Takulandirani patsamba 404! Muli pano chifukwa mudalowa adilesi ya tsamba lomwe kulibenso kapena komwe kwasunthidwa ku adilesi ina.
Tsamba lomwe mwapempha mwina lisunthidwa kapena kuchotsedwa. Ndizothekanso kuti mwapanga typo yaying'ono mukalowa adilesi - izi zimachitika ngakhale nafe, kotero fufuzani mosamala.
Chonde gwiritsani ntchito njira yosakira kapena yosakira kuti mupeze zambiri zomwe mukufuna. Ngati muli ndi mafunso, lembani kwa oyang'anira.
Otter
Otter (lat. Lutra lutra) - nyama yanyama yaubweya kuchokera ku banja la ofera, omwe, mosiyana ndi abale ake ambiri, adasankha moyo wamadzi.
Mutha kukumana naye mu nkhalango mitsinje, nyanja, dziwe komanso nyanja. Malo ake amakhala mpaka ku Europe ndi Asia konse, kupatula Far North, ndikugwira gawo lakumpoto la Africa.
Chofunikira chachikulu cha otter ku nkhokwe ndi kupezeka kwa madzi owuma opanda madzi oundana, maiwe ndipo, ambiri nsomba. Kukhazikika pafupi ndi nsomba, kumatha kuwononga kwambiri. Zowona, posachedwapa chiwopsezochi chachepetsedwa, chifukwa kuchuluka kwa otenthera kuthengo kwatsika kwambiri, ngakhale zinthu zonse zomwe zimachitika potengera chilengedwe.
Kuzisakira ndizovomerezeka m'maiko ambiri, koma, mwatsoka, izi sizimayima osaka, popeza osaka ali ndi ubweya wamtengo wapatali, womwe, malinga ndi kuvala ndikung'amba mu furry, umatengedwa ngati 100%. Zogulitsa zochokera ku zikopa za otter zimatha kukhala nyengo pafupifupi makumi atatu, chomwe chakhala chifukwa chachikulu chochulukitsira nyama zabwinozi.
Bwatolo limakhala ndi ubweya wofunda, wopanda madzi wokhala ndi tsitsi lozungulira la mafupa, koma lamkati losalala komanso lofewa. Zovala zoterezi zimaziwotha modabwitsa m'madzi oundana, chifukwa nyama iyi ya kilogalamu khumi ilibe mafuta.
Nyakwayo imayamba kusambira komanso kusambira kwambiri. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa - zikuwoneka kuti thupi lake ndi loyenereradi kuthana ndi malo amadzi. Chinyama chonyansa komanso chosasunthika chokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 55 mpaka 95, chimadumphira m'madzi, ndipo minyewa yolimba ndi theka ndikuyenda ngati gawo loyendetsa bwino. Makutu achidule ozungulira amakhala ndi ma valves apadera omwe amatseka makutu am'madzi pansi pa madzi.
Wotchiyo imakhala ndi mutu wosalala, yochepa, yopyapyala komanso khosi lamphamvu, lolimba. Matanga ndi afupiafupi, okhala ndi ma soles komanso tinthu tosambira pakati pa zala. Nthawi yomweyo, miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyofupikirapo kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo, zomwe zimathandizanso oster kusambira bwino. Pamutu pake, miyendo ndi kumbuyo kumbuyo amakhala ndi chovala chakuda chakuda kapena chofiirira, mbali zake ndizopepuka pang'ono ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi siliva.
Wotchetechete amadya kwambiri ndi nsomba, amakonda kwambiri mwayi wina, womwe umakhala bwino ndi madzi. Ngati china chake choloŵa m'mano mwa msodzi waluso, nyamayo imakoka nyamayo ndi kudya. M'mbuyomu, zinali zotsalira za maphwando ngati amenewa zomwe zidapatsa osaka malo okhala amtsinje, popeza mafupa ambiri nthawi zonse amakhala akuyenda mozama.
Nyama ndi nyama yamadzulo yomwe imabisala m'nyumba mwake masana. Zachidziwikire, nyumba yake siyabwino ngati mbendera, koma yowuma komanso yotakata. Koma sakonda kukhala nthawi yayitali m'malo amodzi - ngati kulibe chakudya chokwanira kapena ngati mphutsi zonse ziwuma mwadzidzidzi, otter amapita kokasaka malo atsopano. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti patsiku lomwe amatha kuthana ndi makilomita opitilira 15, akuwomba chipale chofewa.
M'nyengo yotentha, amakhala nthawi zambiri amakhala, chifukwa nthawi yofunda mutha kusinthanitsa zakudya zanu ndi makoswe ochepa, ma invertebrates, komanso abakha komanso mafunde am'madzi. Kenako amabweretsa ana ake akhungu, omwe mu zinyalala imodzi nthawi zambiri amakhala awiri kapena anayi. Ngakhale kutenga pakati kumangokhala masiku 63 okha, nthawi ya bere imatha kutalika pafupifupi miyezi 9, chifukwa ma beter, monga zimbalangondo, nthawi zina amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ma otterwa amawongolera mosavuta ndipo amatha kuphunzila mosavuta zina zazinthu zosangalatsa. Koma simudzawaona pabwalo, chifukwa ndikosatheka kuphunzitsa nyama zosakhazikika izi: mutatha kuchita zinazake ndikulandila chithandizo, otter nthawi yomweyo amayesa kusiyanitsa mitundu yomwe yaperekedwa ndi munthu, nthawi zina amasintha posazindikira.
Kufalitsa
Nyamayi ndi yachilendo kwambiri m'derali. Mwa ma martens onse, ndimtundu wa nyama womwe umadya kwambiri: umakhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, nyanja ndi malo osungira. Otter anawonongedwa mwachangu ndi asaki m'zaka za zana la 19. Mu 1946, idayimbidwa ndi ozembetsa zigawo za Novoburasky, Samoilovsky ndi Volsky, mu 1948 - Balashovsky ndi Bazarno-Karabulaksky. Palibe chidziwitso chokwanira pakugawidwa kwake mu dera la Saratov. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kuyambiranso kwa nyama yomwe imadya komanso njira yobisika ya moyo, komanso chidziwitso chake kuti asinthe mwachangu malo okhala mumtsinje ndi kuchepa kwa chakudya kapena nkhawa za anthu. Kupezeka kosiyana kwa nyerezi kunadziwika m'mphepete mwa madzi osefukira a Khopra, Karamansky ndi Koshelevsky osefukira kumtunda kwa nkhokwe ya Volgograd. Kuyendera mwachisawawa kwa chilombo kuchokera kumadera oyandikana ndi Voronezh, Samara ndi Penza ndikotheka.
Kufotokozera kwa Otter
Otter ndi anthu am'banja la mustel. Ndizovala zowona zabwino zomwe zimakhala ndi nsagwada zamphamvu zokhala ndi mano akulu opindika. Kapangidwe kameneka kamawathandiza kuti azitha kuswa zipolopolo za mollusks. Zomangira zam'nyanja zimakhalanso ndi zibwano zamiyendo yakutsogolo, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala owopsa kwambiri pachikumbu.
Mawonekedwe
Maonekedwe ndi kukula kwa otters zimadalira mtundu wawo. Ma otoni a mumtsinje amakhala ndi matupi ataliitali opindika, miyendo yayifupi, zala zam'manja, ndi michira yayitali, yopindika. Zida zonsezi ndizofunikira pamoyo wawo wamadzi. Thupi la otter limakutidwa ndi ubweya wonenepa kwambiri pamwamba komanso wopepuka, wokhala ndi siliva m'mimba. Ubweya pawokha umagawika tsitsi loyera komanso chovala chamkati chopyapyala, chopanda madzi. Ma Otter pafupifupi amayeretsa ubweya wawo, chifukwa nyama yokhala ndi tsitsi lakuda imatha kufa nthawi yozizira. Ubweya wosalala wofundira umathandizira kutentha, chifukwa palibe mafuta mthupi la otters.
Amuna akuluakulu amtundu wamtsinje wamtali pafupifupi masentimita zana limodzi, kuphatikiza mchira, ndipo amalemera kuyambira 9 mpaka 13 kilogalamu. Akazi achikulire ndiocheperako. Oyambitsa mitsinje nthawi zina amalakwitsa chifukwa cha anzawo apamadzi. Komabe, amuna oimira marine kukula kwake amakula masentimita 180 ndipo amalemera mpaka kilogalamu 36. Nyanja zosinthira ndi madzi amchere, zimasambira kupita kugombe kokha kutchuthi chosowa ndi ana. Anthu okhala mumtsinje amatha kuyenda pamtunda wautali.
Osetsa mitsinje amakonda kusewera m'malo oterera kapena m'mphepete mwa chipale chofewa, nthawi zina mumatha kuwona ngakhale mizere ya matupi awo pa chipale chofewa. Zotsutsana zawo zimawonekera pamapeji a meme pa intaneti, zomwe zimatipangitsa kumwetulira nthawi zambiri. Koma musaiwale kuti mawonekedwe angakupusitseni.
Khalidwe ndi moyo
Wotulutsa zinthu mwachinsinsi. Imakopa gawo la malo osiyanasiyana okhala m'madzi, kuyambira mitsinje yaying'ono mpaka mitsinje yayikulu, nyanja zam'mapiri, magombe am'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi magombe amchenga. Komabe, ma boti omwe amakhala m'mphepete mwa nyanja zamchere ayenera kukhala ndi malo abwino osambira kuti azisambira. Anthu pawokhapawokha amakonda kulemba gawo lawo. Mkati mwake, otter amatha kukhala ndi malo angapo opumira, omwe amatchedwa sofa komanso pansi pa nthaka - holts, omwe amatha kukhala kutali ndi mtunda (mpaka 1 km) kuchokera kumtsinje. Otter samanga zisa. Amakhala ming'alu yotayira kapena ndowe pansi pa miyala ndi mizu ya mitengo.
Ndizosangalatsa! Ma ottery amtsinje amagwira masana ndi usiku ngati samva kuwopsa kapena kupezeka kwa munthu pafupi. Nthawi yonse yodzuka yomwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira za ukhondo, kudyetsa ndi masewera akunja. Ma ottery amtsinje amagwira ntchito chaka chonse, kuphatikiza apo, amayenda mosasunthika. Kupatula pamenepo ndi akazi okhawo amene akulera ana.
Kuti muwone ma otter, muyenera kukhala mwakachetechete pamalo amodzi omwe ali pamwamba pamadzi. Ndikofunikira kuti mupeze gawo loyang'ana lomwe woonayo sangawonekere m'madzi. Otsitsira pamitsinje amakhala osamala, amakhala ndi makutu abwino komanso fungo labwino, koma amakhala owoneka-fupi ndipo sangathe kuwona owonayo ngati sangasunthe. Ngakhale nyamayo ili yabwino koma osalimbana nayo. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri samatsutsa anthu, mayendedwe achikazi ndi makandawo ndiosatheka kulosera.
Mitundu ya Otters
Pali mitundu 12 ya ma otters. Panali 13 a iwo mpaka pomwe mtsinje wa Japan udatulutsidwa kale mu 2012. Nyama izi zimakhala paliponse kupatula Australia ndi Antarctica. Zina mwa izo ndi zam'madzi zokha, monga ma nyanja osanja omwe amakhala mu Pacific Ocean.
Ndipo ena amakhala nthawi yoposa theka la nthawi yawo pamtunda, ngati chimphona chachikulu chomwe chimakhala m'nkhalango zamvula za ku South America. Onsewa amadya nsomba, zigamba, nkhanu ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimapezeka m'mbali mwa nyanja. Nyama zikuluzikulu zimakonda kudya piranhas, ndipo ngakhale opanga onse amadziwika kuti agwidwa ndi nyama zawo.
Choyambitsa chochepa kwambiri ndi East kapena Asia Shorthair. Ichi ndi nyama yokongola, yowoneka bwino yosalemera kilogalamu 4.5. Ma Shorthair otters amakhala m'magulu a mabanja a 6 mpaka 12. Amapezeka m'malo onyowa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje kumwera kwa Asia, koma kuchuluka kwawo kumatsika popeza malo awo achilengedwe atayika.
European otter, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Eurasian kapena wamba, ndiye mitundu yodziwika bwino. Nyama zambiri ndizosinthika kwambiri ndipo zimatha kukhala pazinthu zingapo zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zosiyanasiyana zimasiyana kuchokera ku nsomba kupita ku nkhanu. Amatha kupezeka ku Europe konse, kumadera ambiri ku Asia, komanso kumadera a North Africa. Izi zimayambitsa zimakhala zokha. Amagwira usana ndi usiku, ndipo amasaka onse pamadzi ndi pamtunda.
Choyimira chachikulu kwambiri ndi mtundu wautali kwambiri, wokulirapo masentimita 214 kupatula mchira ndi 39 kilogalamu wolemera. Izi zotchinga ndi mitundu yocheza kwambiri ndipo ali ndi moyo wofanana ndi mimbulu. Magulu awo pawokha ali ndi ana a alpha, ndiwo okhawo omwe amabala ana. Amasakanso mumatumba, kupha ndi kudya caimans, nyani ndi anacondas. Koma mtundu waukulu wa chakudya ndi nsomba.
Maziko a zakudya ndi nsomba, ma invertebrates ndi zolengedwa zazing'ono zazing'ono. Nthawi zina akalulu amasanduka nyama. Awa ndiomwe amayendetsa omwe amakonda kukwera mapiri achisanu. Nyanja otter ndi mpikisano wolemera. Wamphongo wamkulu amafika mpaka 60 kilogalamu. Ichi ndi nyama zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala m'nyanja ya Pacific.
Ndizosangalatsa! North American River Otter ndi nyama 90 mpaka 12cm kutalika kuchokera pamphuno mpaka mchira ndipo imalemera mpaka 18 kilogalamu. Nthawi zambiri amakhala m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, nthawi zambiri amakhala okha.
Nyanja otter sizimawoneka m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Amakhala ndi chakudya chosambira pamsana pogwiritsa ntchito mimba zawo ngati mbale. Nyama izi zimagwiritsa ntchito miyala yaying'ono kuchokera pansi kuti zitsegule zipolopolo za ma mollusks, chomwe ndi chizindikiro cha nzeru zapamwamba.
Habitat, malo okhala
Gawo la otter limatha kutalika kwa mamailosi angapo. Kutalika konsekako kwamtunduwo kumatengera kupezeka kwa chakudya. Amakhulupirira kuti madera ochepa kwambiri omwe amapezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja, amapanga 2 km. Madera atali kwambiri amapezeka m'mitsinje ya Alpine, pomwe anthu omwe ali pamtunda wa pafupifupi 20 km amakhala malo okhala anthu kuti adye. Dera la amuna, monga lamulo, ndi lalikulupo kuposa lachikazi. Nthawi zina amasokoneza. Chiyerekezo cha anthu pafupifupi 10,000.
Magawo okhala ndi malo omwe atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito amatha kugwiritsa ntchito nyumba zingapo. Amakhala ndimiyala yamiyala yamiyala, yolira pamizu yamitengo yomwe imamera m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ndi nyanja. Zisa zachilengedwe izi zimakhala ndi malo angapo osawoneka kuchokera kunja kuti zitsimikizire chitetezo cha nyama. Otter samamanga zisa, koma amakhala munyumba zosiyidwa za kalulu kapena zodulira. Otter amakhalanso ndi nyumba yopanda - yomwe ili kutali kwambiri ndi masamba obiriwira kutali ndi madzi. Ndikofunikira pakavuta madzi osefukira.
Zakudya za Otter
Oyesa mitsinje ndi omwe amapeza chakudya pamitundu yambiri, koma nsomba zambiri. Nthawi zambiri amadya nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimayenda pang'onopang'ono, monga carp, minnows. Komabe, ma otter akuyang'ana mwachidwi nsomba zamtchire, akuyenda maulendo atali pambuyo pake.
Ndizosangalatsa! Mafuta otsekemera mumtsinje amaya ndikudya chakudya mwachangu kwambiri kotero kuti kuchuluka konse komwe kumadyedwa kumayenda m'matumbo ola limodzi lokha.
Omwe amapha mitsinje amadyanso nyambo zam'madzi oyera, nsomba zazinkhanira, nkhanu zam'madzi, zikumbuzikulu zamadzi, mbalame (makamaka zovulala kapena zosambira ndi atsekwe), mazira a mbalame, mazira a nsomba ndi nyama zazing'ono (muskrats, mbewa, beavers achinyamata). Pakutha nyengo yachisanu, madziwo nthawi zambiri amatsika pansi pa ayezi m'mitsinje ndi m'madzi oundana, kusiya mpweya womwe umalola kuti owotcha amtsinje ayende ndikusaka molunjika pansi pa ayezi.
Kubala ndi kubereka
Ngakhale ma otter amatha kubereka nthawi iliyonse pachaka, ambiri amachita izi kumapeto kwa chilimwe kapena kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe. Yaikazi mothandizidwa ndi zolaula zonunkhira imawululira amphaka za kukonzekera kwawo kukhwima.
Mimba imatenga pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, pambuyo pake amabweretsa malita a ana. Nthawi zambiri mumakhala ana awiri kapena atatu, koma asanu adanenedwa. Miyezi inanso iwiri, ana asanakhale ndi ufulu, mayiwo amawakokera pakati pamakomo. Achinyamata achichepere amakhala mgulu la mabanja kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi kapena yayitali asanadziwike kuti apange mabanja awo.
Adani achilengedwe
Oyendetsa panyanja amagwiritsa ntchito liwiro lawo komanso kuchita kutetezeka ngati chitetezo. Mitundu ya mitsinje imakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu, makamaka ikakhala pamtunda. Zoyang'anira (nkhandwe, agalu, kuthengo ndi zimbalangondo) zimakonda kuwononga ziweto zazing'ono.
Komanso, anthu amagwira mafunde amtsinje kuti athe kuwedza nsomba m'madziwe komanso m'malo opha nsomba, kuti asawononge katundu wawo. Ubweya wa cholengedwa ichi ndi wofunikanso. Zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa anthu otter zimaphatikizaponso kuchepa kwa madzi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ndi kukokoloka kwa nthaka, komanso kusintha kwa malo okhala m'mphepete mwa mitsinje chifukwa cha kusintha.
Chiwerengero cha anthu ndi mitundu
Masiku ano kuthengo kuli ma otter oyenda panyanja aku California okwana 3,000 ndi maofesi okwana 168,000 a Alaskan ndi Russia. Chiwerengero cha otter cha ku Ireland chimakhalabe chokhazikika ku Europe.
Ndizosangalatsa! Pali umboni wina wosonyeza kuti, atapanga kafukufuku woyambirira wamayiko mu zaka zoyambirira za 80s, kuchepa kwa kufalikira kwa mitundu iyi kunawonedwa.
Tikukhulupirira kuti zifukwa zotsalira izi zithandiziridwa pozindikira madera ena otetezedwa, kuchititsa kuyesa kwa mayiko ndikuwunika mozama. Zowopsa za kuchuluka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu ndi kusowa kwa chakudya m'malo awo okhala ndi malo ochezera ndi malo opumira.
Zochita ndi chikhalidwe
Kummwera kwa dera la Saratov, otter amakhala m'mitsinje yokhala ndi nsomba zambiri, zomwe zimakhala ndi mabanki osefukira ndi nkhalango zamvula. Panjira, imasankha madera okhala ndi malupanga omwe samazizira nthawi yozizira, ndipo mapiri otsetsereka otsetsereka osambitsidwa ndi madzi ndikuwombedwa ndi kamphepete amafunikira. Nthawi zambiri mumabotolo oterewa mumakhala malo achitetezo abwino ndi malo ambiri omangirako.Ntchito zonse zazikulu za oster zimachitika pagombe laling'ono - pafupifupi 100 mamita pagombe lirilonse, gawo limodzi limakhalapo kuyambira mahekitala 12 mpaka 300. Sizachilendo m'madzi ndi m'madziwe amadzi osefukira.
Otera amagwira ntchito makamaka usiku, nthawi yachisanu mumitambo nthawi yambiri mumatha kuiwona masana. Khalidwe lobisika limamupangitsa kuti azikhalanso malo okhala. Pamtunda, otsekereza amangokhala osafunikira ndipo m'madzi amathamanga.
Nthawi zambiri oyala m'malo omwe amakhala amakhala ndi bowo losatha komanso malo osungira kwakanthawi. Nora ndiwokhutitsidwa, monga lamulo, pagombe lamtsinje. Gawo lalikulu limakhala pansi pa madzi, ndipo chipinda chokomera, mmalo mwake, chimakhala mkati mwa nyanja pamalo otsetsereka pamwamba pamadzi kotero, pamene mulingo wamasamba umasinthasintha, umakhalabe wopanda tanthauzo. Njira yolekerera imathandizira padziko lapansi kuchokera kuchipinda chochezera. Chipinda chocheperacho chili ndi udzu wouma kapena mbewa.
Zofalitsa mu dera la Saratov siziphunziridwa bwino, koma mwina zochitika zazikuluzonse zokhudzana ndi kubereka zimachitika mwanjira yomweyo monga mbali zina zamtunduwo. Kukalamba kumachitika muFebruary - Mashi, kutenga pakati kumatenga milungu 9 mpaka 10, ndipo nthawi yomaliza, kutalika kwake kumakula mpaka masiku 270. Ana mu zinyalala nthawi zambiri amakhala 2-4. M'malo ena omwe ndi gawo la gawo la Russia, mitundu ya kubereka kwa chaka chonse imadziwika, kenako ana obadwa kumene amawonekera nthawi iliyonse pachaka.
Nyakwawa imakhala moyo wamadzi, nthawi zambiri imapeza chakudya m'madzi. Amamadya kwambiri nsomba zochepa: crucian carp, pike, roach, ndi ana ang'ono. M'nyengo yozizira, amadya achule, omwe amawasaka m'maenje achisanu. Kuphatikiza apo, imagwira nsomba zazinkhanira, kuukira abakha ndi mafunde kuchokera pansi pamadzi, imadya mphutsi za caddis ndi ma invertebrates ena am'madzi, ndipo m'mphepete mwa nyanjayi nthawi zina imagwiritsa ntchito makoswe okhala ndi mbewa (ma voles am'madzi, mbewa zamitchi, ma voles ofiira).
Zochepetsa ndi mawonekedwe
Masabusikawa adalembedwa mu Red Book la dera la Saratov. Chitetezo: 1 - malo osowa kwambiri, omwe ali pachiwopsezo chokhala ndi chiwerengero chochepa kwambiri komanso malo okhala ndi gawo lapansi, omwe akuwopsezedwa kuti atha. Zowerengera zolondola zachigawo cha Saratov siziri. Zowoneka kuti, m'chigwa cha mitsinje ya Don, pali anthu awiri kapena atatu, malo ena otchuka amadziwika m'dera la kusefukira kwa nkhokwe ya Volgograd, m'mphepete mwa mitsinje ya Volga pali anthu ena omwe nthawi zambiri amasamuka kuchoka pamtsinje umodzi kupita ku wina.
Woyesererayo nthawi zonse amawonedwa kuti ndi njira yabwino yosakira. Unadziwitsidwa makamaka chifukwa cha ubweya wokongola kwambiri komanso wolimba, kuvala komwe mu bizinesi ya ubweya kumatengedwa ngati 100%. Lero, chifukwa cha chiwerengero chochepa komanso njira zomwe zimatengedwa kuti ateteze kusaka kwa oster m'deralo sikuyendetsedwa. Komabe, imatha kufa mwangozi, yomatidwa ndi maukonde asodzi, agwidwa mumsampha kapena mumsodzi wopangidwa ndi nyama zamadzi zapafupi. Zina zoyipa zomwe zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa otters ndikuchepetsa kugawa kwawo ndi monga kusokonezeka kwa malo okhala mwa kutsata kayendedwe ka mitsinje ndi kudula mitengo kwa nkhalango zam'mbali. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti nyama zodya zilombo zizikhala ndi nsomba zokwanira m'malo osungirako, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa nsomba kumapangitsa kuti pasakhalepo mitsinje yambiri m'derali.
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Famu yachonde "Golden Carp"
Elshansky kugwa kwamadziwe
Damu Lalikulu la Mtanda
Dziwe la Golide
Onani ndi. Alexandrovka
Nyama za mdera la Saratov
Bwatolo limakhala ndi ubweya wofunda, wopanda madzi wokhala ndi tsitsi lozungulira la mafupa, koma lamkati losalala komanso lofewa. Zovala zoterezi zimaziwotha modabwitsa m'madzi oundana, chifukwa nyama iyi ya kilogalamu khumi ilibe mafuta.
Nyakwayo imayamba kusambira komanso kusambira kwambiri. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa - zikuwoneka kuti thupi lake ndi loyenereradi kuthana ndi malo amadzi. Chinyama chonyansa komanso chosasunthika chokhala ndi kutalika kwa masentimita 55 mpaka 95, chimadumphira m'madzi, ndipo minyewa yolimba ndi theka ndikuyenda ngati gawo loyendetsa bwino. Zimalemera pafupifupi kilogalamu 6 mpaka 10. Mchira wa nyamayi suyenda bwino, koma uli ndi minofu yambiri. Magawo ofananira ndi mchirawo amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa minofu ya collagen yofunikira kuti mafuta azisonkhana. Makutu achidule ozungulira amakhala ndi ma valves apadera omwe amatseka makutu am'madzi pansi pa madzi.
Wotchiyo imakhala ndi mutu wosalala, yochepa, yopyapyala komanso khosi lamphamvu, lolimba. Matanga ndi afupiafupi, okhala ndi ma soles komanso tinthu tosambira pakati pa zala. Nthawi yomweyo, miyendo yakutsogolo ndiyofupikirapo kuposa miyendo yakumbuyo, zomwe zimathandizanso oster kusambira bwino. Pamutu pake, miyendo ndi kumbuyo kumbuyo amakhala ndi chovala chakuda chakuda kapena chofiirira, mbali zake ndizopepuka pang'ono ndipo m'mimba mwake ndi siliva. Chovala cha chilimwe ndichochepa pang'ono kuposa chovala cha dzinja, koma mtundu wake sukusintha. Kapangidwe kapadalako ka tsitsi kumapangitsa kuti mtsinjewo usamatinyowe m'madzi.
Wotchetechete amadya kwambiri ndi nsomba, amakonda kwambiri mwayi wina, womwe umakhala bwino ndi madzi. Ngati china chake choloŵa m'mano mwa msodzi waluso, nyamayo imakoka nyamayo ndi kudya. M'mbuyomu, zinali zotsalira za maphwando ngati amenewa zomwe zidapatsa osaka malo okhala amtsinje, popeza mafupa ambiri nthawi zonse amakhala akuyenda mozama. Woyesererayo amakonda nsomba zazing'ono koma zazikulu, ndipo amazigwira mwachangu m'malo omwe amazipaka. M'nyengo yozizira, imadya achule, nthawi zambiri - mphutsi za caddis. M'chilimwe, kuphatikiza nsomba, chimagwira ma bulu amadzi ndi makoswe ena, ndipo m'malo mwake chimasaka nyama zazitali ndi abakha. Omenyedwa ake nthawi zina amakhala akalulu, mbalame ndi makoswe ena. Kuphatikiza apo, amatha kudya zakudya zamasamba.
Pogona ndiyotetezedwa ndikuwoneka kwa wina aliyense, khomo lomwe lili pansi pa madzi. Kuphatikiza apo, ma mink atakhala ndi udzu ndi masamba mkati, monga lamulo, ali ndi zolowetsa ziwiri ndi zotuluka. Nthawi zina imakonza malo ake m'mapanga kapena, ngati chisa, m'matayala pafupi ndi madzi. The oster kusambira ndi kulowa pansi bwino, ndipo pansi pa madzi kumatha kukhalabe mpaka mphindi 5. Asananyamuke kumtunda, ovutawo amasuntha mosamala ndikuyang'ana mozungulira, ndipo nthawi zambiri amatulutsa panja ndi nthambi kapena ziphuphu.
Chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa gululi, zimakhala zovuta kudzipatula, ngakhale kusintha kwawongo mwachangu. Amasaka bwino ngakhale m'madzi amatope, kuti adziwe komwe kuli nsomba ndi ankhandwe awo owonda. Komabe, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chake, otter amatenga mphamvu zambiri. Imodzi yokha mwa zoyesayesa zitatu izi ndiyopambana. Asanadye nyama yake, amasangalala nayo pang'ono, zomwe zimatsimikizira chidaliro cha oyambitsa yekha. Akakhuta, oster amatha kugona kuti agone.
Nyama ndi nyama yamadzulo yomwe imabisala m'nyumba mwake masana. Zachidziwikire, nyumba yake siyabwino ngati mbendera, koma yowuma komanso yotakata. Koma sakonda kukhala nthawi yayitali m'malo amodzi - ngati kulibe chakudya chokwanira kapena ngati mphutsi zonse ziwuma mwadzidzidzi, otter amapita kokasaka malo atsopano. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti patsiku lomwe amatha kuthana ndi makilomita opitilira 15, akuwomba chipale chofewa.
M'chilimwe, nthawi zambiri chimakhala chokhazikika, "Malo anu enieni" amtunda umodzi ndi gawo la mtsinje kuyambira 2 mpaka 18 km ndipo kuchokera mita 100 kuchokera pagombe. Ma Ottery ndi owopsa modabwitsa, ndipo nthawi zina amakhetsa magazi. Wochenjera kwambiri komanso wopusa.
Pakuzungulira malo ake, nyamayo imangoyendayenda m'mphepete mwa nyanja, nthawi zina kusambira. Imalanda msewu wamadzi, kutsika ndi mitsinje, ndi mikwingwirima pamtunda. Chilombo chochenjachi, chikukwera m'mphepete mwa m'mphepete mwa nyanja, chimadula m'njira, kudutsa malo atali kwambiri. Njira iliyonse yosinthika chotere imasonyezedwa ndi njira yodziwika bwino yomwe otter amayendamo posachedwa, osayima. Yafika pamadzi, chilombocho chimalowa pansi mwachangu, ndipo kuchokera kumtunda chimangodumphira m'mimba mwake.
Woyendetsa mitsinje, wamtala wamtala, satsatira mnzake. Akuluakulu amapewa kukumana wina ndi mnzake, pokhapokha nyama zikakwatirana. Otters alibe nyengo yokhazikika, nthawi zambiri mu Marichi-Epulo. Koma nthawi zina nyengo yotentha, imatha kubereka pafupifupi chaka chonse. Pakadali pano, otter amakhala kusewera. Koma ngakhale pamasewera, osachepera amodzi amakhalabe akhama kwambiri ndikuyang'ana gawo. Amuna nthawi zambiri amakonzekera kumenyera ufulu wamkazi.
Mu nyengo yakukhwima, ma otter amakhala omatirana kwambiri. Matenga nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'madzi. Pambuyo pa miyezi iwiri, mkaziyo akuyamba kuyeretsa m'nyumba mwake, kumukonzekeretsa maonekedwe a makanda. Amakumba pansi ndikukulitsa bowo. Yaikazi imabereka ana kwa masiku pafupifupi makumi asanu ndi limodzi ndi limodzi, ngakhale kuti pakati ponse pali masiku 270. Mkazi m'modzi amabereka ana awiri mpaka anayi.
Kutalika kwa ana akhanda kumasiyana kuyambira 10 mpaka 18 cm ndi kulemera kwa thupi kwa 77-133 g. Pakubadwa, otters ang'onoang'ono samawona chilichonse. Maso otseguka pamasiku 9-10. Maliseche achichepere amasambira mokongola, koma anthu ena amawopa madzi, ndipo amawo amawakoka kuchokera kumtunda kupita kumadzi.
Pano, anawo amatsatira amayi awo, kuphunzira komwe angapeze kena, koti akapezeko pogona, pomwe madzi amayenda mwachangu komanso pang'onopang'ono. Pang'onopang'ono, anawo amayamba kuzolowera madziwo ndipo samawopa kuyenda pansi ndikusambira. Ana amuna okhwima pofika zaka zitatu za moyo wawo. Pakalipano pazaka izi, ali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi ana awo.
Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, ma otterwa amawongolera mosavuta ndipo amatha kuphunzila mosavuta zina zazinthu zosangalatsa. Koma simudzawaona pabwalo, chifukwa ndikosatheka kuphunzitsa nyama zosakhazikika izi: mutatha kuchita zinazake ndikulandila chithandizo, otter nthawi yomweyo amayesa kusiyanitsa mitundu yomwe yaperekedwa ndi munthu, nthawi zina amasintha posazindikira.
Kutalika kwa moyo wa otter m'chilengedwe kuli pafupifupi zaka 10.