kwa anthropogenic m'mafakitale omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ma varnish ndi utoto ndi matani 350,000 pachaka, makampani ena onse opanga mafuta okwana matani 170,000 pachaka.

Mkati mwa zaka za zana la 20, mizinda yayikulu ikupezeka m'mikhalidwe yodetsa kwambiri mpweya. Kuyendayenda kwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri sikungathe kuthana ndi kuyeretsedwa kwa mlengalenga ndipo, monga chotulukapo chake, kuchuluka kwa anthu okhala ndi matenda opumira kwambiri (monga mphumu, emphysema) kudakulirakulira.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumabweretsa chiopsezo osati kuumoyo wa anthu, komanso kumayambitsa zowononga zachilengedwe, monga nkhalango. Mvula yomwe imatchedwa acid, yomwe imayambitsidwa makamaka ndi sulufule sodium ndi nitrogen oxides, imakhudza madera akuluakulu a nkhalango ya taiga. Ku Russia kokha, malo onse omwe akhudzidwa ndi mpweya wamafuta amafikira mahekitala 1 miliyoni. Malo okhala obiriwira m'mizinda yamafakitale amakhudzidwa kwambiri.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kukuwononga kwambiri chuma. Zinthu zapoizoni m'mlengalenga zapoizoni, utoto wa discolor pamakoma a nyumba ndi matupi a magalimoto.

Kodi njira yopulumukira ndi iti? Iye ali. Ndikofunikira kuyang'ana njira zotukutsira mafakitale ndikukwaniritsa malo oyera omwe sangakhale opanda mbali komanso sangachititse kuti mitengo ya malo azachipatala ikwere. Imodzi mwanjira zotere ndikusintha kupita ku tekinoloji yatsopano yopanga, ndikugwiritsa ntchito zida zophatikizika. Zomera ndi mafakitale ozikidwa pa tekinoloje yopanda zinyalala ndi msika wamtsogolo. Munda wamagesi wa Orenburg unayamba kupanga zinthu zofananira - mazana mabiliyoni a sulfure. Pa chomera chamtundu wa Kirovokansky dzina lake Butcher, kutulutsa mpweya wamafuta ena m'mlengalenga kunayimitsidwa. Amapangidwanso muzinthu zamakono monga zida zotsika mtengo zopangira ammonia ndi urea. Pamodzi ndi iwo, zinthu zovulaza - mpweya woipa, zomwe zimapanga 60% yazinthu zonse zotulutsa, sizilowanso mu beseni la mlengalenga. Makampani omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizira zopangira zopangira zinthu zopangira zinthu zophatikizika amapatsa anthu phindu lochulukirapo: amakulitsa kwambiri mphamvu zamagwiritsidwe ntchito a ndalama zambiri ndipo mitengo yomanga nyumba zopangira chithandizo chamtengo imatsika kwambiri. Inde, kukonza kwathunthu kwa zinthu zonse pakampani imodzi kumakhala kotsika mtengo kuposa kupeza zinthu zomwezo mosiyanasiyana. Tekinoloje yosasakaza imathetsa chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi mpweya.

Maimimu amtali ndimtundu wofanana ndi penti ya malo amakono amakono. Chimacho chiri ndi zolinga ziwiri: choyambirira ndikupanga kukonzekera kenako kukakamiza mpweya - wogwira nawo gawo pazofunikira kuti alowe - kuti alowe mu ng'anjoyo mu kuchuluka koyenera komanso kuthamanga koyenera, ndipo chachiwiri - kuchotsa zinthu zoyaka - mipweya yoyipa ndi tinthu tambiri mu utsi - mu zigawo zapamwamba mlengalenga. Chifukwa cha kusunthika kopitilira, kwa chipwirikiti, mipweya yoyipa ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono timatengedwa kutali ndi komwe zimachokera ndipo zimamwazikana. Kubalalitsa sulufufufufufufufufufufufufufufuti tomwe timakhala m'mipweya yamphamvu yamafuta, mapaipi a 180, 250 ndi 320 metres pakadali pano akupangidwa. Chimanga chotalika mita 100 chimabalalitsa zinthu zazing'onoting'ono zazing'ono kuzungulira mzere wozungulira makilomita 20 kupita kumalo osungirako anthu omwe alibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu. Mpope wokhala ndi kutalika kwa 250 m umachulukitsa radius wopezeka mpaka 75 km. M'malo oyandikira chitoliro, malo otchedwa mthunzi amapangidwira momwe zinthu zovulaza sizilowa konse.

2.3 Mavuto akunyumba

Nthawi yotsiriza isanachitike, kasamalidwe ka zinyalala kanayendetsedwa ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kwa chilengedwe: nthaka ndi madzi.Alimiwo, kutumiza zinthu zawo kuchokera kumunda nthawi yomweyo kupita pagome, kugawa ndi kukonza, mayendedwe, kunyamula, kutsatsa, ndikugulitsa pa intaneti, zidabweretsa zinyalala zochepa. Masamba obiriwira ankadyetsa ziweto kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza. Maulendo opita kumizinda anachititsa kuti ogula azigula mosiyana kwambiri. Anayamba kusinthana zinthu, zomwe zikutanthauza kupaka.

Pakadali pano, nzika za m'dziko lathu tsiku lililonse zimataya zinyalala zambirimbiri: zotengera magalasi, mapepala zinyalala, pulasitiki ndi zinyalala za chakudya. Kusakaniza uku kumakhala ndi zinyalala zambiri zowopsa: ma zebo ogwiritsa ntchito kuchokera ku mabatire, phosphorous - ma carbonates kuchokera ku nyali za fluorescent ndi mankhwala oopsa ochokera ku sol sol, pints. Masiku ano, ku Moscow kokha kumatulutsa matani 10 miliyoni a zinyalala za mafakitale, miliyoni imodzi mwa okhalamo.

Pali njira zosiyanasiyana zotayira zinyalala. Uku ndikugawidwa kwa malo olimapo nthaka, koma mpweya wa methane wopangidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zomwe zawonongekerazo ukuopsa kwambiri kwa okhala okhala pafupi ndi malowa ikhoza kuphulika. Uku ndi kutaya kwa nthaka, ndiye kuti kumakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chamadzi ndi pansi pamadzi. Uku ndikuwonongeka kwa zinyalala, koma mizinda yambiri yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zida zothandizidwa idasiya njirayi chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya.

Njira yotsimikizika kwambiri ndikobwezeretsanso zinyalala. Magawo otsatirawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pano: organic misa imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga feteleza, nsalu zamkati ndi zinyalala zamapepala - kulandila pepala latsopano, zitsulo zopanda kanthu zimatumizidwa kuti zikonzenso. Vuto lalikulu kenako ndikusankha zinyalala. Ngakhale ku Germany, anthu onse mdzikolo akuchita nawo izi. Bwanji? Chosavuta kwambiri: banja lililonse limasonkhanitsa zinyalala za m'nyumba mwake mumtsuko wosiyanasiyana, kutengera kapangidwe kake ndipo samataya chilichonse mu mulu umodzi: galasi - galasi, pepala lonyansa - kutaya mapepala.

Masiku ano ku Russia, zinyalala pafupifupi 60% amazikonzanso, ndipo zina zonse zimatayidwa. Pambuyo podzaza gawo lomwe linapangidwira zinyalala, mapepalawo amakutidwa ndi dothi losachepera mamitala atatu. Koma ngakhale izi zili chomwechi, dera lonse lamtokoma ndi ngozi ku thanzi la anthu ndi nyama. Madzi apansi panthaka zikuluzikulu ali ndi vuto la poizoni ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono. Kwa zaka makumi angapo, palibe chomwe chingamangidwe ndikuchita ulimi m'magawo awa.

Koma zinyalala zomangamanga zimatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapiri ojambula. Amakutidwa ndi dothi lapansi, kubzala udzu ndikupanga malo opangira masewera: ski ndi toboggan othamanga. Amatumikiranso pamaulendo apaulendo apaulendo osambira. Zoterezi zilipo kale m'dziko lathu.

Ku Russia, gawo la anthu akumatauni ndi 73%, lomwe limachepera pang'ono poyerekeza ndi mayiko a ku Europe. Koma, ngakhale izi, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zam'nyumba m'mizinda yayikulu ya Russia tsopano kwachulukirachulukira, makamaka m'mizinda yomwe ili ndi anthu mazana 500 ndi kupitilira apo. Kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kukuchulukirachulukira, ndipo mwayi wokhala nawo pochotsa ndikusintha kwawo ukuchepa. Kutumiza zinyalala kuchokera kumalo am'badwo kupita kumalo komwe kumatayidwa kumafuna nthawi yochulukirapo komanso ndalama. Ku Russia, ndikofunikira kukonza bungwe lautaya zinyalala mumzinda.

Tsopano, zinyalala zimangopezedwa kuti zitheke, ndipo izi zimabweretsa kutalikirana kwa madera aufulu kumadera akutali komanso kumaletsa kugwiritsa ntchito madera akumatauni pomanga nyumba zogona. Komanso, kuyikidwa m'manda kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinyalala kumatha kuchititsa kuti pakhale mankhwala oopsa.

Chomera choyamba kubwezeretsanso zinyalala ku Russia chinamangidwa mu 1972, ku Urals, ntchito zomanga mbewu zotere ku Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Tigil ndi Pervouralsk zikuganiziridwabe.Pali njira inanso yothanirana ndi zinyalala zapakhomo popanga mabakiteriya okhala ndi mabakiteriya ndi mafangayi omwe amatha kuwononga mankhwala ndi ma polima.

2.4 Kuipitsa kaphokoso

Ku China wakale, wophedwa ndi nyimbo (izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mbiriyakale). Pachifukwa ichi, nyimbo zakuthwa zagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kupweteketsa mtima. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa kusinthika kudampanga munthu kuti akhale chete, zomwe nthawi zina zimasweka ndi mabingu, kubangula kwa zivomezi komanso kugunda kwa nyanja. Koma mawu amtundu wanyimbo zachilengedwe akumachulukirachulukira, amazimiririka paliponse kapena amatayidwa ndi mafakitale, mayendedwe ndi nyimbo zina.

Mlingo wa phokoso umayezedwa m'mayunitsi akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kupanikizika kwamawu - decibels. Phokoso la ma decibel 20 mpaka 30 lilibe vuto. Pafupipafupi, kwa mzinda, ma decibel 55 amadziwika kuti ndi phokoso masana, koma m'mizinda yayikulu iyi ndi yokwera kwambiri. Phokoso la mayendedwe amisewu ndi ma decibel 80-100, ndipo phokoso la ndege yanthawi ya ndege limanyamuka. Mu ntchito zambiri ndi makampani opanga phokoso, amafikira 90 - 110 decibels. Osangokhala chete m'nyumba mwathu, momwe mumapezeka zida zaphokoso zatsopano - zida zam'nyumba.

Phokoso losunthidwa osati ndi mpweya koma ndi nyumba zomanga limatchedwa kugwedezeka. Magawo omwe amasunthika ndi mayendedwe apansi panthaka, njanji ndi magalimoto. Kuti zilepheretse, nyumba zokhala mumzinda zimamangidwa motalikirana ndi 50 metre kuchokera pa tramu ndi mizere ina yoyendera.

Malinga ndi World World Health Organization ya 1996, malo oyamba padziko lapansi pakati pa matenda ogwira ntchito anali otanganidwa ndi kumva! Phokoso lalitali limasokoneza gawo lamakutu, limachepetsa chidwi chomveka. Zimabweretsa chisokonezo mu ntchito ya mtima, chiwindi, kutsika ndi kuchuluka kwa maselo amitsempha. Maselo ofooka amanjenje sangathe kugwirizanitsa bwino ntchito zosiyanasiyana za thupi. Chifukwa chake ndikuphwanya zochita zawo.

Ndiyenera kuzindikira kuti mamvekedwe a phokoso pachinthu chamoyo adaphunzira kale. Chifukwa chake, zimadziwika kuti mothandizidwa ndi phokoso lokhala ndi phokoso ndizotheka kuchepetsa komanso kufulumizitsa kugunda kwamtima kwa galu, kumanganso gawo la mayendedwe a protein pamagudumu ake. Wotchi yomwe ili mu aquarium ndikuyamba kunenepa kwambiri kuposa momwe nsomba imatha kupumira zinawachititsa kufa.

Pakadali pano, asayansi akumayiko ambiri padziko lapansi akuchita maphunziro osiyanasiyana kuti adziwe tanthauzo la phokoso paumoyo wa anthu. Kafukufuku wawo wawonetsa kuti phokoso limayambitsa kuvulaza kwambiri thanzi la munthu, koma kukhala chete kwathunthu kumamuwopsa komanso kumukhumudwitsa. Chifukwa chake, ogwira ntchito kuofesi imodzi yopanga, yomwe idadzipatula kwambiri, patatha sabata imodzi adayamba kudandaula kuti sangathe kugwira ntchito zokhala chete. Adali amanjenje, atalephera kugwira ntchito. Komanso, asayansi apeza kuti mawu a mphamvu inayake amathandizira kulingalira, makamaka kuwerengera.

Aliyense samamva phokoso mosiyanasiyana. Zambiri zimatengera zaka, mawonekedwe, thanzi, chilengedwe. Ndipo momwe zinthu ziliri, monga mukudziwa, mumzinda waukulu sikokwanira kwa moyo wabwinobwino wamunthu. Chifukwa chake, pofuna kuthana ndi phokoso m'mizinda yayikulu, njira zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Magalimoto abwinobwino ndi oletsedwa, mabizinesi akuluakulu amakono amangidwa m'dera lakutali kuchokera kumalo okhalamo, mitengo yambiri imabzalidwa m'misewu yayikulu, yomwe imadziwika chifukwa champhamvu kwambiri pakupanga phokoso.

2,5 Vuto lakumwa madzi

Kupereka madzi akumwa oyera kwa anthu okhala m'mizinda, kupezeka kwa madzi kwa mabizinesi akampani ndi masipala ndi zina mwazovuta zazikulu zakumizinda. Kukhathamiritsa kwa kupezeka kwamadzi kumaphatikizapo kuthana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana: kuphatikizapo kukwaniritsa zosowa zam'madzi akumwa, onetsetsani kuti mwaukhondo komanso mwaukhondo momwe mungakhalire zinthu zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa za anthu.

M'mizinda yayikulu, madzi nthawi zambiri amaperekedwa kudzera m'madzi amtsinje, nyanja ndi zitsime. Koma chifukwa cha izi ndikofunikira kumanga nyumba zovuta za ma hydraulic: ngalande, maloko, mbewu zamankhwala.Kukula kwa mzindawu, nyumba zazikulu zama hydraulic ndizofunikira kupanga mkati ndi kunja. Chifukwa chake, m'mizinda yambiri ndikofunikira kumanga ngalande zapadera zomwe madzi ochokera kumitsinje yakutali amayenda mumzinda.

Ntchito yomanga mbewu zatsopano ndi mafakitale, malo okhala imafunikira madzi ambiri, ndipo magwero amtundu wamadzi ndi malo ake apafupi zidasowa. Mwachitsanzo, mtsinje wawung'ono wa Moscow sukadathetsanso vuto lakumwa lamadzi likulu la dziko lathu. Chifukwa chake, kupititsa patsogolo mzindawu, kunali kofunikira kupeza magwero atsopano amadzi. Volga idakhala gwero lotere. Pafupifupi mzinda wa Tver, mitsinje idatsekedwa ndi damu, pamwamba pake pomwe chipika cha Ivankovo. Kuchokera apa, madzi a Volga kudzera pamtunda wa makilomita 128 - kupita ku Moscow.

Canal Moscow - Volga ndi mawonekedwe ovuta a hydraulic. Pakati pa chigwa cha mitsinje ya Volga ndi Moscow, njira idadutsa lokwera la Klinsko-Dmitrov. Madzi amapatsidwa kwa iwo kuchokera ku Volga pogwiritsa ntchito mapampu amagetsi mpaka kutalika kwa 38 metres. Nayi dongosolo la malo osungira omwe amapangidwa ndi madzi a Volga ndi mitsinje ndi mitsinje yakumaloko yam'deralo. Kuchokera kuphiri, madzi amadzipatula okha mumtsinje wa Moscow. Nthawi yomweyo, madziwo amatembenuza masamba a magetsi oyendera magetsi, omwe amakwanira pang'ono ndalama zomwe madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukweza madzi ku Volga.

Mu 60s, malo osungirako adamangidwa kumtunda wa Volga River, koma mzindawu ukukula ndipo ukuwonjezeka kukufunika madzi oyera. Chifukwa chake, mu 1974, njira yoperekera madzi ku Vazuz idayamba kugwira ntchito, kudzera pomwe madzi amaperekedwa kwa mzindawu kuchokera kuchitsime mumtsinje wa Vazuz (mbali yoyenera ya Volga), yomwe ndi makilomita 350 kuchokera kulikulu.

Njira yothetsera mavuto onse amadzimadzi ku Moscow idatsatana ndi kusintha kwakukuru mu malo achilengedwe a mzindawu ndi malo ake. Nyanja zambiri ndi malo osungira zapangidwa pano. Madzi awo owoneka bwino, magombe, nkhalango za m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi malo otetemera amapezeka m'malo abwino kwambiri opuma. Pali ma mota ambiri, nyumba zopumira komanso mapenshoni. Zosungiramo zonse zimapangidwa ndi mazana amitundu ya mafoni amadzi. Madzi a Volga ndi Vazuzi adapangitsa madzi a Mtsinje wa Moscow, Klyazma ndi mabwalo awo kutulutsa. Adasandulika machitidwe am'mbali mwa nyanja, adayamba kukhala ndi mayendedwe ofanana. Anaimitsa madzi osefukira. Chifukwa cha kupanga dongosolo losungira, dera la Moscow lasanduka nyanja.

Ngati vuto la kuperekera madzi kwa anthu amzinda waukulu litha kuthetsedwera ndikupanga zitsime, ndiye kuti zithetsa bwanji vuto loperekera madzi akumwa oyera mumzinda uno?

Zochita za anthu zimasintha kwambiri mawonekedwe a dziko lapansi, makamaka mumzinda. Awa ndi madera asphalt, misewu, madera mafakitale, mapfumbi. Pamtunda kuchokera kumaderawa pamadziwika kuti padzikoli pakuwonongeka kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi madzi apansi pansi - omwe komabe amadutsa mu zosefera zachilengedwe - zimaphatikizapo mitundu yonse ya zinthu zomwe zimayipitsa nthaka: dothi lomwe limawonongeka nthawi ya kukokoloka, michere yophatikizidwa ndi feteleza, chimbudzi cha zinyama, mankhwala ophera tizilombo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito paulimi, mwaye, fumbi ndi zinthu zapoizoni zochokera mumlengalenga zomwe zimatulutsa mafakitale ndi zoyendera, zotsalira za mafuta ndi mafuta ndi mafuta, zinyalala zapakhomo, zinyalala zazomera, zina ndi zina.

Imodzi mwa mitundu ya kuipitsa kwamadzi ndi "yotentha". Zomera zamagetsi, mabizinesi am'mafakitale nthawi zambiri amataya madzi kuti azisunga. Izi zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa madzi mkati mwake. Ndi kutentha kowonjezereka mosungiramo, kuchuluka kwa mpweya kumachepera, kuwopsa kwa zosayipitsa zomwe zikuipitsa madzi kumawonjezereka, ndipo kufanana kwachilengedwe kumasokonekera. M'madzi akhathamira okhala ndi kutentha kwambiri, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi ma virus amayamba kuchulukana mwachangu. Kamodzi kumwa madzi, amatha kuyambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana.

Mizinda ndi magwero amphamvu akuipitsa madzi.M'mizinda yayikulu pamtunda uliwonse (polingalira zodetsedwa zakumtunda), pafupifupi mita imodzi ya 3 zodetsedwa zowonongeka zimatsitsidwa tsiku lililonse m'matupi amadzi. Chifukwa chake, mizinda imafunika malo othandizira amphamvu. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti malo othandizira madzi omwe amapereka njira zamagetsi sangathe kuyeretsa madzi akumwa kuchokera ku zothetsera izi, chifukwa chake madzi akumwa amatha kukhala nawo mozama komanso amakhudza thanzi la munthu.

Mkati mwa zaka zana zapitazi, kupanga njira zothirira madzi osasamba komanso kupanga mwadongosolo njira zopangira zotayira m'mizinda kunayamba.

Choyamba, mitengo yoyeretsa pamakina idapangidwa. Chofunika cha mankhwalawa chimakhudzana ndikumayala kwa ma tinthu olimba kumadzi opanda zinyalala mpaka pansi, pomwe amasambira munthaka yamchenga, madzi amadzimawo adasefedwa ndikumveka. Ndipo pokhapokha patapezeka kuti Biological (amoyo) sludge mu 1914, zidakhala zotheka kupanga matekinoloje amakono ochotsera madzi amvula, kuphatikizapo kubwezeretsanso (kubwezeretsanso) kwachilengedwe chamadongosolo obisalirana ku gawo latsopanoli la madzi akumwa komanso kupatsa nthawi yomweyo kuyimitsidwa. Njira zonse zochotsetsera zamadzi zomwe zimapangidwa muzaka zamtsogolo mpaka pano zilibe njira zatsopano zothetsera mavuto, koma ingokonzani njira yomwe idapangidwa kale, ikudziika pazosakanikirana zosiyanasiyana zaukadaulo. Chosiyana ndi njira zochizira thupi, zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito njira zamagetsi komanso kusintha kwa mankhwala kosankhidwa makamaka pochotsa zinthu zomwe zili m'madzi oyipa

Koma kugwira ntchito kwa mbewu zambiri zopangidwa ndi siltali kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zazikulu. Chifukwa chake, pogwira ntchito yopanga zinyalala zamadzi m'mizinda, pafupifupi matani 1.5-2 a zinyalala pachaka pa munthu aliyense amapangika. Kugwiritsa ntchito sludge kumeneku ngati feteleza pazomera za tebulo sikuloledwa, popeza pali zinthu zambiri zapoizoni zomwe sizingawonongeke. Pakadali pano, matope otere amasungidwa pamtunda, akukhalamo malo akuluakulu, ndikuyambitsa kuipitsa kwa nthaka yamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimakhala ndi zitsulo zolemera zomwe zimakhala pachiwopsezo ku chilengedwechi zimatsukidwa mchombo, choyambirira. Zitsulo zolemera zimatengedwa ndi phytoplankton kenako zimadutsa m'mphepete mwa chakudya kupita kuzinthu zadongosolo kwambiri. Pazitsulo, zomwe zimapweteketsa kwambiri ndi zebus, mkuwa, zinc, ndi cadmium.

Yankho lolimbikitsa kwambiri lavutoli ndikuyambitsa machitidwe aukadaulo ophatikizira kupanga gasi kuchokera pakapendekedwe, kenako ndikuwotcha zotsalira za sludge.

Vuto linalake ndikulowerera kwa zodetsedwa zakunyowa m'madzi amoyo. Mphepete mwa mizinda nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi acidity yambiri. Ngati choko ma deposits ndi miyala yamiyala ikupezeka pansi pa mzindawo, kulowetsedwa kwa madzi osakanizika mwa iwo mosavomerezeka kumabweretsa kuchitika kwa anstropogenic karst. Ma voids omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha anthropogenic karst mwachindunji pansi pa mzindawo amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku nyumba ndi zomanga, chifukwa chake, m'mizinda momwe muli chiopsezo chenicheni cha kuchitika kwake, ntchito yapadera yachilengedwe imafunikira kuneneratu ndikuletsa zotsatira zake.

3. Gawo lothandiza

Amadziwika kuti anthu 80% ndi amadzimadzi ndipo amafunika kumwa madzi ambiri tsiku lililonse. Inenso ndimadzifunsa, ndimadzi amtundu wanji omwe amayenda kuchokera pampopi yazinyumba zam'mudzi mwathu? Madzi a Reftinsky amamwa madzi ati? Ngakhale madera athu ndi ochepa, koma mdera lake muli mabizinesi akuluakulu awiri omwe, ndi zinyalala zawo zopanga, mwina angadetse Reftinskoe reservoir, yomwe imapatsa nzika zam'mudzimo madzi ake.Ndinkachita chidwi ndi vuto la kuchiritsa kapena kupeza madzi akumwa oyera ku Reftinsky. Kuti ndithandizidwe, ndinatembenukira kwa makolo anga, omwe adandidziwitsa apparatchik - othandizira ogwira ntchito kumalo opanga mafayilo a Reftinskoye, Vlasova Olga Vadimovna. Vlasova O.V. adandikonzera zoyendera malowa, komwe ndidayambitsa njira ya kuyeretsa kwamadzi.

Ndidadziwana ndi ukadaulo wa kuyeretsa kwamadzi (onani Zowonjezera, Scheme 1). Madzi ochokera kuchosungiramo madzi am'mtsinje wa Little Reft amaperekedwa ndi mapampu anayi kudzera m'mipope itatu yamadzi ndi awiri a 300 mm kupita kumalo operekera chithandizo kwa malo osungidwa. Pambuyo pa chlorination komanso kuyeretsa koyambirira kuchokera ku phyto- ndi zooplankton pa microfilters No. 1,2,3, madzi obiriwira otentha otayika amayenda ndi mphamvu yokoka kupita kwa osakanizira No. 1 ndi No. 2. Ma Microfilters amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa madzi osasunthika, kumangoyimitsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Ma microfilter ndi drum mumtundu wachitsulo wokutidwa ndi cylindrical lapansi wokhala ndi zinthu zosefera - maukonde opangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri. Zinyalala zomwe zili pachigulochi zimatsukidwa ndi mitsuko yamadzi kuchokera kuchombo, chomwe chimalowa mu chitoliro. Chosakanikiracho chimapangidwa kuti chitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu komanso mofananirako kwa ma reagents ndipo ndi chosungira chotsalira (vortex). Mu osakaniza, madzi amasakanikirana ndi coagulant - reagent yomwe imakulitsa tinthu tambiri kuti tifulumizitse kuchoka kwawo. Pambuyo pa microfilters, madzi a chlorine amaperekedwa koyamba kumunsi kwa chosakanizira; apa, kudzera ma nozzles apadera, coagulant, nthawi zambiri chlorine, amaperekedwa. Panthawi imeneyi, thovu ndi mpweya woipa zimasiyanitsidwa ndi madzi, chifukwa kuthamanga kwa madzi kumayenda kuchokera pagawo locheperako kupita lina. Kuphatikiza madzi kuyenera kukhala kwachangu, kwa mphindi 1-2. Kumtunda kwa chosakanizira pamtunda wa mita 1 kuchokera pamwamba pamakhala mazenera osefukira okhala ndi mtanda wa 50 * 200 mm, zidutswa zitatu mbali iliyonse. Kenako, madzi osakanikirana amayenda ndi mphamvu yokoka kupita kumalo owadziwitsa gawo loyamba ndi lachiwiri. Iwo ndi thanki yakonkriti yolimbitsa ndi voliyumu ya 87 m 3, yokhala ndi miyala komanso mchenga. Apa, madzi amamasulidwa ku ma colloidal ndi ma particles oyimitsidwa, ndipo apa, laimu, chlorine ndi fluorine amathandizidwa mwa iwo kudzera m'matumba oyanjana nawo. Kenako madzi odetsedwa amalowa mu thanki yosungirako madzi, ndikuchokera amapopedwa kwa ogula kudzera m'mapaipi awiri amadzi. Akasinja osungirako madzi okhala ndi voliyumu ya 1000 m 3 amaperekedwa kumudzi wokhala nawo (kuchuluka kwa zidutswa zitatu), pamalo opangira ma GRES (zidutswa 2) komanso RBF - 1 tank yokhala ndi voliyumu ya 2000 m 3.

Ntchito yayikulu yakuwongolera malo am'mudzimo ndikuwongolera madzi abwino motsatira machitidwe ake. Kuunika kwa madzi akumwa kumachitika mogwirizana ndi zofunikira zinayi ndikuwonetsedwa pagome 3 (onani zowonjezera). Zizindikiro za Microbiological zimawongolera kupezeka kwa ma virus, toxological - njira yovulaza thupi la munthu, organoleptic - mphamvu pa mphamvu za anthu, mwa kupezeka kwa mankhwala omwe amathandizira kuzindikiritsa kwa madzi.

Pakati pazinthu zingapo zam'madzi pali zomwe sizili zovulaza thupi la munthu, mwachitsanzo: mchere wachitsulo, calcium ndi magnesium, womwe umapereka magazi a magazi, manganese, ofunikira pakupanga minofu yamafupa ndi mchere wa chloride, womwe ndi gawo la magazi.

Koma pali zinthu za mankhwala zomwe zimakhala ndi malangizo owopsa kuposa zothandiza. Mwachitsanzo, beryllium, yomwe imakhala ndi poizoni ndi mankhwala ake pazinthu zamunthu monga chiwindi ndi mapapu. Fluorine - mchere wake wonse umakhala ndi poizoni ku mafupa ndi mano, strontium - poizoni wamanjenje ndi minyewa, imayambitsa mafupa. Kutsogolera - kumawononga dongosolo lamanjenje ndi mtima. Koma ndimapangitsanso poizoni wa aluminiyamu, womwe umakhala ndi poizoni m'ntchito za mthupi ndi m'mitsempha ya muubongo.

Nthawi ndi nthawi, kamodzi pamwezi pa malo opangira zosefera, maphunziro amachitika mwaubwino wamadzi am'chitsime kuchokera kumalo osungirako a Little Reft River. Ndimachita chidwi ndi momwe aluminiyamu amayendera m'madzi. Ndikudziwa kuti zitsulo zotayidwa ndi mafuta ndipo zimasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi amchere. Chovomerezeka chake m'madzi ndi 0,5 mg / l. Kutenga zowerengera zam'madzi a aluminium m'madzi pachaka chatha ndikuwasanthula, ndinazindikira kuti kuchuluka kwa chinthuchi m'madzi kumachitika mchaka, pomwe madzi athu amapatsidwa "madzi" ndi madzi osungunuka.

Mzindawu umafuna kutitsimikizira (ndipo adachita bwino) kuti chitukuko chake sichinachitike. Akuwongolera mzindawu, kuyesa kutsogolera kukula kwanjira yolondola, anthu akukumana ndi zomwe sizinachitike ndipo, limodzi ndi zotsatira zabwino, amapeza zovuta zambiri. Mizinda ndiyo malo okhala anthu tsiku ndi tsiku.

Cholinga cha nkhani yanga chinali kuganizira mavuto amizinda ikuluikulu. Ntchito yomwe yachitika imatilora kuti masiku ano mizindayi ilidi ndi mavuto akulu kwambiri, kuwulula komwe, anthu amaphunzira kuthana nawo ndikuthana ndi mavuto awo.

Kumbali imodzi, mizinda ndiyabwino. Ndi malo achikhalidwe, zaluso, sayansi ndi maphunziro. Kumbali inayi, mizindayi ndi yodetsa nkhawa: monga malo akuluakulu opangira mafakitale, ali ndi zachilengedwe zopanda pake ndipo amakhudza thanzi la anthu omwe akukhalamo. Pali zochitika zoyipa ngati izi zosowa ntchito, upandu wolinganizidwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Pamabuka mafunso: momwe mungaphatikizire mbali ziwiri zotsutsana za mzinda waukulu uliwonse? Kupatula apo, simungathetse mzindawu. Ndiye, mungachite bwanji kuti muchepetse kukopa kwa zovuta zawo pagulu lonse? Anthu sanayankhebe mafunso awa ndi ambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake pantchito yanga ndinayesera kunena osati mavuto amodzi okha, komanso ndikuwonetsa momwe amawathetsera m'mizinda yayikulu.

Mphamvu zakukula kwamatauni mdziko lapansi mu 1950 - 2000

Kusiyana pakati pa mzinda ndi zachilengedwe

Zachilengedwe zachilengedwe ndizofanana. Ngati gawo limodzi la chilengedwe likusintha, ziwalo zina zimasinthasintha moyenera pakusintha. Mumzindawo, munthu amapanga malo okhala. Satha nthawi zonse kuwona zamtsogolo zomwe adzachite. Munthu amakakamizidwa kuti ayang'ane mayankho a mavuto omwe adadzipanga okha.

Kusiyana kwamizinda ikuluikulu kuchokera kumalo achilengedwe:

• Pokhala anthu ambiri m'dera lolumikizana,
• kusintha kwakukulu pamawonekedwe,
• anayamba kupanga mafakitale ndi zinthu zina zofunika.

Mzindawu ukamakula, anthu ake amakhala kutali kwambiri ndi zachilengedwe, chilengedwe chimakhala chongopeka. Chilichonse chomwe chimapangidwa mumzinda kuti chikhale chosavuta ndi munthu chimayamba kuchita zinthu zotsutsana naye.

Mitundu ya Microclimatic yamizinda

M'mizinda, microclimate imapangidwa, yomwe imasiyana ndi madera ozungulira. Nyumba, misewu yokokedwa ndi malo owonetsera zodzaza ndi dzuwa. Mitengo yobiriwira imapirira kutentheza chifukwa chakufuma kwa masamba kuchokera masamba, kotero mawonekedwe a malo obiriwira ndi ozizira kuposa mthunzi wanyumbayo.

Patsiku lotentha, nkhalango kapena dimba lambiri ndiotsekera Cisanu ndi Cisanu kuposa malo amatauni. Kutentha kowonjezereka kumalimbikitsidwa ndi mayendedwe akumidzi, kupanga, kutenthetsa.

Mu nyengo yodekha pamtunda wa 100-150 m, kupendekera kwamoto kumapangidwa. Imachedwetsa mpweya wonenepa kwambiri mumzinda. Zowonjezera zotuluka pakalibe mphepo zimapanga fumbi. Zodetsa nkhungu zimavulaza thanzi la okhala m'njira ziwiri:

1. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timayendetsedwa ndi zitsulo zolemera zimayipa chifukwa cha kupuma.
2. Smog imachepetsa kupindika, komwe sikokwanira mu nthawi yozizira.

Mavuto azachilengedwe amizinda

M'mizinda, zinthu zonse zachilengedwe zimasintha. Munthu amakhala ndi kusintha kwina, mwachitsanzo, amasintha mitsinje. Kusintha kwina kumachitika mwa kufuna kwa munthu, koma sicholinga chake. Chifukwa chake, akaika mapaipi ndi zingwe zapansi panthaka, munthu amalowa panthaka, koma ndikugwira ntchito komwe kumamudetsa nkhawa. Zina mwazosintha zimachitika mwa iwo okha chifukwa cha chitukuko, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, kusintha kwa microclimate.

Kuwonongeka kwa zomera ndi zinyama

Ntchito yomanga mizindayi ndi yolumikizana ndi nkhalango. Pokonza misewu, misewu yammbali, madamu, zotayira ndi zinthu zina zam'matauni, zomera zonse zachilengedwe zawonongeka. M'malo otsalawo a dothi, m'malo mwa dothi lophulira, udzu umamera. Ntchito zakumizinda yamatawuni zikulimbana ndi nkhwangwa za chowawa, burdock ndi amaranth. M'malo mwake, udzu wothandiza komanso wowoneka bwino wabzalidwa, womwe umafunika kukonzedwa pafupipafupi.

Nthawi zina mu mzindawu mumakhala magawo a nkhalango yomwe inali m'derali ngakhale maziko a mzindawu asanakhazikitsidwe kapena kuwonjezeredwa. Agologolo ndi mbalame zina zamnkhalango zimapezeka m'malo otere. Oimira otsala a nyama zamtchire amakakamizika kuchoka kutali ndi mzindawo.

Nthawi zina mzinda kapena njira zake zolumikizirana zimapezeka panjira zoyenda zakuthengo. Kulephera kuthana ndi zopinga za anthropogenic kumabweretsa kufa kwa nyama zochuluka. Kuchepetsa kwa mitundu imodzi ya mitundu nthawi zina kumayambitsa kusalinganika kwachilengedwe chonse m'gawo lalikulu.

M'mizinda, kuchuluka kwa akhwangwala, nkhandwe, mpheta, ndi nkhunda zazimuna zikuchulukirachulukira. Mbalame zina zimadyetsa zitini za zinyalala, zina zimadyetsa tawuni. M'nyengo yozizira, tits zimasamukira kumizinda.

Zipinda zapansi panyumba ndi mabizinesi - malo oyenera kuweta makoswe ndi mbewa. Awa ndi owopsa oyandikana nawo anthu, ayenera kulimbana nawo.

Kusintha kwawonekedwe

Pansi pa mizindayi, zigawo zonse za malo achilengedwe zikusintha: kapangidwe ka chilengedwe ndi kupumula, madzi apansi pansi ndi madzi apansi. Kulowerera kwa anthu mu kuya kosakwana pansi kumafika pamtunda wamamita, metro imakhala yakuzama kwambiri. Pakuzama, zingwe, mapaipi amaikidwa, amabisidwa m'mphepete mwa mtsinje. Zonsezi zimakhudza kapangidwe ka nthaka komanso kuchuluka kwa madzi apansi panthaka.

Opanga matawuni amatembenukira pamlingo wonga kubzala, kapena kusanja, kupumula: maiwe ndi mapiri agona, kugwetsa zitunda, kusintha mayendedwe a mitsinje yaying'ono. Pamalo osanja, ndikosavuta kumanga nyumba, kukonza mabwalo, misewu, mapaki. Koma kulowererapo ndi chilengedwe kumapangitsa kuti madzi asungunuke, kugona tulo matupi amadzi kumabweretsa kuchuluka kwa madzi apansi ndipo, chifukwa chake, kusefukira kwamasewera. Kusefukira kwamadzi kumabweretsa mavuto ambiri kuyambira pakubala udzudzu ndikugwa.

Koma m'mizinda mulinso mitundu yothandizidwa ndi anthu: izi ndi zomata zamayendedwe amsewu, njira zotumizira, mabanki ochita kupanga a mitsinje yowongoka.

Kuipitsa kwamadzi

Vuto la kuipitsa kwamadzi lili ndi mbali ziwiri. Choyamba, awa ndi mkhalidwe wamadzi amvula, ndipo chachiwiri, kupezeka kwamadzi kumizinda. Kubwera kwa mzinda wokwezeka kumakhudza mtundu wa madzi m'mizinda yoyenda.

Kupezeka kwamadzi mumzinda wawung'ono wokhala ndi mitsinje yabwino kungaperekedwe ndi madzi apansi panthaka. Mzinda wawukulu sungathe kuchita popanda madzi ochokera pakumwa. Pazonse, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nyumba komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mafakitale m'mizinda kumakhala pafupifupi kiyubiki kwa munthu patsiku. Ndi kuchuluka kotere m'mizinda yokhala ndi anthu opitilila miliyoni, kulibe mitsinje yokwanira.

Ngalande yochokera ku Volga idakumbidwa kuti itungire madzi ku Moscow, chifukwa Mtsinje wa Moscow sukumveranso zosowa za mzindawo. Kupereka madzi kumizinda ikuluikulu, malo osungirako akumangidwa. Asanalowe m'madzi, madzi am'mbali mwa nyanja ndi amtsinje amatsukidwa ndi magawo angapo. Mankhwala a khansa amapha majeremusi, koma amawononga thanzi la munthu.Ngati chosungiracho chadetsedwa kwambiri, ndiye kuti kuyeretsa sikumachotsa zodetsa zilizonse.

Sewerage yatsukidwa m'malo opangira ndege kwa zaka zana limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito sludge. Zamoyo zomwe zimadya zodetsa nkhawa, chifukwa chake zimakula ndikuchulukana. Zotsatira zake zimakhala madzi oyera komanso gawo lochulukirapo. Gawo la sludge limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyeretsa zotsukira zotsatirazi. Kutaya sludge owonjezera ndi vuto lalikulu.

Ma microorganism samamwa zatsalira zokha zopangidwa ndi michere, komanso zinthu zina zapoizoni. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zitsulo zolemera, sludge sioyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati feteleza mu mbewu za chakudya. Ku Russia, imasungidwa pamtunda, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe kwina. Ku Europe, zouma za sludge zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pesi lawo louma limapanga zida zomangira ndi mafuta ena.

Vuto lina ndi kubwereranso pansi.

Mavuto azachuma ndi azachuma

Zochita zamizinda zimalumikizidwa ndi kumwa zachilengedwe zosiyanasiyana: kuchokera kumlengalenga ndi madzi kupita kumadzi. Zogwiritsa ntchito spent zimalowa m'malo osinthika, osadetsedwa. Mothandizidwa ndi mabizinesi azoyendetsa ndi mafakitale, mawonekedwe amomwe mpweya umasinthira.

Mamilioni amathoni amafuta opangira mafuta ndi malamba opangira malowedwe amatumizidwa kumizinda. Zonse zamafuta ndi zopangira zokha, komanso zomwe zimapangidwira zimatha kukhala zowopsa kwa anthu.

Mavuto anthropoecological a mizinda

Mavuto a anthropoecological amaphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimapezeka m'tawuni zomwe zimakhudza thanzi la munthu. Thupi laumunthu silikhala ndi nthawi yosinthira machitidwe kuti asinthe chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, anthu amatauni nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi vuto lotchedwa "matenda a chitukuko":

1. Mliri waomwe akukhala m'tauni zamasiku ano ndizopanda ntchito. Kulephera kuyenda ndi zochitika zina zolimbitsa thupi kumabweretsa kunenepa kwambiri, matenda amtima komanso matenda ena angapo.
2. Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumabweretsa matenda opuma monga chifuwa, mphumu, COPD, khansa yam'mapapo.
3. Chifukwa chokhala otanganidwa kwambiri m'moyo, chidziwitso chochulukirapo, phokoso, anthu okhala m'matawuni amakhala ndi vuto lalikulu la mzinda. Imadziwonetsera yokha mu nkhawa, kusakwiya, kukhumudwa.
4. Kuchulukitsa kwa phokoso kumapangitsa kuti makutu amve. Kumva kutayika pakati pa anthu okhala m'mizinda yayikulu kuli kangapo kuposa anthu akumudzi.
5. Mumzinda, munthu amakhala pachiwopsezo chambiri chovulala kapena kufa. Magwero owopsa - ngozi zamagalimoto, ma icicles ndi njerwa zikugwa kuchokera padenga, ngozi za mafakitale m'mabizinesi, kuphulika kwa mpweya wapanyumba ndi zina zambiri.

Pakuwonekera pang'onopang'ono kwa anthu kumagawo a ma elekitiroma ndi ma radiation

Dziko lapansi ladzala ndi minda yamagetsi, yomwe ina mwa chilengedwe. Ili ndiye gawo la pulaneti lathuli, kuphatikizira wailesi ndi mphamvu zamagetsi zakuthambo. Munthawi yamatawuni, munthu amakhudzidwanso ndi gawo lamagetsi lamagetsi lamagetsi, monga:

• malo osinthira,
• mizere yamagetsi yamphamvu,
• gwerani tinyanga
• zingwe zamkati,
• zida zanyumba ndi zida zamagetsi,
• zoyendera zamagetsi
• mauthenga opanda zingwe.

Mphamvu ya gawo la ma elekitiroma pa thupi la munthu sizitengera mtundu wa magwero, koma mawonekedwe ake. Minda ndizosiyanasiyana komanso chokhazikika. Mphamvu kumunda zimatengera mphamvu ya gwero. Kugawika kwa mafunde mchipindacho kumatengera kuyika kwa zinthu, kuchuluka kwake kwa mayendedwe.

Minda ikagwira munthu, mamolekyu omwe amapanga thupi amayenda motsatira mphamvu za EMF. Izi zimayambitsa kuphwanya njira yokhazikika ya njira za physico-mankhwala. Mphamvu ya gawo losinthasintha limatenthetsa thupi. Mothandizidwa ndi EMF yovuta yocheperako, zomwe zimachitika panjira izi ndizokhudza thanzi sizigwirizana.

Kuchita kwamagawo kopitilira muyeso kumayambitsa matenda a mthupi lonse.Mphamvu yayikulu imakhudzidwa ndi ziwalo zomwe zimakhala ndimadzi ambiri: kuthamanga kwa magazi, kuchuluka kwa leukocytes m'magazi amwazi, mandala amtambo, ndipo kupanga mahomoni kumalephera. Zochita zamanjenje zimawonekera m'mutu, kutopa kwambiri, kukumbukira, kugona, kugona.

Kuwonetsedwa kwakanthawi kwa EMF kumatha kudzetsa khansa. Mlingo wa ma electromagnetic maziko ndikuwona ngati gawo la ma electromagnetic mu chipinda likugwirizana ndi muyezo. Monga lamulo, kumbuyo kumakulitsidwa pafupi ndi matako, zingwe, zida zamagetsi zazikulu.

Zowononga magalimoto

Magalimoto ndiye akadetsa mpweya m'misewu yamizinda. Amawotcha mafuta ambiri kuposa zitsamba zonse zamphamvu za Russia. Kuphatikiza pa kaboni dayokisaidi, zinthu pafupifupi 200 zimalowa mlengalenga kuchokera pa mipope yotulutsa mpweya: carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, mankhwala amtovu ndi zitsulo zina zolemera. Kuyenda mumsewu ndi komwe kumayambitsa zovuta zachilengedwe mumzinda:

• kuwononga mpweya,
• phulitsa zinthu
• phokoso lambiri, kugwedezeka,
• kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa mpweya
• kufunika kotaya matayala ogwiritsa ntchito, mafuta, zida zothira.

Kuyendetsa magetsi sikumapanga magetsi, koma matayala ali kutsogolo kwa magalimoto maphokoso ndi kugwedezeka.

Ngati mzindawu uli ndi bwalo la ndege, zovuta zomwezo zimakulitsidwa ndi ndege.

Makampani abizinesi amzindawu

Makampani amathandizira kwambiri pakuwononga kwamizinda ndi madera ozungulira. Makampani ogwira ntchito amaika pafupifupi 90% ya madzi akumwa otayidwa. Zowononga zinyalala zimatengera makampaniwo.

Mabizinesi akumafakitale amaipitsa chilengedwe ndi zinthu zamadzimadzi, zolimba komanso zamafuta. Kutulutsa kwamphamvu kumawononga chilengedwe pokhapokha kapena zitatha kusintha kwamakanthidwa mumlengalenga. Zoyipitsa zamagalasi ndi madzi zimakhala ndi sulufule, nayitrogeni, kaboni, ndi ma halogen. Mawonekedwe olimba, fumbi limalowa mumlengalenga, gawo lomwe mumakhala zinthu zapoizoni - arsenic beryllium, fluorine, cyanides.

Zomwe zimavulaza kwambiri zachilengedwe zam'mizinda zimayambitsidwa ndi mabizinesi mumakampani otsatirawa:

• chitsulo chosakwiya komanso chosalimbikitsa,
• makampani oyeretsa mafuta
• kapangidwe ka mankhwala
• zamkati ndi mphero zamapepala.

Makampani abizinesi amatenga gawo lalikulu pakupanga smog. Mavuto azachilengedwe m'mizinda ikuluikulu sangathetse pokhapokha ngati mphepo yamkuntho izitenga nawo chidwi popanga malo opangira mafakitale.

Njira 7 zothetsera mavuto amizinda

1. Kuwerenga maluwa maluwa. Malo omwe amaipitsa mpweya mabizinesi akampani yamafuta ndi magetsi opangira mafuta kumbali ya leeward. Ndikofunikira kuganizira mphepo mukamapanga malo okhala ndi mipando yambiri.
2. Kuwongolera zimbudzi ndi mpweya, kulimbikitsa mabizinesi kukhazikitsa malo othandizira othandizira.
3. Kukongoletsa malo akumatauni. Kubzala mitengo ndikuisamalira kwina ndikokwera mtengo kuposa kupanga udzu ndi kukonza, motero mitengo yobzalidwa ochepa m'mizinda yambiri. Kulima dimba kumaletsa phokoso ndi fumbi, kumayendetsa pansi pamadzi, kumapangitsa mpweya kukhala wamlengalenga. Mitengo imapereka mthunzi wozizira kutentha kwa chilimwe, mapaki ndi malo osungirako zinthu ngati malo opumira a nzika.
4. Kusintha magalimoto owipitsa ndi chilengedwe. Kuyendetsa mumsewu sikungakhale kopanda vuto lililonse: matayala amapanga fumbi la mphira. Koma kulowetsa injini zamagetsi zamkati ndi zamagetsi, makamaka zoyendera anthu, kudzawongolera kwambiri mpweya. Akatswiri akugwiritsa ntchito injini zopanda phokoso ndi kuyimitsidwa kwa tramu.
5. Kulongedza zinyalala. Pakapita nthawi, mizinda yonse izitha kusonkhanitsa ndi kutaya zinyalala.
6. Kuchoka mobisa, kuzipansi, magaraja, magalimoto ndi mafakitale owopsa.
7. Maphunziro azikhalidwe zachilengedwe.Ziribe kanthu zomwe boma likuchita ndi atsogoleri a mabizinesi, popanda kuzindikira nzika za mzindawu, sizikhala zodetsa nkhawa komanso zakukhazikika. Kubweretsa zinyalala kubokosi lovota, kupereka zinthu zomwe zagwiritsidwanso ntchito pokonzanso zinthu, kuyang'anira momwe galimoto yanu iliri, kukhala chete pakadali maola okhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo - ngakhale si nzika zonse zomwe zimachita izi.

Atsogoleri apadera oyang'anira zachilengedwe

Mabungwe a boma akuyang'anira zochitika zachilengedwe amayang'anira zochitika zamabizinesi, olamulira akuluakulu ndi nzika pazinthu zachilengedwe. Kuwunika chilengedwe kumachitika ndi mabungwe aboma ovomerezeka:

• Ministry of Natural Natural and Ecology,
• Ntchito Yogulitsa Ntchito Zoyang'anira Zachilengedwe,
• Federal Agency for Water Resources,
• Federal Forestry Agency,
• Federal Agency for Subsoil Use.

Mautumiki ena amatenga nawo mbali pazoyang'anira chilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, Unduna wa Zaulimi ku Russia umayang'anira kuteteza ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe zam'madzi: imayang'anira kayendedwe ka malo ophera nsomba, kuwongolera kusodza ndi kusungitsa malo osungira. Roshydromet amakonza zowunika zam'mlengalenga, nthaka, madzi akunyanja, amasunga thumba la zidziwitso zakuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Rospotrebnadzor amawongolera kuwonongedwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe pachilengedwe. Rostechnadzor amayang'anira kutuluka kwamabizinesi. Ntchito zaukhondo zowononga unduna wa Unduna wa Zaumoyo zikuwunika madzi akumwa, komanso malo am'mizinda yopuma, mafakitale komanso malo okhala.

Makampani amafunika kuti azilamulira mpweya wawo komanso mpweya wochokera. Ngati mabungwe oyang'anira azindikira kuti akuphwanya lamulo, ayenera kuwongoleredwa munthawi yomwe lamulo limakhazikitsa.

1.1 Mavuto owonekera.

Mavuto achilengedwe amakhudzidwa makamaka ndi kuwonongeka kwa malo achilengedwe. Pansi pa mizindayi, zinthu zonse zikusintha: kapangidwe ka chilengedwe ndi mpumulo, nthaka ndi pansi. Nyengo, chivundikiro cha dothi, nyama ndi maluwa. Zinthu zonse zokhala m'tawuni zikuyesayesa kusintha kuti zisinthe mwachangu (mwanjira zambiri, mitundu yamitundu mitundu ikuchepetsedwa, malo omwe nthaka ikulimanso ikucheperanso). Zitha kuwoneka kuti madera akumatauni akusintha pamtunda pokha, ndikuzama, pansi pa nyumba ndi phula, chilichonse sichimasinthika, monga momwe zidalili zaka masauzande zapitazo.

Komabe, sichoncho.

M'mizinda yamakono, kulumikizana kumakhala akuya mamita mazana angapo. Mitsinje imabisika pansi pa nthaka mu ngalande, mizere yama metro imayikidwa, mapaipi osiyanasiyana, maukonde amtambo, ndi zina zotere. Madzi apansi pansi amatsika, njira yapangidwira nthaka imasokonekera.

Pomanga mzinda, omanga amagwiritsa ntchito njira zambiri zopumulira. Kuti muchite izi, mitsinje, zigwa za mitsinje yaying'ono ndi mitsinje, madamu amagona. Chifukwa chake, kuwonjezereka m'dera la midadada ya mzinda, misewu ndi kudutsa kumakwaniritsidwa. Koma nthawi yomweyo pali kuphwanya njira zachilengedwe. Madzi othambalala ndi ovuta, malo okhala ndi kutsika kwa madzi apansi pansi akuipiraipira.

Chifukwa chake, kugona tchire kumitsinje ndi mitsinje kumayendera limodzi ndi kusefukira kwa nyumba zapansi, kupangitsa kuti udzudzu uberekenso. Madzi osefukira ndi malo omwe pansi pake mulibe zakuya kupitirira mamita atatu. Ndikofunika kwambiri kuti zipinda zapansi ndi maziko a nyumba, zingwe zamagetsi ndi mafoni, mapaipi amadzi ndi zimbudzi, ndi zolumikizira zina zimapezeka. Chochititsa kusefukira kwamadzi ndi kusefukira kwamadzi mu nthaka.

Kusefukira kwamadzi kumawononga maziko, kumachepetsa mphamvu, kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyika njira zapansi panthaka, osonkhanitsa mwaluso ndi magalimoto, ndikuwonjezera kusefukira kwa mapaipi ndi zida zachitsulo.Madzi osefukira amalimbitsa njira zambiri zam'madzi ndipo, koposa zonse, kugumuka kwamadzi.

Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zothandiziranazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala m'mizinda. Izi zikuphatikiza zopuma zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyendera. Misewu yanjanji ndi misewu yayikulu ayikidwapo, njira zikadutsa. Pazifukwa zomwezi, zomangamanga zimamangidwa, kuphatikiza kusuntha kwa zombo zamtsinje.

Mbalame, makoswe, tizilombo ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timatulutsa unyinji m'malo otayidwa amzindawo komanso zonyansa zam'madzi timabweretsa zovuta zambiri, kubisa zomwe zitha kuwononga thanzi la anthu.

Nyengo yotentha kwambiri komanso zinyalala zambiri za chakudya m'mizinda zimakopa mbalame zambiri. Kwa mitundu yambiri ya mbalame, mizinda yakhala mtundu wothawirako, popeza kuno, mosiyana ndi malo okhala, kulibe mankhwala ophera tizilombo komanso owononga ochepa. Kukula kwa mizinda m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi kumayendera limodzi ndi kuswana kwa mbalame zamakung'ombe ndipo koposa zonse, akhwangwala amvi. Amakwanitsa kuthana ndi "nkhawa" ndipo samawopa kukhalapo kwa anthu pafupipafupi, kuphatikiza pafupi ndi zisa. Mu mzindawu, akhwangwala amakhazikika ndikufunafuna chakudya ngakhale m'malo omwe kuli anthu ambiri. Mkhalidwe wofatsa, masamba oyambira ndi maluwa oyambira, ndi chakudya chambiri zomwe zidawonjezera kuchuluka kwa khwimbi m'mizinda.

M'malo otentha kwambiri a kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, mizinda ikuluikulu idakhala malo osungira mbalame nthawi zambiri. M'nyengo yozizira, magulu angapo a akhwangwala ndi akhwangwala amakhala pano. Amakhala usiku mumitengo yamapaki ndi minda, ndipo makamaka masiku achisanu amasamukira kumalo owonjezera a nyumba komanso mkati mwa nyumba. M'mawa, akhwangwala amawuluka kuchokera pakatikati kupita panja kukafota. Bakha masauzande ambiri nthawi yozizira kumadzi opanda madzi oundana mkati mwa mizinda.

Okhazikika m'mizinda ndi mpheta zam'matauni, nkhunda za buluu, zameza zam'mizinda, ngolo, magi ndi mitundu ina ya mbalame. M'mizinda yambiri, swans ndi atsekwe amakhala m'malo opanda nyama.

Malo obiriwira amakhudza kwambiri moyo wa nzika. Greens ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa thanzi komanso chitetezo cha nzika. Mtengowu samangokondweretsa diso ndi mawonekedwe ake okongola, kufotokoza mawonekedwe ndi zokongola za m'chigawocho, mzinda (ngakhale izi zingakhale zokwanira kulungamitsa malo ambiri amatauni). Komabe, chofunikira kwambiri ndichakuti amatsuka mpweya, amaunyowetsa, ndikuchepetsa kutentha kwake m'chilimwe ndikuwukweza nthawi yozizira .. Amapereka mpweya wopatsa moyo ndikuchotsa mpweya woipa. Ndizosefera zachilengedwe, zomwe zimagwira zinthu zambiri ndi zotengera phokoso, kuphatikiza apo, zimatulutsa zinthu zosakhazikika - zinthu zosasinthika zomwe zimakhala ndi bactericidal, zimakhudza kamvekedwe ka munthu, ndi zina.

Mzere wozungulira wautali mamita angapo kutalika kwake kumachepetsa phokoso la kuchuluka kwa magalimoto ndi 10-12 dB, kuchuluka kwa ma microparticles oyambira 100 mpaka 25%, kuthamanga kwa mphepo kuchokera pa 10 mpaka 2 m / s, ndi mpweya wotumphukira wamagalimoto mpaka 15% pa voliyumu iliyonse ya mpweya,

Mthunzi wa dimba labwino, wandiweyani, wathanzi patsiku lotentha, kutentha kwa mpweya ndi 7-8, ndipo kuthengo nkhalango 100C kutsika kuposa poyera.

Mtengo wamba pakatha maola 24 umabwezeretsa mpweya wambiri momwe umafunikira kupumira anthu atatu,

Pa tsiku lotentha lotentha, mafunde otumphuka amapangidwa pamwamba pa phulusa, ma fumbi opepuka kwambiri amawuka, ndipo mafunde amtunda akuwonekera pamwamba pa paki yakaleyo, chifukwa Pamtunda pamasamba ozizira, ndipo fumbi lochokera kumlengalenga limakhala pamasamba (omwe amathanso kukhala onyowa kapena omata). Kenako mahekitala 1 a mitengo yolumikizira imakhala ndi matani 40 mchaka chimodzi. fumbi, ndi mitengo yolimba - pafupifupi 100t.

Mzindawu umakhudzanso kusintha kwa nyengo nyengo mkati mwake. M'mizinda yayikulu, nyengo yachilengedwe komanso nyengo zimasinthidwa kwambiri. Nthawi zambiri chapakati pamakhala kotentha kwambiri kuposa kunja ndi nyumba zanthawi.Ndi ma anticyclones, pamasiku okhala ndi mphepo zopanda mphamvu, kusiyana kumeneku kumatha kufika madigiri 10. Komanso, kunja kwa mzinda ndi mzinda wa mizinda, chisanu pa nthaka amapezeka mu kasupe ndi autumn kwambiri nthawi zambili kuposa mzindawo. Maluwa kunja kwa tchuthi patapita masiku 7-10.

Zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mzindawu uchulukane kwambiri. Ikuluikulu mzinda, m'pamenenso mowa mphamvu mu izo. Ndipo izi zimaphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa kusunthira kutentha, mitundu yonse ya kuchepa kwa kutentha. Amadzuka pakutentha nyumba, kayendedwe ka magalimoto ndi zomera mumaofesi. nyumba ambiri komanso kulimbikitsa kuwonjezeka kutentha m'mizinda: nyumba mwala, nyumba simenti, lalikulu malo athyathyathya yokutidwa ndi phula, m'madera ambiri madenga chitsulo. Zonsezi zimatsogolera kukukula kwachuma. Sizowopsa kuti mizindayi imatchedwa chipululutso chamiyala chokhala ndi mafuta obiriwira obisika, minda ndi mapaki. Komanso, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya wa mizinda akuzengereza ikukhudzana adzabwerenso padziko lapansi. Ndipo izi zimathandizira kuti pakhale kutentha kwambiri mumlengalenga.

Mitengo yokwera yam'mlengalenga nyengo yozizira imakhudza mtundu wamvula. Choncho, mu nyengo cyclonic ndi kutentha mpweya pafupi ziro, pali milandu pafupipafupi mvula mu mzinda, pamene kunja kwa mzinda izo chisanu.

M'mizinda yayikulu, momwe mawonekedwe akumlengalenga amasinthira. Monga lamulo, m'malo otchinga ndi nyumba zazitali, gustness imakulanso. A mzinda waukulu amapanga njira yapadera mphepo amatchedwa "mzinda mphepo." Amatulukira chifukwa chosiyana ndi kupanikizika kwa mpweya pamzindawu komanso m'malo ake. Mumzindawu, chifukwa cha kutentha kwawonjezereka, kukwera kwa mpweya kumapangidwa ndipo dera lamderali limapangidwa mokhudzana ndi kuthinitsidwa pang'ono kwa mlengalenga. Air mitsinje kuchokera kumalire a mzinda ndi mzinda kuthamangira kuno. Pomwe iwo amawomba kuchokera kunja kwa mzindawu, mpweya wowoneka bwino ulowa mu mzindawo nawo. Zowongolera mzindawo zimachitika chimodzimodzi. City mphepo ndi zotheka pa nthawi iliyonse pachaka. Koma, momveka bwino nthawi zambiri amapezeka pokhapokha pazoyenderana nyengo. Ngati chitsamba cholimba chimayikidwa pamwamba pa mzindawu ndipo kuthamanga kwa mpweya kukwera, ndiye kuti kuwomba kwamzindawo kumatha kuchitika.

katundu ambiri mpweya mumlengalenga amadalira boma la malo achilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kusunga nkhalango ndi mitengo yozungulira mizinda. Madera apadziko lapansi a m'misipu sangokhala malo opumulirako tawuni, komanso amawapatsa mpweya wabwino mumzinda womwewo.

Cities ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chikhalidwe ndi kusintha kwa mitunda osati mwa iwo okha, komanso akutali m'malire awo. Kwakukulu, izi zimalumikizana ndi kuthetsa mavuto am'madzi. Kupereka madzi akumwa oyera kwa anthu okhala m'mizinda ndi m'matawuni, kupezeka kwa madzi kwa mabizinesi akampani ndi mabwanamkubwa ndi imodzi mwazovuta zazikulu zakumizinda. Kukhathamiritsa wa madzi kumaphatikizapo kuthetsa wonse osiyanasiyana mavuto: pamodzi ndi kukumana ndi zosowa za kumwa madzi, kuonetsetsa yabwino mwaukhondo ndi ukhondo mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe m'tauni, chitukuko cha zomangamanga mafakitale ndi nyumba, ndi chilengedwe cha zinthu bwino zosiyanasiyana zosangalatsa anthu.

M'mizinda yambiri mdziko lathu lapansi, madzi apansi panthaka amagwiritsidwa ntchito popezera madzi. Koma kupopa kwawo kochulukirapo kumayendera limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa mabota amadzi okhumudwitsa, malire awo omwe nthawi zambiri amapitilira malire a mizinda.

M'mizinda ikuluikulu, madzi nthawi anapereka osati pansi, komanso ndi madzi pamwamba pa mitsinje, nyanja ndi malo. Koma chifukwa cha izi, ndikofunikira kumanga nyumba zovuta za ma hydraulic - ngalande, maloko, zimbudzi zam'madzi otetemera, komanso kupanga malo osungirako zinthu kumathandizanso kuti nyengo yamizinda ndi yamatawuni ikhale.Mzindawu ndi wokulirapo, ma hydraulic malo akulu ndikofunikira kupanga mkati mwake ndi kupitilira.

Cities ndi ogula chachikulu zachilengedwe, choncho, madera aakulu cha kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe. M'mizinda yonse yayikulu, zovuta zovuta zotaya zinyalala zimabuka. Ndi gawo laling'ono lokha lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pobwezeretsanso mbewu. Ndi zina zinyalala ayenera kutayidwa mu landfills. Malo akuluakulu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa malo m'tawuni, momwe ukhondo ndi ukhondo zimakonzedwa. Zowerengeka zonyalala zimasinthira modabwitsa momwe njira zachilengedwe zimakhalira m'madera akuluakulu oyandikira. Pachifukwa ichi, ena maofesi m'chilengedwe mizinda ali inawonongedwa ndi kutumikira monga gwero la ngozi kwa anthu. Pambuyo podzaza m'gawo lomwe linayalidwa zinyalala, dothi lawoteralo limakutidwa ndi dothi losachepera mita atatu. Koma, ngakhale izi zili choncho, malo onse achitetezo ndiwopseza thanzi la anthu komanso nyama. Pansi pa madera akuluakulu ndi zakhudzana ndi poizoni ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Kwa zaka makumi angapo, palibe chomwe chingamangidwe ndikuchita ulimi m'magawo awa. Njira yachilendo yogwiritsira ntchito zinyalala zomanga ndikupanga mapiri ochita kupanga kuchokera pamenepo. Malo okwera mamita makumi ambiri amathiridwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zomanga. A wosanjikiza nthaka udzathiridwa pamwamba pa iwo ndi udzu afesedwa. Zitunda zoterezi zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ski ndi toboggan. Amathandizanso kupindika. nyumba zimenezi m'mizinda yambiri ya Ulaya, m'madera angapo Moscow.

Mizinda yayikulu imathandizira malo achilengedwe a m'munsi mwa mafunde amlengalenga. Mphepo zimanyamula mpweya waku mzindawu kwa makumi komanso ngakhale ma kilomita mazana. mpweya uyu ali zimakhudzanso zigawo zambiri za chikhalidwe cha mabusa, makamaka pa zomera.

Kuzungulira mizindayi chifukwa chakuchotsa fumbi mumlengalenga, kuwonongeka kwa matalala kumachitika. Madera okhala ndi chipale chodetsa ngati ichi ndi akulu kangapo kuposa madera amizinda yomwe. The contours ya chisanu m'dera zakhudzana kuzungulira mizinda ndi kasinthidwe osiyana. Kukula kwakukulu, zimatengera komwe kukuwomba mphepo zomwe zikuwomba. Chipale chofewa chimanyezimiritsa 70-90% ya zomwe zimachitika pozungulira ndi dzuwa. Chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa, reflectivity ake amachepetsa ndi nthawi ziwiri kapena zitatu. Chifukwa chake, chipale chodetsedwa chimatenga ma radiation ochulukirapo dzuwa ndikusungunuka mwachangu kuposa oyera.

M'madera okhala m'mizinda yapadziko lapansi, mizimu yoipitsidwa imatha kuphatikizana, ndikupanga mitambo yayikulu ya utsi. Woopsawo Chifunga za m'mlengalenga ndi malo a masauzande makilomita lalikulu nthawi limapezeka kopo- m'madera ambiri mafakitale America ndi Ulaya. Mitambo yambiri yautsi imatulukira pamalo awa pamene pali anyezi wamkulu pamwamba pawo. Pakadali pano, mafunde amlengalenga ndipo mpweya wabwino umakhala mumlengalenga. Chifukwa, zoipitsa kudziunjikira mu mlengalenga m'munsi pa malo wonse mafakitale ndi yaikulu utsi mitambo zimachitika. M'matawuni onse, ma radiation a dzuwa amachepa, komanso zochitika zachilengedwe zikuwonongeka.

1.2 Zothandizira pazachuma komanso zachuma.

Resource ndi mavuto a zachuma chifukwa cha lalikulu ntchito sikelo zachilengedwe, processing awo ndi mapangidwe zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo zotha ntchito zapoizoni.

Zachilengedwe zakukula kwamatauni m'derali zimaphatikizapo zinthu zonse zachilengedwe: miyala, nthaka ndi pansi, dothi lamlengalenga, nthaka, masamba, nyama zamtchire.Zinthu zonsezi zimatha: malo osungira madzi oyera ndi mpweya, malo omwe nthaka imabzalidwa, komanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazamoyo imachepa. Mofananamo, mawonekedwe awo amawonongeka. Izi zimakhudzidwa ndi kulowererapo mwachindunji kwa anthu m'chilengedwe kudzera mukutukuka kwa mizinda, komanso momwe mitundu ingapo yamavuto.

Munthawi yakutukuka kwa mafakitale, mizindayi idasandukira mafakitole ndi mbewu - zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zidabweretsedwa (inde, kuti anthu kapena zolengedwa zina sizingakumanane ndi chilengedwe), zidayamba kugwira ntchito ndipo zinyalala zakupopera zidaponyedwa mlengalenga. kapena machitidwe onunkhira, adalowa m'matupi amadzi, amawayipitsa, komanso nthawi yomweyo dothi ndi madzi apansi, poyizoni mumzinda omwe adawononga ...

Mukuchitika kwa mzinda, njira zachilengedwe zachilengedwe zinayamba pang'onopang'ono koma mosadukiza, kayendedwe kazinthu kanasintha, ndipo mphamvu zinagawidwanso. Kubwera kwa mafakitale amakankhwala, izi zakula kwambiri. Mofanananso ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale, zoyendetsa (madzi, njanji, mapaipi, mapaipi) zopangidwa moyenerera, zomwe zimaphatikizanso kuwononga chilengedwe. Zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zophatikizira, zomwe kale zimapumira pazakuya kwakukuru kwa zaka 10-100000 ndipo osalowa nawo gawo lazinthu zogwira ntchito, tsopano zangokhala pamtunda wambiri ndikuchita nawo njira zachilengedwe chifukwa cha kukonzanso, kuwotcha, oxidation, kusungunuka, ndi zina zambiri. Izi sizingakhudze thanzi la anthu omwe amalumikizana nawo mwachindunji, ndipo pali anthu ochulukirapo chaka chilichonse, makamaka m'mizinda, pama mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Mkati mwa zaka zathu zapitazi, anthu adayamba kulimbana kwambiri ndi mafakitale ndi mafakitale angapo kuti ayeretse madzi ndi mpweya m'mizinda. Malingaliro pamavuto oteteza malo onse amatauni asintha kwathunthu. Malamulo adayamba kuperekedwa oletsa okhazikika, akumakakamiza kuyeretsa ndi kutayitsa zinyalala pakupanga. Mafakitale owononga zinthu kwambiri anayamba kuchotsedwa mu mzindawu, ndipo nthawi zambiri kuchokera kudzikolo.

Kukula kwa mizinda kukupitilizabe, dera la mizinda yayikulu limachulukirachulukira, mizinda yatsopano ikubwera, koma kuthamanga kwa mizinda kukuchepa pang'ono pang'onopang'ono m'zaka makumi zapitazi. Komabe, mizindayo ikupitilizabe, ngakhale pang'ono pang'onopang'ono, kuyenda uku ndi uku padziko lapansi, kulanda madera ochulukirapo. Mwachitsanzo, kwa nthawi ya 1950-70gg. gawo la mizinda 15 ikuluikulu kwambiri yam'mizinda. Koma ngakhale mwachangu m'mizinda ndikugwiritsa ntchito magetsi ndi kutentha, komanso kuchuluka kwa magalimoto. Chifukwa chake, inaligalimoto yomwe idakhala imodzi mwa zakuphwanya kwambiri chilengedwe. Fumbi la mphira kuchokera pakuwasungunula ndi iwo limalowa mumlengalenga pachaka kuchokera pamakina aliwonse mpaka 10 kg. Ndipo ndi zinthu zochuluka motani za poizoni zomwe zimatulutsidwa kuchokera paipi yopopera, mpweya wambiri umakidwa ndi makinawo ndi mpweya wa kaboni ndi mpweya wotulutsa kaboni monoxide umatulutsidwa, ndipo zimangokhala kuti mpweya umawotchedwa ndi injini (kutentha kwa makina osunthira 100,000 kuli kofanana ndi kutentha kwa malita a madzi otentha). Ndipo mpweya wotsogola kuchokera ku mapaipi amoto otayika mu thupi la mwana ungayambitse kusokonezeka kwa ubongo ndi kubwereranso m'maganizo, pomwe mizindonso imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa zeb, asbestos ndi zina zambiri, osanenapo kuchuluka kwa radiation.

1.3 Kuipitsa mpweya.

M'mizinda yonse yapadziko lonse lapansi mumakhala kuwonongeka kwa mpweya chifukwa cha fumbi. Ndipo izi ndizowopsa, chifukwa thanzi la anthu limatengera mlengalenga.

Mpweya wa mizinda umasiyanasiyana kumidzi mosiyanasiyana mowononga mpweya komanso fumbi. Mabizinesi ambiri, malo owotchera moto, magalimoto amatulutsira fumbi lalikulu mumlengalenga. Chifukwa cha kusakanikirana kowonjezereka kwa mizinda, tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timakwera pamwamba pa kilomita ndipo timagawidwa makhumi ndi mazana makilomita kuchokera kumagwero oyipitsa. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri nthawi zambiri samakwera pamwamba pamamita mazana angapo. Chifukwa chake, nyengo yofatsa, dongo limapangika mlengalenga, likuyandama ngati chipilala pamwamba pa mzindawo pamalo okwera 300-500m. Danga ili, lomwe limapachikika pamizinda ikuluikulu, limachepetsa kuwononga dzuwa, limachepetsa nthawi yotentha.Pamenepa, mwambiri, m'mizinda yayikulu yapadziko lonse lapansi, ma radiation a dzuwa adatsika poyerekeza ndi chiyambi cha zaka zana ndi 10-30%. Kuchulukitsa kwa ma radiation a ultraviolet kunacheperanso kwambiri, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti zinthu zambiri za mabakiteriya azisamba.

Fumbi lopangidwa ndi mabizinesi angapo am'mafakitale ndi mbewu zotenthetsera, magalimoto, zimachulukitsa modabwitsa kuchuluka kwa omwe amadziwika kuti ndende. (Tizilombo tomwe timayang'aniranapo ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timalovu tomwe timapanga madzi ochokera mumlengalenga). Zothandiza makamaka monga ma nuclei ndizotsalira za tinthu tokhala ndi sulufule ndi mankhwala ena a nayitrogeni, omwe amayimiridwa kwambiri mlengalenga la mizinda. Zotsatira zake, mizinda yayikulu imadziwika ndi kuchuluka kwamitambo, mitambo komanso mafumbi.

Kuphatikiza pa fumbi, mpweya wapoizoni umalowa m'mizinda. Zomwe zimatulutsa kwambiri ndizophatikiza ndi sulufule. Mwa iwo, sulfuric anhydride imakhala pamalo oyamba malinga ndi kawopsedwe. Imalowa mlengalenga mukayatsa malasha, mafuta amafuta ndi gasi m'nyumba. Kudziwitsani mosalekeza ndi mankhwala ena a sulfure, ngakhale otsika kwambiri, kumayipa kapena kuwononga kukula kwa mbewu. Nthambi zowuma za ma pine, masamba opukutika, masamba ndi zofiirira, masamba owala ndi masingano - zonsezi ndi chizindikiro cha mapangidwe apamwamba a sulufule mumlengalenga.

Mamilioni mamilimita a kaboni monoxide ndi nayitrogeni amaponyedwa m'misewu yamizinda. M'malo omwe makamaka magalimoto ambiri amasonkhana, zomwe zimakhala mumtunduwu zimafika pamiyeso yowopsa. Mukayimirira kwinakwake pamsewu tsiku lonse wogwira ntchito ngati wapolisi amene amayang'anira, mudzalandira zinthu zambiri zoyipa monga zili ndudu 5 za ndudu. Chifukwa chake onse 100% am'matauni amasuta, kaya akufuna kapena ayi. Chifukwa chake, m'mizinda kuchuluka kwa matenda ndi imfa zikuchulukirachulukira. Komanso pali zochitika zina zomwe zimayambitsidwa ndi zochita za anthu. Izi zikuphatikiza ma smog osiyanasiyana. Pakuwuka kwa smog, mikhalidwe ina ndiyofunikira: mpweya wambiri wa mafakitale ndi mayendedwe ndi fumbi lomwe limatulutsidwa mu mlengalenga wamzindawu, nyengo yamphepo komanso mafunde am'munsi otsika. Ma smog amabwera m'mitundu ingapo. Chofala kwambiri ndi chonyowa chonyowa, chomwe chimatchedwa London kapena chakuda. Ngati mwala wokuyamwa utayikiridwa pamwamba pa mzindawo, mipweya yonse ya poizoni ndi fumbi imasonkhana pamtunda wa mita 100-200 ndikuwonetsa chifunga chakuda chautoto wachikasu. Fungo louma limasiyana ndi smog yonyowa yoyambira komanso malo. Zimachitika mu nyengo youma m'mizinda yomwe ma antanticclones amayikidwa nthawi zambiri. Ndi mtambo wopanda mitambo, kuthilira kwamphamvu kwambiri kwa moto wamagalimoto ndi mpweya wa mafakitale zimachitika. Zotsatira zake, zinthu zatsopano zimatuluka zomwe zimaposa kawopsedwe wawo kwa zoyipitsidwa zoyambirira. Chifukwa cha kuwuma kwa mlengalenga, fungo lamtunduwu silimapanga chifunga chambiri, koma limawoneka ngati bulu wamdima. Mtundu wapadera wa fulu ndi utsi kapena utsi waku Atlantic. Amapezeka m'mizinda ya Arctic ndi Subarctic pamtunda wotsika komanso nyengo yabwino. Pankhaniyi, mpweya wampweya ngakhale pang'ono pazakuda zomwe zimayikidwa m'malo opangira zinthu zimayambitsa kupangidwe kwa chifunga chambiri, chomwe chimakhala ndi makhiristo a ayisi ndi sulufule. Zosuta za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndizodziwika bwino m'mizinda yambiri padziko lapansi.

Njira zosiyanasiyana zimatengedwa m'mizinda kuti muteteze mpweya kuti usawonongedwe. Njira imodzi yofala ndikuchotsa zoipitsa kutali ndi malo omwe amatulutsa ndikotheka. Izi zimatheka pomanga mapaipi okwera m'mafakitale ndi malo opangira mafuta. Mapaipi amatulutsa mwaye, phulusa ndi mipweya kulowa mumlengalenga, yomwe imayenda nawo mtunda wautali kuchokera kumalo opumira ndikumawabalalitsa mu mpweya waukulu. Zosefera zamtunduwu zimayikidwanso pamapayipi, omwe amachepetsa mpweya wabwino. Komabe, njira zonsezi sizingathetse vuto lathunthu loteteza mpweya.Zosefera zimayambitsa kudzikundikira kwa unyinji waukulu wa zinthu zoyipa zomwe ziyenera kusungidwa kwina. Nthawi yomweyo, pali kuwonongeka kwa dothi, pamtunda ndi pansi pamadzi mu mzindawo ndi malo ake. Gawo la zodetsa sizigwidwa pazosefera ndikulowa mlengalenga. Chifukwa chake, pakati pa mabizinesi akampani, malo opangira mafuta ndi malo okhala ayenera kukhala malo otetezera omwe ali ndi malo obiriwira, omwe amayeretsa mpweya wa fumbi, amasintha kapangidwe kake kagesi, komanso kuchepetsa phokoso.

Gawo lalikulu la kuwonongeka kwa mizinda ndi magalimoto. Pamodzi ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto, kuchuluka kwa kuwononga mpweya kukukulirakulira. Asayansi ndi mainjiniya akufuna njira zosiyanasiyana zochepetsera mavuto oyipa a magalimoto pamlengalenga. Amapanga mapaipi opopera ogwiritsa ntchito makina okhala ndi zosefera, amasintha kapangidwe ka injini, komanso amafufuza zinthu zopanda mafuta ngati mafuta. Magalimoto yamagetsi ochezeka, ma trams ndi ma trolleybus. Zofunika kwambiri pakuchepetsa kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndi magalimoto zimapangidwa ndi zoyendera ndi ma engineering. Kupanga kwa kayendedwe ka mayendedwe - magalimoto ndi zopitilira muyeso kumachepetsa kuwonongeka kwa misewu yayikulu ndi mpweya wamagalimoto. Mizere ndi magalimoto opitilira amatha kukupatsani mayendedwe ataliatali ndipo potero amachepetsa mpweya wotuluka.

Njira yapadera yakuwononga mpweya wam'mizinda ndi phokoso. Phokoso nthawi zambiri limatchedwa kuti phokoso lomwe limabweretsa kusokonekera komanso kukhumudwitsa ziwalo zomva. Kukhala chete kwathunthu kumachitika kwa munthu moyenera monga kuwononga phokoso. Pafupifupi pamzinda, ma decibel 55 amadziwika kuti ndi phokoso masana. Koma m'mizinda yayikulu mulingo wake ndi wokwera kwambiri. M'misewu yayikulu yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pamsewu, phokoso limaposa ma decibel 80. Ndi phokoso lowonjezereka mwa munthu, kumva kumachepetsedwa, kuthamanga kwa magazi, mitsempha imayamba, komanso kukhazikika kwa machitidwe kumapangidwa. Phokoso losunthidwa osati ndi mpweya koma ndi nyumba zomanga limatchedwa kugwedezeka. Gwero la kugwedezeka ndi mizere yopanda pansi, mizera yama tramu, njanji ndi magalimoto. Popewa kugwedezeka, nyumba zogona zikhala 25-30m. kuchokera tramu ndi 50m. Kuchokera pama njanji.

Njira zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pothana ndi phokoso m'mizinda. M'mizinda yambiri, njinga zamagalimoto ndizoletsedwa. Mphamvu yokhala ndi phokoso lalikulu imapangidwa ndi malo obiriwira m'misewu yayitali ndi njanji, mitengo yozungulira nyumba. Njira zoponderezera bwino nyumba zanyumba zapangidwa. Zipinda zogona m'zipinda ziyenera kuyikidwa pambali ya mabwalo.

MALANGIZO

Mizinda ndi chilengedwe chachikulu cha malingaliro ndi manja a anthu. Ali ndi gawo lodziwikiratu mdera lomwe anthu amakhala. Amakhala ngati kalilole wa mayiko ndi zigawo zawo. Mizinda yotsogola imatchedwa malo auzimu a anthu komanso njira zopitira patsogolo ”- mawonekedwe odziwika bwino a mzindawu adaperekedwa ndi George Mikhailovich Lappo m'buku lake" Geography of Cities ".

Palibe amene angagwirizane naye. Zowonadi, kutukuka kwam'mizinda komanso kuchuluka kwa anthu kumakhala ndi gawo lalikulu m'moyo wadziko lililonse.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino pakupititsa patsogolo kwakhazikika kwamizinda yamakono, kuchuluka kwamizinda, kuthamanga kwa kuchuluka kwa okhalamo, kuchuluka kwa mizinda m'magulu, kusintha kwamidzi kumatauni, komanso kusamuka kwa anthu akumidzi kupita kumizinda.

Kugwirizana kwa nkhaniyi ndi motere:

nzika zambiri padziko lapansi zimabadwa nzika

kumayambiriro kwa zaka chikwi chachitatu, anthu mabiliyoni asanu ndi theka kuchokera mwa anthu mabiliyoni asanu ndi awiri amakhala m'mizinda.

kutukuka kumakhudza nyengo zachilengedwe.

1. KULIMBITSA KWA MZIMU

Malo okhala kumatauni ndi lingaliro lovuta.Kuwerenga za malo ndi zomwe madera amatawuni amatsegula njira yodziwitsa mzindawu, zomwe zimadziwika ngati chodabwitsa. Malo amatauni ndi gawo lofunikira pazomwe zingatheke mzindawu. Zimakuthandizani kuti muzindikire kuthekera kokulenga kwamtundu wa anthu ndikuthandizira kudzikundikira kwa mphamvu zamagulu kuti mupite patsogolo.

Malo amatauni ndi kuphatikiza kwa njira zingapo zosiyanasiyana zamalumikizidwe, mitundu ndi njira zolumikizirana, kulumikizana kuzidziwitso zosiyanasiyana. Chofunikira chake ndikukula mosiyanasiyana. IYE. Yanitsky akumaliza kuti kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi ndi ukadaulo sikungapangike popanda kulumikizana komanso kulumikizana kosiyanasiyana. Kusiyanasiyana kumapanga mwayi wopezera munthu dziko lopanda chikhalidwe. Madera akumatauni ndiwo amachititsa chidwi cha mzinda waukulu.

Madera akumatauni ali ndi zochitika zambiri. Amapangidwa zakuthupi (zinthu za mzindawo ndi chilengedwe), komanso zinthu zauzimu. Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi zomwe chilengedwe chimachokera. Ndipo nthawi yomweyo, ndizowonjezera zachilengedwe. Kuphatikizidwa kwa anthuwa kumakhudza kwambiri mkhalidwe ndi zinthu zachilengedwe.

Mbali zauzimu zauzimu zamatawuni zimakhala ndi zolemba zambiri. Mizinda yodabwitsa monga St. Petersburg, Moscow, Paris ili ndi "ambiri owerenga" - ngwazi za ntchito zomwe nthawi zonse zimakhala mumzinda wina. Petersburg wa Pushkin, Gogol, Dostoevsky, Blok - uyu ndiye Petersburg wa ngwazi zawo.

Kuphatikizika kwa kapangidwe kake ndi zovuta za mzindawo zimalumikizidwa ndi zinthu monga kusalinganika, zovuta, zododometsa. Mzindawu ndiwopikisana nawo gulu ladziko lapansi. Zotsutsana zimabadwa m'mbuyomu, zimaphatikizidwa m'chigawo chake. Amatha kufooketsedwa ndi malamulo owaganizira, kapena amatha kukulitsidwa ndi zolakwika ndi zolakwika za oyang'anira ndi opanga. Koma muzu wa zovuta ndi zotsutsana ndizongokhala machitidwe a anthu. Zotsutsana komanso zovuta zimayambitsidwa ndi mzinda womwewo.

Zida zamumizinda zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, pakati pake zomwe zimatsutsana - mtundu wa mpikisano wa ntchito. Pali mkangano pakati pa mafakitale akale ndi atsopano. Magawo osiyanasiyana a anthuwa amapanga zofuna zosiyanasiyana pa bungwe lamatawuni, amayesetsa kulipanga mogwirizana ndi zofuna zawo, zokonda ndi malingaliro awo. Mzindawu, ukukulira kukula, popeza umakula chifukwa cha zovala zolimba zomwe zakhala kwa iye. Misewu yokhala yochepera kwambiri, osatha kudutsa kuchuluka kwamagalimoto ambiri. Malowa sathanirana ndi kukonzanso mzindawo komanso mzinda. Mphamvu yakugwiritsa ntchito machitidwe imatha.

Metropolis ndi kachitidwe, koma kachitidweko ndizowoneka modabwitsa. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana za metropolis zikukula mosiyanasiyana. Pali zolakwika pamakina, kuphwanya kuchuluka ndikutsatira pazinthu zomwe zimapanga megalopolis. Ngakhale, pamene mzinda wakale ukupangidwira, kuchuluka ndi kufanana kwawo kumatsimikiziridwa pamaziko a kuwerengera mosamala.

Urbanization, kumbali imodzi, imasintha moyo wokhalamo, kumbali inayo, imayambitsa kusamukira kwachilengedwe ndi opanga zinthu, kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa katundu, mphamvu zathupi ndi zamaganizidwe amunthu.

Metropolis amasintha pafupifupi magawo onse achilengedwe - chilengedwe, udzu, dothi, topography, ma hydrographic network, madzi apansi panthaka, nyengo komanso nyengo. Njira yakufalikira kwam'mizinda, yomwe idapangidwa makamaka ndi chitukuko cha kupanga chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso chikhalidwe cha anthu, ilinso ndi zotsatira zambiri pachitukuko ndikugawa kwa ntchito m'dera lina, kusintha magwiridwe ake azachuma ndi zachuma, zidziwitso za anthu, ndi machitidwe a chitukuko.

Nthawi zonse munthu amalota za tsogolo labwino.Kuyambira nthawi zakale, adasinthika zokha kapena mwaukadaulo ndikusintha maonekedwe okhala. Mphamvu za mizindayi sizodabwitsa konse, chifukwa ali ndi chuma chomwe sichimayamikiridwa nthawi zonse - nyumba, nyumba za anthu, malo owonetsera masewera, mabwalo a masewera, misewu, milatho, mapaipi ndi mapaki.

Megalopolis pamapeto pake imawonetsa mtundu wa anthu, kutsutsana kwake, zoyipa zake ndi zosiyana.

Megacities ndi malo azandale komanso azikhalidwe. Iwo adayambika nthawi yaukapolo, yomwe idayamba pansi paukadaulo komanso capitalism. Njira yakuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu mu megacities imathamanga kwambiri kuposa kukula kwa chiwerengero chonse. Malinga ndi UN, kuchuluka kwa anthu akumatauni padziko lapansi kumawonjezeka pachaka ndi 4% pachaka.

Kutuluka kwa megalopolises kumatanthauza kumangidwanso kwamadera akulu a Dziko Lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo, maiwe am'mlengalenga ndi amadzi, malo obiriwira amavutika, zolumikizira zimasokonekera, zomwe zimabweretsa chisokonezo m'njira zonse. Mizinda yambiri ikukula kotero kuti sangathenso kukhala pamtunda ndikuyamba "kukwawa munyanja."

Njira zoyendetsera anthu m'mizinda ndizosapeweka ndipo m'mbali zake ndi zabwino. Koma kapangidwe ka mzinda wabwino kwambiri, zomwe zimapangidwa "," ndikupanga mzinda "zinasemphana ndi cholinga cha mzindawu komanso ntchito yake pakusintha miyoyo ya anthu.

Mizinda ikuluikulu yamakono, makamaka megalopolises, yakukulira mosiyanasiyana, kuphatikiza malo okhala, magulu angapo asayansi ndi aboma, mabizinesi opanga maofesi ndi magalimoto othandizira, kukulira, kukulira, kuphatikiza, kuphatikiza ndi kuwononga chilengedwe cha Dziko lapansi. Mizinda yamakono yokhala ndi mafakitale, makamaka m'mizinda ina yayikulu, nthawi zambiri mumakhala konkire zambiri, phulusa, utsi, poizoni. Pansipa tikambirana mavuto angapo a mzinda, komanso chitetezo cham'mizinda.

Umunthu pakachitika moyo umakhudzanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachilengedwe. Zitsanzo za izi, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala zowopsa, zimakhudzidwa ndi kukokoloka, kudula mitengo, kuwononga gawo la ozone, kuzungulira kwa mitsinje, kutaya zinyalala m'malo mwachilengedwe. Mwakutero, munthu amawononga ziwonetsero zomwe zilipo mokhazikika, zomwe zimatha kutsogola kwake, ndiye kuti, kuwonongeka kwachilengedwe.

Pansipa tikambirana chimodzi mwazovuta za zochita za anthu pa chilengedwe - vuto la zinyalala zamumizinda.

Dera lirilonse lalikulu, lomwe ndi gawo lomwe lili ndi chilengedwe komanso mtundu wina wa chitukuko cha zachuma, liyenera kulingaliridwa mwapadera monga lingaliro lazachilengedwe. Kufunika kwa kusanthula kwachilengedwe kwachitika chifukwa chakuti zotsatira zake ndizothandiza kwambiri (mavuto amalo "ali pafupi" ndi munthu kuposa mavuto adziko, bara kapena pulaneti. Kuphatikiza apo, chilengedwe cha zigawo zimatsimikizira mkhalidwe wapadziko lonse lapansi wa zinthu zachilengedwe.

1.4 Mavuto a Anthropoecological.

Mavuto a anthropoecological amakhudzana ndi thanzi la anthu okhala m'mizinda. Kusintha malo okhala kumatauni kukhala koyipa kumayambitsa matenda osiyanasiyana mwa anthu. Chikhalidwe komanso zofunikira zaumunthu, zopangidwa zaka masauzande ambiri, sizingasinthe mwachangu momwe dziko lapansi akukhalamo. Kusamvana pakati pa njirazi kumatha kuyambitsa mikangano pakati pa chilengedwe cha munthu ndi chilengedwe.

Pakati pamavuto anthropoecological, malo apadera amatanganidwa ndi vuto lazolowera chilengedwe, kusinthasintha kwa thupi la munthu ndikusintha kwake. Kusintha ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira za amoyo. Nthawi zambiri zimadziwika ndi lingaliro lamoyo.

Munthu monga cholengedwa amakhala ndi malire pochepetsetsa pakusintha chilengedwe. Komabe, chifukwa cha zovala, nyumba ndi zinthu zina, amatha kukhala m'magawo osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi. Udindo wofunikira umaseweredwa ndi njira zamaganizidwe osinthira pamagulu, malingaliro amoyo wambiri.

Phokoso lalikulu la moyo wamatauni, kuchuluka kwachidziwitso komanso kuthamanga kwa mayendedwe kunayambitsa "matenda achitukuko" ambiri. Pakati pawo, choopsa chachikulu ndikugonjetsedwa kwamtima. Nzika zakhala zikuchulukirachulukira kuposa momwe zidalili kale ndi vuto la matenda oopsa, arteriosclerosis, infaration ya myocardial.

Chowopseza m'moyo wathu wam'mzindawu sichitha. Kusuntha ndikofunikira kwambiri kwachilengedwe kwa chitukuko cha ntchito zonse zathupi. Anthu omwe amakhala moyo wongokhala, ali ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, koposa zonse, nthenda ya mtima.

Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumayambitsa matenda ambiri opuma. Mlingo wamatenda owopsa nawonso ukukula. M'mizinda yamafakitale, kuchuluka kwa odwala kumayambira 10 mpaka 20%, pomwe akumidzi ndi 2-4%. Metabolism imasokonekera mthupi, matenda am'mimba komanso oncological ndiofala. Nzika zambiri zimadwala matenda amzindawu: mkhalidwe wopsinjika, kusalingalira bwino.

Mumzindawu, bambo amakumana ndi zoopsa zosiyanasiyana kuyambira mbali yoyenda mothamanga kwambiri komanso mayendedwe ambiri, komanso kuchokera kumtundu wothamanga kwambiri - katundu wambiri wama psychogenic, kusinja kwa nkhope, kutsatsa. Mzindawu ukuwonjezekanso phokoso lakwiyitsa (kachiwiri kuchokera kumagalimoto kupita ku zida zina - ma alamu olakwika, kugwedezeka kwa tramu, kubangula kwa magalimoto akuluakulu). Magulu masauzande a phokoso: pambuyo pa zonse, izi sizimalandiridwa kapena zolandirira matepi, phokoso ku ndege yonyamuka kapena kupita kumtunda, etc. Zonsezi zimabweretsa kutopa kwakuchulukirapo, kuchepa kwa ntchito zamaganizo, matenda amthupi komanso amanjenje. Sayansi, yomwe imakhudzana ndi phokoso lachilengedwe komanso lopangidwa ndi anthu lomwe limakhudza psyche ndi thanzi la anthu, chikhalidwe chokhazikika pazachilengedwe komanso zopanga, chimatchedwa audioecology.

Munthu monga mtundu adatulukira m'malo opanda phokoso kwambiri. Mitundu yamitundu yachilengedwe idamzungulira iye kuyambira koyamba. Kunali mkokomo wa mphepo komanso kung'ung'udza kwamadzi, kuwonongeka kwa mwala komanso mabingu, kuyimba kwa mbalame ndi kulira kwa nyama. Onsewo adasaina zochitika zofunikira zachilengedwe ndipo, motero, kumva kwake kumakhala kumamvekedwa ku mawu awa. Akhala gawo lofunikira m'dera la anthu. Ndipo kufunika kwa zizindikilo zotere kuzimiririka (kapena kuchepera), adasungabe zabwino zawo kwa iye ndi psyche yake. Mphamvuzi zilipobe mpaka pano. Ichi ndichifukwa chake timakonda phokoso lachilengedwe ndipo sanatiberekeko.

Chinthu china ndi mawu opangidwa ndi anthu. Amatiperekeza kwa zaka ziwiri zokha - gawo lofunika kwambiri m'mbiri yathu. Ndipo sitinakhale nazo zizolowezi. Ndi makutu athu. Zili zovulaza komanso zosamveka kwa ife.

2 Njira zothetsera mavuto

Pafupifupi zaka 500 isanafike nthawi yathu ino, lamulo loyamba lalamulo lidaperekedwa ku Atene loletsa kuponyera zinyalala m'misewu, kupatsa bungwe mabungwe ogwiritsa ntchito mwapadera komanso kulamula amuna azotaya zinyalala osayandikira mtunda woposa kilomita imodzi kuchokera mumzinda.

Kuyambira pamenepo, zinyalala zakhala zikusungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana osungira kumidzi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mizindayi, madera aufulu komwe amakhala pafupi nawo adatsika, ndipo kununkhira kosasangalatsa, kuchuluka kwa makoswe omwe adayamba chifukwa cha kubedwa kwa malo, kudakhala kosatheka. Zinyalala zochokera m'malo ena zidasinthidwa m'malo mwa zinyalala.

Pafupifupi 90% ya zinyalala ku USA idakali kutayidwa. Koma zowononga pamtunda ku United States zikudzaza msanga, ndipo kuopa kuipitsidwa ndi madzi apansi pano kumawapangitsa kukhala anansi osafunika.Mchitidwewu wakakamiza anthu m'malo ambiri mdziko muno kuti asiye kumwa madzi azitsime. Pofuna kuchepetsa ngozizi, akuluakulu aku Chicago mu Ogasiti 1984 adalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo achitetezo chatsopano mpaka mtundu wina wowunikira womwe upangidwe womwe umayang'anira kayendedwe ka methane, chifukwa ngati sichilamulidwa, chikhoza kuphulika.

Ngakhale kuponyera pamtunda ndi ntchito yodula. Kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1987 Mtengo wowonongera zinthu ku United States wakwera kuchoka pa $ 20 mpaka $ 90 pa toni imodzi.

M'malo okhala anthu ambiri ku Europe, njira yodzaza malo, yomwe imafuna malo akuluakulu kwambiri ndikuthandizira pakuwonongeka kwa madzi apansi panthaka, idakondedwa ndi ina - yoyaka.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mwala kwa zimbidwa zonyansa koyesedwa kudayesedwa ku Nottingham, England, mu 1874. Kulowa m'malo mwake kunachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi 70-90%, kutengera kapangidwe kake, motero idakumananso ndi mbali zonse za Atlantic. Mizinda yokhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso ofunika kwambiri posakhalitsa idayambitsa zoyeserera. Kutentha komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi zinyalala zoyaka kunayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mphamvu zamagetsi, koma sikuti pena paliponse mapulojekitiyi amatha kupereka zifukwa zowonongera ndalama. Mtengo wokwera ungakhale woyenera ngati sipakanakhala njira yotsika yamaliro. Mizinda yambiri yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito malowedwe amenewa posakhalitsa idawasiya chifukwa chakuwuma kwa mpweya. Landfill imakhalabe njira imodzi yotchuka yothanirana ndi vutoli.

Njira yabwino kwambiri yothanirana ndi vutoli ndi kukonzanso zinyalala za m'matauni. Njira zazikulu zotsatirazi zakonzedwa: zinthu zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza feteleza, nsalu ndi mapepala zinyalala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pepala latsopano, zitsulo zopanda kanthu zimatumizidwa kuti zisungunuke. Vuto lalikulu pokonza ndi kukonza zinyalala ndi kupanga njira zamatekinoloje pokonzekera.

Kutha kwachuma kwa njira zotayirira zinyalala kumadalira mtengo wa njira zina zochotsera, udindo wa zinthu zomwe zitha kubwezeretsedwanso pamsika ndi mtengo wake. Kwa zaka zambiri, kasamalidwe ka zinyalala kamakhala kolepheretsa malingaliro kuti amakhulupirira kuti bizinesi iliyonse iyenera kukhala yopindulitsa. Koma zidayiwalika kuti kubwezeretsanso, poyerekeza ndi kuyika maliro ndi kuwotcha, ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yothanirana ndi vutoli, chifukwa pamafunika ndalama zothandizira maboma. Kuphatikiza apo, imapulumutsa mphamvu ndikuteteza chilengedwe. Ndipo popeza mtengo wolipiritsa kutaya kwa nthaka ukukulira chifukwa cha miyezo yolimba, ndipo masitovu ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso kwangozi kwa chilengedwe, ntchito yobwezeretsanso zinyalala imakula pang'onopang'ono.

2.1 Malo obiriwira m'mizinda

Kupezeka kwa malo obiriwira m'mizinda ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zachilengedwe. Malo obiriwira amayeretsa mlengalenga, kuwongolera mpweya, kuchepetsa phokoso, kupewa maboma amphepo yamkuntho, kuwonjezera apo, kubiriwira m'mizinda kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamkhalidwe wamunthu. Nthawi yomweyo malo obiriwira amayenera kukhala pafupi kwambiri ndi malo omwe akukhalako, pokhapokha amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zachilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, ku Novosibirsk palibe zochita zomwe zimatengedwa kubisa mzindawo, koma m'malo mwake, mitengo idulidwa kuti imangidwe ndi zosowa zina.

M'matawuni, malo obiriwira amakhala osagwirizana kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, m'mizinda yambiri, ndi Siberia sizili choncho, kupatsidwa malo okhala nzika zokhala pakati kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa komwe kumakhala kunja kwa iwo (Pervomaisky, Zaeltsovsky district in Novosibirsk).Zikuwonekeratu kuti zigawo zikuluzikulu zamizinda ndizovuta kupeza malo ochulukirapo kapena owonjezera pakukulitsa malo obiriwira, zochulukirapo muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wopezekapo. Apa, zomwe zingakulimbikitseni kwambiri ndikupanga munda wokhazikika, njira zomwe ndizambiri.

Ntchito zomanga zobiriwira m'malo opanga nyumba zatsopano zili ndi zovuta zaukadaulo komanso zachuma. Mtengo wowononga malo mahekitala 1 am'deralo umawononga ma ruble 20,000, ndikuyika udzu m'dera lomweli - rubles 6,000. Kulima minda yazing'ono kungakhale okwera mtengo kwambiri, kufikira ma ruble 10,000. pa 1 m2. Zikuwonekeratu kuti pamapeto pake ndizotsika mtengo komanso kosavuta kuyang'ana gawo la bwalo kuposa kubiriwira. Mwaukadaulo, zomangamanga zobiriwira zimalephereka chifukwa cha madera atsopano a nyumba zatsopano komanso kutaya zinyalala zomanga m'nthaka. Komabe, kubiriwira kotheka kwa malo a m'tawuni ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zachilengedwe m'mizinda.

Kutsiliza kupenda za zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa chilengedwe kukhala m'mizinda, tiyeni tilingalire zavuto linanso lolingana ndi chilengedwe cha anthu. Zomwe zimapangitsa malo okhala mtawuni zawonetsedwa pamwambapa, munthawi ino, munthu wamkulu wokhala mumzinda waukulu masabata amakhala nthawi yayitali m'malo otetezedwa - maola 9 akugwira ntchito, 10-12 - kunyumba komanso osachepera ola limodzi m'mayendedwe, mashopu ndi malo ena aboma. Chifukwa chake, munthu amalumikizana mwachindunji ndi chilengedwe cha mzindawu pafupifupi maola 2-3 patsiku. Izi zimatipangitsa kuti tiziwonetsetsa kwambiri za chilengedwe komanso malo okhala.

Kupangidwe komwe kumakhala malo opanda phokoso ndipo koposa zonse, kumayeretsedwa ndi mpweya komanso phokoso locheperako, kumachepetsa kwambiri kuvuta kwamalo am'mizinda pa thanzi la anthu, ndipo njirazi zimafuna ndalama zochepa. Komabe, chidwi chosakwanira chikuperekedwabe kuti athetse nkhaniyi. Makamaka, ngakhale pulojekiti zaposachedwa kwambiri, njira zopangira kukhazikitsa zoziziritsa mpweya komanso zosefera mpweya siziperekedwa nthawi zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wake zimagwira mkati mwa chilengedwe chokha. Izi zikuphatikiza khitchini yamagesi, zomwe sizachilendo m'mizinda ya Siberia, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya ubwerere m'malo okhala, mpweya wochepa (wokhala ndi kutentha kwapakati), kukhalapo kwa mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana - mumapeyala, mipando yapamwamba, komanso pazinthu zotentha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga , ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Zotsatira zoyipa za izi pamwambapa siziyenera kungoperekedwa pamakonzedwe atsopano ndikukonzanso zazikulu, koma zimafunanso zochita zowonjezereka kuti malo okhala azikhala abwino kuchokera kwa nzika iliyonse.

2. VUTO LABWINO LOKONZEKA KWA ZINYENGA ZA DZIKO LAPANSI

Mavuto azachilengedwe a mizinda, makamaka yayikulu kwambiri, imalumikizidwa ndikuwonetsetsa kwambiri madera ochepa anthu, zoyendera ndi mabizinesi akampani, ndikupanga malo anthropogenic, kutali kwambiri ndi boma lalinganiza zachilengedwe.

Kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lonse lapansi ndi 1.5-2.0 kuchulukitsa kuposa kuchuluka kwa anthu akumatauni, omwe lero akuphatikiza 40% yaanthu padziko lapansi. Kwa nthawi ya 1939 - 1979 kuchuluka kwa mizinda yayikulu idakula ndi 4, pakatikati - ndi 3 ndi yaying'ono - ndi kawiri.

Mkhalidwe wazachuma wazomwe zadzetsa kusayendetsa bwino kwa njira yakuyenda m'matauni ambiri. Chiwerengero cha anthu akumatauni m'maiko ena ndi: Argentina - 83, Uruguay - 82, Australia - 75, USA - 80, Japan - 76, Germany - 90, Sweden - 83.Kuphatikiza pamizinda ikuluikulu ya anthu mamiliyoni ambiri, malo okhala m'matauni kapena mizinda yolumikizana ikukula mwachangu. Awa ndi Washington - Boston ndi Los Angeles - San Francisco ku USA, mizinda ya Ruhr ku Germany, Moscow, Donbass ndi Kuzbass ku CIS.

Kuzungulira kwa zinthu ndi mphamvu m'mizinda kumadutsa kopitilira kumidzi. Kutalika kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zachilengedwe za Earth ndi 180 W / m2, kachigawo kakang'ono ka mphamvu ya anthropogenic momwemo ndi 0.1 W / m2. M'mizinda, imakwera mpaka 30-40 ngakhale mpaka 150 W / m2 (Manhattan).

Pamwamba pa mizinda ikuluikulu, thambo limakhala ndi ma eroosol 10 kuphatikiza ma 25 magesi. Nthawi yomweyo, 60-70% ya kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya kumachokera mumayendedwe amsewu. Kugwirira ntchito kochulukirapo kwa chinyezi kumawonjezera kukula kwa mpweya ndi 5-10%. Kudziyeretsa tokha mlengalenga kumalepheretsedwa ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa 10-20% pama radiation a dzuwa ndi kuthamanga kwa mphepo.

Ndi kusunthika kwa mpweya wochepa, kusiyana kwa mafuta pamwamba pa mzindawo kuphimba m'mlengalenga pa 250-400 m, ndipo kutentha kumasinthasintha kumatha kufika 5-6 (C. Zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutembenuka kwa kutentha, zomwe zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kambiri, chifunga ndi fumbi.

Mizinda imawononga madzi kwakanthawi 10 kapena kuposa pamenepa kuposa madzi akumidzi, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa madzi kumakhala kowopsa. Mavoti amadzimadzi amafikira 1m2 patsiku pa munthu. Chifukwa chake, pafupifupi mizinda yayikulu yonse imakumana ndi vuto la kuperewera kwa madzi ndipo ambiri aiwo amalandila madzi kuchokera kumadera akutali.

Madzi okhala pansi pa mizindayi akutha kwambiri chifukwa chongopopa mosalekeza ndi zitsime, komanso kuipitsidwa mpaka pakuya kwakuya.

Dothi lomata lamatawuni likusinthidwa kwambiri. M'malo akuluakulu, pansi pamisewu yayikulu komanso malo okhala, imawonongeka, komanso m'malo osangalalira - mapaki, mabwalo, mayadi - imawonongeka kwambiri, imayipitsidwa ndi zinyalala za m'nyumba, zinthu zovulaza zochokera mumlengalenga, zopangidwa ndi zitsulo zolemera, kuwonekera kwa dothi kumathandizira kukokoloka kwa madzi ndi mphepo.

Zomera zomwe zimapezeka m'mizinda nthawi zambiri zimayimiriridwa ndi "chikhalidwe chokhazikika" - mapaki, mabwalo, malo, maluwa, maluwa. Kapangidwe ka phytocenoses wa anthropogenic sikogwirizana ndi mitundu ya zonal komanso zam'madera mwachilengedwe. Chifukwa chake, kutukuka kwa malo obiriwira amizinda kumachitika machitidwe ochita kupanga, nthawi zonse amathandizidwa ndi munthu. Anzeru m'mizinda amakhala m'mikhalidwe yoponderezedwa kwambiri.

3. CHITSANZO CHA KUDZIPEREKA PAMODZI YA KULENGA KWA Mizinda

Mokulira, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumakhudza thanzi la anthu akumatauni. Izi zikuwonetsedwa, makamaka, pakusiyana kwakukulu muzochitika za anthu okhala m'malo ena amzindawo.

Kusintha kwa thanzi la nzika sikuti kumangowonetsa chikhalidwe cha mzindawu, komanso zotsatira zake zofunika kwambiri zachuma, zomwe ziyenera kutsogoza njira zotsogola. Pachifukwa ichi, ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kuti thanzi la nzika zomwe zili munthawi yachilengedwe ndizogwira ntchito zachuma, chikhalidwe (kuphatikizapo zamaganizidwe) ndi chilengedwe.

Mwambiri, zinthu zambiri zimakhudza thanzi la nzika, makamaka mawonekedwe a moyo wamtawuni - kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, nkhawa zowonjezera, kutopa kwamayendedwe, ndi ena ambiri, koma koposa zonse - kuipitsa chilengedwe. Izi zikuwoneka ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakuwonekera kwa anthu akumadera osiyanasiyana a mzinda womwewo.

Zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri zakuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe mu mzinda waukulu zimawonekera pakuwonongeka kwa thanzi la nzika poyerekeza ndi okhala kumidzi. Mwachitsanzo, mwachitsanzo, lotsogozedwa ndi M.S.Kuwunikira kwa zochitika zamagulu ena akumidzi yakumizinda ndi kumidzi kwa osauka ndi olemba anzawo motsimikiza zidawonetsa kuti nzika zambiri zimadwala matenda amitsempha, matenda amitsempha yamafupa, matenda amitsempha yam'mimba, ziwalo zopumira kuposa okhala kumidzi.

Pamodzi ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya, zinthu zina zambiri zachilengedwe m'mizinda zimasokoneza thanzi la munthu.

Kuwonongeka kwa phokoso m'mizinda nthawi zonse kumakhala komweko ndipo kumachitika makamaka chifukwa cha mayendedwe - matauni, njanji ndi kuwuluka. Pakalipano, pamisewu yayikulu ya megacities, phokoso lambiri limaposa 90 dB ndipo limakonda kuwonjezeka chaka chilichonse ndi 0.5 dB, yomwe ndi ngozi yayikulu kwambiri yazachilengedwe m'malo okhala ndi magalimoto ambiri. Malinga ndi maphunziro azachipatala, kuchuluka kwa phokoso kumathandizira kukulitsa matenda a neuropsychiatric ndi matenda oopsa. Kulimbana ndi phokoso pakati m'mizinda kumalephereka ndi kuchuluka kwa nyumba zomwe zidalipo, chifukwa chomwe sizingatheke kumanga makina amaphokoso, kukulitsa misewu yayikulu ndikukhazikitsa mitengo yomwe imachepetsa phokoso pamisewu. Chifukwa chake, njira zabwino kwambiri zothetsera vutoli ndikuchepetsa phokoso lamagalimoto (makamaka mathirakitala) ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyumba zomwe zikumayang'aniridwa ndi njira zapamwamba kwambiri zotulutsa phokoso, kuwongolera nyumba ndikuwunika mawindo atatu (ndikugwiritsa ntchito mpweya munthawi yomweyo).

Vuto linalake ndikuwonjezereka kwa kugunda kwa mizinda yam'mizinda, gwero lalikulu la mayendedwe. Vutoli silinaphunziridwe pang'ono, koma ndizokayikitsa kuti kufunikira kwake kudzachulukanso.

Kusunthika kumathandizira kuwonongeka mwachangu ndikuwonongeka kwa nyumba ndi nyumba, koma chinthu chofunikira ndichakuti zimatha kusokoneza njira zolondola kwambiri. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kutsindika kuti kugwedezeka kwamphamvu kumawononga kwambiri mafakitale apamwamba, ndipo chifukwa chake, kukula kwake kumatha kukhala ndi malire pakuchepetsa kwa sayansi komanso ukadaulo wa magawo mu megacities.

4. MALO A DODA WA AIR

Megacities ambiri amadziwika ndi mpweya wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wowononga kwambiri. Kwa owononga ambiri, ndipo pali mazana aiwo mumzinda, zitha kunenedwa ndi chidaliro kuti, monga lamulo, amapitilira malire ovomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, popeza mu mzindawu mumawonekeranso nthawi imodzi momwe ambiri amaipitsira, kuphatikiza kwawo kungakhale kofunika kwambiri.

Amakhulupirira kuti kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa mzinda, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zosiyanasiyana m'mlengalenga mwake kumakulanso, komabe, zenizeni, ngati tiwerenge kuchuluka kwakuipitsidwa konse mu mzindawu, ndiye m'mizinda yokhala ndi anthu opitilira 100 miliyoni, pafupifupi pamlingo womwewo komanso kuwonjezeka kwa kukula kwa mzindawo sikukula. Izi ndichifukwa choti nthawi yomweyo komanso kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya wotuluka, kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu, dera lakumizinda likukulirakulira, zomwe zimapangitsa ngakhale kuchuluka kwakuipitsidwa kwa mlengalenga.

Chofunikira pa mizinda yayikuru yokhala ndi anthu opitilira 500,000 ndikuti pakuwonjezeka kwa gawo la mzindawu komanso kuchuluka kwa okhalamo, kusiyanasiyana kwa malo okhala m'malo osiyanasiyana kukuwonjezereka. Pamodzi ndi malo ocheperako okhala ndi malo oipitsa, kumachulukirachulukira m'malo a mabizinesi akuluakulu opanga mafakitale, makamaka m'malo apakati.Potsirizira pake, ngakhale kulibe mabizinesi akuluakulu azomangamanga mwa iwo, monga lamulo, zochitika zapamwamba za zinthu zakumlengalenga zimawonedwa nthawi zonse. Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti magalimoto ambiri amawonedwa mmalo awa, komanso chifukwa chakuti kumalo komwe kuli mkati mlengalenga mumakhala ma degree angapo kuposa omwe ali m'munsi - izi zimayambitsa kuwoneka ngati kukwera kwa mafunde pamtunda, ndikumayamwa madera mafakitale omwe ali kufupi ndi pafupi.

Pakadali pano, chiyembekezo chachikulu mu gawo la chitetezo cha mabesiketi ammlengalenga chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mafakitale ndi makina amagetsi ndi mphamvu, koma zotsatira za mpweya wazowonjezera siziyenera kukokomeza. Chowonadi ndi chakuti kutembenuka kuchokera ku mafuta olimba kupita ku gasi, kumene, kumachepetsa kwambiri mpweya wopezeka ndi sulufule, koma kumakulitsa mpweya wa nitrogen oxides, kugwiritsa ntchito komwe kumakhalabe zovuta.

Zoterezi zimachitikanso mpweya wa carbon monoxide utachepa, womwe umakhala mafuta osagwirizana. Kuwongolera maulamuliro a kuyaka, ndizotheka kuchepetsa mpweya wa carbon monoxide kukhala wocheperako, koma nthawi yomweyo kutentha kukwera, mpweya wa nitrogen oxidation nawonso umakulanso, zomwe zimapangitsa kukulira kwa kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni oxides omwe atulutsidwa mumlengalenga. Mosiyana ndi zomwe zimakhalapo, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'mphepete mwagalimoto kumachitika pamalo otsika kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi chikhalidwe kwanuko. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa uve komwe kumapangidwa ndi magalimoto amisewu kumachepa msanga pamene akuchoka pamsewu waukulu, ndipo ngati pali zopinga zokwanira (mwachitsanzo, m'mabwalo amakomo otsekedwa) amatha kucheperapo kangapo ka 10.

Mwambiri, mpweya wochokera m'magalimoto owopsa umakhala wowopsa kwambiri kuposa mpweya wopezeka m'mayendedwe apamtunda. Pamodzi ndi carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides ndi soot (yamagalimoto a dizilo), galimoto yogwira ntchito imatulutsa zinthu zopitilira 200 ndikuphatikizira ndi poizoni m'chilengedwe.

Sitikukayikira kuti m'tsogolomu kuwonongeka kwa mpweya wa megacities pamsewu kudzakhala kowopsa kwambiri. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa pakadali pano palibe njira zomaliza zoyendetsera vutoli, ngakhale kuti palibe kuchepa kwa ntchito zopanga maukadaulo ndi malingaliro.

Fotokozani mwachidule njira zazikulu zothetsera vuto lachepetsera kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi magalimoto.

4.1 Kukonzanso injini yamkaka yamkati

Kuwongolera kothekera uku kungathandize kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwamafuta ndi 10-15%, komanso kutsitsa mpweya wochoka ndi 15-20%. Ndizosachita kufunsa kuti njirayi imatha kukhala yothandiza kwambiri posachedwa, chifukwa sizifunikira kusintha kwakukulu pamakampani yamagalimoto kapena njira yogwirira ntchito ndikuyendetsa galimoto. Ziyenera kuganiziridwanso kuti mphamvu zenizeni zachilengedwe sizili zazikulu monga zikuwonekera poyamba, popeza, mwachitsanzo, kuchepa kwa mpweya wa mpweya wa carbon monoxide kumalipiriridwa kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwonjezeka kwa mpweya wa nitrogen oxide.

Kusintha kwa injini yamkaka yamoto kumafuta opaka. Injini yamagetsi yamkati. Zambiri pazakagwiritsidwe ntchito kagalimoto pazosakanikirana za propane-butane zikuwonetsa kwambiri chilengedwe. Pakutulutsa kwamagalimoto, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa monoxide, zitsulo zolemera ndi ma hydrocarbons kumachepetsedwa kwambiri, koma mulingo wa mpweya wa nitrogen umakhalabe wokwera kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta osakanikirana ndi gasi kumatha kukhala kokha pamatola ndipo kumafunika kukhazikitsa dongosolo la malo opangira mafuta, chifukwa chake njira yothetsera izi pakadali pano ndiyochepa.

Kusintha kwa injini yamkati yamoto kukhala mafuta a haidrojeni nthawi zambiri kumakhala njira yabwino yothetsera vutoli, koma nthawi zambiri amaiwalika kuti nayitrogeni oxide amapangidwanso pogwiritsa ntchito hydrogen komanso kuti kupanga, kuyaka ndi kuyendetsa ma hydrogen ambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi zovuta zambiri zamakanidwe, osatetezeka komanso kwambiri kupitilira pazachuma. Mu mzinda wokhala ndi magalimoto mazana angapo, umodzi umayenera kukhala ndi malo ambiri osungirako hydrogen, osungirako omwe angafunikire (kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha anthu) kulekanitsidwa kwa madera akulu. Poganizira kuti izi zitha kuphatikizidwa ndi ma network opangidwa opanga magesi, mzinda wotere ungakhale wopanda chitetezo kwa okhalamo. Ngakhale titaganiza kuti yankho lovomerezeka lazachuma la kusunga haidrojeni (kuphatikiza m'magalimoto okha) m'malo opezeka amapezeka, ndiye kuti vutoli, mwalingaliro lathu, silikulonjeza m'zaka makumi zikubwerazi.

4.2 Galimoto yamagetsi

Kusintha galimoto ndi galimoto yamagetsi kumalengezedwanso kwambiri m'mabuku odziwika, komabe, pakadali pano ndizowona ngati chiganizo chapita. Choyamba, mabatire apamwamba kwambiri, limodzi ndi kulemera kwakufa kwambiri, komwe kumakulitsa magawo agalimoto, kumafunikira mphamvu zowirikiza kangapo kuposa kuti galimoto wamba imakhala ndi ntchito yofanana. Chifukwa chake, galimoto yamagetsi, yokhala yowononga kwambiri, pakuwonetsa mphamvu, njira zoyendera, yochepetsa kuwonongeka kwa malo m'malo mwake imagwirako, imakuwonjezera kwambiri m'malo opangira magetsi. Kachiwiri, kupanga mabatire kumafuna ndalama zambiri zopanda chitsulo, zoperewera zomwe zikukula mwachangu kuposa kuperewera kwa mafuta ndi mpweya. Ndipo chachitatu, galimoto yamagetsi, yomwe imakhala “yoyera” pamsewu wa mzindawo, siyabwino kwa oyendetsa galimotoyo, chifukwa mabatire akamagwiritsidwa ntchito amakhala atatulutsidwa zinthu zapoizoni zambiri zomwe zimagwera mkati mwamkati mwagalimoto yamagetsi. Ngakhale titaganiza kuti mavuto onse omwe ali pamwambawa atha kuthana ndiukadaulo, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kukonzanso makampani onse agalimoto, kusintha magalimoto, ndikumanganso machitidwe ogwiritsira ntchito magalimoto othandizira angafunike zaka zopitilira khumi ndi makumi angapo komanso makumi angapo, ngati sichoncho madola mabiliyoni. Chifukwa chake, galimoto yama batire sichingakhale yankho lolimbikitsa pamavuto akuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi magalimoto.

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zili pamwambapa, pali mitundu ingapo ya njira zina zaukadaulo, zomwe zambiri zimabweretsa kwa prototypes. Pakati pawo pali osakhazikika, mwachitsanzo, galimoto yokhala ndi batri ya ntchentche yomwe imatha kungoyenda bwino misewu yosalala komanso yolunjika - apo ayi mphamvu ya gyroscopic ya ntchentche imasokoneza kwambiri kuwongolera, komanso mapangidwe olonjeza "osakanizidwa". Mwa zina, lingaliro la basi yonyamula katundu yokhala ndi kokhala ndi maulendo obwera kukadutsa pamtunda ndiwodabwitsa kwambiri, kukhazikitsa komwe, malinga ndi otutumizitsa pakalipano komanso kumangidwanso kwamayendedwe amakono, kungachepetse kwambiri kuwononga mpweya, makamaka m'malo opezeka mumzinda.

Kuphatikiza pakupititsa patsogolo kayendedwe, njira zofunikira zochepetsera kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'mizinda zitha kupangidwa mwa kukonza zochitika, njira zothetsera kasamalidwe ka magalimoto ndi njira zothetsera mayendedwe mkati mwa mzinda. Kupangidwe m'mizinda yamayendedwe ogwirizana othandizira mayendedwe azinthu kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa magalimoto mu mzindawu, motero, kumachepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa beseni lake.

Pofotokoza kuwonongeka kwa beseni la mzindawo, ndikofunikira kunena kuti zikuyenera kusinthika makamaka chifukwa cha nyengo komanso momwe mabizinesi ndi magalimoto amayendera.

Monga lamulo, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya m'mlengalenga kumakulirakulira masana kuposa usiku, zochulukirapo kuposa nthawi yotentha, koma pali zosankha pano, mwachitsanzo, zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi chifanizo cha dzuwa m'chilimwe kapena kupangika kwa mafunde amtopola usiku usiku pamwamba pa mzinda. Kwa megacities omwe amapezeka m'malo osiyanasiyana nyengo ndipo ali m'malo amtundu wina, mitundu yosiyanasiyana yovuta imakhala yotchuka, pomwe kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumlengalenga kumatha kufika pazovuta, koma nthawi zonse zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi nyengo yayitali.

Kuwonongeka kwa mpweya ndiye vuto lalikulu kwambiri lazachilengedwe mumzinda wamakono, zimayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakuthupi kwa nzika, zida ndi maukadaulo omwe amakhala mumzinda (nyumba, maofesi, zida, zida zamagetsi ndi zoyendera, kulumikizana, zinthu zamaofesi, zopangira ndi zinthu zomalizidwa) komanso malo obiriwira .

Ndizosavuta kuwona kuti ndi mtengo wa zida zamaofesi ndi zinthu zamaofesi zikukwera mtengo, kuwonongeka komwe kudachitika chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kudzakulirakulira. Komanso, zikukwaniritsidwa kuti mafakitale angapo apamwamba kwambiri, monga zamagetsi, luso lolondola ndi zida, akukumana ndi zovuta zambiri pakukula kwawo kumatauni. Makampani abizinesi iyi amafunika kuwononga ndalama zambiri poyeretsa mpweya kulowa m'malo okonzekera ntchitoyi, ndipo, ngakhale izi, m'malo opanga omwe ali m'matanthwe, kusokonezeka kwaukadaulo kochititsidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kukufalikira kwambiri chaka chilichonse. Koma ngakhale ngati malo omwe ali pafupi kwambiri atha kupangidwa m'mabungwewa popanga zinthu zotsogola komanso zapamwamba kwambiri, ndiye kuti, kupitilira zochitikira, zimayamba kuwonongeka chifukwa cha kuipitsa ndipo zimatha kutaya ntchito yake mwachangu.

Chifukwa chake, kuwonongeka kwa mpweya kumakhala kusweka kwenikweni pakuyenda patsogolo kwasayansi ndi tekinoloje m'mizinda, zotsatira zake zidzachulukirachulukira ndizofunikira zowonjezereka zaukadaulo woyera, kukulitsa kulondola kwa zida zamaofesi komanso kufalikira kwa microminiaturization.

Kuwonjezeka kofananako kumawonedwa ndi kuwononga mwachangu kwa zomangira mkati mwauipuko wamizinda.

5. KUTHA KWAULERE KWA ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION PAMODZI PAKUTI

Mutu wakukambitsirana pakati pa akatswiri ndikuthandizira pakuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe ndi mitundu yake payekha pakuwonjezeka kwachilengedwe ndi kufa, chifukwa chazovuta zomwe zimachitika pazinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa komanso zovuta kuzindikira zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda. Tebulo limapereka mndandanda wazonse wamatenda a anthu omwe angagwirizane ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Mndandanda wa matenda ogwirizana ndi kuwonongeka kwa mpweya

Kuwonongeka kwa thupi kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosiyanasiyana mthupi ndipo zimatengera mtundu wake, kuphatikizira, nthawi yayitali komanso kuwonekera kwake. Zomwe thupi limatsimikiza ndizomwe zimachitika munthu payekha, zaka, jenda, thanzi la munthu. Omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu ndi ana, odwala, anthu omwe amagwira ntchito m'malo ovuta, osuta. Zonse zojambulidwa komanso zophunziridwa zakuwonjezereka kwa kufa ndi chinyezi m'malo okhala ndi mpweya wakuthambo kwambiri zikuwonetsa umboni ndi kuchuluka kwa zotulukapo zotere pakuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.

Malinga ndi akatswiri a World Health Organisation (WHO), pali magawo asanu azomwe boma laumoyo wa anthu lachita pakusintha kwachilengedwe:

kukhalapo kwa kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito mopitirira muyeso,

kukhalapo kwa kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito omwe sikapitilira muyeso,

otetezeka.

Magawo awa atha kuwonedwa ngati zisonyezo zofanana zomwe zimapangitsa gulu la thanzi la anthu komanso kuchuluka kwa chilengedwe. Chizindikiro cha thanzi, choyambirira, ndi kuchuluka kwa thanzi, i.e. chiyembekezo chamoyo.

Tikakumbukira izi, ndiye kuti zotsatirazi ndi zina mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri pa ngozi:

kumwa madzi akumwa.

Poizoni wakhungu kapena wovuta amakula mthupi la munthu, ndipo palinso njira zakutali pathogenic kutengera mlingo, nthawi ndi chikhalidwe cha zotsatira za kuipitsidwa ndi mankhwala. Pakanthawi kochepa kudya zinthu zochuluka za poizoni m'thupi kumabweretsa chitukuko cha matenda omwe amadziwika kuti amapha matenda - poyizoni wazakudya. Ma poizoni oterewa amagawidwa m'mapapu, ochepa komanso owopsa. Zotsirizazi nthawi zina zimapha.

Poizoni, yemwe amayamba chifukwa cha kupangika kwakanthawi kwa zinthu zoperewera m'thupi, amatchedwa poyizoni. Ma poizoni nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi chithunzi chachipatala. Kuzindikira kwawo ndikovuta kwambiri, chifukwa zinthu zomwezo mwa anthu ena zimapangitsa kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, mwa ena - ziwalo zopanga magazi, lachitatu - impso, wachinayi - wamanjenje. Ndi owerengeka ochepa chabe amoyipitsa mankhwala, akavekedwa mu Mlingo wocheperako, omwe amachititsa njira yotsimikizika yazomwe zimachitika, ambiri amapatsa zomwe zimatchedwa kuti poizoni. Mwa "zotsatira zazitali" kapena "zotsatira zazitali" za zoyipa zama mankhwala zimatanthawuza kukula kwa njira za pathogenic ndi zochitika za m'magazi mwa anthu omwe amakumana ndi zodetsa nkhawa zamankhwala nthawi yayitali ya moyo wawo, komanso pamasiku a mibadwo ingapo ya ana awo. Zotsatira zakutali zimagwirizanitsa gulu lalikulu la njira za pathological.

Zowopsa mu dongosolo lamanjenje munthawi yotalikirapo kwambiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zamankhwala zimayambitsa matenda monga parkinsonism, polyneuritis, paresis ndi ziwalo, psychosis, ndi mtima dongosolo - kugunda kwa mtima, kuchepa kwa mtima, zina.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero zaimfa, munthu akhoza kuwunika tanthauzo la zotsatira zazitali:

kuchokera pamatenda amtima (pafupifupi 50%),

kuchokera zotupa zoyipa (pafupifupi 20%) m'mizinda yotukuka.

Mwachilengedwe, ziwalo za kupuma ndizomwe zimayang'ana kwambiri pazovuta zakumlengalenga. Zowopsa za thupi zimachitika kudzera mu alveoli wamapapu, dera lomwe (lotha kusinthanitsa ndi mpweya) limaposa 100 m2. Mukusinthana kwa gasi, zakumwa zoledzeretsa zimalowa m'magazi. Kuyimitsidwa kolimba mu mawonekedwe a tinthu tosiyanasiyana tambiri timakhazikika pamagawo osiyanasiyana a thirakiti la kupuma.

6. MALO OGWIRITSA NTCHITO MMAZI

Kuwonongeka kwa madzi m'mizinda kuyenera kuganiziridwa pazigawo ziwiri - kuwonongeka kwa madzi m'dera la kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ndi kuipitsa madzi mumzinda chifukwa cha zofunikira zake.

Kuipitsidwa kwa madzi m'dera lamadzi ndi chinthu chachikulu chomwe chikukulitsa zachilengedwe m'mizinda. Amapangidwa zonse chifukwa chakutha kwa gawo lamadziwongo osagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano kuchokera kumizinda ndi mabizinesi omwe amakhala pamwamba pa malo omwe amapezeka madzi mumzinda ndi kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi mayendedwe amtsinje, komanso chifukwa cholowerera feteleza ndi mankhwala oopsa m'matupi amadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ngati mitundu yoyambilira ya kuipitsidwa ikhoza kuongoleredwa bwino kudzera pakupanga malo othandizira, ndiye kuti ndizovuta kwambiri kupewa kudetsedwa kwa beseni lamadzi loyambitsidwa ndi njira zaulimi. M'malo okhala chinyezi chowonjezereka, pafupifupi 20% ya feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo atalowetsedwa m'nthaka amagwera m'mitsinje yamadzi. Izi, zimatha kudzetsa matupi amadzi, zomwe zimakhudzanso madzi.

Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti malo othandizira madzi omwe amapereka njira zamagetsi sangathe kuyeretsa madzi akumwa kuchokera ku zothetsera izi, chifukwa chake madzi akumwa amatha kukhala nawo mozama komanso amakhudza thanzi la munthu. Kulimbana ndi kuipitsa kwamtunduwu kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo m'malo opezeka munjira yokhotakhota, kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa mankhwala owola mwachangu ophera tizilombo, komanso njira zachilengedwe zotetezera mbewu.

Mizinda ndilinso gwero lamphamvu lakuipitsa madzi.

M'mizinda yayikulu pamtunda uliwonse (polingalira zodetsedwa zakum'madzi), pafupifupi 1 m3 ya zodetsedwa zodetsedwa zimatsitsidwa tsiku lililonse m'matupi amadzi. Chifukwa chake, mizindayi imafunikira chithandizo champhamvu chamankhwala, chomwe chimayambitsa zovuta. Chifukwa chake, pogwira ntchito yopanga zinyalala zamadzi m'mizinda, pafupifupi matani 1.5-2 a zinyalala pachaka pa munthu aliyense amapangika. Pakadali pano, matope otere amasungidwa pamtunda, akukhalamo malo akuluakulu, ndikuyambitsa kuipitsa kwa nthaka yamadzi. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zapoizoni zomwe zimakhala ndi zitsulo zolemera zimatsukidwa poyambira. Yankho lolimbikitsa kwambiri lavutoli ndikuyambitsa machitidwe aukadaulo ophatikizira kupanga gasi kuchokera pakapendekedwe, kenako ndikuwotcha zotsalira za sludge.

Vuto linalake ndikulowerera kwa zodetsedwa zakunyowa m'madzi amoyo. Mphepete mwa mizinda nthawi zonse zimakhala ndi acidity yambiri. Ngati choko ma deposits ndi miyala yamiyala ikupezeka pansi pa mzindawo, kulowetsedwa kwa madzi osakanizika mwa iwo mosavomerezeka kumabweretsa kuchitika kwa anstropogenic karst. Ma voids omwe amapangidwa chifukwa cha anthropogenic karst mwachindunji pansi pa mzindawo amatha kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu ku nyumba ndi zomanga, chifukwa chake, m'mizinda momwe muli chiopsezo chenicheni cha kuchitika kwake, ntchito yapadera yachilengedwe imafunikira kuneneratu ndikuletsa zotsatira zake.

7. KUTETEZA KWA MALO OYAMBIRIRA PAMODZI PAKUTI

Madzi ndi mchere womwe umatsimikizira kuti padziko lapansi pano pali zinthu zamoyo. Madzi ndi gawo la maselo a nyama kapena chomera chilichonse. Madzi osakwanira m'thupi la munthu amabweretsa kuphwanya kwa zinthu zomwe zimatuluka mu chimbudzi, magazi amatayika m'madzi, ndipo munthu amayamba kutentha thupi. Madzi a Benign ndiofunikira kwambiri pa thanzi ndi moyo wa anthu ndi nyama.

Masiku ano, padziko lonse lapansi, choopsa chachikulu cha madzi padziko lapansi ndi kuipitsidwa. Kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe kumatanthauza mitundu yonse ya kupatuka kwakuthupi ndi kwamadzi kuchokera ku mapangidwe amadzi: kusinthasintha kwakanthawi komanso kotenga nthawi, kutentha, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina, kupezeka kwa hydrogen sulfide ndi zinthu zina zakupha m'madzi.Pazonsezi, madzi akunyowa amawonjezeredwa: madzi apakhomo, mafakitale a chakudya, ulimi. Nthawi zambiri madzi amadzimadzi amakhala ndi zinthu zamafuta, ma cyanides, mchere wamchere, chlorine, alkali, ndi asidi. Tisaiwale za matenda amadzi ndi ma herbicides ndi zinthu zolaula. Masiku anonso, kulikonse, madzi amadetsedwa ndi zinyalala zotayidwa kulikonse. Kuphatikiza apo, madzi amtunda ochokera m'minda kulowa m'madzi samatha.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwa mafakitole, madzi ndi mitsinje amaipitsidwa kwambiri. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamavuto ikhoza kukhazikitsidwa, kutengera mtundu wa mankhwala omwe amachititsa. M'mabizinesi akampani ya petrochemical ndi mankhwala, madzi amawagwiritsa ntchito ngati chosungunulira, ndipo nthawi zambiri madzi amtovu amapangidwa. Mu zamkati ndi pepala ndi hydrolysis mbewu, madzi amafunikira ngati sing'anga. Mu mtundu womwewo, umagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani azinthu zopepuka komanso zakudya. Mwa zinthu zowipitsa zochokera m'mabizinesi akampani, kuwononga magetsi ndiwowonekera kwambiri. Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito pofalitsa zinthu zopangira zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu (makamaka) monga gawo la zotayira, ndizomwe zimayambitsa kuyenderera kwake ndi madzi akumwa m'matupi amadzi ambiri, kuphatikizapo magwero amadzi akumwa. Kusakwanira kwa chithandizo chamadzi kuchokera kwa owonjezera ndi chifukwa chowonekera kwawo pakumwa mapaipi amadzi. Zongowononga zimatha kukhala ndi vuto lililonse pamadzi, kudziyeretsa kwanu kwamphamvu yamadzi, thupi la munthu.

Kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nthaka paulimi kwalimbitsa kuipitsa matupi amadzi popewa madzi ochokera kuminda yomwe ili ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo. Zoyipitsa zambiri zimatha kulowa m'malo am'madzi kuchokera mumlengalenga pamodzi ndi mpweya (mwachitsanzo. Lead). Kusiyana pakati pa zinthu zomwe anthu amazitsogolera komanso zomwe zimayambitsa poizoni ndizocheperako. Machitidwe amanjenje ndi ozungulira ndi oyamba kugunda, makamaka ana amakhala tcheru kuti azitsogolera poyizoni.

Ma chemicals ophatikizidwa pamodzi ndi manyowa, kulowa mitsinje ndi nyanja, nthawi zambiri amasintha malo am'madzi. Mothandizidwa ndi zinthu ngati izi, madzi amathanso kukhala osayenera pazochita za anthu ndikusamalira zomera ndi nyama.

Osati mankhwala okha, komanso okhala ndi organic omwe angawononge kwambiri. Kutaya kwa zinthu zachilengedwe zochuluka kwambiri kumayambitsa kuyamwa kwakukuru kwa madzi achilengedwe. Munthu iyemwini ndi ntchito zake akuvutika ndi kuipitsidwa kwa madzi achilengedwe. Kupeza kwamadzi kumalo okhala kumadalira kwathunthu mitsinje, ndipo chithandizo chamadzi chokhala ndi zotsika zambiri zamavuto achilengedwe ndi michere chikukula. Thanzi laboma lili pachiwopsezo chachikulu. Zotsatira za zinthu zina m'madzi, kuchotsedwa kwathunthu komwe sikungaperekedwe ndi njira iliyonse yothandizira madzi akumwa, kumatha kukhudza munthu pakapita nthawi. Kuipitsa kwamadzi ndi vuto lalikulu kwa anthu.

8. MICROCLIMATIC CHARACTERISTICS OF MeGAPOLIS

Ntchito zachuma, kapangidwe ka malo okhala, ndi malo ochepa okhala obiriwira zimatsogolera kuti mizinda, makamaka yayikulu, ili ndi mtundu wawo wamtundu, womwe umakulitsa zochitika zachilengedwe.

Pakakhala bata masiku okhala pamwamba pamizinda ikuluikulu pamtunda wa 100-150 m, kutentha kumatha kupezeka, komwe kumakola mpweya woipawu kudera lamzindawu. Izi, limodzi ndi mpweya wambiri womwe umatulutsa komanso kutentha kwambiri kwa miyala, njerwa ndi konkriti zolimbitsa, zimathandizira kutenthetsa kwapakati pa mzindawo.

Kutchulidwa kwapadera kuyenera kupangidwa ndi maboma osavomerezeka amphepo omwe amabuka m'malo ambiri amnyumba zatsopano ndi chitukuko chaulere.Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kusiyanasiyana kwa kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga, makamaka kuchepa kwake, kumakhala ndi zotsutsana kwambiri ndi thanzi la anthu omwe akudwala matenda a mtima. Nthawi yomweyo, m'malo ambiri amnyumba zatsopano, chifukwa cha kuzungulira kwa malo oyandikana nawo, madontho am'deralo pakuthamanga kwa mlengalenga amatha kuwonedwa m'malo ena. Chifukwa chake, pazipata zazing'ono pakati pa nyumba ziwiri zazikulu zokhala ndi mayendedwe ena amphepo, kuthamanga kwa mphepo kumatha kuwonjezeka kwambiri. Malinga ndi malamulo a aerodynamics, kugwa kwakanthawi mumlengalenga (mpaka makumi a mamililita) kumachitika pazinthu izi, zomwe zimapeza mawonekedwe kuchokera mkati mwa kotala (pafupipafupi pafupifupi 5-6 Hz). Kutalika kwa kupsinjika koteroko kumafikira mpaka 15-20 mamita kutali ndi kusiyana pakati pa nyumba. Zofanananso, ngakhale sizikulongosola momveka bwino, zinthu zimawonedwa pamipando yapamwamba yazinyumba ndi denga lathyathyathya. Mosakayikira, kukhala m'malo awa a anthu omwe akudwala matenda a mtima kumatha kuwononga thanzi lawo.

Njira yothetsera vutoli nthawi zonse imafunikira magawo azigawo zatsopano zamaofesi kuti asinthitse magawidwe am'pweya aliyense payekhapayekha chifukwa cholinganiza bwino malo okhala, kumanga nyumba zopangira mphepo komanso kubzala malo obiriwira.

9. MALO OGULITSIRA KU MeGAPOLIS

Kupezeka kwa malo obiriwira m'mizinda ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zabwino kwambiri zachilengedwe. Malo obiriwira amayeretsa mlengalenga, kuwongolera mpweya, kuchepetsa phokoso, kupewa maboma amphepo yamkuntho, kuwonjezera apo, kubiriwira m'mizinda kumakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino pamkhalidwe wamunthu. Nthawi yomweyo malo obiriwira ayenera kukhala oyandikana kwambiri ndi komwe akukhala, pokhapokha amatha kukhala ndi chilengedwe chabwino.

Komabe, kumatauni, malo obiriwira sawasiyanitsa kwambiri.

Ntchito zomanga zobiriwira m'malo opanga nyumba zatsopano zili ndi zovuta zaukadaulo komanso zachuma. Mtengo wowononga malo mahekitala 1 a malo pamagula ma ruble 40,000, ndipo kukhazikitsa udzu m'dera lomweli - rubles 12,000. Kulima minda yaying'ono kumakhala okwera mtengo kwambiri, mpaka 20-30,000 rubles. pa 1 m2. Zikuwonekeratu kuti pamapeto pake ndizotsika mtengo komanso kosavuta kuyang'ana gawo la bwalo kuposa kubiriwira. Mwakutero, zomangamanga zobiriwira zimalephereka chifukwa cha madera omwe nyumba zatsopano zimapangidwira ndi kutaya kwa zinyalala zomangidwa m'nthaka. Komabe, kubiriwira kotheka kwa malo a m'tawuni ndichimodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri zachilengedwe m'mizinda.

10. CHITSANZO CHA KUKWANIRITSITSA NDIPONSO KUKHULULUKIRA

Kutsiliza kupenda za zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa chilengedwe kukhala m'mizinda, tiyeni tilingalire zavuto linanso lolingana ndi chilengedwe cha anthu. Zomwe zimapanga madera amatawuni zikuwonetsedwa pamwambapa, munthu wamkulu wokhala mumzinda waukulu patsiku la sabata amakhala nthawi yayitali m'malo otsekedwa - maola 9. Kuntchito, 10-12 - kunyumba komanso osachepera ola limodzi m'mayendedwe, mashopu ndi malo ena aboma ndipo, motero, akulumikizana mwachindunji ndi chilengedwe cha mzindawo pafupifupi maola 2-3 patsiku. Izi zimatipangitsa kuti tiziwonetsetsa kwambiri za chilengedwe komanso malo okhala.

Kupangidwe komwe kumakhala malo opanda phokoso ndipo koposa zonse, mpweya woyeretsedwa komanso phokoso lotsika kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri zoyipa zakusokonekera kwamatawuni paumoyo wa anthu, ndipo njirazi zimafuna mtengo wocheperako. Komabe, chidwi chosakwanira chikuperekedwabe kuti athetse nkhaniyi.Makamaka, ngakhale pulojekiti zaposachedwa kwambiri, njira zopangira kukhazikitsa zoziziritsa mpweya komanso zosefera mpweya siziperekedwa nthawi zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zambiri zomwe zimakhudza mtundu wake zimagwira mkati mwa chilengedwe chokha. Izi zikuphatikiza khitchini yamagesi yomwe imachulukitsa kwambiri kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya wopezeka amoyo, chinyezi chochepa (chokhala ndi kutentha kwapakati), kupezeka kwa mitundu yambiri ya zinthu zosiyanasiyana - mumakapeti, mipando yapamwamba, komanso pazinthu zomwe zimathandizira kutentha zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga, ndi zina zambiri. Zotsatira zoyipa za izi pamwambapa siziyenera kungoperekedwa pamakonzedwe atsopano ndi kuwonjezeredwa, komanso kufunikira zoyeserera zothandizira kukonza malo okhala kuchokera kwa nzika iliyonse.

11. VUTO LABWINO LA URBAN

Nthawi yotsiriza isanachitike, kasamalidwe ka zinyalala kanayendetsedwa ndi kutulutsa mphamvu kwa chilengedwe: nthaka ndi madzi. Alimiwo, kutumiza zinthu zawo kuchokera kumunda nthawi yomweyo kupita pagome, kugawa ndi kukonza, mayendedwe, kunyamula, kutsatsa, ndikugulitsa pa intaneti, zidabweretsa zinyalala zochepa. Masamba a masamba ndi zina zotero ankadyetsa kapena kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati manyowa ngati feteleza pomera chaka chamawa. Kuyenda m'mizinda kunapangitsa kuti ogula azisintha. Anayamba kusinthana zinthu, zomwe zikutanthauza kupakika kuti zitheke.

New Yorkers pakali pano imataya zinthu zokwana matani 24,000 a zinthu tsiku lililonse. Kusakaniza uku, komwe kumakhala zinyalala zosiyanasiyana, kumakhala zitsulo, zotengera galasi, mapepala zinyalala, pulasitiki ndi zinyalala za chakudya. Kusakaniza uku kumakhala ndi zinyalala zambiri zowopsa: ma mercury opangira mabatire, phosphorous carbonates kuchokera ku nyali za fluorescent ndi mankhwala oopsa a sol sol pamba, utoto ndi zosungika zophimba nkhuni.

Mzinda womwe ukulu wa San Francisco uli ndi ma aluminium ochulukirapo kuposa mgodi wawung'ono wa bauxite, mkuwa wopitilira kopi wamba, ndipo mapepala ambiri kuposa omwe angapezeke kuchokera ku mtengo waukulu.

Kuyambira koyambirira kwa zaka za 70s mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za 80s ku Russia panali zowononga zina ziwiri zapakhomo. Izi ndi mamiliyoni a matani. Zinthu masiku ano zili motere. Kuyambira mu 1987, kuchuluka kwa zinyalala mdziko muno kwawonjezeka ndikufika matani mabiliyoni 120 pachaka, zopatsidwa makampani. Masiku ano, ku Moscow kokha ndikuchotsa matani 10 miliyoni a zinyalala za mafakitale, pafupifupi tani 1 pa munthu aliyense!

Monga tawonera pa zitsanzo pamwambapa, kuchuluka kwa kuipitsidwa kwachilengedwe ndi zinyalala zam'tauni ndikuwonetsetsa kuti vutoli likukula.

12. NJIRA ZOSAVUTA ZOLIMBITSA ZINSINSI

Pafupifupi zaka 500 isanafike nthawi yathu ino, lamulo loyamba lodziwika lidaperekedwa ku Atene loletsa kuponyera zinyalala m'misewu, kupatsa bungwe mabungwe opanga mapepala apadera komanso kulamula amuna azotaya zinyalala osayandikira mtunda woposa kilomita imodzi kuchokera mumzinda.

Kuyambira pamenepo, zinyalala zakhala zikusungidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana osungira kumidzi. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mizindayi, madera aufulu komwe amakhala pafupi nawo adatsika, ndipo kununkhira kosasangalatsa, kuchuluka kwa makoswe omwe adayamba chifukwa cha kubedwa kwa malo, kudakhala kosatheka. Zinyalala zochokera m'malo ena zidasinthidwa m'malo mwa zinyalala.

Pafupifupi 90% ya zinyalala ku USA idakali kutayidwa. Koma zowononga pamtunda ku United States zikudzaza msanga, ndipo kuopa kuwonongeka kwa pansi pamadzi kumapangitsa kuti akhale anansi osafunika. Mchitidwewu wakakamiza anthu m'malo ambiri mdziko muno kuti asiye kumwa madzi azitsime. Pofuna kuchepetsa ngozizi, akuluakulu aku Chicago mu Ogasiti 1984 adalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo achitetezo chatsopano mpaka mtundu wina wowunikira womwe upangidwe womwe umayang'anira kayendedwe ka methane, chifukwa ngati sichilamulidwa, chikhoza kuphulika.

Ngakhale kuponyera pamtunda ndi ntchito yodula. Kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1987Mtengo wowonongera zinthu ku United States wakwera kuchoka pa $ 20 mpaka $ 90 pa toni imodzi.

M'malo okhala anthu ambiri ku Europe, njira yotayira zinyalala, monga ikufuna malo akuluakulu kwambiri ndikuthandizira pakuwonongeka kwa madzi apansi panthaka, idakondedwa ndi ina - yoyaka.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mwala kwadothi poyeserera kudayesedwa ku Nottingham, England, mu 1874. Kulowa m'malo mwake kunachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi 70-90%, kutengera kapangidwe kake, motero idakumananso ndi mbali zonse za Atlantic. Mizinda yokhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso ofunika kwambiri posakhalitsa idayambitsa zoyeserera. Kutentha komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi zinyalala zoyaka kunayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mphamvu zamagetsi, koma sikuti pena paliponse mapulojekitiyi sanathe kuwongolera mtengo wake. Mtengo wokwera ungakhale woyenera ngati sipakanakhala njira yotsika yamaliro. Mizinda yambiri yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito malowedwe amenewa posakhalitsa idawasiya chifukwa chakuwuma kwa mpweya. Landfill imakhalabe njira imodzi yotchuka yothanirana ndi vutoli.

Njira yotsimikizika kwambiri yothetsera vutoli ndiyo kukonza zinyalala za m'mizinda. Njira zotsatirazi zakonzedwa zakonzedwa: zinthu zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza feteleza, nsalu ndi mapepala zinyalala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pepala latsopano, zitsulo zopanda kanthu zimatumizidwa kuti zisungunuke. Vuto lalikulu pokonza ndi kukonza zinyalala ndi kupanga njira zamatekinoloje pokonzekera.

Kutha kwachuma kwa njira zotayirira zinyalala kumadalira mtengo wa njira zina zochotsera, udindo wa zinthu zomwe zitha kubwezeretsedwanso pamsika ndi mtengo wake. Kwa zaka zambiri, kasamalidwe ka zinyalala kamakhala kolepheretsa malingaliro kuti amakhulupirira kuti bizinesi iliyonse iyenera kukhala yopindulitsa. Koma zidayiwalika kuti kubwezeretsanso, poyerekeza ndi kuyika maliro ndi kuwotcha, ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yothanirana ndi vutoli, chifukwa pamafunika ndalama zothandizira maboma. Kuphatikiza apo, imapulumutsa mphamvu ndikuteteza chilengedwe. Ndipo popeza mtengo wamalo obwezera nthaka ukukulira chifukwa cha zolimba, ndipo masitovu ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso koopsa kwa chilengedwe, ntchito yakutaya zinyalala ikula bwino.

Mgwirizano

Zachilengedwe, zosakhudzidwa ndi chitukuko, ziyenera kukhalabe malo osungirako, omwe pakapita nthawi, pamene gawo lalikulu la dziko lapansi lizigwiritsa ntchito mafakitale, zokongoletsa komanso sayansi, zidzakhala zofunika kwambiri ngati muyezo, chitsimikizo, makamaka zokongoletsa, mtsogolo, tanthauzo lina losadziwika likuwoneka magawo awa. Chifukwa chake, njira yolinganiza, yotsogola yasayansi yothandizira kukulitsa madera a chinamwali, malo osungirako ndikofunikira, makamaka popeza momwe kusinthika kwa sayansi ndiukadaulo kumakhalira, kuchuluka kwa zoyipa pazinthu zamtengo wapatali zachilengedwe kumawonjezeka kwambiri kotero kuti zochitika zachikhalidwe zomwe zimafuna kulipirira zowonongeka zomwe zimachitika nthawi zina zimalephera ndi ntchito zanu.

Pansi pa izi, chofunikira kwambiri ndikutsimikiza kwa mulingo woyenera kwambiri wa chikhalidwe choyambirira ndi chikhalidwe. Njira yabwino yogwiritsira ntchito zachilengedwe ndi njira yothandizirana ndi anthu ndi chilengedwe. Mothandizidwa ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, mitundu yonse yazinthu zokhudzana ndi zokongoletsa zachilengedwe ndizofunikira kwambiri. Choyamba, uwu ndi chikhalidwe cha kakonzedwe ka malo opangidwira ndikubwezeretsa, kapangidwe ka malo osangalalira, kufutukula magawo a mapaki adziko, malo osungirako zachilengedwe, kukulitsa luso la kulenga minda ndi mapaki, mitundu yaying'ono yopanga. Chofunika kwambiri ndikusintha kwa zokopa alendo ngati njira yosangalatsira unyinji wa anthu ambiri.

Pali kusiyana pakati pakukweza chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chikhalidwe chamalingaliro pazachilengedwe.Chifukwa chake, pakufunika, poyamba, kukhazikitsa dongosolo lazinthu zachilengedwe, chachiwiri, kulungamitsidwa kwa sayansi ndi kuphatikizidwa m'dongosolo ili la kuyang'ana kwa zokongoletsa zachilengedwe, chachitatu, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la maphunziro azachilengedwe, kukonza mitundu yonse yazinthu zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe.

2.2 Kubwezeretsanso

Mukamakonza njira yoyendetsera zinthu zotayidwa panjira, zotsatirazi (pofuna kufunika) ntchito zazikulu zimayikidwa:

1. Kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala kale pakupanga.

2. Kuchepetsa zonyansa chifukwa zosanja nthawi ya kusonkhanitsa.

3. Kubwezeretsanso zinthu zonyansa padziko lonse.

4. Kutaya zinyalala mukatha kukonza ndi chiopsezo chotsika kwambiri kwa chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya zinyalala padziko lapansi:

* kupanga manyowa (osagwira ntchito pazinyalala zokhala ndi poizoni
zinthu)

Njira yodziwika kwambiri ku Siberia, komanso ku Russia yonse, ikusangalatsa, chifukwa cha izi, madera akuluakulu okhala ndi zophulika pamakomo adatsekeka. Titha kuzolowera njira zotayira zinyalala kumayiko ena ndikuwunika zotsatira zawo.

Pafupifupi 90% ya zinyalala ku USA idakali kutayidwa. Koma zowononga pamtunda ku United States zikudzaza msanga, ndipo kuopa kuwonongeka kwa pansi pamadzi kumapangitsa kuti akhale anansi osafunika. Pofuna kuchepetsa ngozizi, akuluakulu aku Chicago mu Ogasiti 1984 adalengeza za kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo achitetezo chatsopano mpaka mtundu wina wowunikira womwe upangidwe womwe umayang'anira kayendedwe ka methane, chifukwa ngati sichilamulidwa, chikhoza kuphulika.

Ngakhale kuponyera pamtunda ndi ntchito yodula. Kuyambira 1980 mpaka 1987 Mtengo wowonongera zinthu ku United States wakwera kuchoka pa $ 20 mpaka $ 90 pa toni imodzi.

M'malo okhala anthu ambiri ku Europe, njira yodzaza malo, yomwe imafuna malo akuluakulu kwambiri ndikuthandizira pakuwonongeka kwa madzi apansi panthaka, idakondedwa ndi ina - yoyaka.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mwala kwadothi poyeserera kudayesedwa ku Nottingham, England, mu 1874. Kulowa m'malo mwake kunachepetsa kuchuluka kwa zinyalala ndi 70-90%, kutengera kapangidwe kake, motero idakumananso ndi mbali zonse za Atlantic. Mizinda yokhala ndi anthu ambiri komanso ofunika kwambiri posakhalitsa idayambitsa zoyeserera. Kutentha komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi kuwotcha zinyalala kunayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira mphamvu zamagetsi, koma sikuti pena paliponse mauthengawa anakwaniritsa zifukwa zake. Mtengo wokwera ungakhale woyenera ngati sipakanakhala njira yotsika yamaliro. Mizinda yambiri yomwe idagwiritsa ntchito malowedweyi posakhalitsa idawasiya chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa mpweya (Table 9,10). Koma pakadali pano, m'maiko otukuka, mpaka 50% ya zinyalala zonse saphika.

Landfill imakhalabe njira imodzi yotchuka yothanirana ndi vutoli. Pafupifupi 2/3 ya zinyalala zonse zapakhomo ndi za mafakitala zimasungidwa m'malo okhala. Zoterezi zimakhala m'malo akulu, zimapangitsa phokoso, fumbi komanso mpweya wotulutsa mpweya chifukwa cha zochita zamankhwala ndi anaerobic pazambiri, komanso magwero a kuipitsa madzi apansi panthaka chifukwa chotulutsa madzi otumphukira potseguka.

Njira yotsimikizika kwambiri yothetsera vutoli ndiyo kukonza zinyalala za m'mizinda. Njira zotsatirazi zakonzedwa zakonzedwa: zinthu zachilengedwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza feteleza, nsalu ndi mapepala zinyalala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga pepala latsopano, zitsulo zopanda kanthu zimatumizidwa kuti zisungunuke. Vuto lalikulu pokonza ndi kukonza zinyalala ndi kupanga njira zamatekinoloje pokonzekera.

Kuthekera kwachuma kwazomwe zimakonzera zinyalala zimatengera mtengo wa njira zina zochotsera, zinthu zomwe zimagulitsidwa pamsika wa zinthu zopanda pake komanso mtengo wa kukonza kwawo.Kwa zaka zambiri, kasamalidwe ka zinyalala kamakhala kolepheretsa malingaliro kuti amakhulupirira kuti bizinesi iliyonse iyenera kukhala yopindulitsa. Koma zidayiwalika kuti kubwezeretsanso, poyerekeza ndi kuyika maliro ndi kuwotcha, ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yothanirana ndi vutoli, chifukwa pamafunika ndalama zothandizira maboma. Kuphatikiza apo, imapulumutsa mphamvu ndikuteteza chilengedwe. Ndipo popeza mtengo wamalo obwezera nthaka ukukulira chifukwa cha zolimba, ndipo masitovu ndiokwera mtengo kwambiri komanso koopsa kwa chilengedwe, ntchito yakutaya zinyalala ikula bwino.

2.3 Kuipitsa kaphokoso

Kupezeka kwa kuwonongeka kwa phokoso, komwe kumakhala pafupifupi m'mizinda yonse ku Siberia, ndi vuto lalikulu monga mlengalenga, chifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuyang'ana njira zothetsera

Chifukwa chake, njira zotsimikizika kwambiri zavutoli ndikuchepetsa phokoso lamagalimoto (makamaka mathirakitala) ndikugwiritsa ntchito nyumba zomwe zikumayang'aniridwa ndi magalimoto akuluakulu omwe amatenga mawu kwambiri, kuwongolera nyumba ndikuwunika mawindo atatu (ndikugwiritsa ntchito mpweya munthawi yomweyo).

Mzindawu umafuna kutitsimikizira (ndipo adachita bwino) kuti chitukuko chake sichinachitike. Kusokosera mzindawu, kuyesera kutsogolera kukula kwanjira yolondola, anthu akukumana ndi zovuta zake zosayembekezereka ndipo, limodzi ndi zotsatira zabwino, amapeza zovuta zambiri ... .... Mizinda ndiyo malo okhala anthu tsiku ndi tsiku.

Cholinga cha nkhani yanga chinali kuganizira mavuto amizinda ikuluikulu. Ntchito yomwe yachitika imatilora kuti masiku ano mizindayi ilidi ndi mavuto akulu kwambiri, kuwulula komwe, anthu amaphunzira kuthana nawo ndikuthana ndi mavuto awo.

Kumbali imodzi, mizinda ndiyabwino. Ndi malo achikhalidwe, zaluso, sayansi ndi maphunziro. Kumbali inayi, mizindayi ndi yodetsa nkhawa: monga malo akuluakulu opangira mafakitale, ali ndi zachilengedwe zopanda pake ndipo amakhudza thanzi la anthu omwe akukhalamo. Pali zochitika zoyipa ngati izi zosowa ntchito, upandu wolinganizidwa, mankhwala osokoneza bongo.

Pamabuka mafunso: momwe mungaphatikizire mbali ziwiri zotsutsana za mzinda waukulu uliwonse? Kupatula apo, simungathetse mzindawu. Ndiye, zingapangitse bwanji kuti zitha kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa mbali zawo zoipa pagulu lonse? Anthu sanayankhebe mafunso awa ndi ambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake pantchito yanga ndinayesera kunena osati mavuto amodzi okha, komanso ndikuwonetsa momwe amawathetsera m'mizinda yayikulu.

Mndandanda wazomwe wagwiritsidwa ntchito

Bystrakov Yu.I., Kolosov A.V. Zachilengedwe. - M., 1988.

Milanova E.V., Ryabchikov A.M. Kugwiritsa ntchito zachilengedwe ndi kuteteza chilengedwe. M: Wokweza. sukulu., 1996.280 s.

Lvovich N.K. Moyo ku metropolis. M: Nauka, 2006.254 s.

Dorst C. chilengedwe chisanachitike. M: Kupita patsogolo, 1978.415 s.

Bezuglaya E.Yu., Rastorgueva G.P., Smirnova I.V. Zomwe zimapumira mzinda wamafuta. L: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991.255 p.